Print This Article

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Print This Article MODELING PAST AND PRESENT IN THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL J. David Cole Research Affiliate, The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington Email: [email protected] K.J. Pataki-Schweizer Research Affiliate, The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington Email: [email protected] or their way of life. In the words of R.I. Skinner SUPPLEMENT 1: CONTACT HISTORY IN (1947–48): THE PROJECT AREA Most of the area visited on this patrol had not For purposes of perspective in considering the been previously visited. Several parties had simulations presented in this report and for un- passed through the Awka-Kasokana, includ- derstanding the increase in population growth in ing Patrol Officer G. F. Neilsen, when pro- the historical period for the study area, it is use- ceeding to Papua during 1943 (approximate- ful to consider its contact history. In the pages ly). Mr. K. F. Ubank also passed through this that follow, we discuss contact history south of area on his way from Kainantu to Papua. Mr. the Eastern Highland’s major basins in terms of F. H. Moy visited the Upper Lamari about four remote regions (see Figure 2, main text): 1937. ... C. R. Croft also visited the northern South Tairora from Suwaira to its boundary Head of the Lamari in 1937 or 1938 and the zone with Awa in the lower Lamari Valley; the route of this patrol followed the same track Auyana basin and uplands from the Kratke as that taken by Croft when crossing from the Range near Nori’arunda in the north to Indona Upper Lamari to the Nompia Area [North near Okapa in the South; Awa extending from Tairora basin]. the western edge of South Tairora to the Pubu- The Skinner patrol was the first postwar ven- ramba River on the southwestern edge of Auy- ana; and Fore. These areas were contacted and ture into the project area. Originating in Kain- developed after World War II, well after the antu, it was routed through Kamano to Fore on northern basins were explored and developed by the lower west side of the project area and pro- missionaries, prospectors, and the Australian ceeded south along the west bank of the Pubu- administration. ramba River, which it crossed at Ilesa near The historic period in this region begins in Tauna. The patrol visited Irakia for one day be- the late 1930s (approximately 1937–1938). At fore continuing northeast to Baira in South Tai- that time, a number of administration explorers rora and then to Nompia and Kainantu. Skin- passed through the area on their way to the Gulf ner’s mission in Awa was to investigate reports Province, and steel tools became available to of a salt source in or near Irakia. He found that South Tairora in significant quantities through reports of a salt cave or mine were false and that trade with Austronesian people who occupy the the people of Awa and South Tairora traded salt valley of the Waffa River, a tributary of the from Anga language speakers known widely in Markham River to the east more than 1400 me- South Tairora and Awa as “Imaani.” The Imaani ters below the Lamari Valley. Even in 1938, occupy the southern side of the Aziana River, contact was transitory, and there is little evi- which joins the Lamari near Mobuta. dence of its impact on the people of the Lamari Boyd, who studied the economy and subsis- tence of the Irakia bounded complex in 1971– JOURNAL OF INDO-PACIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2020):415–427 1972 and subsequent revisits, was told by in- sumably other Awa bounded complexes within formants that when Skinner arrived, “adult men the memory of older informants in 1972. They took refuge on the opposite side of a distant all came to Awa through Tauna from Auyana mountain” (Boyd 1975:43). Skinner (1947) re- over “traditional trade routes,” presumably ported that the men who remained were “nerv- through Norai’arunda from North Tairora and ous, although friendly” and the “Lamari River through Fore to the West from Kamano (Rob- villages are under no degree of control”. There- bins 1982). after, only three government patrols visited In 1963 the first group of young men was in- Irakia between 1947 and 1953. According to ducted into the Highlands Labour Scheme and Boyd, the first steel axe in Irakia was purchased marshalled in Goroka, where they were staged from one of these patrols in 1949 or 1951 for and used for town cleaning before being flown the price of a large pig. The patrol officers in to the coast to work on plantations. Cole (pers. charge of these patrols also noted that “such in- obs.) had occasion to meet many recruits from frequent