Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 47 (04), April, 2018, pp. 804-811

Chlorophyll variations over coastal area of due to Rananim

Gui Feng & M. V. Subrahmanyam*

Department of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China 316022 *[E.Mail [email protected]]

Received 12 August 2016; revised 12 September 2016

Typhoon winds cause a disturbance over sea surface water in the right side of typhoon where divergence occurred, which leads to upwelling and chlorophyll maximum found after typhoon landfall. Ekman transport at the surface was computed during the typhoon period. Upwelling can be observed through lower SST and Ekman transport at the surface over the coast, and chlorophyll maximum found after typhoon landfall. This study also compared MODIS and SeaWiFS satellite data and also the chlorophyll maximum area. The chlorophyll area decreased 3% and 5.9% while typhoon passing and after landfall area increased 13% and 76% in SeaWiFS and MODIS data respectively.

[Key words: chlorophyll, SST, upwelling, Ekman transport, MODIS, SeaWiFS]

Introduction runoff, entrainment of riverine-mixing, Integrated Due to its unique and complex geographical Primary Production are also affected by environment, China becomes a country which has a when passing and landfall25,26,27,28&29. It is well known high frequency of natural disasters and severe that, ocean phytoplankton production (primate influence over coastal area. Since typhoon causes production) plays a considerable role in the severe damage, meteorologists and oceanographers ecosystem. Primary production can be indexed by have studied on the cause and influence of typhoon chlorophyll concentration. The spatial and temporal for a long time. Typhoon will cause strong air-sea variation patterns of Chlorophyll were quite diverse; interaction1,2&3, which has an obvious influence on however detailed information on Chlorophyll cooling of sea surface temperature (SST). SST variations in the subsurface was lacking25. Typhoon cooling can be highly related to the ocean’s surface can impact the ocean surface leading to improve the condition4,5,6,7,8,9,10&11. Previous studies indicated that, productivity of a certain area of the sea. Typhoon intensity of typhoon is very sensitive to the level of Rananim, which recorded as the strongest typhoon SST12,13&14. Warm waters are the energy source of that landed Zhejiang since 199730, was chosen as a typhoon and prevailing strong wind can cause a case study to identify typhoon induced SST and disturbance on surface water resulting in driving chlorophyll changes over coastal region. Present surface water apart, creating zones of upwelling. article consist typhoon relation to SST cooling and Upwelling events have been largely studied along chlorophyll concentration. The dynamical processes eastern boundary coastal systems all over the world. happening over the coastal area by calculating Ekman Coastal upwelling is a result of horizontal divergence transport and compared with the higher Chlorophyll near the sea surface and manifests itself by the area. We also compared the chlorophyll concentration presence at surface of relatively cold water. When the between two satellites data (MODIS and SeaWiFS) process occurs over a continental shelf, it can have and the escalation of maximum Chlorophyll area over both economic and climatological effects15. the coastal region after typhoon passage. Upwelling brings subsurface cold nutrient-rich water to the surface layer is one of the reason for lower SST Materials and Methods and the passage of typhoon can also results in To understand the effect of typhoon Rananim on chlorophyll enhancement9,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23&24. Particulate ocean surface, the study area is delimitated to organic carbon flux in subsurface waters, suspended 10-35°N; 110-140°E and the study period is set matter concentration, re-suspension and terrestrial between 5th and 13th August, 2004. The following data GUI & SUBRAHMANYAM: CHLOROHYLL VARIATIONS 805

