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By: Mohamed Abdelgadir Suliman Thesis Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Radiatio

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By: Mohamed Abdelgadir Suliman Thesis Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Radiatio t Iإ ٠؛t Iأ ا دئبء؛| Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Research Coordination Council Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Ceramics Imported to Sudan by: Mohamed Abdelgadir Suliman B.Sc. in Physics Faculty of Science and technology, Omdurman Islamic University (2006). Post Graduate Diploma in Nuclear Sciences Atomic Energy Research Coordination Council, Sudan Academy of Sciences (2008). Thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in radiation protection اإ ا ! اً Supervised by: Dr. Saifeldin M. Siddeeg 2017 ا ، i ؛ اI ٢ ٠ ا ا !ا ! ا Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) Atomic Energy Research Coordination Council Assessment of Natural Radioactivity in Ceramics ImDorted to Sudan by: Mohamed Abdelgadir Suliman Examination committee Title Name Signature Supervisor Dr. Saifeldin M. Siddeeg External examiner Prof. Isam Salih Mohamed حسد ١ Date of Examination: 29 Aug 2017 ،نة//مكجت/ك٠ك 'ري«//٠ك،رر -.«،كر'٢ن Acknowledgments I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide (Dr. Saifeldin M. Siddeeg) for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark. To all my friends and in especial way Mamoun Sagiron and Abderahman Hijazi, thank you for your encouragement and supporting me in many ways. It is very important that to do not forget to thank my father Abdelgadir and my uncle Professor Shehab Sulaiman whom are encouraged and motivated me to complete this study despite the obstacles. Finally, to my caring, loving, and supportive wife, Eiman: my deepest gratitude.Your encouragement when the times got rough are much appreciated and duly noted. Ill ABSTRACT Th and 40K for 25 commercial ﻻ8وت, The study presents the radioactivity concentrations of 2 ceramic samples, which is used as building materials in Sudan, imported from China. A total of 25 different consignment samples were collected during the period September to October 2015. The studied samples were analyzed and the concentrations of radioisotopes were determined by Garnma spectroscopy using (Nal) detector. The detected average values of concentrations of u, 2 Th and K were 182.9, 51.18 and 237.67 Bq/kg dry-weight respectively. Five different radiation indices, namely average radium equivalent (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), the external hazard index (Hex), and the radioactivity level index (1) which indicate hazardous radiation were also determined. The results revealed that the average radium equivalent (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent(AEDE), the external hazard index(Hex), and the radioactivity level index(l ) were: 274.3915 Bq/kg, 122.02 nGy/h, 1.22 mSv/yr, 0.74 and 1.89, respectively. The mean values of Raeq, Hex obtained were in good agreement with the international values, while the mean of Dr and 1 were higher than the international values, and it found that The results of AEDE for 14 samples are about 10 -101% higher than the result international value (1 mSv/yr) for the public: the rest is lower than the permissible value for the international values. The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with the reported data obtained from similar materials used in other countries and with typical world values. IV الخصة تستعرض هذه الدراسة تراكيز النشاط اﻹشعاعي من ٤٠٥٧، hآ2د2و K ﻻم ل 25 عينة من السيراميك التجاري المستوردة من الصين، والذي يستخدم كمواد بناء في السودان، .تم جمع ما مجموعه 25 عينة من شحذا١ت مختلفة خل الفترة من 5 سبتمبر إلى 5 أكتوبر 2015. تم تحليل العينات المدروسة وتم تحديد تركيزات النظائر المشعة بواسطة جهاز مطيافية غاما .)Nal( وكان متوسط القيم المكتشفة من تركيزات Th ،2 LI 2و٩ هي 182.9 ، 51.18و 237.67 بيكريل ا كجم من الوزن الجاف على التوار .وقد تم حساب خمسة مؤشرات إشعاعية مختلفة خاصة بتقييم خطورة التعراض ، وهي متوسط مكافئ الراديومة(، ومعدل الجرعة الممتصة) D( ، ومكافئ الجرعة الفعال السنوي ٩ ومؤشر الخطر الخارجي )Hex( ومؤشر مستوى النشاط اﻹشعاعي .)Iy( وأظهرت النتائج أن متوسط معادل الراديوم Raeq((، ومعدل الجرعة الممتصة )D( والمعادل السنوي للجرعة الفعالة ٩ ومؤشر الخطر الخارجي )Hex( ومؤشر مستوى النشاط اﻹشعاعي )Iy( كان: nGy/hr 122.02 ،Bq/Kg، 274.3915 mSv/yr، 0.74 1.22 و 1.89 على التوالي .وقد كانت القيم المتوسطة ل )Hex) ، ،(Raeq( التي تم الحصول عليها تتوافق مع القيم الدولية، في حين أن متوسط Dr و Iy كانت أعلى من القيم الدولية, أما بالنسبة ل )AEDE ( فقد كانت أعلى بنسبة 10-101% من التوصيات العالمية التي توصي ب )ImSv/yr( للمواطنين في ما ما مجموعه 14 عينة أما بقية العينات فقد كانت ضمن المستوى الموصى به. تمت مقارنة تركيزات النشاط المقاسة لهذه النويدات المشعة مع البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها من مواد مشابهة مستخدمة في بلدان أخرى ومع قيم عالمية نموذجية V TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION..................................................................................................................................... n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................ HI ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................IV ARABIC ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................. X CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1 Objectives..............................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................ 3 2.1 Radioactivity................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Simple Radioactive decay. Decay constant. Half-life, Activity.................................................4 2.3 Radionuclides:................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Natural radionuclides:................................................................................................................. 5 2.3.2 NORM..........................................................................................................................................6 2.3.3 Secondary Radionuclides...........................................................................................................6 2.3.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides.........................................................................................................6 2.3.5 Artificially produced radionuclides............................................................................................ 7 2.3.6 Radionuclides Produced by Nuclear Reactors.......................................................................... 7 2.4 Natural Decay Series and secular equilibrium............................................................................. 7 2.5 Uranium U-238 and U-235........................................................................................................... 9 VI 2.5.1 Health effects of uranium.......................................................................................................... 10 2.6 Thorium 2 Th........................................................................ ...................................................10 2.7.2 Health effects of thorium.......................................................................................................... 11 12................................................................................................................(٩) Potassium 2.8 2.8.2 Health effects of Potassium...................................................................................................... 12 2.10 Units and concepts......................................................................................................................13 2.10.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 13 2.10.2 Absorbed dose....................................................................................................................... 13 2.10.3 Effective dose......................................................................................................................... 13 2.10.4 Collective dose....................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 IGamma spectroscopy...................................................................................................................'14 2.11.1. System Components...............................................................................................................14
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