Linking the Indian Census with the National Sample Survey*

Mamta Murthi Clare Hall, Cambridge P V Srinivasan IGIDR, Bombay S V Subramanian Institute for the Geography of Health, University of Portsmouth

Draft: June 1999

* We are grateful to Jean Drèze for detailed suggestions and comments. 1 Introduction

This paper discusses why it is useful to augment district-level information in the Census of India with regional consumption and poverty estimates from the National Sample Survey. It provides an illustration of how the two sources of data might be brought together by linking district lists from two recent Censuses (1981 and 1991) with regional poverty estimates from three rounds of the NSS (1972-73, 1987-88, and 1993-94).

2 The need to augment the Census

The Census of India is a rich source of information on demographic and other socio-economic variables. Conducted every decade since 1871, the Census provides perhaps the longest time-series on social and economic change in India.1 In addition national and state level aggregates, the Census contains detailed information at the level of the district (the basic unit of administration) and, in many instances, lower levels of disaggregation such as towns and wards (in urban areas) and blocks and villages (in rural areas). As a result, the data allow us to look at a number of issues, including population growth, births, deaths, female-male ratios, education, occupation, and urbanization, and how and why they vary over time and space, using the district as the unit of analysis.

In the area of population and demography, it is difficult to over-emphasize the importance of the Census. The system of civil registration of births and deaths in India is simply too incomplete to provide an accurate estimate of vital rates (see Government of India, 1972 among others). As a result, the Sample Registration System (SRS) was set up in the late 1960s to provide reliable and timely vital statistics, and starting from 1971, the Census was expanded to include questions on fertility and child mortality. The SRS and the decennial Census remain the only two nation-wide sources of information on these questions.2 Of the two, only the Census provides information at the district-level. The need to cover the entire population and range of issues covered in the Census introduces a greater scope for error. Remarkably, the two sources provide estimates of vital rates which are broadly similar (see e.g. Government of India, 1983, 1988a).

One of the major difficulties with using the Census for district-level policy analysis is that it contains no information on income, consumption levels, or poverty. Although a number of variables can be used as proxies for per-capita income or

1 For two excellent perspectives on the Indian Censuses see Natrajan (1972) and Srivastava (1972). 2 The National Sample Survey (NSS) collected information on population questions from 1958-68, and a comprehensive module on fertility, family planning, and mortality was included in the 28th round of the NSS (1973-74). However, plans to repeat the module at regular intervals were dropped when comparative studies of the NSS and SRS revealed that the NSS suffered from significant omissions. See, Government of India (1981) and Rama Rao et. al. (1987). The recent National Family Health Survey (1992-93) and its successor survey (currently underway) are an alternative source of estimates for the 1990s. consumption (such as urbanization, or the proportion of agricultural labourers in the total population), these are a far cry from the fairly detailed information on individual consumption and expenditure collected through household income and expenditure surveys. As a result, it is difficult to control for per-capita income or poverty when conducting district-level analysis using Census information.

One way around this problem is to import information on income or consumption from other sources. The principal source of information on household consumption in India is the National Sample Survey (NSS). The NSS does not sample from every district in the country. However, sample sizes are reasonably large at the level of the NSS region, which is an intermediate unit between a district and a state. This opens up the possibility of using NSS region-level estimates of consumption and poverty in conjunction with Census data. Indeed, this is the approach employed in Murthi, Guio, and Drèze (1995) and Drèze and Srinivasan (1996).

Matching information from the NSS with the Census involves the very practical question of knowing which Census districts comprise which NSS regions. Moreover, constructing a time-series involves keeping track of changes in the boundaries of both Census districts and NSS regions. This paper documents how a consistent time-series can be constructed for the two most recent Censuses as a particular illustration of how the Census and the NSS can be used together. 3 The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The next section describes how district lists from the 1981 and 1991 Censuses can be put together, while Section 4 discusses the changing composition of the NSS regions over three rounds, 1972-73, 1987-88, and 1993-94. Section 5 concludes.

3 Matching districts across Census years: 1981 and 1991

The spatial units (e.g. districts, towns etc.) at which Census information is compiled owe their existence to administrative functions other than the Census. As a result, their boundaries change over time, in response to administrative requirements and/or political need. Typically, the number of districts has increased over time, with districts tending to be partitioned rather than merged. This process of carving out new political and administrative ‘spaces’ has accelerated somewhat in the 90s. For example, newspaper reports suggest that the number of districts in Uttar Pradesh will be in the range of 90 for the 2001 Census from the present total of 63.

The main problem confronting any researcher who wants to use the 1981 and 1991 Censuses to conduct district-level analysis is the partitioning of districts between the two Census years (see Table 1). As a result, there were 466 districts in 1991 compared to 412 districts in 1981.4 A further problem is that some districts retain their

3 There are other problems that arise in creating a consistent time-series, e.g., changes in definitions across years. However, these are not the focus of this paper. 4 These figures include states which were not covered by the Census in particular years. No Census was held in Assam in 1981, and in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991. To obtain the total for 1981, we names even when their boundaries have changed. For example, the 1981 district of Ambala in Haryana split into two districts, called Ambala and Yamunanagar, in 1991.

