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14. Urban Development

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14. Urban Development 14. URBAN DEVELOPMENT Economic development, degree of industrialization, development of roads and transport, etc. are associated with the growth of urbanization. Apart from these, urbanization is concomitant of rising real per capita income, division of labour, specialization, economics of scale, technological advancement, upgradation of skills, market penetration, leap frogging growth of service sector etc. Urban development is one of the key indicators for socio economic development of the society. Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized State in India, according to the provisional figures released by Census of India, 2011. There is no standard definition of urban as it varies from country to country. India’s urban areas are defined by two criteria viz. (1) area which comes under Corporations, Municipal Corporations and Town Panchayats and (2) area which satisfies the conditions of having a minimum population of 5000, at least 75 per cent of male work force engaged in non-agricultural sector and a population density of at least 400 persons per sq. km. 14.1. Trends in Urbanisation in Tamil Nadu vis-à-vis All India: Since urban transition requires massive expansion in urban infrastructure and services, the Government has to plan for providing the services to the needy. In order to provide services to this sector, the trend of urbanization in Tamil Nadu is analysed with the data released by the latest Census. Tamil Nadu ranks third with 9.3 per cent of the total urban population of India having the absolute number of 3.5 crore people. The following table presents the latest population figures according to the Census 2011. Table:14.1-Tamil Nadu Population, 2011 (In crores) Region 2001 % 2011 % Difference 1. Rural 3.49 55.9 3.72 51.6 0.23 2. Urban 2.75 44.1 3.49 48.4 0.74 Total 6.24 100.0 7.21 100.0 0.97 Source: Census 2011(Provisional) The proportion of urban population increased to 48.4 per cent in 2011 from 44.1 percent, compared to the previous Census. The level of urbanization increased from 27.8 per cent in 2001 Population Census to 31.2 per cent in 2011 Population Census at all- India. Factors that led to faster rate of urbanization are the process of industrialization, rural-to-urban migration due to “pull” and “push” factors and availability of basic facilities. Better educational and health facilities in urban areas are also the attractive forces. According to 2011 Population Census, the level of urbanization differs remarkably across the States. Tamil Nadu stands first with 48.45 per cent followed by Kerala (47.72%), Maharashtra (45.23%) and Gujarat (42.58%). For all India, it is at 31.16 per cent. In Assam, Bihar and Orissa the urbanization rate is below 20. 210 Table – 14.2 : Trend in Urbanisation Rate by Major States State Urbanisation Rate 1981 1991 2001 2011 Andhra Pradesh 23.32 26.89 27.08 33.49 Assam 9.88 11.10 12.73 14.08 Jharkhand - - 22.25 24.05 Bihar 12.47 13.14 10.47 11.30 Gujarat 31.10 34.49 37.35 42.58 Haryana 21.88 24.63 29.00 34.79 Karnataka 28.89 30.92 33.98 38.57 Kerala 18.74 26.39 25.97 47.72 Chattisgarh - - 20.09 23.24 Madhya Pradesh 20.29 23.18 26.67 27.63 Maharashtra 35.03 38.69 42.40 45.23 Orissa 11.79 13.38 14.97 16.68 Punjab 27.68 29.55 33.95 37.49 Rajasthan 21.05 22.00 23.38 24.89 Tamil Nadu 32.95 34.15 43.86 48.45 Uttaranchan - - 25.9 30.55 Uttar Pradesh 17.95 19.84 20.78 22.28 West Bengal 26.47 27.48 28.03 31.89 All India 23.34 25.71 27.78 31.16 Source: Growing Urbanisation and Vibrant Urban Development. Swelling urbanisation compels the State Government to focus on improving the basic amenities to the urban population in general. The basic amenities include (i) providing water supply, (ii) sewerage facilities, (iii) better sanitation, (iv) solid waste management and (v) housing for the urban poor. In order to provide all the basic amenities to the holistic development of urbanization, the government envisaged the following administrational framework. 