Galindia in the Viking Age New Shape

Tomasz NOWAKIEWICZ Galindiain the VikingAge New Shape of the Culture

Galindia is one of the Prussian tribal lands. which is 1o- catęd on the periphery of thę Balt culturalprovince. Thę Tul,.,o,u geographical localisation by the Ptolemy and name of Galindia has bęęn ręcorded in a few historical the Liber census Daniae's relations is possibly limited. SourcęS.The first information about this land is con- only Teutonic SourcęSlet to place more precisely this nęctęd with thę initial stage of ręsęarching Baltic Sea land into the map of Prussia. All this information had amber coast: in the beginning of the 2ndcentury Klau- been used by Caspar Hannenberger,who had drawn dios Ptolemaios (..Ptolemy'')placed Galindai (fd'ryÓaą a map of tribal Prussia in the end of 16'hcentury (his Nowakowski 2003) among the other ethnic groups of map was a kind of the cartographic commentary to Peter North-EuropeanB arbaricumt . Dusburg's Chronocon Tbrra Prussiae)6. There are not the early mediaeval sources, which Every data shows, that Galindia was locatęd in the could be undoubtedly connectęd with Prussian Masurian Lakęland (NE Poland). Galindia bordered Galindia2. Since the time of Ptolemy until thę Mid- with the othęrPrussian lands (Sasinia, Bartia,Nadrovia, dle Ages Galindia had been unknown in the written Sudavia ) in the west, north and east but southern Galin- sources, but after more than 1000 years, the name of dia frontier was located in swampy and inhospitable Galindia was mentioned again, in thę Same geographi- area,betwęen Prussian tęrritoriesand Slavonic province cal context and in thę similar phonetically form. The Masovia. Although the width of the frontier Zonę was Danish document from l2l0 - Liber censuum Daniae, rather big, it wasn't impossiblę to cross thę border.onę mentions Galindia (Galindo), among other Prussian of the common, Slavonic - Prussian relations' signs is and (partly) Lithuanian tęrritories, as the feud of Dan- the system of the early mediaeval routes, recognised in ish Kingdom3. Propaganda way of thę Liber Censuum Masovian side of the frontięr and entering into Galindi- Daniae's sense is clear, but it doesn't change the sig- an forest (Kowalczyk1999;2003:68 ff.). The other elę- nificance of the previously mentioned sourcę' which ments of this frontier zone aręthe ramparts (Kowatczyk confirms' from thę Danish point of view, presence of 2003:219 ff.).They were built in the VikingAge but the Galindia in thę circle of known territorięs in the end of precise chronology is unknown. It is not clear,who were the Viking Age. the walls'buildęrs: the Masovians or the Prussians7? In the 30's of the 14thcentury Peter Dusburg, Teu- tonic chroniclęr and the author of Chronicon Terra {<*{< Prussiae, mentionęd Galindia (Galindia) as one of the Archaeolosical ręsearch of Prussian cultural differen- greattribal lands of Prussiansa.He recordedthę fabulous tiation O.rri"ngthe Viking Age is absolutely insufficient. story about the depopulationof this land, too. So-called Thanks to German investigation, the bęst-recognised legend of Galindia by Dusburg, was the explanation of aręa of thę Prussian Viking Age settlemęntis Samland. the peculiar social and settlementcircumstances: during But even there, it is almost nothing morę, than matęri- Teutonic crusadę in the 13thcentury the Christian con- als from one type sitess.In effect, the information about quęrors tręatędonly Galindia in the whole Prussia area, the Viking Age in Samland is based on archive material as the depopulated territory (terra remanent desolata). from cemęteries.But, by the general view, the Prussian It is easy to see that Galindia stands in the written sęacoastzone (from the Vistula river to the Neman river sourcesby a special way: it had already been mentioned deltas)seęms to be recognisedrelatively well- it is pos- in thę 2ndcentury (as the first Prussian tribal land, which sible to expręSsthe first thesis, at leastg.Comparing to is known by its own namę) and mentioned again, after the background of thę seacoast Prussia, the hinterland more than 1000 years. Very brief form of theserelations must be defined as absolutely unknown. is recognisęd too. The first dętailed data about Galin- Until the end of the German state in Prussia, only dia is a Peter Dusburg's licentia poetica from thę 14.h a few of the trial trenchęshad bęęn undertakenin the centurys. Galindian hill-forts ("the days" in Bosemb by Georg 162 REGIONALPROBLEMS

Fig. I. Archaeologicalsites known in Galindia(until half of 90's of 20thcentury) l. Boże/ Bosemb;2. Jeziorko/ Jęsziorken;3. Pasym/ Passenheim;4. Cerkiewnik;5. Franknowo.