Table 1 States where district changes took place between 1981 and 1991

States5 Number of districts 1981 1991 Arunachal Pradesh 9 11 Assam 10 23 Bihar 31 42 Goa 1 2 Haryana 12 16 Karanataka 19 20 Kerala 12 14 Maharashtra 26 30 Manipur 6 8 Rajasthan 26 27 Tamil Nadu 16 21 Uttar Pradesh 56 63 West Bengal 16 17 India 412 466

In general, the best source of information on district boundary changes are the Census Atlases introduced in the 1961 Census (see, for example, Government of India, 1988b for changes that took place between 1971 and 1981). A more time-consuming alternative is to compare district boundaries across Census years using the District Census Handbooks, of which there is one per district. However, to the best of our knowledge, no Census Atlas has been produced for the 1991 Census and a full set of Handbooks for the 1991 districts is yet to be compiled. We therefore compared all- India administrative division maps for 1981 and 1991 in order to establish changes. All-India administrative division maps are provided on the scale of 1 cm to 100 km (1:100,000). The 1981 Census Atlas contains the all-India administrative division map for 1981. For 1991, a similar map was made available by the Census in its early publications (e.g. Government of India, 1992).

Using the all-India administrative division maps, we matched 1981 districts to 1991 districts. This ‘mapping’ is reported in columns 1 and 2 of the Appendix.6 Most of the district changes between 1981 and 1991 are relatively simple (see Table 2). In most cases, one 1981 district was bifurcated into two 1991 districts. For example, the added the number of districts in Assam (10) to the actual number of districts covered by the 1981 Census (402). Likewise, to obtain the total for 1991, we added the number of districts in Jammu and Kashmir (14) to the actual number covered by the 1991Census (452). 5 The term ‘state’ includes Union Territories which were accorded the status of states by the 1991 Census (e.g. Arunachal Pradesh and Goa). 6 Our ‘mapping’ is based on sources that were available at the time of writing and may be subject to minor revision after the 1991 Census Atlas is published. 1981 district of Osmanabad in Maharashtra was partitioned into two 1991 districts, Osmanabad and Latur. In nine instances, the 1981 district was bifurcated into three or more 1991 districts (e.g. Ranchi of 1981 became Lohardaga, Gumla, and Ranchi in 1991). Finally, there was one instance where a 1991 district (Panipat in Haryana) was created from two 1981 districts (Karnal and Kurukshetra).7

Table 2 Nature of correspondence between 1981 and 1991 districts

Outcome (1991) Source (1981) Number of cases One 1991 district = One 1981 district 368 Two 1991 districts = One 1981 district 33 Three or more 1991 districts = One 1981 district 9 One 1991 district = Two 1981 districts 1

In using the information in the Appendix to construct a time-series involving district-level estimates of particular variables (e.g. birth rates, literacy rates etc.), the researcher needs to decide which year to select as ‘base’. There are two options.

· Taking 1991 as the base would mean drawing a boundary on the 1981 map corresponding to the blocks/tehsils that were used to create the 1991 districts, and determining the 1981 level of the variable in question for that group of blocks/tehsils. In general, this can be quite difficult to do, given that these administrative units were not created until the later period. For many variables, information at the relevant sub-district level may simply not exist for 1981. Alternatively, one can assign the 1981 value of a particular variable for a given 1981 district to each of the 1991 districts created from it, although this is at the cost of precision. · Taking 1981 as base would mean calculating the 1991 value of a variable for a particular district as an average over the relevant 1981 districts. While this is practically easier to achieve, it is spatially less detailed and could mask valuable information. However, for one of the variables we have considered (illiteracy), we find that the levels and patterns observed for new 1991 districts are more or less similar to that of their 1981 source districts (see Subramanian, forthcoming). It follows that using 1981 as base makes no significant difference to district-level spatial patterns. This is because while new boundaries may have been drawn, this has not affected the performance (or lack of it) of new districts which tend to show patterns similar to the source district.

7 There is another possible category, where 1981 districts are re-configured but retained their names. Our reading of the all-India administrative divisions maps from 1981 and 1991 suggests that the adjacent districts of Rohtak and Sonipat in Haryana were adjusted in such as way that villages belonging to Sonipat were transferred to Rohtak in 1991. However, for confirmation, we await Census Atlas for 1991. For the present we have assumed that these districts are unchanged. We leave it to individual researchers to decide which method to adopt.

Before concluding this section, it is worth mentioning another issue that arises when using the 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The 1981 Census was not conducted in Assam, while the 1991 Census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. For these two states, it is not possible to use these two Censuses to analyze changes during the 1980s.

