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Elektronische Displays Elektronische Displays Vorlesungsbegleitendes Skript in Deutsch Elektronische Displays Karlheinz Blankenbach 1 Einführung Anwendungen, Markt, ... 2 Display Technologien Prinzip, Beispiele, Anwendungen, ... 2.1 CRT Prinzip, Komponenten 2.2 LCD Passiv - & Aktiv - Matrix, Ansteuerung, ... 2.3 Plasma Prinzip 2.4 VFD Prinzip, Ansteuerung 2.5 (O)LED HL, OLED, LEP 2.6 EL Displays & Hinterleuchtung 3 Messungen Kontrast, Farbe, Umgebungslicht, ... 4 Technologievergleich Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Blankenbach Tel. : 07231 / 28 - 6658 FH Pforzheim ET/IT/TI Fax : 07231 / 28 - 6060 Tiefenbronner Straße 65 Email : [email protected] 75175 Pforzheim Bla FHWeb : www.displaylabor.de Pf www.k-blankenbach.de Bilder, Daten etc. aus Firmenschriften, Internet, Büchern (Matschulat, Knoll, ...), SID-Journal, Konferenzbände ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS, ... Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 1 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1. Einführung Statement ‘Es gibt heute praktisch kein elektronisches Gerät ohne Display‘ Ziel - Anwendungen elektronischer Displays - Grundlagen der relevanten Displaytechnologien - Grundkenntnisse der wichtigsten Meßtechniken - Aspekte zur Displayauswahl Schlagwort 'Multimedia' - Multimedia = Fähigkeit zur Ausgabe mehr als eines Formates - Bilder - Video - Audio - ... - typischerweise versteht man hierunter einen PC, zunehmend aber auch Anwendungen im industriellen und automobilen Bereich Definition Multimedia Displays - Auflösung ≥ QVGA (320 * 240) - ≥ 256 Farben - Schaltzeit < 100 ms - Öffnungswinkel > 10° - Format 4 : 3 ... 16 : 9 - ... Marktvolumen - ≈ 40 Mrd. $ (2001), davon ca. 40 % Flachdisplays - Steigerung bis Bla20 % pro Jahr prognostiziertFH Pf - CRT / FPD ≈ 1,5 : 1 (2001), ≈ 1 : 1 (2005) Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 2 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1.1 Beispiele 'guter' und 'schlechter' Display - Anwendungen ‘gut’ ‘schlecht’ Parkleitsystem Ulm (LCD) Öffentliches Internet-Terminal Ulm (CRT, 'verschrottet') Plasma Display im Innenbereich Shop in Frankfurt bei normaler (Spende ABLE DESIGN, München) Betrachtungsweise Outdoor Sonnenlicht outdoor Schatten indoor Bla FH Pf LCDs : reflektiv monochrom (links), ~ Farbe (Mitte, Spende Compaq) , transmissive (rechts) → Sorgfältige Displayauswahl vor allem bei hellem Umgebungslicht ! Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 3 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1.2 Display - Einteilung Displays Direktsicht Projektion LCD Passiv Aktiv CRT DMD DMD und Laser Displays sind keine Direktsicht-Displays Laser Passiv Aktiv 'Licht schaltend' 'Licht emittierend' Monochrome LCD Color LCD Reflektive Color LCD CRT Split Flap (O)LED Flip Dot Plasma DMD (mit Lampe) VFD eInk EL ' Papier ' FED ... .... Technologie - Bildgröße build with modules LCD, LED, CRT, Split Flap, Flip Dot -> video wall LED Laser TV, DMD VFD, ELBla FH Pf CRT LCD 0.1 1 5 10 40 100 display size (diagonal) direct view projection / inch Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 4 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1.3 Display - Auswahl Qualitätsaspekt → Technische Spezifikation 'Gute Ablesbarkeit' - Optik - Elektronik - Anwendung Magic Circle Viewing angle Contrast Contrast Switching time Electro-Optic Optic Color Gray scale, ... Brightness Reflections, ... Size Power consumption Price Weight Voltage Electronic Application Temperature EMI, ... Vibration Displayed Data, ... Weiterhin zu beachten: - Lieferanten (Second Source, Liefertreue, ...) - kundenspezifisch oder Serie - Einsatzort (z.B. bei Großraumbüro mit CRTs muß evt. Klimaanlage größer dimensioniert werden, somit können LCD - Monitore insgesamt billiger sein) - Vorstellungen des Kunden (Design, Qualität, ...) - 'Zukunft' der gewählten Technologie (VFD & FED sind möglicherweise am Aussterben) - Produktlebensdauer und WeiterentwicklungBla FH Pf - ... Alle diese Parameter müssen applikationsspezifisch gewichtet werden, der Kompromiß wird oft über den Preises gefunden, nicht über die Qualität des Displays ! Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 5 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1.5 Ergonomie Auflösung des Auges: Minimum Recognable Object Size 100 α ≈ 1‘ = 1/60 ° = 1‘ Bogenmaß 10 1 . -4 αrad ≈ 3 10 0,1 height /cm 0,01 h → tanα ≈ α = 0,001 d 0,1 1 10 100 1000 viewing distance /m Sichtwinkel ϕ h/2 ϕ 10° - 20° typisch 20° - 40° /2 d ( 60 - 90 cm) empfohlen : 30° Büro d ≈ 60 cm Winkel 20° (Minimum) 40° (Maximum) Bildschirmgröße 14" 28" große LCDs in Verbindung mit einem kleinen Betrachtungsabstand sollten große Blickwinkel aufweisen wegen Kontrastverminderung und Farbverschiebungen Darstellung von Buchstaben 10 mm Bla FH APf a Segment 8 Starburst Matrix 5*7 VGA 20*30 7-Segment 14-Segment bad good Readability Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 6 / 81 Elektronische Displays 1.5 Empfehlungen und Normen für Elektronische Displays ANSI / HFS 100-1988 DIN 66234 Umgebungslicht 500 lx Hintergrund-Leuchtdichte 10 cd/m² Display-Leuchtdichte > 35 cd/m² 45 cd/m² Betrachtungsabstand 50 cm Buchstaben - Höhe 2,3 – 6,5 mm (d = 50 cm) 2,6 mm (3,1 bevorzugt) ϕ = 18´ Breite (∅ vgl. I, M) 92 % der Höhe Format (Punktmatrix) > 7 * 9 > 5 * 7 Modulation CM > 0,75 0,71 Kontrast Verhältnis CR 3 : 1 – 15 : 1 (6 : 1 bevorzugt) Gleichmäßigkeit > 50 % Leuchtdichte CRT Flicker (Bildrate) Nicht beobachtet von 50 – 60 Hz Negativmode, vgl. 100 Hz Fernseher 90 % der Betrachter 80 Hz Positivmode Empfohlene Buchstabenhöhe Bla FHDiagonale Pf Höhe 21" 4,0 mm Die Höhe nimmt mit der Diagonalen ab, da der 19" 3,6 mm typische Betrachtungsabstand größer wird 17" 3,0 mm Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 7 / 81 Elektronische Displays Darstellungs - Modi Positiv Negativ Darstellung Dunkle Information auf Helle Information auf hellem Hintergrund dunklem Hintergrund Alternativ Positivkontrast Negativkontrast Buchstabenleuchtdichte /cd/m² 10 - 15 80 - 160 Hintergrundleuchtdichte /cd/m² - 170 10 - 15 Optimaler Kontrast 1 : 8 - 1 : 12 8 : 1 - 10 : 1 CRT - Bildfrequenz /Hz 70 - 80 50 - 60 CRT : Negativmode ist wegen geringerer Bildfrequenz bei Computern leichter zu realisieren, da die Wiederholrate geringer ist; vergleiche 'DOS – Mode' alter Computer mit Bernstein- oder grüner Farbe (lange Abklingdauer des Phosphors ermöglicht eine flimmerfreie Bildfrequenz < 25 Hz) Reflexionen scheinen bei Positivdarstellung (hell auf hellem Hintergrund) geringer auszufallen als bei Negativdarstellung (hell auf dunklem Hintergrund), da