Twelfth Night and Shakespearian Comedy Milton Crane Shakespeare

Twelfth Night and Shakespearian Comedy Milton Crane Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1. (Winter, 1955), pp. 1-8. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-3222%28195524%296%3A1%3C1%3ATNASC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Shakespeare Quarterly is currently published by Folger Shakespeare Library. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/folger.html. 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For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Sat Feb 9 20:36:43 2008 Twelfth Night and Shakespearian Comedy MILTON CRANE HEN Dr. Johnson stated, ip his Preface to his edition of Shakespeare's plays, that these>lays were not "in the rigorous and critical sense either tragedies or comedies, but composi- tions of a distinct kind," freely and casually mingling both forms, he confirmed the opinion of many lesser critics who had either praised or blamed Shakespeare for being less scrupulous in this regard than Sophocles or Aristophanes. Dr. Johnson, however, not only applauded this refusal to patrol the frontiers of tragedy and comedy; he went on to affirm that Shakespeare's natural genius was for comedy: He . .. indulged his natural disposition, and his disposition, as Rhymer has remarked, led him to comedy. In tragedy he often writes, with great appearance of toil and study, what is written at last with little felicity; but in his comick scenes, he seems to produce without labour, what no labour can improve. In tragedy he is always struggling after some occasion to be comick; but in comedy he seems to repose, or to luxuriate, as in a mode of thinking congenial to his nature. In his tragick scenes there is always some- thing wanting, but his comedy often surpasses expectation or desire. His comedy pleases by the thoughts and language, and his tragedy for the greater part by incident and action. His tragedy seems to be skill, his comedy to be instinct? This judgment was tempered, however, by some severe strictures on Shake- speare's lapses : In his comick scenes he is seldom very successful, when he engages his characters in reciprocations of smartness and contests of sarcasm; their jests are commonly gross, and their pleasantry licentious; neither his gentlemen nor his ladies have much delicacy, nor are sufficiently distinguished from his clowns by any appearance of refined manners. Whether he represented the real conversation of his time is not easy to determine. ..There must,. however, have been always some modes of gayety preferable to others, and a. writer ought to chuse the best (p. 22). For all his reservations about Shakespeare's faulty taste in comic manner and matter, Dr. Johnson's opinion of the comedies, as set forth in his Preface and supported by his Notes to the plays, is far more favorable than that of many later critics. The tendency of nineteenth- and twentieth-century criticism has been to exalt the tragedies as the supreme achievement of Shakespeare's art, and to consider the comedies as relatively minor and dated works. The problem of Hamlet is as satisfactorily timeless as that of Oedipus; but some critics, regarding comedy as irrevocably wedded to the moment, insist on waiting for Profes-- 1 fohnson on Shakespeare, ed. Walter Raleigh (London, ~gzg),pp. 18-19. 2 SHAKESPEARE QUARTERLY sor Sisson to identify the Lady of the Strachey before they will consent to render aesthetic judgment on the play in which she so fleetingly figures. Dr. Johnson faced the question of the comedies with characteristic boldness and candor, and gave them the palm; but his successors, to the extent that they concern them- selves at all with such basic questions, tend to adopt silently his premise about Shakespeare's mingling of the forms and to discard his conclusion about its success. Some modern critics, to be sure, have preferred to skirt the problem. Pro- fessor Parrott, for example, in his comprehensive study of Shakespearian comedy deals with comic elements in the plays wherever he finds them, exam- ining individual comic scenes or parts of scenes as largely independent of the total effect of the plays in which they appear. Such fragmentation of the plays may find justification in the fact that Shakespeare obviously concerned himself more with effectiveness of the individual situation than with larger problems of structure; nevertheless, the difference in quality between, let us say, the Porter's scene in Macberh and a monologue of Launce in The Two Gentlemen of Verona reflects important differences of conception and plan. The difliculty that underlies all such discussions, and