14.2. General framework of Urban Local Bodies: The urban local bodies are responsible to provide basic services such as roads, streetlights, storm water drains, primary health care, education. There are 10 Corporations, 150 Municipalities and 559 Town Panchayats. The administrative control of Corporations comes under the purview of the Commissioner, while the Directorate of Municipal Administration is the authority in charge of the Municipalities. The Directorate of Town Panchayats is the administrative authority for the Town Panchayats. From the year 2008-09 onwards, the number of Corporations had increased to 10 with the inclusion of Vellore and Thoothukudi Corporations along with the existing Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem, Thirunelveli, Erode and Tiruppur Corporations. Based on the annual income and population, the 150 Municipalities and 559 Town Panchayats were classified into different grades as mentioned below. While the income limit for classification of Municipalities had been revised during 2008-09, the income limit of Town Panchayats remains unchanged. 211 Table-14.3: Classification of Municipalities Sl. Grade Annual income No. of No. (` in crores) Municipalities 1. Special grade Above 10.00 22 2. Selection grade 6.00 – 10.00 35 3. First grade 4.00 – 6.00 36 4. Second grade Below 4.00 45 5. Third grade Population above 30,000 12 Total 150 Source: Policy Note 2011-12 of MA&WS department. Table-14.4: Classification of Town Panchayats Sl. Grade Annual income No. of Town No. (`in lakhs) Panchayats 1. Special grade Above 20.00 12 2. Selection grade 16.00 – 20.00 244 3. Grade – I 8.00 – 16.00 221 4. Grade – II 4.00 – 8.00 82 Total 559 Source: Policy Note 2011-12 of MA&WS department. 14.3. Water Supply: As far as Tamil Nadu is concerned, based on the availability of drinking water facility to the urban sector, the quality and quantity of water supply facility is graded as good, average and below average. As per the latest figures, one third of the Corporations (barring Chennai) were provided with the standard norm of 110 lpcd of water supply, 30 per cent of the Municipalities with 90 lpcd and 62 per cent of the Town Panchayats with 70 lpcd of water. In other words, the status in providing water supply was improved in the ULBs as compared to the previous years. Table presented below indicates a comparative picture of the quality of water supply provided to the ULBs during 2008-09 and 2010-11. Table – 14.5 : Status of Drinking Water Supply to the ULBs Good Average Below average Total Sl. Civic Status 2008- 2010- 2008- 2010- 2008- 2010- 2008- 2010- No. 09 11 09 11 09 11 09 11 Corpor- 2 3 7 6 1. - - 9 9 ations (22.2%) (33.3%) (77.8%) (66.7%) Munici- 45 45 87 92 16 13 2. 148 150 palities (30.4%) (30.0%) (58.8%) (61%) (10.8%) (9%) Town 324 348 219 206 18 5 3. 561 559 Panchayats (57.8%) (62.2%) (39.0%) (36.9%) (3.2%) (0.9%) Total 371 396 313 304 34 18 718 718 Source: Policy Note of Municipal Administration and Water Supply 2008-09 and 2011-12. Providing water to the urban population is the foremost priority for the Corporations. It is noted that 135 lpcd per capita norm was fixed for the urban population. However, this could not be achieved in the Corporations including Chennai. The Institute of Financial Management and Research (IFMR) study reveals that the median of only 28.88 lpcd per capita was achieved till date which shows that nearly 78.61 percent of shortage was reported in water supply scheme with respect to the Corporations. In the case of Municipalities, the norm was fixed as 135 lpcd for the Under Ground Sewerage (UGS) Municipalities and 90 lpcd for non-UGS 212 Municipalities. The results of the study undertaken by the IFMR showed that only 27 municipalities were covered by UGS wherein 75.14 lpcd of water was provided leaving a shortage of 44 per cent. In the case of 123 municipalities, water supply was provided with 16.5 per cent shortage. The following table presents the findings of the IFMR study. Table-14.6 : Daily per capita Water Supply (lpcd) Sl.No. ULB Norm Actual (median) % shortage 1. Corporation (10) 135 22.88 78.61 2. Municipality (150) UGS (27) 135 75.14 44 Non-UGS (123) 90 75.14 16.5 Source: Results of IFMR Study 14.3.1. Distribution System of Water in ULBs: Water supply in urban localities, coupled with road net work and storage capacity ensures the effective distribution system. Providing clean drinking water to the urban population is one of the fundamental responsibilities of the local bodies. The results of the study conducted by IFMR on delivery of water supply and its distribution system are presented in the following table. Table-14.7 : Distribution System of Water in Local Bodies. Sl.No. ULB No. Non- Norm Median % Achieve- achiever (%) ment 1. Corporations 10 3 85 94 (+)9 2. Municipalities 150 - 85 89 (+)4 Source: IFMR Study. Three Corporations in the State had not achieved the desired norm of 85 per cent of areas covered with water supply distribution and remaining seven corporations had the median level of more than the norm prescribed.
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