Andrew Stone Imperial Types in Byzantine Panegyric

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Andrew Stone Imperial Types in Byzantine Panegyric Andrew Stone Imperial Types in Byzantine Panegyric The purpose of this study is to look at the ways in which six different Byzantine emperors were praised in contemporary prose encomia. The six that I have chosen – Basil I, Constantine IX Monomachos, Michael VII Doukas (son of Constantine X Doukas), Alexios I Komnenos, Manuel I Komnenos and Isaac II Angelos – are particularly interesting because they illustrate the way in which different rhetors praised different emperors, and how a virtue was made of individualising topics. It was always customary for rhetors to praise their subjects for the four primary virtues of courage, prudence, temperance and justice, after the manner of mainstream panegyrics. Family, birth or the genos and the homeland or patris were also often mentioned. This study, however, intends to look at more individualistic topics, or the emphasis of some of these standard topics above others. Even if for the most part stock topoi were used, specific themes, and individual combinations or permutations of them, could be matched to the recipient of the orations or laudandus. Then, it is by no means rarely that some encomia praise the laudandus for qualities more properly specific to him.1 I have sought to illustrate the more specific themes or combination of themes, since the orations for five of our six emperors could be regarded as more individualised than most. Essential for the imperial image above all in the case of any emperor was praise for the virtue of aristeia or heroic bravery of some kind, particularly in the battlefield. Aristeia was the hallmark of Homeric heroes and warrior kings such as Alexander the Great. Byzantine emperors, even a largely irenic one like Michael VII, were required to be seen to possess this virtue. An emperor could be praised for his victories, or, when he was not personally present on the battlefield, the peace that his armies had achieved. Let us begin with Basil I. His son Leo VI the Wise composed an epitaphios or funeral oration for his father.2 Early in the oration Leo diverges slightly from the traditional kind of opening by stating that in the case of someone who has achieved great things, emphasis on his noble ancestry is unnecessary (although he then proceeds to give an account of Basil’s forebears).3 Leo does this because of his concern with avoiding the question of the legitimacy of the new “Macedonian” dynasty since Basil was a usurper and a regicide, with Michael III’s blood on his hands. Accordingly, a modification of the standard formula was advisable, so that the rhetor could demonstrate both his father’s and his own worthiness for empire. Leo the Wise’s oration is a good place to start when considering the nature of basilikoi logoi. This is because, much more than the orations for the other five emperors that I have selected, it openly seeks to demonstrate that the author is going to conform to the legitimate template – this it does by outlining what features are appropriate for panegyric.4 This will 1 To be sure, praise for different emperors for multifarious reasons, has been noted, such as by Ruth Webb, “Praise and Persuasion: Argumentation and Audience Response in Epideictic Oratory”, in E. Jeffreys (ed.), Rhetoric in Byzantium: Papers from the Thirty-Fifth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (Aldershot 2003), 134–135. 2 Leo VI the Wise, “Oraison funèbre de Basile I”, eds. A. Vogt and S.I. Hausherr (Orientalia Christiana XXVI–1) 77, 5–79; henceforth referred to as Leo VI. 3 Leo VI, 42–46. 4 See n. 5. 174 Imperial Types in Byzantine Panegyric allow us to determine what was standard and what was particular, if we compare the epitaphios for Basil I to the encomia for other emperors. Before launching into his brief account of the appropriate features for imperial rhetoric, Leo also calls upon a topos in which the author asserts that his encomium does not employ any fiction5 – we may call this the truth topos, employed also most notably by Anna Komnene in her Alexiad (also particularising) and Michael Psellos.6 He follows by describing an accomplishment belonging to his father alone: an irrigation project drawing upon a river unspecified. Not all emperors busied themselves with such projects, so we may regard this as particularising. Individual accomplishments, when they can be found, are as important as, if not more important than, topoi, or “clichés” if you like, in encomia of this kind. After the recognition of the other conventions that should be followed by basilikoi logoi, homeland and family are recognised as necessary subjects to be included in such an oration. Once again, this is all to do with the usual legitimation of the dynasty of an emperor. 