4 Matching Census districts with NSS regions

The NSS is the primary source of information on per capita expenditure and poverty in India. Expenditure and poverty estimates are available at the all-India and state level, separately for rural and urban areas.

There are significant differences within states in living conditions, so it is fortunate that there are estimates of per-capita expenditure and poverty at the sub-state or ‘regional’ level. NSS regions typically consist of several districts within a state with similar agro-climatic conditions and socio-economic features. Regional estimates therefore provide a reasonably good first approximation to district-level conditions of consumption and poverty. To make use of these estimates one can either use the region-level estimate as the district-level estimate, or ‘collapse’ districts into regions and work at the regional level.

Regional estimates of expenditure and poverty are available for three rounds of the NSS: 1972-73, 1987-88, and 1993-94 (see Table 3 for sources). The first two straddle the 1981 Census, the second two the 1991 Census, so interpolations may be used to construct estimates that correspond more closely to the Census periods. Policy changes at the NSSO have meant that unit record data are now more easily accessible, including data from the 1983 round. This round could also be used to construct regional poverty estimates. In this paper we focus on the three rounds for which published estimates already exist. Table 3 Source of regional poverty estimates

Year Published poverty Source8 Unit record estimates at regional data available level from NSSO 1972-73 Yes Jain et. al., 1988 No

1983 No Yes 1987-88 Yes Drèze and Srinivasan, 1996; Dubey Yes and Gangopadhyay, 1998 1993-94 Yes Dubey and Gangopadhyay, 1998 Yes

Information on the district composition of the NSS regions is available from a number of sources. For 1972-73, the main source is Jain et. al. (1988). For 1987-88 and 1993-94, the information is available from the relevant issues of ‘Instructions to the Field Staff: Design, Concepts, Definitions and Procedures’, published by the National Sample Survey Organization to accompany each survey.

Using these sources we have compiled a regional classification of districts which is presented in Appendix 1. In general, the mapping of districts to regions on the strength of these sources is pretty straightforward. The only exception is Gujarat where some regions cut across district boundaries. Here we assign a district to a particular NSS region if the majority of its blocks/tehsils lie within that region. For example, the district of Valsad is assigned to ‘Gujarat Eastern’ as six of its eight tehsils lie in that region.

As with districts, the number of NSS regions has increased over time (see Table 4). The 1972-73 round covered 62 regions in 21 states. This went up to 77 regions in 1987-88 and 78 regions in 1993-94. A large part of the increase has been due to increases in coverage. Thus, of the 15 additional regions created between 1972-73 and 1987-88, 10 were due to the inclusion of so-called small states (with a population less than 10 million) and union territories.9 The other 5 were from the partitioning or redefinition of existing regions in 4 states: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

8 Dubey and Gangopadhyay present estimates for a range of poverty lines, including the widely-used Dandekar and Rath (1971) poverty line. Drèze and Srinivasan and Jain et. al. use the Dandekar and Rath line. The 1987-88 poverty estimates from the two different sources are mutually consistent. 9 The small states and Union Territories for which estimates became available are: Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Arunachal Pradesh; Chandigarh; Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Goa, Daman and Diu; Lakshadweep; Nagaland; Mizoram; Pondichery; and Sikkim. Table 4 States where region changes occurred

State Number of NSS regions 1972-73 1987-88 1993-94 Assam 2 3 3 Andhra Pradesh 3 4 4 Goa, Daman and Diu 1 2 Madhya Pradesh 5 7 7 Tamil Nadu 3 4 4 India 62 77 78

Changes in boundaries of regions creates the need for caution when comparing NSS regions across time (e.g. when working at the regional level of aggregation). Between 1972-73 and 1987-88, there were two instances where regions were partitioned (see Table 5).10 However, in both cases the integrity of the source region was maintained, so the regions remain comparable over time.11 In two other cases (Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), boundaries were changed in such a way as to rule out simple comparisons. Tamil Nadu consisted of 3 NSS regions in 1972-73 and 4 regions in 1987-88. One of the 1987-88 regions is identical in composition to a 1972- 73 region (‘Tamil Nadu Coastal Northern’). However, the other three 1987-88 regions consist of a different combination of districts comprising the original two 1972-73 regions. Similarly, in Madhya Pradesh, districts have changed regional affiliations in such a way as to make the five 1972-73 regions not comparable with the seven 1987-88 regions. In the case of these two states, there is no straightforward way of constructing a time series of poverty at the regional level.12

Table 5 Correspondence between NSS regions, 1972-73 and 1987-88

Outcome (1987-88) Source (1972-73) Number of Cases One 1987-88 region = One 1972-73 region 58 Two 1987-88 regions = One 1972-73 region 2 Two or more 1987-88 regions = Two or more 1972-73 regions 2