is used for analysis: Oceanographic research need landing Zhejiang, Rananim lowed rapidly and turned more accurate SST provides great advances. Recently to northeast. Satellite microwave radiometers are capable of retrieving SST accurately31. Daily SST data used for Results this study has been acquired from Advanced Figure 1, depicts the variation of SST (contours) Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing from AMSR-E SST and wind (vectors) from System (AMSR-E) sensor on NASA's Aqua satellite. QuickScat during the typhoon Rananim period (5-13 Data corresponding to one pass present numerous August, 2004). Over the study area there are gaps in shadow areas, therefore, to increase the coverage, data due to the satellite passes. Over the Northwest composites of both pass are considered, however Pacific, SST is indicating warmer leading to the there are still missing values in every image. formations of low pressure on 6th August, then QuikSCAT winds have been reported to identify intensified on 8th August with decrease in pressure of tropical depressions prior to their detection by other 10 mb when compared with the previous day and the observations32&33. Wind component (u and v) data wind speed increased to 45 knots. On 9th August, low include both on ascending and descending passes has pressure system became typhoon (10 mb decrease in been obtained from QuickSCAT. The composite of pressure and 10 knots increase in wind speed). both passes data has been extrapolated to one degree Typhoon following warm temperature, however after for better visualisation and to ensure the variations typhoon passing temperature decreased of 1°C and during typhoon. The most typical optical sensors used cooler temperatures persisting. On 10th August in the SeaWiFS sensor and Moderate Resolution Rananim intensified (15 mb decrease in pressure with Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor are used 15 knots increase in wind speed when compared with for Chlorophyll survey with Global Algorithms34,35&36. the previous day) and moving towards China coast. The Weekly chlorophyll concentration data has been Along the typhoon track, there are obvious low obtained from MODIS Aqua and SeaWiFS used for temperatures found from 10th August. Typhoon is this analysis and also compare the chlorophyll data moving over warmer surfaces with higher intensity of especially after the typhoon landfall. TRMM/TMI winds, upwelling is happening which is leading to rainfall data used to confirm the water discharge from cold wake and lower SST patches can be observed the river stream to coastal waters which can relate to after typhoon passes. Low temperature area (of the chlorophyll boom. 28.9°C) formed immediately when typhoon passed. Typhoon Rananim began with a tropical Moreover, the temperature remains low for a couple disturbance on northwest Pacific on 5th August 2004. of days. On 11th August peak intensity (950 mb It turned to a tropical low pressure in the morning of pressure with 80 knots wind speed) of the typhoon is 8th August (decrease in pressure to 990 mb and wind observed and cool wake (decrease in temperature of speed of 45 knots). Under the influence of southwest 1.15°C) observed after passing. Peak intensity wind flow, it moved to northeast and enhanced by the persisted on 12th August with 3°C cool wake is rather good condition of the atmosphere environment. visible. Rananim landfall on 12th August with strong Finally, the tropical formed n the evening as winds, however cooler waters persisted on 13th what we called Rananim. On the next day, Rananim August after landfall also. The areas are obtaining turned to north direction and enhanced to be a strong lower temperature waters due to entrainment or . On 9th August, Rananim turned to upwelling. It takes few days for the temperature to northwest direction and came near (pressure recover to normal SST. decreased to 980 mb and wind speed increased to 55 SeaWiFS and MODIS Aqua-Weekly Ocean Colour knots). Rananim became strong enough to be a data of Chlorophyll concentration has chosen for the typhoon. On 10th August, the pressure decreased to study area and study period of 4th to 20th August 2004. 965 mb and wind speed increased to 70 knots. On 11th Weekly chlorophyll figures depict before typhoon, August, pressure decreased to 950 mb with 80 knots during typhoon and after typhoon landfall are in the winds speed and the strength of typhoon Rananim figure 3. From the three weekly figures it is clearly reached a peak. On the evening of 12th August, with observe that chlorophyll concentrations are higher the peak intensity, Rananim landed at Zhejiang along the shore except during the typhoon for both. province with heavy rainfall and strong winds. After Figure 3a and d reveals the chlorophyll concentration 806 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 04, APRIL 2018

Aug Aug Aug 5 6 7

Aug Aug Aug 8 9 10

Aug Aug Aug 11 12 13

Fig. 1 — Variation of AMSR-E SST (shaded) and QuickScat wind (vectors) during the typhoon Rananim