10 Fig. 2. The Viking Age sitesin the SalętLake region: |: hill-tbrtRydwągi I; 2: hill-fortRydwągi II (SchanzeJerusalem according to G. Bujack); 3: open settlementnear Rydwągi (accordingto the map of Georg J. F. Has- se|fiom 30's of 20thcentury, Mellin-WyczÓłkowska 1999: 180); 4: settlementcornplex at Bosemb l BoŻe(the open t-armsand the tower), 5: remainsof the otherearly mediaeval construction (the tower?) at Boze; 6: opensettlement at RtrskaWieś; 7: hoardof Marienhof: 8: settlementcomplex at Wyszembork (theopen f-annsand the tower?); 9: settlernentcomplex at Szestno- Czarny Las (theopen f'arms and the hill-fort); l0: opensettlement at Muntowo. TomaszNowakiewicz. GALINDIA IN THE VIKING AGE _ NEWSHAPE OF THE CULTURE 163

Bujack, "the three Sundays" in Jesziorken by Hess von Wichdorff and more advanced researching in ;;: ..r."rch period almost 10 years allows defining Pessenheimby Georg Bujackl0).Although thę other the first thesis of the Viking Age settlemęntin northern sites are known too (thanksto the accidęntalfinds of Galindia. It will be presentedin a short and simplified silver hoardsand the weapon'1),the list of the Viking way. Age sites in Galindia is very short. During the second half of the 20thcentury, poor levę1 of afl archaeological recognition changed The settlement imperceptibly. A fęw excavation seasons in two hill-forts (Jeziorko and Pasym; Antoniewicz 1952, In places whęre the older settlementoccurred from the Antoniewicz, Okultcz 1958;Odoj 1960; 1968) and Roman and the Migration Periods, the continuation of one in the open settlement(Franknowo; Babić, Dąb- settlementis confirmed. There are the open sites, with- rowska, Kozłowska 2000) and another' unexpected out any peculiar features, located extremely close to in fl at burial-gro und (C erkiewnik; Ziemliriska-Odoj the lake. Their topographical localisation, access to the 1992) were the only enterprises(fig. l). lake and probably their size, are similar. According to The basic growth of recognition level in Prus- archeozoological data the way of using the environment sian territories during the Viking Age is an effect during the Viking Age and a few centuriesago, seemsto of excavations made in Salęt Lake region (northern be similaą too. (fig. 3 a-b;4 c). frontier of Galindia) by the team from the Institutę However, the "traditional" farms were not the only of Archaeology of Warsaw University (Galindian ones around Salęt Lake in the Viking Age. There were Expedition IA UW; more about expedition, see: the "new" farms existing at the same time. It is impor- www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/Galindia).Sincę the Sec- tant, thatthe new sęttlementwas connectedwith places ond half of the 90's, l0 early mediaevalsites in the of different topography and had been occupying new borders of one archaeological complex had been areas' not used before. It is easy to noticę their specific' excavated (fig. 2). As the consequence,the small defensivelocalisation: in peninsula and on tops of the region around the Salęt Lake is the first complete- hills' often without ęasy access to the lake but almost ly explored area from the Viking Age in southęrn always in the shadow of the fortified sites (fig. 3 c). Prussiar2. Building and using Galindian hill-forts is an absolutely nęw idęa born in the Viking Age. Usually, the new *** hill-forts were built far from the older settlementareas. one of the results of Salęt Lake region recognition The main hill-fort of the region - Szestno-Czarny Las, is the question,about the interpretationof the Salęt excavated by W. WrÓblewski' was quite small' penna- region excavations.Could the materialsfrom micro- nently inhabitedby no more than 30 men and functioned region (located in the frontier zone of the tribal land) for a short time (1 - 2 generations;WrÓblewski 2000; be taken as the typical to whole Galindian standard? WrÓblewski' Nowaktewicz, Bogucki 2003: l59 ff.; ear- The answer should be, of course, negative.But, the lier literatureibidem; flg. 4 a). The traces of permanent importance of Salęt Lake region is the pattern-like buildings discovered inside the wall, indicate that the settlementcomplex, which can be used to initiate the build-up of the settlementconsisted of abovę-ground regional studies in Galindia and the other Prussian structures,probably raised on piles situated on the in- land,too. side of the rampart (WrÓblewski, Nowakiewicz' Bogu- Therę is one more particularfeature of Salęt Lake cki 2003 174). region: the good archaeological research of earlier The open settlementwas located out of the hill- settlęmenthęrę. Whole Galindian Expedition,sfield- fort but near the walls. The hill-fort as well as the opęn work had been concerned about sęttlementearlier farms were protected from east and south by swampy and later than the Viking Age too. Around the Salęt lowlands. Lake thereare more than l0 sites from the Early lron It is possibleto say much less abouttwo, of the same Ag., the Roman Period, Migration Period and from size, hill-forts in Salęt Lake region's northernborder the Middle Ages. Such practice unique in Balt ter- (sites: Rydwągi I and Rydwągi II). Both of them are ritories lęt to recogniseas węll thę material standard situatedin northernfrontier zone, betweenGalindia and as the cultural changes of Prussian settlement,dur- other great tribal land called Bartiala.Thę chronology ing more than 2000 years13.It lęts to take the Viking of them is based only on a few pieces of early medi- Age episode in Sa|ęt Lake region as the part of the aeval ceramics only artefactswhich had been found in long sequencein the local settlementhistory: from Rydwągi. Moreoveq in the light of mediaeval sources, the Early Iron Age, until mediaeval Teutonic colo- one of them was duty as a pecultar, "pagan" function nisation. undęr the Teutonic Statel5.It is necessaryto admit that 164 REGIONALPROBLEMS

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Fig. 3. The settlementof thę Roman Pęriod - the Migration Period (3 a) and the Viking Age (3 b). The map of the Roman Pc- riod and the Migration Period shows only the local sęttlementtradition but doesn'tpresent the samęchronological horizon. Tri,' typesof the Viking Age sites(3 c): the open farms (small points)and the hill-forts(big points).