7 There is nothing to be gained by paying attention to his family. For even if the rules of encomia send us in search of the subject’s native country and family, such a rule would not be advantageous for the present undertaking; it is clear that it is those who have no way of dignifying themselves through their own achievements who need to collect material from their ancestry. Leo is seeking here to excuse his imperial father’s lack of a suitably imperial ancestry. Ordinarily, says Menander Rhetor, in his treatise on basilikoi logoi, an emperor without a distinguished homeland or family should have these topics passed over.8 In this case, however, the orator strikes another note: the superiority of being the establisher of one dynasty over being merely the continuer of another.9 Vogt’s comment on the all-important history of Basil’s reign traditionally held to be written by his grandson Constantine VII reminds us that the glorification of the founder of this dynasty continued to be a preoccupation of his successors.10 Pour l’époque qui nous occupe une oeuvre de grand importance se présente tout d’abord à nous: c’est la Vie de Basile que composa son petit-fils, empereur Constantine VII. Écrite entre 945 et 959 par un homme qui fut surtout un souverain de cabinet, car il fut historien, artiste, litterateur et point du tout soldat, elle a pour but de glorifier et perpétuer l’illustre et chère memoire du fondateur de la maison macédonienne. Next, after speaking briefly of Basil as a transplanter into the imperial garden (that is, the settling of foreigners within the bounds of the Empire),11 Leo comments on his father’s stature.12 5 Leo VI, 38.22–26. 6 See below, n. 48. 7 Leo VI, 42.24–44.4. 8 Menandros Rhetor, Basilikos Logos, edited by D.A. Russell & N.G. Wilson (Oxford 1981), 80 (Greek), 81 (English). 9 Leo VI, 44.5–7. 10 Vogt, Basile I Empeurer de Byzance 867–886 et la civilisation Byzantine à la fin du xie siecle (New York 1908, repr. 1972), v–vi; for the biography of Basil I by Constantine VII, Vom Bauernhof auf den Kaiserthron: das Lebend des Kaisers Basileios I, ed. L. Breyer (Graz-Wien-Köln 1981), henceforth called Life of Basil. .
Recommended publications
  • Byzantine Conquests in the East in the 10 Century
    th Byzantine conquests in the East in the 10 century Campaigns of Nikephoros II Phocas and John Tzimiskes as were seen in the Byzantine sources Master thesis Filip Schneider s1006649 15. 6. 2018 Eternal Rome Supervisor: Prof. dr. Maaike van Berkel Master's programme in History Radboud Univerity Front page: Emperor Nikephoros II Phocas entering Constantinople in 963, an illustration from the Madrid Skylitzes. The illuminated manuscript of the work of John Skylitzes was created in the 12th century Sicily. Today it is located in the National Library of Spain in Madrid. Table of contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 - Byzantine-Arab relations until 963 7 Byzantine-Arab relations in the pre-Islamic era 7 The advance of Islam 8 The Abbasid Caliphate 9 Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 10 The development of Byzantine Empire under Macedonian dynasty 11 The land aristocracy 12 The Muslim world in the 9th and 10th century 14 The Hamdamids 15 The Fatimid Caliphate 16 Chapter 2 - Historiography 17 Leo the Deacon 18 Historiography in the Macedonian period 18 Leo the Deacon - biography 19 The History 21 John Skylitzes 24 11th century Byzantium 24 Historiography after Basil II 25 John Skylitzes - biography 26 Synopsis of Histories 27 Chapter 3 - Nikephoros II Phocas 29 Domestikos Nikephoros Phocas and the conquest of Crete 29 Conquest of Aleppo 31 Emperor Nikephoros II Phocas and conquest of Cilicia 33 Conquest of Cyprus 34 Bulgarian question 36 Campaign in Syria 37 Conquest of Antioch 39 Conclusion 40 Chapter 4 - John Tzimiskes 42 Bulgarian problem 42 Campaign in the East 43 A Crusade in the Holy Land? 45 The reasons behind Tzimiskes' eastern campaign 47 Conclusion 49 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 51 Introduction In the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors coming from the Macedonian dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul MAGDALINO Domaines De Recherche Adresse Personnelle
