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Architettura Tra Due Mari Radici E Trasformazioni Architettoniche E Urbane in Russia, Caucaso E Asia Centrale

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Architettura Tra Due Mari Radici E Trasformazioni Architettoniche E Urbane in Russia, Caucaso E Asia Centrale DiAP PRINT / TEORIE 13 Architettura tra due mari Radici e trasformazioni architettoniche e urbane in Russia, Caucaso e Asia Centrale A cura di Roberto Secchi e Leone Spita Quodlibet DiAP Dipartimento di Architettura e © 2018 Indice Progetto Quodlibet srl Direttore Orazio Carpenzano via Giuseppe e Bartolomeo Mozzi, 23 Macerata Sapienza Università di Roma www.quodlibet.it PRIMA EDIZIONE DiAP PRINT / TEORIE marzo 2018 Collana a cura del Gruppo Comunicazione del DiAP ISBN Coordinatore Cristina Imbroglini 978-88-229-0146-0 7 Premessa CARTOGRAFIA E INDICE DEI LUOGHI 11 Introduzione. Oltre la Russia e l’urss. Il Caucaso e l’Asia COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Federico Patacchiola, Marco Sorrentino Centrale in cerca di una nuova identità culturale Carmen Andriani Aldo Ferrari Roberta Amirante COPERTINA Jordi Bellmunt Elaborazione grafica di 19 Cartografia Renato Bocchi Shiro-Studio House Interiors Rome Giovanni Corbellini Giovanni Durbiano STAMPA Parte prima Carlo Gasparrini Industria Grafica Bieffe, Recanati (MC) Sara Marini 35 Imperi-Stati-Nazioni e il pensiero dello spazio. Luca Molinari La rinascita e la perdita: multiculturalismo e trasformazioni Alessandra Muntoni architettoniche-urbane nel Caucaso Meridionale e nel bacino Franco Purini del Caspio Joseph Rykwert Leone Spita Andrea Sciascia Zeila Tesoriere 121 Caso studio. Abitare a Erevan nel xix secolo. Tra spazi ostentati e Ilaria Valente spazi celati: analisi tipologica di Marco Sorrentino Herman van Bergeijk 136 Caso studio. L’architettura sacra di Erevan dal 1920 a oggi. Dalla Franco Zagari classificazione tipologica al rapporto tra spazio sacro e spazio pubblico di Anna Hunanyan Ogni volume della collana è sottoposto alla revisione di referees 153 Il Kazakistan oltre il nomadismo esterni al Dipartimento di Architettura Valeriya Klets e Progetto scelti tra i componenti del Comitato Scientifico. 187 Abitare la città sovietica. Dal disurbanismo alla kommunalka: quartiere, casa e alloggio tra squilibri e illusioni Luca Reale 218 Caso studio. Adattamento e trasformazione del microrayon sovietico. Il quartiere Gldani a Tbilisi di Luca Reale, con Vato Zesashvili INDICE 229 Architettura della figura tra Occidente e Oriente: Tbilisi, Baku, Premessa Astana e la rete globale come sfondo Sabrina Leone Parte seconda 257 Un parco letterario nel paesaggio imperiale russo Roberto Secchi 271 Immagini dell’Imperium. Facciate e rovine della Russia-urss: Kapuśćiński e de Custine Roberto Valle Questo volume trae origine dallo svolgimento di un semina- rio di studi tenutosi al Dipartimento di Architettura e Proget- 313 Dalle fonti italiane: le missioni italiane in Caucaso, to (diap) di Sapienza Università di Roma negli anni 2014-16. 1862 e 1919-20 L’iniziativa si deve al fortunato incontro di Leone Spita e Ro- Andrea Carteny berto Secchi. Quest’ultimo essendo venuto a conoscenza di 331 La Russia e l’Europa nell’iconografia di Jean Gottmann. Dal recenti viaggi di studio dello Spita nelle regioni caucasiche declino dell’Europa al sonderweg russo ed essendo a sua volta appassionato lettore della letteratura Renata Gravina russa propose di formulare una domanda di finanziamento presso l’Ateneo per una ricerca che prendesse le mosse dal bel libro di Ryszard Kapuśćiński Imperium – in cui l’autore de- 355 Antologia di testi. Luoghi comuni nella letteratura russa scrive lo stato delle ex Repubbliche sovietiche dopo la caduta e sul Caucaso del regime e la loro dichiarazione di indipendenza. Il racconto A cura di Roberto Secchi di Kapuśćiński è denso di significative suggestioni sull’identità dei luoghi visitati e sulle trasformazioni di città e paesaggi, ma 465 Postfazione manca di un punto di vista e di una sensibilità squisitamen- Antonello Folco Biagini te architettoniche. Ne scaturì l’idea di redigere un program- ma di ricerca, di cui Spita è principal investigator. Esso prese 469 Indice dei luoghi il titolo: Tra due mari. Sulle tracce di Ryszard Kapuśćiński: Trasformazioni architettoniche e urbane contemporanee nel- la regione del Caucaso e dell’Asia Centrale dopo la caduta dell’urss. Naturalmente ci si rese subito conto del fatto che un tale programma non poteva essere condotto da soli archi- tetti senza il supporto di studiosi della storia e della geopoli- tica delle regioni in questione. Si decise pertanto di ricorrere al contributo di colleghi della Sapienza e ne nacque l’attuale gruppo di studio che comprende, oltre ai curatori del volu- 6 7 PREMESSA PREMESSA me Roberto Secchi e Leone Spita, i professori Roberto Valle di Pavia) per i preziosi consigli; gli amici dell’Armenia, della (Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche), Andrea