Fig. 4. The difl-ercnt:\Frf of the settlement:irc. :n the SalętLake regir.r];tL manentlyinhabitc,.l i: :,.- (Szestno-CzarnrI.r.. the tower (Boze: -łŁ'r.:x open settlement Arc.r, R ka Wieś; 4c). Thc lli.1.'i.rt by T. Nowakieri icz TOmaszNowakiewicz. GALINDIA IN THE VIKINGAGE _ NEWSHAPE OF THE CULTURE undoubtedly there is no sufficient data to take two fill- shows the Viking Age material standard of Prussian forts in Rydwągi as the componęnt of early mediae- settlement.The influences from Ruthenia, Scandinavia, val archaeological complex, but according to the most węst and east Slav tęrritoriesare easily noticęd. probable interpretation,their peculiar function could be The most unexpectedfinds in Prussian sites are the attributedto the localisation in the early mediaęval fron- coins' found in the settlementsites. Therę are 2 halvęs tier zone. of dirhams from MedTnat as-Salam (Baghdad); one of The hill-forts in Salęt Lake region (and wider: in them was found near the open farm in Muntowo (WrÓ- whole Galindia) have got one more peculiar feature: blęwski, Nowakiewicz, Bogucki 2003: |63), the second they are much smalleą than the great strong-holds in was found under the woodęn wall in Szestno-Czarny Lithuania, Samland and in the closest Galindia neigh- Las hill-fort (Bogucki,Malarczyk 2003: 210). The third bours: Nadrovia, Sudavia, probably Sasinia and Bartia coin, probably the kind of West-Europeandenar's false, too16.There are no peculiar sęttlęmentfortified zones in was found in near the tower hill-fort in Wyszembork Galindia the groups of the hill-forts similar to intricate (WrÓblewski, Nowakiewicz, Bogucki 2003: 163). The fortifications for example in Sudavia (Szurpity; Oku- chronology of the dirhams is 76617- 807/8 (Bartczak Iicz |993) or Pogezania (castrum Weklitze; Pawłowski 2000) andT'7112(Bogucki, Malarczyk2003: 210).De- 1987). nar's dating is unclear. It sęems to bę probable, that Galindian way of hill- Three coins from the Salęt Lake region's sites have fort's building is not thę same like in the neighbouring a greatarchaęological implication: they change hitherto tribes'lands. However, the problem of the hill-fort's tra- existing opinions about circumstances of silver lack in dition nęędsfurther ręsearchand excavations. early mędiaeval Prussian communities. Except of the Thę towers are the other type of building - nęw and finds from Muntowo, Szęstno and Wyszembork, there original in Prussian tradition. There arę a few sitęs in arę no silver coins in the settlemęntsof whole southęrn Salęt Lake region (fig. 4 b) where there are the remains Prussia18.That is why the three piece el silverado from of thę wooden tower (Boże I, Wyszembork III?, Bożę Salęt Lakę region, should bę takęn aS one of thę most IX?; Nowakiewicz 2004). Each tower was built on clay important discovęries and, from peculiar point of view, and stonę mound, in strategic place with good fięld of morę interesting than l kg of silver ornaments from vision. The open settlementwas ęxtręmely closę to the Marienhof hoard. towers as it sęrvedas a farming base to thęm.Although, one of thę most interestingfinds in Szestno-Czarny the towers węre not unconquerable,they show in thęir Las, were the groups of burnt human bones, found in- construction Some tracęs of prestige. Mędiaeval Pol- side the hill-fort, in the borders of stone pavement.An- ish chronicles confirm the presence of such buildings thropological analyses showed, that thęre were at least in Prussia too, calling them as noblemenśhouses ot 21 person burięd in the excavatęd pavement. Thę dis- hąbitable high housesL7,The Prussian towęr-siteswęrę covęry was classified as a nęw type of early mędiaeval not excavated except the Salęt Lake region, so it is not Prussian burials and first published by W. WrÓblęwski clear, if the Salęt Lake region towęrs are original, local (2000), then by M. Sabaciriski (200a). idea or interregional and common for the wholę Prus- Another interesting question is thę matter of the sian zone? early mediaeval Galindian pottery (fig. 6). Without any doubt, the pottery made to the Slavonic style is the most present one in the Viking Age Galindia. This The material presence is visiblę in other Prussian, Balt and Scan- dinavian territorięstoo19. The main conclusion of this The early mediaeval material varies in Salęt Lake rę- phenomenon is: Slavonic sĘle pottery remains the gion's sites. one of the most exciting things is silvęr pottery made by Prussians and the pottery in Viking hoard found in Marienhof (presently:Brodzikowo; fig. Age Prussia is not the ethnic criterion but only typo- 5 a), described in the last years of the 19thcentury by H. logical one (according to WrÓblewski, Nowakiewicz Kęmke from KÓnigsberg (Kemke 1897), and once more 2003: |75). The new style's ways of influencesand thę elaborated a few years ago by M. Bogucki from Warsaw time of adaptation arę unknown, but the initial signs (Bogucki 2003). There arę thę analogies of neck-rings of this process are visible in material of thę somę 01- and bracęlęts from the hoard in Gotland' Pomerania' sztyn group cęmętęrięs (Wyszembork, okulicz 1988; Ruthęnia and the Balt tęrritories. Tumiany,Baranowski 1998:291,292, fig. 6, 7) and the The richest site of thę region, Szestno-Czarny Las opęn farms (Wyszembork, Szymariski 2003: pl. XN; hill-fort, gives us a great set of everyday usage objects: Tumiany - Baranowski, Dąbrowski, Kowalczyk 2000: tools, silvęr and bronzejewellery iron elementsof horse 270, fig.3). harness and weapons (fig. 5 e-i). This site perfectly r66 REGIONAL PROBLEMS

