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Crafting the Ideal Christian General in Leo VI the Wise's Taktika

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Crafting the Ideal Christian General in Leo VI the Wise's Taktika Andy Chen Crafting the ideal Christian general in Leo VI the Wise’s Taktika MA Thesis in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies Central European University Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection Crafting the ideal Christian general in Leo VI the Wise’s Taktika by Andy Chen (USA) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest CEU eTD Collection May 2019 Crafting the ideal Christian general in Leo VI the Wise’s Taktika by Andy Chen (USA) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection Crafting the ideal Christian general in Leo VI the Wise’s Taktika by Andy Chen (USA) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection I, the undersigned, Andy Chen, candidate for the MA degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 16 May 2019 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection Abstract Early Byzantine military manuals have been drawing more attention in the last decade with the steady publication of critical editions and translations. One of the manuals currently experiencing renewed interest is the Taktika of Emperor Leo VI the Wise, a late ninth-/early tenth-century military handbook that has had a significant impact on the genre of Byzantine military literature. Recent treatments of the text—particularly John Haldon’s 2014 commentary and Meredith Riedel’s 2018 book on the religious aspects of the military in the Taktika—find instead that the Taktika reflects Leo’s wide-ranging articulations on the religious convictions of the Byzantine oikoumene. Despite the increasing attention on the underlying message and place of the Taktika in Leo’s ideology for the Byzantine empire, however, so far little work has been done on deconstructing the narrative layers of the text. The manual's professed aim is to educate generals, and its contents describe the ideal conduct and characteristics of the model general. If the general is the proxy by which Leo articulates a deeper theological argument about the identity of the Christian empire, as Riedel argues, or reacts to his sociopolitical anxieties, such as that of the balance of power between the emperor and élites in the Byzantine administration, then a close examination of the elements which constitute the Taktika’s model general is a necessary first step to understand the didactic filter lying between the historian and any "deeper" readings of the manual. In light of this, I offer in this paper an analysis of Leo's ideal general in the Taktika. I argue for a didactic dimension of the Taktika and contextualize the development of the archetype of the virtuous and pious general as it eventually appears in the Taktika in relation to the manual's literary tradition in order to demonstrate what Leo means to communicate to readers approaching the text as a handbook. By doing so, I demonstrate both the foundations and innovations of the ideal general of the Taktika. Following a historical review of Leo’s reign and literary production, in Chapter 1 I focus on literary influences and the lineage of the ideal general, with discussion on the genre of military writing in Antiquity and Byzantium and the particular tradition in which the Taktika is situated. In Chapter 2, I examine the text of the Taktika itself in order to demonstrate how Leo crafts the image of the ideal general in the handbook, as well as how he aims to craft ideal generals out of his audience. I examine particularly details about the CEU eTD Collection structure of the manual, Leo’s selective reception of older sources, and the coherence of didactic and political themes in the manual as a whole. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of individuals for their tireless effort and infinite helpfulness during the construction of this thesis: Gábor Klaniczay, for gamely continuing to support my thesis topic as my main supervisor even as it began to turn away from his area of expertise and for his confidence in my abilities to pull it all together. Anthony Kaldellis, for accepting my surprise email request in the winter of 2018 to help co-supervise my thesis without a blink, and for the uncompromising precision and rigor with which he approached my ideas at every step of the writing process. István Perczel and György Geréby, for lending their time and expertise to consult on the religious aspects of my project. Baukje van den Berg, for her observations on forms of redaction in the Taktika. Philippe Buc, for his guidance during his time in Budapest, as well as his very helpful bibliography on Byzantine holy war. Daniel Ziemann and Margarita Voulgaropoulou, for their guidance in the very beginning stages of the thesis. And last but not least, Johanna Tóth and Zsuzsanna Reed, for their attentiveness and technical support throughout the length of the project. I am furthermore very grateful for the Central European University's Master's scholarship, which has made it possible for me to dedicate this year to this research project and to work and study with all of these wonderful people in Budapest. CEU eTD Collection ii Table of contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Literature review and proposal .............................................................................................. 2 Sources and methodology ...................................................................................................... 6 The reign of Leo VI ............................................................................................................... 9 Leo’s literary production ...................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Genre .................................................................................................................................... 14 Extra-generic considerations ................................................................................................ 18 Military manuals and “usefulness” ...................................................................................... 20 The model of the general in the Taktika's direct lineage ..................................................... 26 Onasander's Strategikos ................................................................................................... 26 Maurice's Strategikon ...................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 35 The Taktika .......................................................................................................................... 35 Intended Audience ............................................................................................................... 36 Communicative frameworks ................................................................................................ 40 Legal framework .............................................................................................................. 41 Didactic Framework: Constitution 20 .............................................................................. 43 Religious Framework: The Epilogue ............................................................................... 47 Examination of the ideal general in the Taktika .................................................................. 51 CEU eTD Collection Modified moral qualities .................................................................................................. 52 Temperance .................................................................................................................. 54 Justness, prudence, and courage .................................................................................
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