contacts by the government were various parts of the highlands and observed that unlikely to extend the knowledge of, or adher- the first Awa group of about 40 individuals, ence to, the Pax Australiana” (Boyd 1975:43). many from Mobuta, were the most truculent and Beginning in 1953, the government intensified uncooperative of any similar Highlands Labour its patrols, and between September 1953 and Scheme group he worked with in Goroka over a September 1972, at least 13 patrols from Kain- period of 21 months in 1962–1963. antu and Okapa either visited Irakia specifically In 1961 a Lutheran Kamano lay missionary or passed nearby on their way to Awa and Barua was stationed in Tauna but left in 1962 when villages on the Aziana River. In June of 1954, a fighting broke out with the Iyona bounded com- group of Irakia men visited the Okapa Patrol plex, and all lay missionaries were withdrawn Post, a walk of approximately nine to ten hours, from the area by their supervisors (Boyd and one of their party stayed at the station to 1975:51). Since Boyd’s research in 1971–72, learn Tok Pisin, the New Guinea lingua franca. Irakia lost nearly half of its population to out- The first reasonably accurate census was taken migration to northern population centers, the in Irakia in June of 1963, with 242 individuals Papua New Guinea coast, and the outer islands. counted. While a number of aid posts providing Efforts were made to bring these people back very basic medical services were established in and were generally successful. The people of Tauna, Kaiwaina Number 2, and Abomotasa, Irakia have recently abandoned pig husbandry they were rarely used by the Irakia and Tauna and are replacing pork with imported sides of Awa, the Awa bounded complexes they were lamb. positioned to serve. Finally, in 1972, an aid post The first non-administrative person to visit was established in Mobuta and was “highly rec- and study Irakia and Tauna was Pataki in 1962 ommended” by a number of Irakians who went and 1963, who studied the geography, social for treatment of minor ailments (Boyd 1975). organization, and demography of the Awa for By 1961, many new crops were introduced the University of Washington New Guinea through trade from the west and by patrol offi- Microevolution Project (Pataki-Schweizer cers who often distributed seeds, but few were 1980). The first to reside in Irakia was the an- actually used or eaten for lack of interest and thropologist Phillip Newman, who did ethno- fear that they were potentially dangerous (Boyd logical research there in 1964–1965. The SIL 1975:55). Coffee was introduced from the Fore (Summer Institute of Linguistics) linguist Rich- village of Abomatasa in or about 1963. By 1972 ard Loving studied the Awa of Mobuta and re- some households had coffee gardens, with 5900 sided there intermittently from 1959 for many coffee trees in all states of maturity in Irakia; years, producing, among other works, a valuable coffee is the only cash crop in Irakia. However, paper on the use of bamboo irrigation pipes Boyd (1975:54) reported that a large variety of (1976). Cole (Watson and Cole 1977) visited new food crops had arrived in Irakia and pre- Tauna, Irakia, and Mobuta in 1966 for site sur- 416 veys. The anthropologist David Boyd (1975, centers, and migration to locations outside of 2005) studied Irakia and the Awa in 1971–72 the highlands for employment. and on several visits thereafter through 1993, We conclude this brief overview of contact and the anthropologist David Hayano (1990) history with a ‘before’ and ‘after’ story and as- studied marriage and kinship in Tauna in 1969– sessment of contact made by some of Boyd’s 1971. On a return trip in 1990, he reported a to- older male informants: tal lack of literacy in the Tauna, and by exten- The older individuals, who vividly recall and sion, other Awa bounded complexes. There take delight in telling stories about the ‘time were no schools, and the road from Okapa of fighting,’ are the most emphatic in their stopped far short of the nearest Awa settlements support of the new conditions. During inten- of Tauna and Irakia (Hayano 1990:155–159). In sive periods of warfare, people made only a addition, missionary and government aid sta- few gardens in relatively close proximity to tions were farther away, and medical help for the village, so food was often in short supply. serious illness and injury required a rugged one The men took turns guarding the trails by day to two days’ walk to Okapa from both Tauna and night, and visits to friends and relatives and Irakia bounded complexes, and much far- in neighboring villages were made infre- ther for Awa bounded complexes on the south quently.