10 The region of ‘Andhra Pradesh Inland Southern’ was divided into ‘Andhra Pradesh South Western’ and ‘Andhra Pradesh Inland Southern’, while ‘Assam Plains’ became ‘Assam Eastern Plains’ and ‘Assam Western Plains’. 11 The issues that arise (e.g. which year to chose as ‘base’) are identical to the earlier discussion on districts. 12 Of course, this does not necessitate dropping these two states from any regional-level analysis. One option would be to work at a level of aggregation at which there has been no change in boundaries i.e. the state level. In the case of Tamil Nadu, another option is to conduct the analysis in terms of two ‘regions’: the unchanged one, and the remaining 2 1972-73 regions. Between 1987-88 and 1993-94, there was only one change in NSS regions (see Table 6). The region of Goa, Daman and Diu, was partitioned into two regions, one covering Goa and the other Daman and Diu.

Table 6 Correspondence between NSS regions

Outcome (1993-94) Source (1987-88) Number of Cases One 1993-94 region = One 1987-88 region 76 Two 1993-94 regions = One 1987-88 region 1

5 Concluding remarks

The Census of India is a rich data source, providing a long time-series of information at the district-level which can be used to analyze a number of key economic and social issues. However, one of the drawbacks with using this data is that there is no information on consumption or poverty at the district-level. This lacuna can be remedied for recent Censuses by using regional estimates of per-capita expenditure and poverty derived from the NSS. As NSS regions typically consist of one or more districts with similar agro-climatic conditions and socio-economic conditions, these estimates provide a reasonably good first approximation to district- level per-capita expenditure or poverty.

This discussion paper provides information on how to link district lists from the two most recent Censuses with published regional poverty estimates derived from the NSS. A detailed correspondence of Census districts and NSS regions may be found in the Appendix. An Excel spreadsheet which lists districts, regional affiliations, and poverty estimates based on sources and methods described in this discussion paper is available on request from the authors.13

13 Requests should be addressed to Mamta Murthi, Centre for History and Economics, Kings College, Cambridge CB2 1ST, e-mail: [email protected] Bibliography

Dandekar, V. M. and Rath, N. (1971), Poverty in India, Bombay: Sameeksha Trust.

Drèze, Jean and Srinivasan, P. V. (1996), Poverty in India: Regional Estimates, 1987- 8, Discussion Paper No. 129, Bombay: IGIDR.

Dubey, Amaresh and Gangopadhyay, Shubhashis (1998), Counting the Poor, Sarvekshana Analytical Report Number 1, Department of Statistics, Government of India.

Government of India (1992), Final Population Totals, Census of India 1991, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1988a), Fertility in India - An Analysis of 1981 Census Data, Census of India 1981, Occasional Paper 13 of 1988, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India, (1988b), Census Atlas 1981, National Volume, Series I, Part XII, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1983), Estimates of Fertility and Child Mortality by Indirect Methods, Census of India 1981, Occasional Paper 1 of 1983, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1981), Levels, Trends and Differentials in Fertility 1979, Vital Statistics Division, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Government of India (1972), Civil Registration System in India - A Perspective, Census Centenary Monograph No. 4, Census of India 1971, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Jain, L. R., Sundaram, K., and Tendulkar, S.D. (1988), Dimensions of Rural Poverty: An Inter-Regional Profile, Economic and Political Weekly, November (special issue).

Murthi, Mamta, Anne-Catherine Guio, and Drèze, Jean (1995), Mortality , Fertility and Gender-Bias in India: A District Level Analysis, Population and Development Review, 21.

Natrajan, D. (1972), Indian Censuses Through a Hundred Years, Census Centenary Monograph No. 2, Census of India 1971, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Rama Rao, N., J. R. Rele and J. A. Palmore (1987), Regression Estimates for Fertility for India, 1971 and 1981, Occasional Paper No.3 of 1987, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi. Srivastava, S C (1972), Indian Census in Perspective, Census Centenary Monograph No. 1, Census of India 1971, Office of the Registrar General: New Delhi.

Subramanian, S. V. (forthcoming), Assessing the Potential of Multilevel Models for Analyzing Variations in Illiteracy in India, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth. Appendix

List of 1981 and 1991 Census districts with regional affiliations

State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Srikakulam AP Coastal AP Coastal Vizianagaram Vizianagaram AP Coastal AP Coastal Vishakhapatnam Vishakhapatnam AP Coastal AP Coastal East Godavari East Godavari AP Coastal AP Coastal West Godavari West Godavari AP Coastal AP Coastal Krishna Krishna AP Coastal AP Coastal Guntur Guntur AP Coastal AP Coastal Prakasam Prakasam AP Coastal AP Coastal Nellore Nellore AP Coastal AP Coastal Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Rangareddy Rangareddy AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Hyderabad Hyderabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Medak Medak AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Nizamabad Nizamabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Adilabad Adilabad AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Karimnagar Karimnagar AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Warangal Warangal AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Khammam Khammam AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Nalgonda Nalgonda AP Inland Northern AP Inland Northern Anantapur Anantapur AP Inland Southern AP South Western