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Fig. 5. The objects from the Salęt Lake region sites:the Marienhof / Brodzikowo hoard (5 a), the objects from the hill-forts and open farms (5 d-h: Czamy Las; 5 i: Muntowo; 5 b: Wyszembork; 5 c: Boże). a: Marienhof / Brodzikowo silver hoard (Kemke 1897); b: bronze miniatureaxe; Wyszembork (Waluś1998: l58, fig.1, photoM. Dąbski); c: iron Thor's hammer; Muntowo (Rogala 2000,Tab. XIV: c; by the author). d: comb; Boże (unpublishedphoto by T. Nowakiewicz); e: bronze strap separator;Szestno'Czamy Las (WrÓblewski 1997: 16; photo M. Dąbski); g: bronze troll; Szestno - Czamy Las (WrÓblewskl |997 17; photo M. Dąbski); h: bronze brooch; Szestno - Czamy Las (WrÓblewski 1997: |6; photo M. Dąbski); i: silver ,,dragon'';Szestno - Czamy Las (WrÓblewski 1998:530, fig.3;photo M. Dąbski). TOMASz Nowakiewicz. GALINDIA IN THE VIKING AGE _ NEW SHAPE OF THE CULTURE 167 The chronology The settlementarea

The chronology of Salęt Lake region sites is based on Some of the environmental factors limit the territory setsof artefactsdating. Dendro-dating was unfortunately of the Viking Age settlementin Salęt Lake region. ineffective2o.According to the artefactsdating the Mking Among the others,there is the bettersoil's zone (by Age settlementin Salęt Lake region was shortly-lived. agriculturalrequirement) and micro-region'slocation The sharp specified time of activity from middle of the in the strategicalplace, along one of the best water 10'huntil the middle of the llth century is undoubtedly routes,connecting Samland with the Slavonic lands confirmed.About the middle of the ll'h centurythe sites of Masovia and westernRuthenia. As the sign of the of Salęt Lake region were destroyedand not rebuilt2|. interregionaltrade-routę usagę' the numerous archae- The early mediaeval settlementtraces older than the 10'h ological finds from the open site (but located near century are generally unknown22. the tower) in the Salęt Lake island' can be taken23. The interregional trade-routeutilisation seems to be the most importantreason of Salęt Lake Galindians' The sociaIorganisation wealth (WrÓblewski, Nowaktewtcz, Bogucki 2003: 167 ff.,pl. VI). One ofthe settlementstudies results seems to be particular- E,achsite locatedaround the lake, had possibilities ly important.The settlementpattern in Salęt Lake region: for free communication.Two hours should be enough the hill-fort, the towers and the open farms, agreeswith Pe- to get,by the water,to any place on SalętLake's coast. ter Dusburg's relation about Prussianterritorial organisa- Only the hill-forts are little far from the open water. tion.According to the Teutonicchronicler the whole Prus- Such localizationof fortifiedsites seemsto be not ac- sia was divided into great tribal lands (terra, seę footnote cidental. 4). Each Prussianterra was divided into some number of The analyse of the historical and cartographical smaller lands (teruula)and then into the basic communities sources shows, that there are a few place-nameswith (lauk).In all probability,the confirmationof Dusburgre- addition "black" (Polish: czarny) in the small area in lation in Galindian settlementaround the Salęt Lake is vis- southęrnpart of Salęt Lake region: Black Forest, Lake ible. Szestno-Czarny Zas hill-fort can be taken as teruula Black, Black Creek, Schwartzburg2a(fig. 7). What centre; the towers with open farms mark thę laul

Summary.Galindian settlement in Viking Age

Summary Canclusion

the hill-forts 1. Small but efficient settlemęntaround the Salęt Lakę: the main hill-fort with the satellite sites (relation: centre- economic base); ..frontięr'' e the hill.farts 2. The northernregion border is protectedby the c) the new idea (r1 H (unknown towers and two "empty" hill-forts (?).The northern ts 0.ł in the Migration region border is the part of the whole terua Galindia qio the towers Period) v) c)-() nofthern border (with terra Bartia); Eś 3. The social structurebased on class division (the (H the dęfence sęttlement towers the Prussiannoblemen's houses?); 4. Salęt Lake region settlementconfirms Peter the continuation Dusburg's Prussian settlementdivision (terra ter- the open settlęment of the earlier tradition rula lauks).