Carteny (Dipar- Georgia, dell’Azerbaigian e del Kazakistan per l’aiuto durante timento Storia Culture Religioni) e Luca Reale (Dipartimento i viaggi in quei territori e il Dipartimento di Architettura e di Architettura e Progetto), le dottoresse Renata Gravina e Progetto per il contributo scientifico e finanziario. Anna Hunanyan, e gli architetti Valeriya Klets, Sabrina Leone e Marco Sorrentino. Inoltre il contatto con l’asiac (Associa- i curatori zione per lo Studio in Italia dell’Asia Centrale e del Caucaso) nella persona del professor Aldo Ferrari e dell’ampio grup- po di studiosi mobilitati dall’organizzazione poté allargare di molto le conoscenze e le opportunità di scambio tra architetti e altri studiosi costituendo una prima cornice che si è ritenuto utile impiegare per introdurre nel mondo dell’architettura i contenuti del programma di lavoro. Il presente volume dà conto di questo percorso. I contri- buti del gruppo di architetti hanno il valore di un’iniziazione degli studi di architettura sulle regioni del Caucaso e dell’Asia Centrale; gli altri contributi, nella seconda parte del volume, inquadrano i primi in alcune figure, aspetti e fatti storici uti- li ad una migliore comprensione dei fenomeni architettonici analizzati. Un ruolo a parte occupa un’antologia di brani di scrittori russi o caucasici che ci hanno lasciato pagine signifi- cative. La letteratura offre, infatti, un materiale straordinario di informazioni sui territori, di descrizioni dei paesaggi e del- le città. Il volume è pertanto diviso in due parti: nella prima sono presentati i saggi di architettura, nella seconda i saggi degli altri studiosi e in calce un’antologia di brani letterari. La separazione si è resa necessaria nella consapevolezza della non ancora avvenuta maturazione della transdisciplinarità au- spicata ma con la ferma convinzione che un passo successivo della ricerca possa riconoscervisi. Alla conclusione di questa prima fase di ricerca i curato- ri desiderano ringraziare i professori Aldo Ferrari (Università Ca’ Foscari), Antonello Folco Biagini (Sapienza Università di Roma), Aizhan Akhmedova (Preside della Academy of Archi- tecture and Civil Engineering kazgasa, Almaty University) per il loro contributo scientifico; e ancora Tommaso Trevisani (University of Tübingen) e Francesco Mazzocutelli (Università 8 9 Introduzione Oltre la Russia e l’URSS. Il Caucaso e l’Asia Centrale in cerca di una nuova identità culturale Aldo Ferrari La dissoluzione dell’urss alla fine del 1991 ha portato sulla scena internazionale due regioni – il Caucaso e l’Asia Centrale – che hanno avuto per millenni un significato storico quanto mai notevole, ma che negli ultimi secoli erano per così dire “scom- parse” all’interno delle dinamiche russe e poi sovietiche. Nono- stante differiscano per molti aspetti geografici e storico-culturali, il Caucaso e l’Asia Centrale possono per diverse ragioni essere considerati come componenti di uno spazio culturale almeno in parte comune, collocato tra il mondo russo, quello cinese e quel- lo islamico, con i quali sono peraltro ampiamente collegati1. L’in- dipendenza politica, che nel Caucaso riguarda peraltro solo la parte meridionale della regione, ha avuto luogo in un momento storico di rapidi cambiamenti su scala globale. Tanto il Cauca- so quanto l’Asia Centrale si trovano oggi al centro del “Grande Medio Oriente”, vale a dire l’enorme spazio, fondamentale per le sue ricchezze energetiche, che va dalle coste orientali del Mar Nero alle frontiere della Cina2. Sin dall’antichità il Caucaso, la vasta regione montuosa che oc- cupa lo spazio compreso tra il Mar Nero ed il Mar Caspio, occupa un posto di rilievo nell’orizzonte culturale europeo, di derivazio- ne sia biblica che classica. Pensiamo all’Ararat, il monte di Noé, simbolo della terra armena. Oppure all’avventura degli Argonauti in cerca del Vello d’Oro in Colchide, vale a dire nella regione co- 1 Su questo spazio rimando al mio articolo Il Caucaso e l’Asia Centrale. Dina- miche storiche, politiche ed economiche, in M. Vaghi (a cura di), I mondi dell’Asia, Mimesis, Milano 2016, pp. 51-70. 2 Cfr. M.R. Djalali, Th. Kellner, Moyen-Orient, Caucase et Asie Centrale: des concepts géopolitiques à construire et à reconstruire?, “Central Asian Survey”, 19, 1, 2000, pp. 117-140. 11 ALDO FERRARI INTRODUZIONE. OLTRE LA RUSSIA E L’URSS stiera della attuale Georgia; o ancora al titano Prometeo – che ha Dopo il crollo del sistema sovietico ed il conseguente indebo- un corrispondente diretto nella figura pancaucasica di Amirani3 limento del controllo russo, questa regione è divenuta una delle – incatenato su un’alta vetta del Caucaso per aver osato sfidare la aree più rilevanti e problematiche del panorama internazionale. collera degli dèi donando agli uomini il bene prezioso del fuoco. Oltre ad una serie di gravi conflitti locali di carattere interetnico Proprio nella tragedia di Eschilo Prometeo incatenato, nella prima (Alto Karabakh,
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