12 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Kurnool Kurnool AP Inland Southern AP South Western Chittoor Chittoor AP Inland Southern AP Inland Southern Cuddapah Cuddapah AP Inland Southern AP Inland Southern Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Tawang West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh West Kameng West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh East Kameng East Kameng Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh Upper Subansiri Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh West Siang West Siang Arunachal Pradesh East Siang East Siang Arunachal Pradesh Dibang Valley Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh Lohit Lohit Arunachal Pradesh Changlang Tirap Arunachal Pradesh Tirap Tirap Arunachal Pradesh Assam Assam Lakhimpur Lakhimpur Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Dhemaji Lakhimpur Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Golaghat Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Jorhat Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Sibsagar Sibsagar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Dibrugarh Dibrugarh Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Tinsukia Dibrugarh Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Karimganj Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Kailakandi Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern

13 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Cachar Cachar Assam Plains Assam Plains Eastern Dhubri Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Kokrajhar Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Bongaigaon Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Goalpara Goalpara Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Barpeta Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Nalbari Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Kamrup Kamrup Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Darrang Darrang Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Sonitpur Darrang Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Marigaon Nowgong Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Nagaon Nowgong Assam Plains Assam Plains Western Karbi Anglong Karbi Anglong Assam Hills Assam Hills North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills Assam Hills Assam Hills Bihar Bihar Patna Patna Bihar Central Bihar Central Nalanda Nalanda Bihar Central Bihar Central Bhojpur Bhojpur Bihar Central Bihar Central Rohtas Rohtas Bihar Central Bihar Central Aurangabad Aurangabad Bihar Central Bihar Central Jehanabad Gaya Bihar Central Bihar Central Gaya Gaya Bihar Central Bihar Central Nawada Nawada Bihar Central Bihar Central Saran Saran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Siwan Siwan Bihar Northern Bihar Northern

14 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Gopalganj Gopalganj Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Pashchim Champaran Pashchim Champaran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Purbi Champaran Purbi Champaran Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Sitamarhi Sitamarhi Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Muzaffarpur Muzaffarpur Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Vaishali Vaishali Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Begusarai Begusarai Bihar Central Bihar Central Samastipur Samastipur Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Darbhanga Darbhanga Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Madhubani Madhubani Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Saharsa Saharsa Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Madhepura Saharsa Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Purnia Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Katihar Katihar Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Khagaria Munger Bihar Central Bihar Central Munger Munger Bihar Central Bihar Central Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bihar Central Bihar Central Godda Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Sahibganj Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Dumka Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Deoghar Santhalparganas Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Dhanbad Dhanbad Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Giridih Giridih Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Hazaribag Hazaribag Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Palamu Palamu Bihar Southern Bihar Southern

15 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Lohardaga Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Gumla Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Ranchi Ranchi Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Purbi Singhbhum Singhbhum Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Pashchimi Singh Singhbhum Bihar Southern Bihar Southern Araria Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Kishanganj Purnia Bihar Northern Bihar Northern Goa Goa North Goa Goa Goa, Daman and Diu Goa South Goa Goa Goa, Daman and Diu Goa Gujarat Gujarat Surat Surat Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern Valsad Valsad Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern The Dangs The Dangs Gujarat Eastern Gujarat Eastern Sabar Kantha Sabar Kantha Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern Mahesana Mahesana Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern Gandhi Nagar Gandhi Nagar Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern Kheda Kheda Gujarat Plains Northern Gujarat Plains Northern Panch mahals Panch mahals Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern Vadodara Vadodara Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern Bharuch Bharuch Gujarat Plains Southern Gujarat Plains Southern Surendranagar Surendranagar Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas Kachchh Kachchh Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas Banas Kantha Banas Kantha Gujarat Dry Areas Gujarat Dry Areas

16 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Jamnagar Jamnagar Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra Rajkot Rajkot Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra Bhavnagar Bhavnagar Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra Amreli Amreli Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra Junagadh Junagadh Gujarat Saurashtra Gujarat Saurashtra Haryana Haryana Ambala Ambala Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Yamunanagar Ambala Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Kaithal Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Karnal Karnal Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Panipat Karnal & Kurukshetra Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Sonipat Sonipat Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Rohtak Rohtak Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Faridabad Faridabad Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Gurgaon Gurgaon Haryana Eastern Haryana Eastern Rewari Mahendragarh Haryana Western Haryana Western Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Haryana Western Haryana Western Bhiwani Bhiwani Haryana Western Haryana Western Jind Jind Haryana Western Haryana Western Hisar Hisar Haryana Western Haryana Western Sirsa Sirsa Haryana Western Haryana Western Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Chamba Chamba Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Kangra Kangra Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