P the pottery GJ theweapons the lack of the (h 5. A lot of types and objects:influences of west 'oGalindian styleo', thejewellery Slavonic, Ruthenian, Scandinavian styles and the ul-. wide interregional relations, f, interregional forms (Baltic zone); thecoins C) the everydayuse things 168 REGIONALPROBLEMS

{<*{< The thesisdefining the specificityof archaeologicalpic- The archaeological studięs show completely different ture in Galindia in the Viking Age, get a strongerim- Galindian settlement tradition and "the way of life", portance by the confrontation with the earlier periods ( during the Migration Period and the Mking Age. the Roman Period and the Migration Period) shape of In the light of thesefacts, it is necessaryto ask some the Galindian culture. Such confrontation lets to catch questions.The first question could be what was the rea- the thesismentioned above, in the light of the long-term son of changes,and the secondquestion what it can be cultural and social changes,during the 1s millennium said abouttheir chronology? in Prussia. Archaeological interpretationof Prussia is the typi- The basic dataabout mentioned resion in the Roman cal example of "the work in progress",so there is im- Period and the Migration Period26: possible to give the precisely answer now. Anyway, - Since the last decadesBC, in the Masurian Lake- there are a few indirect remarks, which could be help- land, one of the north barbaric cultures in the Balt ter- ful to understandthe deep transformationof Galindians ritories the Bogaczewo culture had bęęn forming. The during the Late Migration Period and the dawn of the Bogaczewo culture was being continued during the Viking Age. Migration Period by the Olsztyn group, formerly called Firstly it could be told that the chronology of pre- masu rge rmanis c he Ku Itur; sentedchanges, as well as their reasons,should be con- - The Olsztyn group typical feature are numerous, nęctęd with thę arrival and quick growth of Slavonic flat, cremation burial-grounds, often with the rich urn- tribes'power,near the Galindia southernfrontier. With- grave assemblage.These cemeterieswere located not out doubt, the new Slavonic neighbours began to break far from open settlements.The main current of the Bo- and stop Galindian contacts with territories of Ostro- gaczewo culture and the Olsztyn group's continuation goths and Gepids. Then, their presence at Galindia's is in thę pottery and some type of the brooches tradition border had been a strong impulse that began the trans- (for example Armbrustfibeln mit umgeschlagenemFu/3 formation of Prussian tradition2T. und Ringgarnitur) visible; It is not the answerfor the question,why the Galin- - The Olsztyn group artefactsare typical for the Balt dian left their open farms? Were the Slavs so dangerous. culturalprovince. The only exceptionis the large group or was their hill-fort building tradition so attractive?Ar- of Germanic objects from the burial-ground inventories. chaeologystill doesn'thave the sufficienttools to solve Their usage in Masurian Lakeland was connectedwith this problem' so the both of thę answerscould be right' some kind of relations,between Galindians and Ger- Apart from the details, there is visible, that an effect of manic groups (particularly Ostrogothsand Gepids) from hill-fort's usagecaused social evolutionof the Galindian the lower Danube and the Rhine zones in the 5'h,6'h and society.The settlementpeculiar signs of that evolution 7tl'century; Seemto be the towersnoblemenś houses. - Thę olsztyn group disappearedin the 7.hcentury. At the same time, Galindians completely changed The latest olsztyn group materials in Salęt Lake region thęir burial customs.The leaving of old, used by gen- have the same chronology.All data suggeststhat Olsz- erations,traditional cemeteries, had beenthe sign of the tyn group declinę was an effect of suddęn events, but deepesttransformation of social and psychical struc- not destruction.Its decline might have probably been tures in the tribal society. It had to be an effect of ven caused by the transformationof social structure. particularcircum stances.

The Migration Period The Mking Age (Masurian Lakeland until the 7'hcentury) (Salęt Lake region from the 10.hcentury)

numerous,flat burial-groundswith I the lack of burial grounds the cemeteries cremations,graves with the rich set of ,a (ło (except czarny Las-twe graves) artefacts śro trv gtr ;= q) cd >l various types of settlement:hill-forts, EN thę settlement the open farms only crh towers, subhill-forts' farms, open *x farms bots the pottęry Balts stylę .Ee Slavonic-sĘle 'l- e Germanic (post-Gothic) objects as v= interregionalrelations: Scandina- o5 trade routęsand inter. the sign of relation between Masur- :-6 VX trfi vian, west Slavonic, Ruthenian, Balt E() regionalrelations ian Lakeland and Black Sea zone,the sd3 :g. obiects () >,: Danube River basin and west Europe ó fEb TOMASz Nowakiewicz. GALINDIA IN THE VIKING AGE - NEW SHAPE OF THE CULTURE ..t##