    Paul MAGDALINO Professeur émérite de l’Université de St Andrews (Ecosse) Distinguished Research Professor, Koç University, Istanbul Membre de l’Académie Britannique Domaines de recherche Culture littéraire et religieuse de Constantinople Mentalités et représentation du pouvoir Urbanisme métropolitain et provincial Adresse personnelle 2 route de Volage, 01420, Corbonod, France Tél. 04 57 05 10 54 Curriculum vitae Né le 10 mai 1948 Etudes à Oxford, 1967-1977 Doctorat (DPhil) 1977 Enseignant (Maître de conférences, professeur associé, professeur), University of Saint Andrews, 1977-2009 Professeur à l’Université Koç d’Istanbul, 2004-2008 et 2010-2014 Fellow à Dumbarton Oaks, 1974-1975, 1994, 2013, 2015 Andrew Mellon Fellow, Catholic University of America, 1976-1977 A. v. Humboldt- Stipendiat, Frankfurt (1980-1981), Munich (1983), Berlin (2013) Professeur invité, Harvard University, 1995-1996 Directeur d’études invité, EPHE (1997, 2007), EHESS (2005) Chercheur invité à Dumbarton Oaks, 2006 Membre de l’Académie britannique depuis 2002 Membre correspondant de l’Institut de recherches byzantines de l’Université de Thessalonique (depuis 2010) Comités scientifiques et éditoriaux 1992 –Collection 'The Medieval Mediterranean', Brill 1993– Committee for the British Academy project on the Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire. 2001–7 Senior Fellows Committee, Dumbarton Oaks, Program in Byzantine Studies 2002 – Collection ‘Oxford Studies in Byzantium', Oxford University Press. 2006- La Pomme d’or, Geneva, chief editor 2007 – Comoité editorial de la revue Byzantinische Zeitschrift 2013-2014 – Editorial board of Koç University Press Publications Ouvrages 1976 (en collaboration avec Clive Foss) Rome and Byzantium (Oxford, 1976) 1991 Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium (Aldershot 1992) 1993 The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 (Cambridge, 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • The Macedonian Dynasty and the Expanding Empire, Ninth–Tenth Centuries
    chapter 6 The Macedonian Dynasty and the Expanding Empire, Ninth–Tenth Centuries Basil i’s Use of the Elect Nation Concept Basil i seized the throne after having murdered the legitimate emperor Mi- chael iii on 24 September 867.1 In spite of this inglorious rise to power, Basil founded a dynasty which ruled the Byzantine empire for nearly 200 years. The Macedonian dynasty’s legitimacy relied to a great extent on the successful basis of legitimacy which Basil i formed and upon his own personal image, as transmitted through the Macedonian imperial ideology. This chapter will focus on the reign of Basil i. The main thesis of the chapter is that Basil gained his legitimacy as a ruler through the use of the Byzantine enc and its incorporation into the imperial ideology, creating a bond between the ruler and the Byzantine population: both were promoted as two facets and collaborating guardians of the Elect Nation identity, as formed after the Triumph of Orthodoxy in 843. Basil’s Image and Its Relationship to ot Models The image that Basil promoted and its relationship to ot models have been studied extensively by scholars such as Paul Magdalino,2 Gilbert Dagron3 and Leslie Brubaker.4This image was intended to legitimize Basil as a God-sent righ- teous king who rightly succeeded the former emperor, who had gone astray and whom God wished to supplant. Michael iii plays in this narrative the part 1 Basil was crowned by Michael iii as co-emperor on may 26, 866. When Basil felt that his position might be threatened and that Michael might supplant him, he murdered Michael and became sole emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nephew of Michael Cerularios , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 22:1 (1981:Spring) P.89
