A Strange Date on Sasanian Drachms of Kavad I*
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Lecture 27 Sasanian Empire
4/12/2012 Lecture 27 Sasanian Empire HIST 213 Spring 2012 Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) Successors of the Achaemenids 224 CE Ardashir I • a descendant of Sasan – gave his name to the new Sasanian dynasty, • defeated the Parthians • The Sasanians saw themselves as the successors of the Achaemenid Persians. 1 4/12/2012 Shapur I (r. 241–72 CE) • One of the most energetic and able Sasanian rulers • the central government was strengthened • the coinage was reformed • Zoroastrianism was made the state religion • The expansion of Sasanian power in the west brought conflict with Rome Shapur I the Conqueror • conquers Bactria and Kushan in east • led several campaigns against Rome in west Penetrating deep into Eastern-Roman territory • conquered Antiochia (253 or 256) Defeated the Roman emperors: • Gordian III (238–244) • Philip the Arab (244–249) • Valerian (253–260) – 259 Valerian taken into captivity after the Battle of Edessa – disgrace for the Romans • Shapur I celebrated his victory by carving the impressive rock reliefs in Naqsh-e Rostam. Rome defeated in battle Relief of Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rostam, showing the two defeated Roman Emperors, Valerian and Philip the Arab 2 4/12/2012 Terry Jones, Barbarians (BBC 2006) clip 1=9:00 to end clip 2 start - … • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_WqUbp RChU&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&featu re=endscreen&v=QxS6V3lc6vM Shapur I Religiously Tolerant Intensive development plans • founded many cities, some settled in part by Roman emigrants. – included Christians who could exercise their faith freely under Sasanian rule • Shapur I particularly favored Manichaeism – He protected Mani and sent many Manichaean missionaries abroad • Shapur I befriends Babylonian rabbi Shmuel – This friendship was advantageous for the Jewish community and gave them a respite from the oppressive laws enacted against them. -
EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA the Early History of Central Asia Is Gleaned
CHAPTER FOUR EASTERN CENTRAL ASIA KASHGAR TO KHOTAN I. INTRODUCTION The early history of Central Asia is gleaned primarily from three major sources: the Chinese historical writings, usually governmental records or the diaries of the Bud dhist pilgrims; documents written in Kharosthl-an Indian script also adopted by the Kushans-(and some in an Iranian dialect using technical terms in Sanskrit and Prakrit) that reveal aspects of the local life; and later Muslim, Arab, Persian, and Turkish writings. 1 From these is painstakingly emerging a tentative history that pro vides a framework, admittedly still fragmentary, for beginning to understand this vital area and prime player between China, India, and the West during the period from the 1st to 5th century A.D. Previously, we have encountered the Hsiung-nu, particularly the northern branch, who dominated eastern Central Asia during much of the Han period (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), and the Yiieh-chih, a branch of which migrated from Kansu to northwest India and formed the powerful and influential Kushan empire of ca. lst-3rd century A.D. By ca. mid-3rd century the unified Kushan empire had ceased and the main line of kings from Kani~ka had ended. Another branch (the Eastern Kushans) ruled in Gandhara and the Indus Valley, and the northernpart of the former Kushan em pire came under the rule of Sasanian governors. However, after the death of the Sasanian ruler Shapur II in 379, the so-called Kidarites, named from Kidara, the founder of this "new" or Little Kushan Dynasty (known as the Little Yiieh-chih by the Chinese), appear to have unified the area north and south of the Hindu Kush between around 380-430 (likely before 410). -
Persian Royal Ancestry
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry. -
Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq
OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES General Editors Gillian Clark Andrew Louth THE OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES series includes scholarly volumes on the thought and history of the early Christian centuries. Covering a wide range of Greek, Latin, and Oriental sources, the books are of interest to theologians, ancient historians, and specialists in the classical and Jewish worlds. Titles in the series include: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and the Transformation of Divine Simplicity Andrew Radde-Gallwitz (2009) The Asceticism of Isaac of Nineveh Patrik Hagman (2010) Palladius of Helenopolis The Origenist Advocate Demetrios S. Katos (2011) Origen and Scripture The Contours of the Exegetical Life Peter Martens (2012) Activity and Participation in Late Antique and Early Christian Thought Torstein Theodor Tollefsen (2012) Irenaeus of Lyons and the Theology of the Holy Spirit Anthony Briggman (2012) Apophasis and Pseudonymity in Dionysius the Areopagite “No Longer I” Charles M. Stang (2012) Memory in Augustine’s Theological Anthropology Paige E. Hochschild (2012) Orosius and the Rhetoric of History Peter Van Nuffelen (2012) Drama of the Divine Economy Creator and Creation in Early Christian Theology and Piety Paul M. Blowers (2012) Embodiment and Virtue in Gregory of Nyssa Hans Boersma (2013) The Chronicle of Seert Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq PHILIP WOOD 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Philip Wood 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. -
Migration History of the Afro-Eurasian Transition Zone, C. 300