By the way, the lack of early mediaeval cemeteries Finally it is necęssaryto furn attęntioninto the prob- in Galindia is (probably) the Samephenomenon, like thę lem of chronological gap by the rising of "new", Vi- lack of them in thę othęrtribal lands in southernPrussia: king Age settlementin Galindia. Thanks to, firstly the Sasinia, Warmia, Bartiazs.It is interesting that the fun- German (until 1945), and then the Polish researches,it damental difference on this matter distinguish southern is known a lot about "Galindians" archaeological cul- and northernpart of Prussia29.It męansthat the scope of turęs from the beginning of millennium until thę end phenomenonwas interregional.Although, reasoning ex of thę Late Migration Period in thę 7.hcentury. Thanks nihilo is risky (particularly by the poor archaeological to last decade excavation the archaeological complex research level) and should be takęn carefully. It is easy from the 10thand thę 1lth cenfury in Salęt Lakę region to noticę interesting fact that the long period without is well known too. One of the most important findings cemęteries in Galindia is similar to the earlv Slavonic is that this complex seems to be not the rising experi- tradition3o. mental or changing Structure but finished and effęctive At this stage of archaeological research of Galin- kind of settlementand social organisation.However, the dia, only the onę and the generalręmark Seęmto be thę ęvęnts from the 9.h and the Sthcentury hadn't left any transformation reason answer. Apart from the details, clear archaeological traces and they are still unknown. the appearancę of the hill-forts and new burial rite in It męans thę ęssęnceof transformatio mundi Galindi is Galindia can bę explained by the Slavonic influences. still unknown although we got to know the results of Thęsę influęnces are also confirmed in archaeological this transformation. material by the domination of the Slavonic-style pottery in the whole Galindia.

References 7 According to E,. Kowalczyk, the only answer is: the Slavonic Masovians (Kowalczyk 2003: 270 ff.; in spite of the sometimes ' The ethnic identity of ancient Galindoi with mediaeval Galindians recognized traces of the Prussian settlement from the 7thcentury is not clear. Anyway, ręlation - Gąlindoi Galindians can be taken for example Szwedzki Wał in Zimna Woda / Lźingswall in Kalten- as the kind of interesting confirming of settlement's stabilisation born (Zimnawodda); Hollack 1908: 64; Kowalczyk 2003: f73). (more about this problem, see:Nowakowski 1995: 5; 2003) But there is possible, that the walls could be a Prussian (Galindian?) 2 Two Ruthenian relations about people Goliąd, (Tonada),locatedin form of protection against the Slavonic tribes, too. Genęrally, the frontier of Ruthenian states, seems to be the most interesting. One problem of the walls between the Prussian and Masovian' territo- of these relation is about the Kiev prince lzyaslav's conquest of Go- ries' must wait for thę future excavations. liąd, in 1058 (Povestj l950, I: 109). The second of them, is about 8 The disproportion between cemetęries and other site types in Sam. war trip to Goliad', organised prince (PSRL by Sviatoslav in lI4'7 land is well visible. The recognition of cemeterieshas a great field 1847 f.,II,240; Kijevskaja lietopisj, The 6651). context of relation works'tradition but the hill-forts were generally catalogued. Until about Sviatoslav war undoubtedly shows, that Goliad'was located 1945 the other works of recosnition were onlv initiated (Cromę near Porotvą (oka the upper river river region) and must not be the 1939;1940). same like the Galindia in Prussia. e The best sign ofthe sea-sidezone speci$ are the rich ports oftrade 3 Hec sunt nominą terrąrum Pruzie: Pomizanicł, Lanlania, Erme- (Truso, Wiskiauten). Thę othęr question is the matter of the Mking landia, Notangia, Barcią, Peragodia, Nądrauia, Galindo, Syllonis, penetration and the Viking settlement in Samland and the Elbląg in Zudua, Littonirł. Hec sunt terre ex parte qui una fluvii, vocatur region (see:footnote 28). Lipz. Ex altera parte eiusdem: Zambią, Scąlewo, Lammclto, Cur- l0 '137, Bosemb, Kr' Sensburg lBoże, pow. Mrągowo (Bujack 1887), Je- landia, Semigallia (SRP, 1, according to Powierski 2001: 42). sziorken, Kr. LÓtzen l Jeziorko, pow. Giżycko (Wichdorff |926), a krra Pruschire partes in undecim dividitur Prima fuit Colmensis Passenheim,Kr. Ortelsburg / Pasym, pow. Szczytno (Bujack 1880; & Lubavią, que qva- ante introitum Frątrum Domus Teutonicre 1888: 92). Georg Bujack was the guest of Mrs Suchodolitz from si desolątą. Secunda Pomesąnią, qva Pomesani' fuerat in krtia 5 to 8 July (about) 1885 (the year detection is approximate; for Pogesania in qva Pogesani' qva Qvarta Warmia, in Wąrmienses. the details' see: Nowakięwicz 2003:8], footnote 1). The time of Nattangia, qva qva Qvinta in Nattangi. Sextą Sąmbia, in Sambitu. von Wichdorff excavations,according to the local people's remem- Nadrovia in qva Nadrovitc. qva Septima octąvą Scalovią, in Scal- brance (Antoniewic z 1950: 269). ivite. Nona Sudovią, in qva Sudovite. Decima Galindia' Undecima 11There are only 14 silver hoards in whole southem Prussia (in the Barthe & Plica Bąrtha, qvr nunc major & minor Bartha dicitut in borders of Poland; Kiersnowski 1966: 72-19, map 3). Within the qva Barthi vel Barthenses hąbitąbąnl.... (according to Hartknoch radius of 30 km from Salęt Lake, there are only 3 silver hoards 1679:12). - all of them on the west from Salęt Lake. one of them (the most s More details about the historical sources connected to Galindia important to subject in question) have been found in Marienhof, Kr. (particularly - quar- dated to the 13'hcentury the time of diplomatic Sensburg / Brodzikowo, pow. Mrągowo (Salęt Lake region; Kemke prince rels between Kazimierz of Kujawy and Teutonic Order) are 1897), the others: in Fischbach, Kr. Rastenburg / Niewodnica, pow. published (1999: (2001: by G. Białutiski 136 ff.) and J. Powięrski Kętrzyn (there is easy to get there from the Salęt Lake by the wa- 42 ff.) ter; Hollack 1908: 34) and in Klein-ottern, Kr. RÓssel / oterki, u Caspar Hannenberger'S map (Prussia Vetus' see: W. WrÓblewski's Kr. Reszel (Hollack 1908: 73; Bogucki, in print). The find of the article in this volume) and Peter Dusburg's chronicle (Chronicon weapon is only one: the sword from Lucknainen, Kr. Sensburg / Terrą Prussiae) had been used by Christopher Hartknoch as the Łuknajno, pow. Mrągowo (Gaerte l|9f2l23-1925l |926). Sourcęs for Prussian history recognition. The work of Hartknoch, 12 The base of the Salt Lake region settlement data is made by re- previously (attached with the mentioned map and text in extenso), sults of the excavations, the field prospecting, the environmental published was in 1673. and the aerial photos' analyses. The field activity of the Gąlindian REGIONALPROBLEMS