    SNIPES, KENNETH, A Letter of Michael Psellus to Constantine the Nephew of Michael Cerularios , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 22:1 (1981:Spring) p.89 A Letter of Michael Psellos to Constantine the Nephew of Michael Cerularios Kenneth Snipes N AN ARTICLE listing the unpublished letters of Michael Psellos, I Jean Darrouzes noted that a small group of six letters attrib­ uted to Psellos is found in three manuscripts: Athas, Mov~ Meyiar17c; Aavpac; 1721 (M 30) fols. 86-98; Bucharest, Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania 737 (587) fols. 214-49; and Cam­ bridge, Trinity College 1485 (0.10.33) fols. 192-203v. 1 In addi­ tion to the three manuscripts known to Darrouzes, these six letters are found also in Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Supplement grec 1334 fols. 108-23v.2 Three of the six (the first, fourth, and sixth) were correctly identified by Darrouzes as letters already published by Sathas or Kurtz-Drexl. 3 Darrouzes, followed by Paul Canart in a later, more comprehensive list of the unpublished letters of Psellos, 4 believed that the other three letters (the second, third, and fifth) had not yet been published. In the case of the third and fifth letters, however, both scholars have been misled by slight differ­ ences between the word order of their incipits and the incipits of letters 1 and 84 in the large collection of Psellos' letters edited by Sathas. 5 The fifth letter, for example, begins 'Eyw be qJf.11'/V, lepd Kai rpzn6(}1Jre Kerpa).lj, rather than 'Eyw tliv, w lepa Kai rpzn6()17re Kerpa).,~ as in the version in Parisinus gr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi
    The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi A struggle for supremacy 867 - 1071 J.J.P. Vrijaldenhoven S0921084 Van Speijkstraat 76-II 2518 GE ’s Gravenhage Tel.: 0628204223 E-mail: [email protected] Master Thesis Europe 1000 - 1800 Prof. Dr. P. Stephenson and Prof. Dr. P.C.M. Hoppenbrouwers History University of Leiden 30-07-2014 CONTENTS GLOSSARY 2 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST STRUGGLE OF THE DYNATOI AND THE STATE 867 – 959 16 STATE 18 Novel (A) of Leo VI 894 – 912 18 Novels (B and C) of Romanos I Lekapenos 922/928 and 934 19 Novels (D, E and G) of Constantine VII Porphyrogenetos 947 - 959 22 CHURCH 24 ARISTOCRACY 27 CONCLUSION 30 CHAPTER 2 LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE PERIOD OF THE WARRIOR EMPERORS 959 - 1025 32 STATE 34 Novel (F) of Romanos II 959 – 963. 34 Novels (H, J, K, L and M) of Nikephoros II Phokas 963 – 969. 34 Novels (N and O) of Basil II 988 – 996 37 CHURCH 42 ARISTOCRACY 45 CONCLUSION 49 CHAPTER 3 THE CHANGING STATE AND THE DYNATOI 1025 – 1071 51 STATE 53 CHURCH 60 ARISTOCRACY 64 Land register of Thebes 65 CONCLUSION 68 CONCLUSION 70 APPENDIX I BYZANTINE EMPERORS 867 - 1081 76 APPENDIX II MAPS 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 1 Glossary Aerikon A judicial fine later changed into a cash payment. Allelengyon Collective responsibility of a tax unit to pay each other’s taxes. Anagraphis / Anagrapheus Fiscal official, or imperial tax assessor, who held a role similar as the epoptes. Their major function was the revision of the tax cadastre. It is implied that they measured land and on imperial order could confiscate lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Empire Roman Empire
    NON- FICTION UNABRIDGED Edward Gibbon THE Decline and Fall ––––––––––––– of the ––––––––––––– Roman Empire Read by David Timson Volum e I V CD 1 1 Chapter 37 10:00 2 Athanasius introduced into Rome... 10:06 3 Such rare and illustrious penitents were celebrated... 8:47 4 Pleasure and guilt are synonymous terms... 9:52 5 The lives of the primitive monks were consumed... 9:42 6 Among these heroes of the monastic life... 11:09 7 Their fiercer brethren, the formidable Visigoths... 10:35 8 The temper and understanding of the new proselytes... 8:33 Total time on CD 1: 78:49 CD 2 1 The passionate declarations of the Catholic... 9:40 2 VI. A new mode of conversion... 9:08 3 The example of fraud must excite suspicion... 9:14 4 His son and successor, Recared... 12:03 5 Chapter 38 10:07 6 The first exploit of Clovis was the defeat of Syagrius... 8:43 7 Till the thirtieth year of his age Clovis continued... 10:45 8 The kingdom of the Burgundians... 8:59 Total time on CD 2: 78:43 2 CD 3 1 A full chorus of perpetual psalmody... 11:18 2 Such is the empire of Fortune... 10:08 3 The Franks, or French, are the only people of Europe... 9:56 4 In the calm moments of legislation... 10:31 5 The silence of ancient and authentic testimony... 11:39 6 The general state and revolutions of France... 11:27 7 We are now qualified to despise the opposite... 13:38 Total time on CD 3: 78:42 CD 4 1 One of these legislative councils of Toledo..
