Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information
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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia is one of the first single- author comparisons of different South Asian states around the theme of religious conflict. Based on new research and syntheses of the literature on ‘communalism’, it argues that religious conflict in this region in the modern period was never simply based on sectarian or theological differ- ences or the clash of civilisations. Instead, the book proposes that the connection between religious radicalism and everyday violence relates to the actual (and perceived) weaknesses of political and state structures. For some, religious and ethnic mobilisation has provided a means of protest, where representative institutions failed. For others, it became a method of dealing with an uncertain political and economic future. For many, it has no concrete or deliberate function, but has effectively upheld social stability, paternalism and local power, in the face of globalisation and the growing aspirations of the region’s most underprivileged citizens. William Gould is Senior Lecturer in Indian history at the University of Leeds. He is the author of Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India (2004) and Bureaucracy, Community and Influence in India: Society and the State, 1930s–1960s (2011). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia WILLIAM GOULD University of Leeds © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314-321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi - 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521705110 © Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Gould, William, 1973– Religion and confl ict in modern South Asia / William Gould. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-87949-1 – isbn 978-0-521-70511-0 (pbk.) 1. South Asia – Religion. 2. Social confl ict – South Asia – History. 3. Social confl ict – Religious aspects – History. i. Title. bl1055.g68 2011 306.60954–dc22 2011001009 isbn 978-0-521-87949-1 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-70511-0 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information For Dylan © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information Contents List of abbreviations page ix Glossary xi Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction: Community and Conflict in South Asia 1 2 Building Spheres of Community: 1860s–1910s 30 3 Transforming Spheres of Community: The Post–First World War Colonial World 80 4 Defining Spheres of Community: Society, Religious Mobilisation and Anti-colonialism 119 5 State Transformation, Democracy and Conflict: High Politics and the Everyday in the 1940s 163 6 Forging National Consensus and Containing Pluralism: South Asian States between 1947 and 1967 195 7 New Conflicts and Old Rivalries: The 1970s and 1980s 232 8 The Resurgence of Communalism? 1990 to the 2000s 269 Conclusion 309 Bibliography 317 Index 337 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information Abbreviations AIADMK All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham AICC All India Congress Committee AL Awami League, Bangladesh BHU Banaras Hindu University BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BJS Bharatiya Jana Sangh BLD Bharatiya Lok Dal BNP Bangladesh National Party BSP Bahujan Samaj Party CIDL Central Record Room, CID, Lucknow CM Chief Minister DMK Dravida Munnetra Kazagham ENLF Eelam National Liberation Front EPDP Eelam People’s Democratic Party EPRLF Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front EROS Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students FP Tamil Federal Party FSF Federal Security Force, Pakistan IJI Islamic Jamhoori Ittihad IPKF Indian Peace-Keeping Force ISI Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan JI Jamaat-e-Islami, Bangladesh JP Jatiya Party, Bangladesh JSS Jatika Sevaka Sangamaya JVP Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information x Abbreviations LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MMA Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal MQM Mohajir Quami Movement NAI National Archives of India, Delhi NAP National Awami Party NMML Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi NRI Non-Resident Indian NWFP North-West Frontier Province OBC Other Backward Castes OIOC Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library, London PAC Provincial Armed Constabulary PLOTE People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam PMK Paattali Makkal Katchi PNA Pakistan National Alliance PPP Pakistan People’s Party PRODA Public and Representative Office Disqualification Act PSP Praja Socialist Party RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh SC Scheduled Caste SLFP Sri Lanka Freedom Party SM Sipah-I Muhammed SP Samajwadi Party SRC States Reorganisation Commission SSP (Sunni) Sipah-I Sahaba Pakistan TELO Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation TJP (Shia) Tahriki Jafaria Pakistan TNFJ Tahrik-I Nifaz-I Fiqh-I Ja’fariyya TUF Tamil United Front TULF Tamil United Liberation Front UNP United National Party, Sri Lanka UP Uttar Pradesh UPSA Uttar Pradesh State Archives VHP Vishwa Hindu Parishad © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information Glossary Adharmi ancient religion adi original Adivasi/Adibasi umbrella term for original and indigenous peoples of a region ahimsa nonviolence Ahir Hindu agricultural caste associated with cattle rearing Ahmadi Muslim sect with difference of belief with orthodox Muslims surrounding prophet Ahrar liberal; Muslim party Akali admirer and follower of the ‘supreme power’; Sikh party akhara gymnasium andolan movement anna one-sixteenth of a rupee arora mercantile caste community Arti ceremony or form of worship Arya Samaj Arya Society – Hindu reform organisation awami people badmash ruffian Bahujan people in the majority Bania trader/business caste basti settlement or suburb Batgama low-caste agriculturalists/soldiers in Sri Lanka xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70511-0 — Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia William Gould Frontmatter More Information xii Glossary bhadralok gentlefolk; refers mostly to high-caste groups in Bengal bhakti devotion/devotional movement or practice Bharatiya Indian Caliphate Islamic system of government under constitutional head of Caliph Chamar low caste often associated with tanning and leather work; today Scheduled Caste chanda contribution chauraha roundabout/junction Chehlum Shia religious observation Chettiar trading and agricultural community, South India of Vaishya varna Chitpavan Brahman community of Konkan, Maharashtra crore ten million Dadhkando Hindu festival in UP cities dal party/corps Dalit ‘suppressed’; caste groups previously referred to as ‘outcaste’ or ‘untouchable’ Damdami Taksal Sikh educational organisation dar al-harb ‘abode of war’; territory not under Islamic control dar al-ulum ‘abode of sciences’; Muslim establishment for higher learning dharma religious duty Dharmarakshana Sabha society for temple reform Dravidian people of Dravidian language group in south India Eelam Tamil name for Sri Lanka fatwa religious opinion on Islamic law garbhadan traditional life-cycle rite gari song gaurakshini sabha cow-protection society gharana system of social and ideological formation, linking musicians goonda gangster/hooligan/lout Gounder community of Tamilnadu and Karnataka goyigama dominant caste in Sri Lanka © in this