Chapter 1 Migration History of the Afro-Eurasian Transition Zone, c. 300–1500: An Introduction (with a Chronological Table of Selected Events of Political and Migration History) Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Lucian Reinfandt and Yannis Stouraitis When the process of compilation of this volume started in 2014, migration was without doubt already a “hot” topic. Yet, it were only the events of 2015,1 which put migration on top of the discussion about the Euro and the economic crisis in the agenda of politicians, the wider public and the media. In this heated debate, the events of past migrations have been employed in a biased manner as arguments against a new “Völkerwanderung” destined to disintegrate Eu- rope as it did with the (Western) Roman Empire. Thus, the present volume could be seen, among other things, also as an effort to provide a corrective to such oversimplifying recourses to the ancient and medieval period.2 It should be noted, however, that it was planned and drafted before the events. The volume emerged from a series of papers given at the European Social Science History Conference in Vienna in April 2014 in two sessions on “Early Medieval Migrations” organized by Professors Dirk Hoerder and Johannes Koder. Their aim was to integrate the migration history of the medieval period into the wider discourse of migration studies and to include recent research. The three editors have added contributions by specialists for other periods and regions in order to cover as wide an area and a spectrum of forms of migration as possible. Still, it was not possible to cover all regions, periods and migra- tion movements with the same weight; as one of the anonymous reviewers properly pointed out, the “work’s centre of gravity is (…) between the Eastern Mediterranean region and the Tigris/Euphrates”, with Africa not included in a similar way as Asia or Europe. -
Wizerunkowa Legitimizacja Władzy Na Monetach Sasanidów (Za Kavada I I Zamaspa)
SPRAWY NARODOWOŚCIOWE Seria nowa / naTIonalITIES AFFAIRs New series, 47/2015: 95–103 DOI: 10.11649/sn.2015.062 Ilnaz RahbaR MahMoud TavoosI Reza afhaMI The RepResenTaTIon of legITIMacy In sassanIan coIns (Kavad I and zaMasp eRas) A b s t r a c t In each era, social, cultural and political aspects, and their changes have a prominent role on the creation of the Govern- mental artworks that tries to act as a public media to show their power and legitimacy trends. This study wishes to sur- vey the symbols of Sassanian coins and the role of this visual media from the power and legitimacy point of view during Kavad I (r. 488-531 AD) and Zamasp (r. 496-499 AD) eras, as a challenging period of the Sassanid dynasty. We try to show how Sassanid kings used artworks, especially coins, because ............................... of their spreads to transfer their legitimacy messages, thus they used it as the most principal media to show the power Ilnaz RahbaR and its changes to publics. The result shows the changes Tarbiat Modares University, Islamic Republic of Iran during the first reign of Kavad I and after his deposing by cler- E-mail: [email protected] gies due to supporting the Mazdakites doctrine, raise of Za- masp to the throne and the second reign of Kavad I that they MahMoud TavoosI Tarbiat Modares University, used various icons and symbols rooted in Zoroastrian beliefs Islamic Republic of Iran to show their power and legitimacy according to condition E-mail: [email protected] changes. The emphasis of Kavad I on astrologic signs as the Reza afhaMI symbol of charisma and, in contrast, the representation of Za- Tarbiat Modares University, masp, the successor of Kavad I after deposing, in the form Islamic Republic of Iran E-mail: [email protected] of receiving diadem as a sign of his superiority and power, This work was supported by the authors’ and the reuse of traditional symbols of legitimacy by Kavad I own resources. -
Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner
“Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner Notes on the Yuezhi – Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology By Hans Loeschner Professor Michael Fedorov provided a rejoinder1 with respect to several statements in the article2 “A new Oesho/Shiva image of Sasanian ‘Peroz’ taking power in the northern part of the Kushan empire”. In the rejoinder Michael Fedorov states: “The Chinese chronicles are quite unequivocal and explicit: Bactria was conquered by the Ta-Yüeh-chih! And it were the Ta-Yüeh-chih who split the booty between five hsi-hou or rather five Ta-Yüeh-chih tribes ruled by those hsi-hou (yabgus) who created five yabguates with capitals in Ho-mo, Shuang-mi, Hu-tsao, Po-mo, Kao-fu”. He concludes the rejoinder with words of W.W. Tarn3: “The new theory, which makes the five Yüeh- chih princes (the Kushan chief being one) five Saka princes of Bactria conquered by the Yüeh- chih, throws the plain account of the Hou Han shu overboard. The theory is one more unhappy offshoot of the elementary blunder which started the belief in a Saka conquest of Greek Bactria”.1 With respect to the ethnical allocation of the five hsi-hou Laszlo Torday provides an analysis with a result which is in contrast to the statement of Michael Fedorov: “As to the kings of K’ang- chü or Ta Yüeh-shih, those chiefs of foreign tribes who acknowledged their supremacy were described in the Han Shu as “lesser kings” or hsi-hou. … The hsi-hou (and their fellow tribespeople) were ethnically as different from the Yüeh-shih and K’ang-chü as were the hou… from the Han. -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation. -
Menander Protector, Fragments 6.1-3