that makes most modern critics hesitate either to agree or to disagree with Dr. Johnson's double-edged praise of Shakespeare's comedy, is a profound uncertainty about the propriety of treating that comedy as a single, definable thing. Here again Dr. Johnson's empirical definition of comedy in the age of Shakespeare may offer a useful point of departure: "An action which ended happily to the principal persons, however serious or distressful through its intermediate incidents. ." But so general a statement does little to enlarge our understanding of Shakespeare's purpose or method; tragedy and comedy must be divided on some more sig- nificant principle. Our problem, then, is to expand this definition and to make it more specific with reference to Shakespeare's comedies. If it is possible to speak of that ex- traordinary group of plays ranging from The Comedy of Errors and A Mid- summer-Night's Dream to Measure for Measure and The Tempest in terms more meaningful than those of a happy ending or a haphazard conglomeration of laughable incidents, we must seek the solution in Shakespeare's practice as a dramatist, not in the realm of metaphysical speculation. The extent to which Shakespeare's comedies can be identified with any tradition of comic drama has been the subject of several recent studies. Nevi11 Cog- hill, contrasting Shakespearian comedy (which he calls "romantic") with Jonsonian or "corrective" comedy, has justly remarked: "It is easy to discern the promptings of two opposed temperaments in the use of comic form by [Shake- speare and Jonson]; so much so that it hardly makes sense to speak of 'comic form' as if it were a single thing of which both had the same theoretical conception, to the discipline of which both were in voluntary and agreed subjection. And because it does not seem to make sense, it is often supposed that Shake- speare wrote under no discipline of form, that he followed no particular and definable tradition of Comedy, but was simply fancy's child. .. ."2 His answer to what is in effect Dr. Johnson's position is that "Shakespeare was following a tradition that evolved during the middle ages" from fourth-century Latin gram- 2 "The Basis of Shakespearean Comedy," Essays and Studzes (London, ~ggo),p. T TWELFTH NIGHT AND SHAKESPEARIAN COMEDY 3 ~narians,such as Donatus, and which eventually became formulated as "romantic" comedy, expressing the idea that "life is to be grasped", using a love-story with a profusion of incidents, and resolving all confusion and misunderstanding through a happy catastrophe. This form Professor Coghill opposes to Jonsonian comedy, which he likewise traces back to late classical and medieval sources, and which emphasizes the satirical and corrective element rather than the joyful and conciliatory. The evidence of Shakespeare's contemporaries suggests that they might have found Professor Coghill's distinction more ingenious than valid. Thomas Heywood's An Apology for Actors, for example, while agreeing with Professor Coghill's grammarians that the essence of comedy is "Turbulenta prima, trdn- quilla ultima . Comedies begin in trouble, and end in peace . ." offers a "definition of the Comedy, according to the Latins,"-i.e., Donatus-as "a dis- course consisting of diuers institutions, comprehending ciuill and domesticke things, in which is taught, what in our liues and manners is to be followed, what to bee auoyded. ."3 And, in speaking of comedy as written by himself and his colleagues, he lays equal weight on the pleasurable and the didactic elements : [A Comedy] is pleasantly contriued with merry accidents, and inter- mixt with apt and witty iests, to present before the Prince at certain times of solemnity, or else merrily fitted to the stage. And what is then the subiect of this harmelesse mirth? either in the shape of a Clowne, to shew others their slouenly and vnhansome behauiour, that they may reforme that simplicity in themselues, which others make their sport, lest they happen to become the like subiect of general1 scorne to an auditory, else it intreates of loue, deriding foolish inamorates, who spend their ages, their spirits, nay themselues, in the seruile and ridiculous imployments of their Mistresses: and these are mingled with sportfull accidents, to recreate such as of themselues are wholly deuoted to Melancholly, which corrupts the bloud: or to refresh such weary spirits as are tired with labour, or study, to moderate the cares and heauinesse of the minde, that they may returne to their trades and faculties with more zeale and earnestnesse, after some small soft and pleas- ant retirement (sigs.

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