Recommended publications
  • E. Mei-Li Roberts Phd Thesis
    Translating Identities: ‘Being a missionary’ in Papua New Guinea Submitted by: E. Mei-Li Roberts For the degree of: PhD (Social Anthropology) Date of submission: March 13, 2006 Abstract Many studies of missionaries have taken an historical perspective, looking particularly at missionaries’ role in colonialism. However, missionaries are still very much part of contemporary Papua New Guinea (PNG), with a significant number of expatriate missionary groups working in PNG. This thesis is a study of a present day mission in PNG, SIL International, formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). It examines the way in which the mission community is constructed and the boundaries and divisions within the community itself. It attempts to challenge some of the stereotypes of missionaries and show that there are different views of what it is to ‘be a missionary’ even within the missionary community itself. I focus particularly on what it means to ‘be a missionary’ and the ambiguities and ambivalences between the ideals and realities of mission work. The focus of the study was on SIL members themselves and their identities as missionaries rather than the effect of their missionising on others. This is examined through a number of different themes. Debates about the fence surrounding the mission station highlighted the way in which it created both a physical and a symbolic boundary between those living inside the fence and the people living outside of it. Related to this were debates regarding the mission station, Ukarumpa and how SIL members should ‘communicate the gospel’. SIL’s main goal is Bible translation and the thesis explores the challenges and problems of translation, both the practical aspects of Bible translation and translating between cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • 16. Communication, Logistics and Inter-Agency Partnerships in the Eastern Highlands Provincial Electorate
    16. Communication, Logistics and Inter-Agency Partnerships in the Eastern Highlands Provincial Electorate Michael Unage With the introduction of limited preferential voting (LPV), and the late legislative change to voting procedures in November 2006, many predicted that the 2007 general election would be a failure. Nonetheless, there was general satisfaction with the election outcome, with election-related violence in the Highlands down significantly from 2002 levels. Among factors contributing to electoral success, communications, logistics and inter-agency partnership were critical. This paper examines issues of communications, logistics and inter- agency partnership in the Eastern Highlands provincial electorate. Background Eastern Highlands is one of the 19 provincial electorates in the country. It shares borders with Morobe, Madang, Simbu and Gulf provinces. Eastern Highlands has eight open electorates—Daulo, Goroka, Unggai-Bena, Lufa, Henganofi, Okapa, Kainantu and Obura-Wonenara (Figure 16.1). At the 2000 census, Eastern Highlands had a population of 432,972. In 2007 the total number of votes polled in the provincial electorate was 354,495. There are 24 local-level governments (LLGs) in the province: two urban LLGs (Goroka Urban and Kainantu Urban) and 22 rural LLGs. Population is concentrated in the flat lands around Kainantu and Goroka, reflecting the gravitation of people towards the urban areas. Goroka town was established in 1939 and became the major administrative and commercial centre of the province. The province has rich temperate valleys and ridges, which attracted the attention of early gold prospectors such as Mick Dwyer and Mick Leahy and now support a thriving arabica coffee industry. Coffee, ‘the money that grows on trees’, is the lifeblood of Eastern Highlands Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Milestone 103 Review of ART Pilot June 2006 National HIV/AIDS
    National HIV/AIDS Support Project (NHASP) Milestone 103 Review of ART Pilot June 2006 In association with: PNG National HIV/AIDS Support Project Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS................................................................ VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....... VIII 1. BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................1 1.1 HIV in PNG .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 National Strategic Plan (NSP) on HIV & AIDS .......................................................................... 1 1.3 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Roll Out ...................................................................................... 2 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. HEDURU CLINIC REPORT...........................................................................4 2.1 Background..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 HIV Seroprevalence and HIV/AIDS at Heduru Clinic and Port Moresby General Hospital . 4 2.3 Methodology of Heduru Clinic Review ........................................................................................ 5 2.4 Current Staffing at Heduru..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Story of Coffee in Papua New Guinea
    Story of Coffee in Papua New Guinea Contrary to what is often assumed, Papua New Guinea's coffee industry is not based upon large, corporately-owned plantations, but on tens of thousands of small, village coffee gardens. Typically, they range in size from 20 trees to 500 or 600. These family- owned coffee gardens produce over 70% of the countries' annual exportable crop; a crop which has averaged one million bags, or 60,000 tonnes per year in recent times. The balance of the crop is grown on commercial plantations which range from 20 to 100 hectares and more in size. Again, of a total of 461 plantations registered with the Coffee Industry Corporation, all but half a dozen of the largest are owned by local, village- based business groups or individuals. It is estimated that nearly 2,000,000 people, or almost half of the nation's population, derive a benefit from the coffee industry. Certainly, in the highlands provinces, commerce and development would never have reached today's levels without the annual flow of income from this crop, a flow which begins in April, peaks in July/August and then tapers off quickly, so that the highland towns are comparatively quiet again in the final months of the year. The coffee crop is 'green gold' which enriches the country annually to the extent of three to four hundred million kina in overseas earnings. It is PNG's most valuable agricultural export. And it is an eternally renewable resource. Back in the early 1950s an active policy of encouraging the establishment of village coffee gardens was initiated, particularly in the highlands where the environment is ideal for the growing of Arabica coffee.