    [Show full text]
  • The Taktika of Leo VI and the Byzantine Eastern Frontier During the Ninth and Tenth Centuries[*]
    a a SPICILEGIUM Online Journal of Japan Society for Medieval European Studies, Vol. 1 (2017) * * * * * * a a The Taktika of Leo VI and the Byzantine Eastern Frontier During the Ninth and Tenth Centuries[*] Kosuke Nakada [*] I should like to thank the editors and anon- Abstract ymous reviewers of Spicilegium for comment- ing on an earlier draft of this article. I should also like to thank Dr Koji Murata for revising Recent studies on the political and military history in the reign of Leo VI (r. 886–912) tend to my draft. emphasise his role as a central authoritative figure. However, close scrutiny on the emperor’s At the outset, I would like to mention that I have already published another article on the military treatise called the Taktika and collation with the actual situation offers a different pic- Taktika in Japanese (“The Taktika of Leo VI and ture concerning his view on the warfare in the eastern frontier. In chapter XVIII of the Taktika the Byzantine Eastern Frontier in his Reign,” on the manoeuvres against the raiding Arabs, Leo emphasises the importance of autonomous Mediterraneus: Annual Report of the Collegium Mediterranistarum 36 [2013], pp. 3–24), in regional defence undertaken by local forces. When understood collectively with other sources, which my focus was on the nature of the whole this can be an attestation of Leo’s willingness to delegate power to potentates in order to resist text as a military treatise, and the meaning of the incessant raids more effectively, despite the possible centrifugal effects. This sort of interac- the chapter on the Arabs.
    [Show full text]
  • 08 Antonios Vratimos.Vp
    Zbornik radova Vizantolo{kog instituta HßÇH, 2012 Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines XßIX, 2012 UDC: 94:355Š(495.02)"11":929 DOI:10.2298/ZRVI1249145V ANTONIOS VRATIMOS (Yeditepe University, Istanbul) IN THE CHRONOGRAPHIA, IS MICHAEL PSELLOS’ CONCERN FOR THE ARMY ENTIRELY DISINTERESTED? The present article analyzes Psellos’ commentary on the disarray of the ByzantinearmyintheChronographia. The topic is examined in relation to the polit- ical circumstances of the time, and the author’s own particular situation. It is possi- ble to conclude that much of his commentary on the military in the Chronographia is disingenuous and is influenced by his own position and interests. Key words: Michael Psellos, Chronographia, Military, Concern for the Army, Anthony Kaldellis. Michael Psellos’ Chronographia, one of the finest works of Byzantine liter- ature, still attracts the interest of modern scholars who try to decode the elusive meanings and motivations that may lay hidden beneath the surface of the text.1 Political unrest and endless court intrigues would induce an opinion and a com- mentary conducive to his own survival. Truth, in this respect, may have been sub- jugated and commentary may have been formed by his own interests. It is true that government control changed hands many times after Basil II’s death (1025). Thus, Psellos had to write his book in a way that would not allow judgements to be made about his political beliefs. Above all, he had to convince his audience of the sincerity of his patriotism. His claim to be filorwmaioj and filopatrij, admirer of the Romans and lover of his country ‰‡6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Byzantine Empire.Pdf
    1907 4. 29 & 30 BEDFORD STREET, LONDON . BIBLIOTECA AIEZAMANTULUI CULTURAL 66)/ NICOLAE BALCESCU" TEMPLE PRIMERS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE bY N. JORGA Translated from the French by ALLEN H. POWLES, M.A. All rights reserved AUTHOR'S PREFACE THIs new history of Byzantium, notwithstanding its slender proportions, has been compiled from the original sources. Second-hand materials have only been used to compare the results obtained by the author with those which his pre- decessors have reached. The aim in. view has not been to present one more systematic chronology of Byzantine history, considered as a succession of tragic anecdotes standing out against a permanent background.I have followed the development of Byzantine life in all its length and breadth and wealth, and I have tried to give a series of pictures rather than the customary dry narrative. It may be found possibly that I have given insufficient information on the Slav and Italian neighbours and subjects of the empire.I have thought it my duty to adopt the point of view of the Byzantines themselves and to assign to each nation the place it occupied in the minds of the politicians and thoughtful men of Byzantium.This has been done in such a way as not to prejudicate the explanation of the Byzantine transformations. Much less use than usual has been made of the Oriental sources.These are for the most part late, and inaccuracy is the least of their defects.It is clear that our way of looking v vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE at and appreciatingeventsismuch morethat of the Byzantines than of the Arabs.In the case of these latter it is always necessary to adopt a liberal interpretation, to allow for a rhetoric foreign to our notions, and to correct not merely the explanation, but also the feelings which initiated it.We perpetually come across a superficial civilisation and a completely different race.