Expedition IA UW startedin 1996. Firstly it was thanks to Wojciech circulation), but there is no settlement horizon from 8'hand 9thcen- WrÓblewski's participation. tury in the Salęt Lake region. The features of the pottery from the 13 In the Salęt Lake region there are more than 20 sites (recognised 8'hand the 9thcentury are unidentified. by the excavations or the archival materials):4 from the Early Iron 23 The archaeological excavations in thę Salęt Lake's central penin- Age (the west-Balts barrow culture),5 from thę Roman Period (Bo- sula (former the big island; Wyszembork, Site II), had bęen taken gaczewo culture), 3 from the Migration Period (the Olsztyn group), under project of Early Iron Age settlement's recognition (Gładki 1l from the Viking Age and 2 from the Middle Ages (Teutonic Or- 2003 - there the project's full bibliography).The trencheswere lo- der time). Some of them have several chronological and cultural cated far from the Viking Age settlement zone. lt means, that every phases. Viking Age object which is known from the excavated site, had la The mentioned frontier zone is detectedby historical, archaeologi- been found in the peripheral part of the early mediaeval settlement cal and environmental sources (Nowakiewi cz 2002). area.Anyway, there is an axe-shapependant (Waluś 1998), the false denar (mentioned above), the draw-plate or part l5 Georg Bujack described hill-fort Rydwągi II as Schanze Jerusąlem of west-European the Gotland necklace (according to W. WrÓblewski's remark)' in the end of the l9'h century(Bujack 1887: 121). of two Thor's hammers and the iron saw (unpublished material from 16The biggest hill-forts in Galindia were built in the Early Iron Age A. Waluśand M. Gładki's excavations). but during the Roman Period and Migration Period they were aban- 2a 7437 the village Schwarzburg was relocated by Teutonic offi- doned. Although, during the Viking Age, re-using of some of them In from Sęehesten (Szestno) castle, Nicolaus GÓrlitz, into the new is recognised (for example, mentioned above, Jeziorko hill-fort), it cial place and took the new name (Alt) Muntowen / Muntowo (Toeppen is not right to take them as the trace of the early mediaeval tradition lls-116). of fi ll-fort's construction. 1995: 2s probable that Prussian old tradition was still alive in this 17 According to the author of hagiographic life of Saint Stanisław,one It is very late Middlę Ages. According to the document dat- of the Polish crusaders,the knight Jędrzej of Morawica destroyed area even in the 1451,Teutonic official in Seehesten(Szestno) castle. Erwin the noblemanśhouse in Prussia (P|ezia ed. l987: 32f-3f3). The ed to von Heiligenberg, had to employ the translator of "Prussian sęcond Source' the chronicle of Wincenty Kadłubek, informs that Hugo (Toeppen 1998: 149). during anothęr crusaders raid the knights of prince Kaztmierz the and Polish language" 26 Righteous burned the hill-forts, the villages, the granaries and the Thę latestpublications (with the list of the older bibliography): Bit- hąbitable high houses (Kadłubek 1994: IY, |9). ner-WrÓblewska ed. (in print); Kowalski 2000; Nowakowski l983; 1995:1998:2000. 18The silver finds from the southernPrussia had only been found on r7 the hoards (see: the footnote l1). The principle is, that there are The lack of the written sources is the reason,why it is impossible to no coins in settlementsites, among the port of trade Truso (Czap- catch the sense of the changes from early mediaeval point of view. kiewicz, Jagodziriski, Kmietowicz 1988). However, the specific of However, according to the similar history of Slavonic expansion poli-ethnical Truso is hardly connectedwith the silver's circulation in Balkans in the 7'hcentury (based on the relations of Prokopios and the markets growth so the silver's presencethere is just nęces- from Caesarea, pseudo-Maurikios and the others), the groups of the sary and shouldn't be taken as thę męntioned principle negation. Slavonic invaders,made havoc of NW provinces of Byzantine Em- territories (especially Olsztyn-group area) le The Slavonic pottery was detected