before typhoon, indicating higher concentration is 12thAugust, however a low chlorophyll concentration resulted from the previous typhoon. When typhoon is obvious during the typhoon due to strong winds landed on 12thAugust 2004 over Zhejiang province entrain the sub-surface water. Chlorophyll figures 3b and e, chlorophyll concentration decreased concentration enriched after typhoon passed, which significantly. However, figures 3c and f reveals the can be observed in the figure 3 c and f. chlorophyll boom after typhoon landfall. From the The temporal and spatial resolutions of SeaWiFS, figures, the detailed process ensues for chlorophyll and MODIS are very different. The temporal and concentration will enhanced after the passage of spatial resolution of space borne sensors degrades typhoon. Factors influencing chlorophyll further passing from raw to processed imagery. In this enhancement is given in further sections. Typhoon study, weekly data were used both for SeaWiFS and Rananim landed in Zhejiang province on the night of MODIS, compared chlorophyll and ensures the best GUI & SUBRAHMANYAM: CHLOROHYLL VARIATIONS 807

is the sea water density which equals to 3 1025kkg / m , and are zonal and meriodional components of wind stress (calculated from QuickScat winds). f is the Coriolis parameter. Using both the equations given above, surface water transport has been calculated and plotted in figure 4 during the Rananim’s peak intensity days.

From the figures it is clearly understand that

Fig. 2 —. Sea surface temperature (SST), wind and Rainfall (RF) advection of surface water is away from the typhoon variations during the typhoon Rananim period over the coastal centre. While typhoon is moving to coastal area, wind area of China ( 28-34°N;121-124°E) speed will increase tremendously leading to advection accuracy. The finer temporal resolution of SeaWiFS and surface water move away from the center of the and MODIS are readily comparable however one typhoon (i.e. Upwelling). Surface water transport SeaWiFS pixel contains exactly four MODIS pixels. calculated for the period of typhoon by taken different From the Table 1, the area of chlorophyll maximum locations along the typhoon track and presented the area is indicating higher from the SeaWiFS data than variations in the figure 5. We have chosen 7 random MODIS. The area covering over the coastal region is locations along the typhoon track are as follows: L1 - indicating differently. However the spatial extent 15.4°N, 134.6°E; L2 - 16.1°N, 130.4°E; L3 - 19.1°N, increased in both after typhoon landfall. SeaWiFS 130.6°E; L4 - 20.4°N, 129.1°E; L5 - 22.1°N, 128.1°E; data reveals Chlorophyll concentration decreased by L6 - 23.6°N, 126.1°E; L7 - 25.4°N, 124.4°E (L 3% during the typhoon passing when compared with indicates the Location). Figure 5 depicts the total the before typhoon passing. However, there is an water transport (shading) and horizontal moment increment in area after passing is about 13%. MODIS (vector) over typhoon Rananim period and different data indicating that chlorophyll concentration was locations. The areas of surface divergence decreased (6%) during the typhoon compared with (convergence) indicates upwelling (downwelling) before typhoo passing. An obvious increase in along the typhoon track can be observed. Along the chlorophyll concentration of 76% found after typhoon track water is transported away from the typhoon landfall, which is higher than SeaWiFS. The track. However when the intensity increased water difference in both MODIS and SeaWiFS may be due transport is higher. When Rananim near to coastal the algorithms the sensors used are different. The area, divergence will be higher (red colour area) and temporal resolution not sufficient to observe the the vectors also indicating waters are moving away growth of chlorophyll; however SeaWiFS and from the typhoon center, which reveals the upwelling MODIS data give a clear picture of chlorophyll over that area. In the area of divergence sub-surface concentration growth in spatial extent, which is higher nutrient waters come to surface and that water sufficient input for the fishery industry. Daily data move away from the center. After typhoon landfall, will ensure the variations of chlorophyll spatial and chlorophyll boom can be observed over higher nutrient temporal growth for research purpose as well as for area. However need few days to identify the booms. identifying the fish colonies. To find out process for chlorophyll boom, we Discussion checked the surface water transport due to typhoon. Typhoons persuade to move towards the regions of The Ekman transport at surface can be calculated in warmer SST as the SST gradient is at right angles to terms of the wind speed components at surface, the the easterly currennt37. Rananim typhoon is westward sea water density et al as the following equations moving along warm temperatures over Northwest using QuickScat wind data: Pacific and landfall at Zhejiang, China. Cold wake can be observed along and usually to the right side of typhoon track through a combination of upwelling, and mixing of the upper ocean4&38. 808 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 04, APRIL 2018

a) Before typhoon-MODIS b) During typhoon-MODIS c) After typhoon-MODIS

d) Before typhoon-Seawifs e) During typhoon-Seawifs f) After typhoon-Seawifs

Fig. 3 — Weekly Chlorophyll variations of MODIS (top pannela,b,c) and Seawifs (down pannel d,e,f). Typhoon Rananim track has been includedd for better understanding which side the chlorophyll concentraction increased