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine” Crowns: Between East, West and the Ritual
    Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminář dějin umění Bc. Teodora Georgievová “Byzantine” Crowns: between East, West and the Ritual Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Doc. Ivan Foletti, M.A. 2019 Prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu vypracovala samostatne s využitím uvedených prameňov a literatúry. Podpis autora práce First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor doc. Ivan Foletti for the time he spent proofreading this thesis, for his valuable advice and comments. Without his help, I would not be able to spend a semester at the University of Padova and use its libraries, which played a key role in my research. I also thank Valentina Cantone, who kindly took me in during my stay and allowed me to consult with her. I’m grateful to the head of the Department of Art History Radka Nokkala Miltová for the opportunity to extend the deadline and finish the thesis with less stress. My gratitude also goes to friends and colleagues for inspiring discussions, encouragement and unavailable study materials. Last but not least, I must thank my parents, sister and Jakub for their patience and psychological support. Without them it would not be possible to complete this work. Table of Contents: Introduction 6 What are Byzantium and Byzantine art 7 Status quaestionis 9 Coronation ritual 9 The votive crown of Leo VI 11 The Holy Crown of Hungary 13 The crown of Constantine IX Monomachos 15 The crown of Constance of Aragon 17 1. Byzantine crowns as objects 19 1.1 The votive crown of Leo VI 19 1.1.1 Crown of Leo VI: a votive offering? 19 1.1.2 Iconography and composition of the crown 20 1.1.3 Contacts between Venice and Constantinople, and the history of Leo VI’s crown 21 1.1.4 Role of the votive crowns in sacral space 23 .
    [Show full text]
  • Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) and Dristra (1087)
    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-10 Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) and Dristra (1087) Marek Meško (Masaryk University) ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Abstract Alexios I Komnenos belongs to the most important emperors of the Byzantine history. Yet, in many respects, this period still remains an underdeveloped field of study. This paper attempts to review one of the aspects of his reign, namely his capabilities as a military commander since he owed much of his success in restoring the fortunes of Byzantium to his strong military back- ground. In order to succeed in the final evaluation, most of the relevant military events during Alexios Komnenos’ life and career in which he took personal part will be briefly reviewed and taken into consideration. Particular cases where Alexios Komnenos was allegedly responsible for a serious military defeat will be discussed in more detail (e.g. battle of Dyrrachion in 1081 and battle of Dristra in 1087) in order to assess whether it was solely Alexios Komnenos’ re- sponsibility, or whether the causes of defeat were not result of his faulty decision-making as a military commander. Keywords Byzantine Empire; Alexios Komnenos; military; battles; medieval warfare 143 Marek Meško Some Thoughts on the Military Capabilities of Alexios I Komnenos: Battles of Dyrrachion (1081) … Introduction The Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) is a very well-known charac- ter of the Byzantine history. At the same time, he is famous as the emperor who sat on the throne of Byzantium when the crusaders of the first crusade headed east to liber- ate Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Opposition to Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118)
    The Political Opposition to Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118) Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Dr. phil., vorgelegt dem Fachbereich 07 Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz von João Vicente de Medeiros Publio Dias aus São Paulo, Brasilien 2020 Dekan: 1. Gutachter: 2. Gutachter: Tag des Prüfungskolloquiums: 18. Juli 2018 Dedicado a Dai Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 1 Note on translation and transliteration .................................................................................. 2 i. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 i.i. Bibliographic Review ...................................................................................................... 4 i.ii Conceptual and Theoretical Issues on Political Opposition in Byzantium ...................... 7 i.iii Sources .......................................................................................................................... 18 i.iii.i Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios .......................................................... 24 i.iii.ii The Alexiad of Anna Komnene ................................................................................. 26 i.iii.iii The Epitome Historion of Ioannes Zonaras .............................................................. 30 i.iii.iv The Chronike
    [Show full text]