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Ambient Contrast Ratio of Lcds and OLED Displays Vol. 25, No. 26 | 25 Dec 2017 | OPTICS EXPRESS 33643 Ambient contrast ratio of LCDs and OLED displays * HAIWEI CHEN, GUANJUN TAN, AND SHIN-TSON WU College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA *[email protected] Abstract: We systematically analyze the ambient contrast ratio (ACR) of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays for smartphones, TVs, and public displays. The influencing factors such as display brightness, ambient light illuminance, and surface reflection are investigated in detail. At low ambient light conditions, high static contrast ratio plays a key role for ACR. As the ambient light increases, high brightness gradually takes over. These quantitative results set important guidelines for future display optimization. Meanwhile, to improve an OLED’s ACR at large oblique angles, we propose a new broadband and wide-view circular polarizer consisting of one linear polarizer and two biaxial films. Good performance is realized. © 2017 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement OCIS codes: (120.2040) Displays; (230.3720) Liquid-crystal devices; (160.3710) Liquid crystals. References and links 1. D. K. Yang and S. T. Wu, Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2014). 2. H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004). 3. Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005). 4. H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017). 5. H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003). 6. T. Tsujimura, OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2017). 7. T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007). 8. H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015). 9. A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998). 10. M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, “Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(4), 127–128 (1971). 11. S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998). 12. J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992). 13. J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast- ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005). 14. E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006). 15. J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013). 16. Z. Ge and S. T. Wu, Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays (John Wiley & Sons, 2010). 17. R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012). 18. G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016). 19. H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018). #314935 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.033643 Journal © 2017 Received 5 Dec 2017; revised 20 Dec 2017; accepted 21 Dec 2017; published 22 Dec 2017 Vol. 25, No. 26 | 25 Dec 2017 | OPTICS EXPRESS 33644 20. C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987). 21. H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012). 22. DisplayMate Technologies Corp, http://www.displaymate.com/ 23. R. M. Soneira, Tablet and Smartphone Displays under Bright Ambient Lighting Shoot-Out Master Photo Grid for Viewing Screen Shots of all the Displays (DisplayMate Technologies Corp., 2012). 24. H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016). 25. H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017). 26. R. M. Soneira. iPhone X OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out. DisplayMate Technologies Corp., 2017. 27. G. Walker, GD-Itronix Dynavue Technology. The Ultimate Outdoor-Readable Touch-Screen Display (Rugged PC Review, 2007). 28. N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000). 29. S. R. Kennedy and M. J. Brett, “Porous broadband antireflection coating by glancing angle deposition,” Appl. Opt. 42(22), 4573–4579 (2003). 30. H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011). 31. G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017). 32. P. de Greef and H. G. Hulze, “Adaptive dimming and boosting backlight for LCD-TV Systems,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 1332–1335 (2007). 33. C. C. Lai and C. C. Tsai, “Backlight power reduction and image contrast enhancement using adaptive dimming for global backlight applications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54(2), 669–674 (2008). 34. H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010). 35. K. Müllen and U. Scherf, Organic Light Emitting Devices: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (John Wiley & Sons, 2006). 36. B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014). 37. A. Uchiyama and T. Yatabe, “Characteristics and applications of new wide-band retardation films,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 32(1), 566–569 (2001). 38. N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012). 39. Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014). 40. Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005). 1. Introduction Contrast ratio (CR) is a key display metric to achieve supreme image quality [1–4], especially, to enable high dynamic range (HDR) [2, 5]. For an emissive display, like organic light-emitting diode (OLED), its CR can approach 1,000,000:1 or even higher [6–8]. Whereas for a non-emissive liquid crystal display (LCD), its CR is limited due to the depolarization effects from thin film transistors, LC layer, and color filters. For example, the CR of a commercial multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) LCD TV is about 5000:1 [9]. For other LCD modes, such as twisted nematic [10] and fringe field switching [11], it is about 2000:1. As a result, it is generally perceived that OLED shows much better performance than LCD in terms of contrast ratio. This is true at dark ambient. However, in reality, no matter indoor or outdoor, ambient light is inevitable. Thus, how these two display technologies perform under different ambient lighting conditions is a practically important concern. To evaluate a display’s performance in the presence of ambient light, a metric called ambient contrast ratio (ACR) should be considered for real working scenarios [12–15].
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