Menander Protector, Fragments 6.1-3 Sasanika Sources History of Menander the Guardsman (Menander Protector) was written at the end of the sixth century CE by a minor official of the Roman/Byzantine court. The original text is in Greek, but has survived only in a fragmentary form, quoted in compilations and other historical writings. The author, Menander, was a native of Constantinople, seemingly from a lowly class and initially himself not worthy of note. In a significant introductory passage, he courageously admits to having undertaken the writing of his History (’ st a) as a way of becoming more respectable and forging himself a career. He certainly was a contemporary and probably an acquaintance of the historian Theophylact Simocatta and worked within the same court of Emperor Maurice. His title of “Protector” seems to suggest a military position, but most scholars suspect that this was only an honorary title without any real responsibilities. Menander’s history claims to continue the work of Agathias and so starts from the date that Agathias left off, namely AD 557. His style of presentation, if not his actual writing style, are thus influenced by Agathias, although he seems much less partial than the former in presentation of the events. He seems to have had access to imperial archives and reports and consequently presents us with a seemingly accurate version of the events, although at time he might be exaggerating some of his facts. The following is R. C. Blockley’s English translation of the fragments 6.1-3 of Menander Protector’s History, which deals directly with the Sasanian-Roman peace treaty of 562 and provides us with much information about the details of negotiations that took place around this treaty. -
The Figurative Wall Painting of the Sasanian Period from Iran, Iraq and Syria1
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXIX, 2004 THE FIGURATIVE WALL PAINTING OF THE SASANIAN PERIOD FROM IRAN, IRAQ AND SYRIA1 BY An DE WAELE (Ghent University) “… nec enim apud eos pingitur vel fingitur aliud, praetor varias caedes et bella.” Ammianus Marcellinus XXIV 6,32 1. Introduction The aim of this article is to provide a full view on our current knowledge of the figurative wall paintings of the Sasanian period from Iran, Iraq and Syria. All possible information has been collected, examined and finally resumed to this study. The themes that will be looked at are: the exact location of the paintings and function of this place; iconography (subject- composition-style); plastering, colour use and painting techniques; dating; and lastly the function of the murals (decorative-ideological/symbolical). As conclusion, they will be compared both with each other and with Sasanian art in general. Likewise, attention will be given to the profession of the painters. I just want to emphasize that only published data, drawings and pho- tographs were used (I have not been able to study the paintings themselves) so no new information will be given. Moreover, it concerns a summary but bibliographic references to more extensive descriptions and analyses will be provided. 1 This article is a summary of a part of my MA-thesis which I finished -under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Ernie Haerinck- in May 2002 at Ghent University and in which I studied the art of wall painting from both the Parthian and Sasanian empires. I owe much gratitude to Professor Haerinck, not only for offering me the opportunity and support to write this paper, but also for adjusting where necessary and for helping achieving my first article. -
The Iconography of Headdresses at Bamiyan and What It Suggests
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IQBAL REVIEW Journal of the Iqbal Academy, Pakistan
QBAL EVIEW I R Journal of the Iqbal Academy, Pakistan October 1967 Editor Bashir Ahmad Dar IQBAL ACADEMY PAKISTAN Title : Iqbal Review (October 1967) Editor : Bashir Ahmad Dar Publisher : Iqbal Academy Pakistan City : Karachi Year : 1967 DDC : 105 DDC (Iqbal Academy) : 8U1.66V12 Pages : 165 Size : 14.5 x 24.5 cm ISSN : 0021-0773 Subjects : Iqbal Studies : Philosophy : Research IQBAL CYBER LIBRARY (www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net) Iqbal Academy Pakistan (www.iap.gov.pk) 6th Floor Aiwan-e-Iqbal Complex, Egerton Road, Lahore. Table of Contents Volume: 8 Iqbal Review: October 1967 Number: 3 1. FOREWORD ................................................................................................................. 4 2. HISTORY OF IRAN .................................................................................................. 13 3. ADVENT OF ISLAM ................................................................................................ 91 4. MOVEMENT FOR MODERNISM AND PROGRESS .................................. 128 FOREWORD This issue of the Iqbal Review is dedicated to a great and happy occasion, the Coronation on the 26th of October 1967 of Their Imperial Majesties Mohammad Raza Pahlavi Shahanshah Arya Mehr and the Empress Farah Pahlavi of Iran. It is an occasion for rejoicing for all of us. The Shahanshah not only represents modern Iran and the remark-able progress it has made under his inspiring leadership ; he also stands as a living symbol of the common cultural heritage of Pakistan and Iran. The modernisation of Iran began in real earnest with the Shahan-shah's father, Raza Shah Pahlavi. It was, however, the Shahanshah himself who led his country through The White Revolution. This comprised a series of measures introduced by the Shahanshah with the object of placing the economy of the country on a broader and more stable basis and accelerating the pace of education among the people.