    [Show full text]
  • 48444-004: Sustainable Highlands
    Initial Environmental Examination (Updated as of August 2019) Project Number: 48444-004 Date: August 2019 Document status: Updated Version PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program – Tranche 1 Prepared by the Department of Works (DOW) for the Asian Development Bank This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or Staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 31 July 2019) Currency Unit – Kina (K) K1.00 = $ 0.2945 $1.00 = K3.3956 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AEP – Aggregate Extraction Plan AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOQ – Bill of Quantities CEMP - Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CEPA – Conservation and Environmental Protection Authority CEPA-MD – CEPA-Managing Director CRVA _ Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment CSC - Construction Supervision Consultant DLPP - Department of Lands and Physical Planning DMR – Department of Mineral Resources DNPM - Department of National Planning and Monitoring DOW – Department of Works EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EHSG _ Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines
    [Show full text]
  • Topics in the Grammar of Binumarien Tone and Switch Reference in a Kainantu Language of Papua New Guinea
    Topics in the Grammar of Binumarien Tone and switch reference in a Kainantu language of Papua New Guinea Renger van Dasselaar s1392190 Thesis ResMA Linguistics, July 2019 First supervisor: prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second supervisor: dr. E.I. Crevels The cover picture shows the house of Aka and Sero, at their request. It was taken in November 2018, during the author’s linguistic fieldwork in Binumarien. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... v List of abbreviations and glosses .......................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 The Binumarien language 1 1.1.2 The Binumarien community 2 1.1.3 Surrounding and related languages 3 1.2 Fieldwork in Binumarien ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Database for this study .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Content overview ..................................................................................................................... 6 2 Phonology ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PAPUA NEW GUINEA Ramu River Below Yonki Dam Spillway 1
    PAPUA NEW GUINEA Ramu River below Yonki dam Spillway 1. COUNTRY INTRODUCTION Description: Economy: Located directly north of Australia and east of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has vast reserves of Indonesia, in between the Coral Sea and the natural resources, but exploitation has been South Pacific Ocean, Papua New Guinea (PNG) hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, comprises several large high volcanic islands and and the high cost of developing infrastructure. numerous volcanic and coral atolls. PNG has the The economy is focused mainly on the extraction largest land area found within the Pacific Island and export of the abundant natural resources. Countries with an area of over 462,840kms2. The Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and highest point is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509m. The oil, account for nearly two-thirds of the export land is characterised by densely forested steep earnings. Agriculture provides a subsistence catchments, where less than 0.5% of the land area livelihood for 85% of the people. Natural gas is considered arable with an estimated 1.4% of reserves amount to an estimated 227 billion cubic total the land used for permanent crops. meters. A consortium led by a major American oil company is constructing a liquefied natural The 2000 census data identifies a population gas (LNG) production facility that could begin of 5,190,786 (PNG, National Statistics Office), exporting in 2014. As the largest investment with an estimated 87% of the population project in the country’s history, it has the living in rural areas (Demography and Housing potential to double GDP in the near-term and survey, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Harvesting Development
    HARVESTING DEVELOPMENT The Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) is funded by the govern- ments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encourage and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than one hundred titles produced in the last decade. Nordic Council of Ministers HARVESTING DEVELOPMENT THE CONSTRUCTION OF FRESH FOOD MARKETS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Karl Benediktsson Copyright © Karl Benediktsson 2002 All rights reserved. First Published in Denmark by Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (Simultaneously published in North America by The University of Michigan Press) Printed in Singapore No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Benediktsson, Karl Harvesting development : the construction of fresh food markets in Papua New Guinea 1.Food supply - Papua New Guinea 2.Farm produce - Papua New Guinea I.Title II.Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 381'.4'5'6413'009953 ISBN 87-87062-92-5 (cloth) ISBN 87-87062-91-7 (paper) Contents Illustrations … vi Tables … viii Vignettes … viii Acknowledgements … ix Abbreviations … xii 1Introduction … 1 2Markets, commoditization, and actors: spacious concepts … 22 3Faces in the crowd: Lives and networks of selected actors … 54 4Fresh food movements in a fragmented national
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Syzygium</I> (<I>Myrtaceae</I>)