17 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Hamirpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Una Una Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Kulu Kulu Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Lahul & Spiti Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Simla Simla Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Solan Solan Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Sirmaur Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Kinnaur Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Kathua Kathua J & K Mountainous J & K Mountainous Jammu Jammu J & K Mountainous J & K Mountainous Ladakh Ladakh J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills Doda Doda J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills Udhampur Udhampur J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills Rajauri Rajauri J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills Punch Punch J & K Outer Hills J & K Outer Hills Anantnag Anantnag J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Pulwama Pulwama J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Srinagar Srinagar J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Badgam Badgam J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Baramula Baramula J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Kupwara Kupwara J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley Kargil Kargil J & K Jhelum Valley J & K Jhelum Valley

18 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Karnataka Karnataka Dakshin Kannad Dakshin Kannad Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Uttar Kannad Uttar Kannad Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Karnataka Coastal & Ghats Chikmagalur Chikmagalur Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern Hassan Hassan Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern Kodagu Kodagu Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern Shimoga Shimoga Karnataka Inland Eastern Karnataka Inland Eastern Bangalore Bangalore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Bangalore Rural Bangalore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Kolar Kolar Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Mandya Mandya Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Mysore Mysore Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Tumkur Tumkur Karnataka Inland Southern Karnataka Inland Southern Belgaum Belgaum Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Bellary Bellary Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Bidar Bidar Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Bijapur Bijapur Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Chitradurga Chitradurga Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Gulbarga Gulbarga Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Raichur Raichur Karnataka Inland Northern Karnataka Inland Northern Kerala Kerala Kasargod Cannanore Kerala Northern Kerala Northern Kannur Cannanore Kerala Northern Kerala Northern Wayanad Wayanad Kerala Northern Kerala Northern

19 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Kozhikode Kozhikode Kerala Northern Kerala Northern Malappuram Malappuram Kerala Northern Kerala Northern Palakkad Palghat Kerala Northern Kerala Northern Thrissur Trichur Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Ernakulam Ernakulam Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Idukki Idukki Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Kottayam Kottayam Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Allepey Alleppey Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Pathanamthitta Quilon Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Kollam Quilon Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Thiruvanathapuram Trivandrum Kerala Southern Kerala Southern Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Surguja Surguja MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Bilaspur Bilaspur MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Raigarh Raigarh MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Raj nandgaon Raj nandgaon MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Durg Durg MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Raipur Raipur MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Bastar Bastar MP Eastern MP Chattisgarh Balaghat Balaghat MP Eastern MP South Central Panna Panna MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya Satna Satna MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya Rewa Rewa MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya Shahdol Shahdol MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya Sidhi Sidhi MP Inland Eastern MP Vindhya

20 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Jabalpur Jabalpur MP Inland Eastern MP South Central Mandla Mandla MP Inland Eastern MP South Central Seoni Seoni MP Inland Eastern MP South Central Sagar Sagar MP Inland Western MP Central Damoh Damoh MP Inland Western MP Central Vidisha Vidisha MP Inland Western MP Central Bhopal Bhopal MP Inland Western MP Central Sehore Sehore MP Inland Western MP Central Raisen Raisen MP Inland Western MP Central Narsimhapur Narsimhapur MP Inland Western MP South Central Chhindwara Chhindwara MP Inland Western MP South Central Betul Betul MP Inland Western MP South Western Hoshangabad Hoshangabad MP Inland Western MP South Western Mandsaur Mandsaur MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Ratlam Ratlam MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Ujjain Ujjain MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Shajapur Shajapur MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Dewas Dewas MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Jhabua Jhabua MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Dhar Dhar MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Indore Indore MP Western MP Malwa Plateau Rajgarh Rajgarh MP Western MP Malwa Plateau West Nimar West Nimar MP Western MP South Western East Nimar East Nimar MP Western MP South Western Tikamgarh Tikamgarh MP Northern MP Vindhya

21 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Chhatarpur Chhatarpur MP Northern MP Vindhya Morena Morena MP Northern MP Northern Bhind Bhind MP Northern MP Northern Gwalior Gwalior MP Northern MP Northern Datia Datia MP Northern MP Northern Shivpuri Shivpuri MP Northern MP Northern Guna Guna MP Northern MP Northern Maharashtra Maharashtra Greater Bombay Greater Bombay Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal Thana Thana Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal Kulaba(Raigarh) Kulaba(Raigarh) Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal Sindhudurg Ratnagiri Maharashtra Coastal Maharashtra Coastal Ahmadnagar Ahmadnagar Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Pune Pune Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Satara Satara Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Sangli Sangli Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Solapur Solapur Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Kolhapur Kolhapur Maharashtra Inland Western Maharashtra Inland Western Nasik Nasik Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern Dhule Dhule Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern Jalgaon Jalgaon Maharashtra Inland Northern Maharashtra Inland Northern Aurangabad Aurangabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Jalna Aurangabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Parbhani Parbhani Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central