in Sweden (Roslund 1992; pire. The rich Prussian for the northem Slaves, like, all proportions 2001). There are remarks from other Prussian territorieswhich con- could be such attractive Byzantine's area for the southern Slaves. firms mentioned thesis: Slavonic style pottery is the principal in the considering,the 28 eastPrussian Sudavia (Engel 2004) and in the west Prussian Sasinia Therę are two exceptions proving the rule: the flat, cremation cem. (Grążawski 1993)' The list of the sites with the Slavonic pottery eteriesat Cerkiewnik (Dębowska 2001) and Dobrzyki (Kobyli ska, in Samland and in Lithuania was already published (WrÓblewski, Kobyliriski, Wach 2000). The other question is the group of the Vi- Nowakiewiczf003). These examples show that, "the Baltic ware" king cemeterięsnear Elbląg; the full list of them was published by seems to be very good definition to characterizethę pottery style in A. Pawłowski (1990). More in W. WrÓblewski article. the Baltic basin. 2e The northern part of Prussia during the Viking Age was under quite 20 According to Tomasz Wainy it is not possible to detect the time different cultural tendency,which is firstly visible in the burial rite. when the tree was cut down. Only result of the dendrochronologi- Therę are a lot of researchedcemeteries in northern Prussia' par- cal analyse is information about the same age of the cut oaks, used ticularly in Samland. The problem of their cultural, chronological as thę walls'base (60 - 70 years old). It means that the timber was and material differentiationwas partly analysed by A.Bezzenberg- high-quality and selectedprecisely (Ważny 1998;1999; WrÓblews- er (1914 a; I9l4 b), W. Gaerte (19f9: 320 ff.), C. Engel (1935 a; ki, Nowakiewicz, Bogucki 2003: 159-160,pl. II). 1935b), C. Engel, W. La Baume (1937:183ff.), B. von zur Mtihlen (|975), (l980), Duczko (199,7)and the othęrs.The 2r The horizon of the hill-forts destruction is visible and datable to V. Kulakov W. (with the plates of objects) in Sam- the middle of the l l.h century (Szestno-Czarny Las and BoŹe). The catalogueof the burial-grounds published by V. Kulakov (1990: 4l tt.). The question of same chronology has the silver hoard from Marienhof / Brodziko- land was is one of the basic problems in wo. Thęse circumstancesclearly show the period of violence in the Samland cemeteriesdiffęrentiation Balt area. The explanation of this phenomenon region. These events might have been the result of the rebellion the archaeology of should be taken as one of the most importantresearch works' of Masovia ruler Miecław against Polish prince Kazimieru the Re- origin buildęr. In 1047 Kazimierz with his ally, Ruthenian prince Jarosław requirement. 30 the Wise of Kiev, conqueredMasovia and defęatedMasovia neigh- One of the basic problems in early Slavonic culture research in Po- bours. A period of violence in the middle of the l lth century can be land is thę lack of the cęmeteries from the first phase of settlement. taken as the consequence of this war. The more, as according to Until the 7th century there are no burial grounds in Małopolska "the legend of Galindia" by Peter Dusburg, Galindians were ex- and Silesia regions (the literaturewas collected by M. Parczewski; terminated by their pagan neighbours - after the defęat in thę war Godłowski 2000:4|2-416), as well as in some of the east Slavonic against the unnamed Christians (Nowakiewicz' WrÓblewski 2003). territories (according to the Ruthenian chronicle Povest'vremen- Radimićy, Viatyćy and Syeveiane tribes put the ums 22 There are a few objects, which are dated earlier than l0'h century nych let, the the wooden pillars but there is no chance to catch the archaeo- (for example, two above męntioned dirham with unknown time of on logical traces of them; Sielicki 1987:f2-23 lPovestj,5l). TOMASzNowakiewicz. GALINDIA IN THE VIKING AGE - NEW SHAPE OF THE CULTURE 13.ŁE '..

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Tomasz NOWAKIEWICZ Institute of Archaeology, Warszaw University Krakowskie Przedmieściest. 26128,PL - 00 927 Warszawa, Poland E-mail : nowakiewi cz@y ahoo.com