The lifetime of the cold wakes, as measured by upwelling increased chlorophyll during its strongest SST, varies from a few days to a few weeks5,9,39&40, intensities9&41. While typhoon moving the most Figure 1 is depicting the cold wake along and right immediate effect is decrease chlorophyll concentration, side of the track and is persisting for 2 days. Higher due to strong is known to be damage SST cooling of around 3°C on 12th August, due to Phytoplankton cells42 and most material contents higher intensity (wind speed of 30 m/s) of the typhoon decreased gradually in contrast to the days of typhoon combined with heavy rainfall (123.7 mm). As high landfall43. Figure 5 is revealing the same, L6 position wind speed prevails, upwelling happens which is which is near to the coast and due to heavy cyclonic clearly observed in the figures 4 and 5. winds, divergence of surface waters happens and due During typhoon, nutrients concentration will to advection leading to cooling of SST. Due to increase, due to high precipitation the terrestrial flux divergence of surface waters indicating there is a significantly increased especially in estuarine and strong upwelling, which brings the sub-surface waters coastal water. The terrestrial flux brought abundant to surface and chlorophyll boom can be seen after few nutrients material as non-point pollution source. days (figure 3c and f, after typhoon landfall). After Chlorophyll boom can be observed after the typhoon passing position L6 typhoon intensity decreased and landfall. While typhoon was moving heavy cyclonic land fall over Zhejiang province. Before typhoon is wind prevail due to that upwelling happens near the going to landfall, typhoon induced heavy rainfall over coast, which divulges in the figure 4. Slowest the sea as well as in the land (figure 6). Figure 6 translation speeds of the typhoon produce strong clearly indicating after typhoon landfall, rainfall over GUI & SUBRAHMANYAM: CHLOROHYLL VARIATIONS 809

Fig. 4 — SST and surface transport over the Northwest Pacific during Rananim Typhoon (figures are given when the peak intensity prevails). Strong divergence when the typhoon intensity increases with stronger winds and SST cooling due to upwelling and mixing. the coastal region decreased obviously. However the rainfall over the land increased and persisted for few more days brings cumulative rainfall of 155.2 cm. Due to heavy rainfall over the land rain water is drained to river leading to higher river discharge. River discharge brings lot of sediment to sea, which moved from river to the sea. Sediment can be a source of nutrients (silicon, another nutrient element) supply and would transport during typhoon time, when the near-shore sediment disturbed and nutrients released from it44. When there was typhoon, the chlorophyll concentration in the coastal waters would increase, but usually there would be a lag about 3-6 days45. During typhoon time, upwelling will happen due to stronger cyclonic winds at the coastal waters, nutrients in the subsurface waters will be transported

to surface, cooling in SST, heavy rainfall, and Fig. 5 — surface water transport along the typhoon track over the increase in the runoff from terrestrial will be the input study period, which depicts the upwelling (divergence- indicating to coastal waters. As a result, nutrients increase thick red area) and downwelling (convergence- indicating dark blue area) relating to the typhoon passage with respect to different leading to increase in the chlorophyll concentration. locations (locations are given in the section 3.3) over the typhoon period. Conclusions Typhoon Rananim brought a heavy surface water transport due to its strong wind occurred on 11th August leading to strong upwelling, which is one day before landfall. Due to strong upwelling and rainfall there is 3°C decrease in SST on 12th August, when comparing with 10th August. The ocean process of upwelling brought the nutrient water to the surface layers and terrestrial runoff also brought nutrients due to heavy rainfall over the land, enhancing the chlorophyll concentration over coastal waters. SeaWiFS is displaying higher area of chlorophyll than

MODIS. After landfall 76% increase of chlorophyll Fig. 6 — Cumulative rainfall variation over Land and Sea during area observed from MODIS data. the typhoon Raananim period. 810 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 47, NO. 04, APRIL 2018

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