22 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Bir Bir Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Nanded Nanded Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Osmanabad Osmanabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Latur Osmanabad Maharashtra Inland Central Maharashtra Inland Central Buldana Buldana Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Akola Akola Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Amravati Amravati Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Yavatmal Yavatmal Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Wardha Wardha Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra Inland Eastern Maharashtra Inland Eastern Bhandara Bhandara Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern Chandrapur Chandrapur Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern Gadchiroli Chandrapur Maharashtra Eastern Maharashtra Eastern Manipur Manipur Senapati Manipur North Manipur Manipur Tamenglong Manipur West Manipur Manipur Churachandpur Manipur South Manipur Manipur Chandel Tengnoupal Manipur Manipur Thoubal Manipur Central Manipur Manipur Bishnupur Manipur Central Manipur Manipur Imphal Manipur Central Manipur Manipur Ukhrul Manipur East Manipur Manipur Meghalaya Meghalaya Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya East Khasi Hill East Khasi Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya

23 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 West Khasi Hill West Khasi Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya East Garo Hills East Garo Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya West Garo Hills West Garo Hills Meghalaya Meghalaya Mizoram Mizoram Aizawl Aizawl Mizoram Lunglei Lunglei Mizoram Chhimtuipui Chhimtuipui Mizoram Nagaland Nagaland Kohima Kohima Nagaland Phek Phek Nagaland Zunheboto Zunheboto Nagaland Wokha Wokha Nagaland Mokokchung Mokokchung Nagaland Tuensang Tuensang Nagaland Mon Mon Nagaland Orissa Orissa Baleshwar Baleshwar Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal Cuttack Cuttack Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal Ganjam Ganjam Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal Puri Puri Orissa Coastal Orissa Coastal Phulbani Phulbani Orissa Southern Orissa Southern Kalahandi Kalahandi Orissa Southern Orissa Southern Koraput Koraput Orissa Southern Orissa Southern Sambalpur Sambalpur Orissa Northern Orissa Northern Sundergarh Sundergarh Orissa Northern Orissa Northern

24 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Kendujhar Kendujhar Orissa Northern Orissa Northern Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Orissa Northern Orissa Northern Dhenkanal Dhenkanal Orissa Northern Orissa Northern Balanagir Balanagir Orissa Northern Orissa Northern Punjab Punjab Gurdaspur Gurdaspur Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Amritsar Amritsar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Ludhiana Ludhiana Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Jalandhar Jalandhar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Kapurthala Kapurthala Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Hoshiarpur Hoshiarpur Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Rupnagar Rupnagar Punjab Northern Punjab Northern Ferozpur Ferozpur Punjab Southern Punjab Southern Patiala Patiala Punjab Southern Punjab Southern Sangrur Sangrur Punjab Southern Punjab Southern Bhatinda Bhatinda Punjab Southern Punjab Southern Faridkot Faridkot Punjab Southern Punjab Southern Rajasthan Rajasthan Ganganagar Ganganagar Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Bikaner Bikaner Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Churu Churu Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Jhunjhunun Jhunjhunun Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Sikar Sikar Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western

25 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Nagaur Nagaur Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Barmer Barmer Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Jalor Jalor Rajasthan Western Rajasthan Western Alwar Alwar Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Bharatpur Bharatpur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Dholpur Bharatpur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Ajmer Ajmer Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Tonk Tonk Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Pali Pali Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Bhilwara Bhilwara Rajasthan North Eastern Rajasthan North Eastern Sirohi Sirohi Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern Udaipur Udaipur Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern Dungarpur Dungarpur Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern Banswara Banswara Rajasthan Southern Rajasthan Southern Chittaurgarh Chittaurgarh Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern Bundi Bundi Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern Kota Kota Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern Jhalawar Jhalawar Rajasthan South Eastern Rajasthan South Eastern Sikkim Sikkim Sikkim North Sikkim North Sikkim Sikkim East Sikkim East Sikkim Sikkim South Sikkim South Sikkim Sikkim West Sikkim West Sikkim

26 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Madras Madras TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern ChengalPattu-MGR ChengalPattu TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern North Arcot-Ambedkar North Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern South Arcot South Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern Thanjavur Thanjavur TN Coastal Southern TN Coastal Pudukkottai Pudukkottai TN Coastal Southern TN Coastal Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Tirunelveli-Kattabomman Tirunelveli TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli TN Inland TN Coastal Madurai Madurai TN Inland TN Southern Dharampuri Dharampuri TN Inland TN Inland Salem Salem TN Inland TN Inland Periyar Periyar TN Inland TN Inland Nilgiri Nilgiri TN Inland TN Inland Coimbatore Coimbatore TN Inland TN Inland Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvara North Arcot TN Coastal Northern TN Coastal Northern Dindigul-Anna Madurai TN Inland Tn Southern Pasumpon Muthur Thevar Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Kamarajar Ramanathapuram TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Chidambaranar Tirunelveli TN Coastal Southern TN Southern Tripura Tripura West Tripura West Tripura Tripura Tripura North Tripura North Tripura Tripura Tripura