    Blumea 66, 2021: 57–81 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.66.01.03 Studies in Papuasian Syzygium (Myrtaceae): 2. The furfuraceous species of subg. Syzygium L.A. Craven1,†, K.Q. Damas2, K.J. Cowley1 Key words Abstract The furfuraceous species of Syzygium subg. Syzygium in Papuasia are revised. The scurfy, furfuraceous epidermis that is a feature of the inflorescence branches and sometimes also of the hypanthium, the commonly Furfuraceum chestnut brown colour of the dried leaves, and the reduced calyx that occurs in many species are characteristic identification key features of the group. Within this subgenus, a new section Furfuraceum is described to accommodate these maps morphologically recognisable species. Descriptions are provided for each of the 40 species recognised, 28 of which Myrtaceae are new. An identification key, distribution maps and an index to numbered exsiccatae are provided. Papuasia revision Syzygium Citation: Craven LA, Damas KQ, Cowley KJ. 2021. Studies in Papuasian Syzygium (Myrtaceae): 2. The furfuraceous species of subg. Syzygium. Blumea 66 (1): 57–81. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.66.01.03. Effectively published online: 10 March 2021. INTRODUCTION leaves within the reproductive seasonal growth unit are very distinct in their size and form to those of the vegetative growth A concise background to recent research on the taxonomy units. A characteristic feature of the furfuraceous species is that of Syzygium P.Browne ex Gaertn. in Papuasia is given in the the leaves commonly dry a dark, chestnut brown and this is a first paper in this series (Craven 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Papua New Guinea General Elections Election Observation Report
    2017 PAPUA NEW GUINEA GENERAL ELECTIONS ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT Australian National University Department of Pacific Affairs 2017 PAPUA NEW GUINEA GENERAL ELECTIONS ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT November 2018 Australian National University Department of Pacific Affairs ABOUT THE AUTHORS Associate Professor Nicole Haley heads the Australian National University (ANU) Department of Pacific Affairs (DPA). Funded in partnership by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and ANU, DPA (formerly known as the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia (SSGM) Program) is the leading international centre for applied multidisciplinary research and analysis concerning Melanesia and the broader Pacific. For the past 25 years, Haley has conducted deep, long-term empirical and applied policy-relevant research in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and has published extensively on aspects of political and social conflict. Her PhD entitled Ipakana Yakaiya: Mapping Landscapes, Mapping Lives – Contemporary Land Politics among the Duna, was an innovative and landmark study, which was awarded the 2003 ANU Crawford Prize for Academic Excellence. Haley has observed the past five national elections in PNG and has led large scale election observations in PNG, Solomon Islands and Samoa. In 2014 she received the Vice Chancellor’s Award for Public Policy and Outreach, in recognition of her substantial public policy contribution to the “areas of women’s empowerment and political participation, electoral monitoring and electoral reform”. Dr Kerry Zubrinich is a Research Fellow with DPA, ANU. For the past 30 years her research has centred on aspects of social life in Melanesia, with the peoples of PNG and the indigenous peoples of West Papua her key research focus.
    [Show full text]
  • Henganofi-Nupuru Road Subproject Social Monitoring Report
    Social Monitoring Report Semi-annual Report July 2019 HIGHLANDS REGION ROAD IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM -TRANCHE 3 Henganofi-Nupuru Road Sub-Project Prepared by Department of Works for the Asian Development Bank This Semi-annual Social Monitoring Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Page 1 of 37 PNG: HIGHLANDS REGION ROAD IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM - TRANCHE 3 Henganofi to Nupuru Road Sub- Project SEMI- ANNUAL SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS MONITORING REPORT January to June 2019 Project Implementation Unit Department of Works National Capital District July 2019. Page 2 of 37 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.0 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 6 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Project Background .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance Notes for Staff New to Ramu Agri-Industries
    GUIDANCE NOTES FOR STAFF NEW TO RAMU AGRI-INDUSTRIES LIMITED PAPUA NEW GUINEA September 2009 CONTENTS 1 Page No INTRODUCTION PART A PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1 The Country 1 2 The Climate 2 3 Brief History 3 4 Government 5 5 The Economy 6 6 Development 7 7 Population, People, Culture 8 PART B RAMU AGRI-INDUSTRIES LIMITED 1 Outline of the Project 9 PART C GENERAL INFORMATION 1 Entry Visas and Work Permits 10 2 Medical Requirements before Departure 11 3 Facilities for Babies 12 4 Baggage, Freight and Insurance 13 5 Journey to PNG 15 6 Currency 16 7 Banking and Remittances 17 8 Communications 18 9 Personal Security and Insurance 19 10 Housing 20 11 Services 22 12 Domestic Staff 23 13 Shopping 24 14 Health and Medical Facilities 26 15 Clothing 27 16 Recreation 28 17 Schooling 29 18 Private Transport 30 19 Employment for Wives 31 20 Pets 32 21 Hours of Work 33 1 This Ed 6 12.01.2010 / Printed 12-Jan-10. A DJD and Jengreg production APPENDICES 1. Maps of Lae and Madang 2. Reading List and Information Websites 3. Cost of living data 4 Public Holidays 5 Furniture lists 6 Temporary kit list PART A INTRODUCTION These notes are produced for prospective expatriate staff of Ramu Agri-Industries Limited, especially those who have not previously visited Papua New Guinea. Every effort is made to ensure that the information given is accurate and to this end amendments are issued from time to time. Nevertheless, it is inevitable that certain details may be slightly out of date by the time the notes are read.
    [Show full text]