die mittlere Leuchtdichte bei Office-Anwendungen des Displays größer ist ! Displaynormen : CECC 20000 A3, ISO 9241, ISO 13406, IEC 47(CO)16, ... Bla FH Pf Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 8 / 81 Elektronische Displays 2. Displaytechnologien 2.1 Kathodenstrahlröhre (Cathode Ray Tube) - seit mehr als 100 Jahren - bis 1990 die einzige Technologie für Fernsehen und hochauflösende Anwendungen - heutiger Marktanteil: > 60 % der Computermonitore und > 90 % der Fernseher - einzigartiges Prinzip: ein Strahl wählt jedes Pixel an und steuert dessen Leuchtdichte Hauptkomponente 1 n der CRT 2 3 6 5 . 9 7 4 10 8 - + - + 1 Evakuierter Glaskolben 2 Heizelement 3 aufgeheizte Kathode emittiert Elektronen 4 Wehnelt Zylinder (negatives Potential) fokussiert den Elektronenstrahl 5 abgelenkter Elektronenstrahl 6 Ablenksystem - elektrostatisch für hohe Frequenzen (Oszilloskop) und kleine Ablenkwinkel - magnetisch für große Ablenkwinkel und niedrigeren Frequenzen 7 Anode Bla FH Pf 8 Anodenspannung bis 35 kV zur Beschleunigung 9 Phosphor zur Lichterzeugung durch Aufprall schneller Elektronen 10 Wehnelt Spannung (Kathode, ≈ 80 V): je höher die Spannung desto geringer die Strahlintensität und demzufolge die Leuchtdichte Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 9 / 81 Elektronische Displays 2.2.1 Lichterzeugung - Elektronen treffen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit auf die Innenseite des Phosphors - die Strahlung muß die Phosphorschicht zum Betrachter hin durchdringen (Dämpfung) Bandbreite Video - Verstärker Pixelfrequency - Videobandwidth Displayed Signal f pixel << f video f pixel < f video f pixel ~ f video Bla FH Pf U D t eine geringe Bandbreite des Videoverstärkers 'verwäscht' die Konturen Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 10 / 81 Elektronische Displays 2.1.3 Magnetische Ablenkung flat Bewegte Elektronen werden in Magnetfeldern sphere auf Kreisbahnen (Lorentz - Kraft) abgelenkt; das tritt auch in Halbleitern auf (Hall - Effekt). b > a β = α Abgeflachte und Flachbildröhren : b > a α a bei 'gleichem' Ablenkwinkel ! R Bemerkungen - typische Ablenkwinkel : 90°, 110° ('short neck'), definiert als 'Öffnungswinkel' links oben - rechts unten - 110° ermöglichen eine geringere Bautiefe als 90° Ablenkwinkel - kleinere Anodenspannung vergrößert Bild (Leuchtdichte geringerer) - Flachbildröhren benötigen Korrekturmaßnahmen um Konvergenz, Farbreinheit und Schärfe zu gewährleisten Bildaufbau Magnetische Ablenkeinheit Bla FH Pf Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 11 / 81 Elektronische Displays 2.1.4 Bildqualität Phosphorschicht, Ablenkung, nicht kugelförmiger Schirm etc. bedingen eine Beeinträchtigung der Bildqualität. Mit speziellen Schaltungen und Spulen kann Abhilfe geschaffen werden - zu Lasten des Preises. Geometrische Fehler verursacht durch magnetische Ablenkung Linearität bmin bmax Linearitätsabweichung sollte < 10 % sein amin − = amax amin ⋅ vertikal : dv 100% amax a b − b max horizontal : d = max min ⋅100% h b Bla FH Pf max Beispiel : 21" CRT für CAD Anwendungen Gitterbreite Soll 20 mm, gemessen 19 mm (Minimum) und 21 mm (Maximum) − − = amax amin ⋅ = 21 19 ⋅ = dX 100 % 100 % 9.5 % amax 21 Blankenbach / Elektronische Displays / 08.11.01 12 / 81 Elektronische
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