27 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 South Tripura South Tripura Tripura Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi Uttarkashi UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Chamoli Chamoli UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Tehri Garhwal Tehri Garhwal UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Dehradun Dehradun UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Garhwal Garhwal UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Pithoragarh Pithoragarh UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Almora Almora UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Nainital Nainital UP Himalayan UP Himalayan Bijnor Bijnor UP Western UP Western Moradabad Moradabad UP Western UP Western Rampur Rampur UP Western UP Western Saharanpur Saharanpur UP Western UP Western Hardwar Saharanpur UP Western UP Western Muzaffarnagar Muzaffarnagar UP Western UP Western Meerut Meerut UP Western UP Western Ghaziabad Ghaziabad UP Western UP Western Bulandshahr Bulandshahr UP Western UP Western Aligarh Aligarh UP Western UP Western Mathura Mathura UP Western UP Western Agra Agra UP Western UP Western Firozabad Mainpuri UP Western UP Western Etah Etah UP Western UP Western Mainpuri Mainpuri UP Western UP Western

28 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Budaun Budaun UP Western UP Western Bareilly Bareilly UP Western UP Western Pilibhit Pilibhit UP Western UP Western Shahjahanpur Shahjahanpur UP Western UP Western Farrukhabad Farrukhabad UP Western UP Western Etawah Etawah UP Western UP Western Kheri Kheri UP Central UP Central Sitapur Sitapur UP Central UP Central Hardoi Hardoi UP Central UP Central Unnao Unnao UP Central UP Central Lucknow Lucknow UP Central UP Central Rae Bareli Rae Bareli UP Central UP Central Kanpur Dehat Kanpur UP Central UP Central Kanpur Nagar Kanpur UP Central UP Central Fatehpur Fatehpur UP Central UP Central Barabanki Barabanki UP Central UP Central Pratapgarh Pratapgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern Allahabad Allahabad UP Eastern UP Eastern Bahraich Bahraich UP Eastern UP Eastern Gonda Gonda UP Eastern UP Eastern Faizabad Faizabad UP Eastern UP Eastern Sultanpur Sultanpur UP Eastern UP Eastern Siddharthnagar Basti UP Eastern UP Eastern Mahrajganj Gorakhpur UP Eastern UP Eastern Basti Basti UP Eastern UP Eastern

29 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 Gorakhpur Gorakhpur UP Eastern UP Eastern Deoria Deoria UP Eastern UP Eastern Mau Azamgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern Azamgarh Azamgarh UP Eastern UP Eastern Jaunpur Jaunpur UP Eastern UP Eastern Ballia Ballia UP Eastern UP Eastern Ghazipur Ghazipur UP Eastern UP Eastern Varanasi Varanasi UP Eastern UP Eastern Mirzapur Mirzapur UP Eastern UP Eastern Sonbhadra Mirzapur UP Eastern UP Eastern Jalaun Jalaun UP Southern UP Southern Jhansi Jhansi UP Southern UP Southern Lalitpur Lalitpur UP Southern UP Southern Hamirpur Hamirpur UP Southern UP Southern Banda Banda UP Southern UP Southern West Bengal West Bengal Koch Bihar Koch Bihar WB Himalayan WB Himalayan Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri WB Himalayan WB Himalayan Darjiling Darjiling WB Himalayan WB Himalayan West Dinajpur West Dinajpur WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains Maldah Maldah WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains Murshidabad Murshidabad WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains Nadia Nadia WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains Birbhum Birbhum WB Eastern Plains WB Eastern Plains North Twenty four Parganas Twenty four Parganas WB Central Plains WB Central Plains

30 State/dist 1991 State/dist 1981 Region 1972-73 Region 1987-88 Region 1993-94 South Twenty four Parganas Twenty four Parganas WB Central Plains WB Central Plains Calcutta Calcutta WB Central Plains WB Central Plains Howrah Howrah WB Central Plains WB Central Plains Hooghly Hooghly WB Central Plains WB Central Plains Barddhaman Barddhaman WB Central Plains WB Central Plains Medinipur Medinipur WB Western Plains WB Western Plains Bankura Bankura WB Western Plains WB Western Plains Puruliya Puruliya WB Western Plains WB Western Plains Andaman & Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar Andamans Andamans Andaman & Nicobar Nicobars Nicobars Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar H Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Daman & Diu Daman Daman Goa, Daman and Diu Daman and Diu Diu Diu Goa, Daman and Diu Daman and Diu Delhi U.T. Delhi Delhi Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Pondicherry Karaikal Karaikal Pondicherry Mahe Mahe Pondicherry Yanam Yanam Pondicherry

Note: Unless stated otherwise, ‘Region 1987-88’ is the same as ‘Region 1993-94’.

31