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Operation Pillar of Defense 1 Operation Pillar of Defense Operation Pillar of Defense 1 Operation Pillar of Defense Operation Pillar of Defense Part of Gaza–Israel conflict Iron Dome launches during operation Pillar of Defense Date 14–21 November 2012 Location Gaza Strip Israel [1] [1] 30°40′N 34°50′E Coordinates: 30°40′N 34°50′E Result Ceasefire, both sides claim victory • According to Israel, the operation "severely impaired Hamas's launching capabilities." • According to Hamas, their rocket strikes led to the ceasefire deal • Cessation of rocket fire from Gaza into Israel. • Gaza fishermen allowed 6 nautical miles out to sea for fishing, reduced back to 3 nautical miles after 22 March 2013 Belligerents Israel Gaza Strip • Hamas – Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades • PIJ • PFLP-GC • PFLP • PRC • Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Commanders and leaders Operation Pillar of Defense 2 Benjamin Netanyahu Ismail Haniyeh Prime Minister (Prime Minister of the Hamas Authority) Ehud Barak Mohammed Deif Minister of Defense (Commander of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades) Benny Gantz Ahmed Jabari (KIA) Chief of General Staff (Deputy commander of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades) Amir Eshel Ramadan Shallah Air Force Commander (Secretary-General of Palestinian Islamic Jihad) Yoram Cohen Abu Jamal Director of Israel Security Agency (Shin Bet) (spokesperson of the Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades) Strength Israeli Southern Command and up to 75,000 reservists 10,000 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades 8,000 Islamic Jihad Unknown for the rest 10,000 Security forces. Casualties and losses 2 soldiers killed. Palestinian figures: 20 soldiers wounded. 55 militants killed 29 militants wounded Israeli figures: 120 combatants killed 101 combatants killed (ITIC claim) 62 combatants killed (B'Tselem claim) Palestinian civilian losses: 105 killed , 971 wounded (Palestinian claim) 57 killed (Israeli claim) 103 killed (UN preliminary estimate) 68 killed (ITIC claim) 87 killed (B'Tselem claim) 8 Palestinians executed by the al-Qassam Brigades (alleged collaborators) Israeli civilian losses: 4 killed, 219 injured ʿAmúd ʿAnán, literally: "Pillar of Cloud") was an eight-day Israel ,עַמּוּד עָנָן :Operation Pillar of Defense (Hebrew Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, officially launched on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas. The operation was preceded by a period with a number of mutual Israeli–Palestinian responsive attacks. According to the Israeli government, the operation began in response to the launch of over 100 rockets at Israel during a 24-hour period, an attack by Gaza militants on an Israeli military patrol jeep within Israeli borders, and an explosion caused by IEDs, which occurred near Israeli soldiers, on the Israeli side of a tunnel passing under the Israeli West Bank barrier. The Israeli government stated that the aims of the military operation were to halt rocket attacks against civilian targets originating from the Gaza Strip and to disrupt the capabilities of militant organizations. The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation. They cited the blockade of the Gaza Strip and the occupation of West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as the reason for rocket attacks. During the course of the operation, the IDF claimed to have struck more than 1,500 sites in the Gaza Strip, including rocket launchpads, weapon depots, government facilities, and apartment blocks. Gaza officials said 133 Palestinians had been killed in the conflict: 79 militants, 53 civilians, and a policeman. They estimated that 840 Palestinians were wounded. Many families were displaced. One airstrike killed ten members of the al-Dalu family. Some Palestinian casualties were caused by misfired Palestinian rockets landing inside the Gaza Strip. Eight Palestinians were executed by members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades for alleged collaboration with Israel.[2][3] Operation Pillar of Defense 3 During the operation, Hamas, the al-Qassam Brigades and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) further intensified their rocket attacks on Israeli cities and towns, in an operation code named Operation Stones of Baked Clay (Arabic: ḥijārat sijīl) by the al-Qassam Brigades, firing over 1,456 rockets into Israel, and an additional 142 which ,ﺣﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺠﻴﻞ fell inside Gaza itself. Palestinian militant groups used weapons including Iranian-made Fajr-5, Russian-made Grad rockets, Qassams, and mortars.Wikipedia:Citation needed Some of these weapons were fired into Rishon LeZion, Beersheba, Ashdod, Ashkelon, and other population centers. Tel Aviv was hit for the first time since the 1991 Gulf War, and rockets were fired at Jerusalem. The rockets killed three Israeli civilians in a direct hit on a home in Kiryat Malachi. By the end of the operation, six Israelis had been killed, two hundred forty were injured, and more than two hundred had been treated for anxiety by Magen David Adom.[4] About 421 rockets were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system, another 142 fell on Gaza itself, 875 fell in open areas, and 58 hit urban areas in Israel. A bus in Tel Aviv was bombed by an Arab-Israeli, injuring 28 civilians. Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other Western countries expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, or condemned the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[5][6] Iran, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation. The United Nations Security Council held an emergency session on the situation, but did not reach a decision. After days of negotiations between Hamas and Israel, a ceasefire mediated by Egypt was announced on 21 November.[7] Both sides claimed victory. Israel said that it had achieved its aim of crippling Hamas's rocket-launching ability,[8] while Hamas stated that Israel's option of invading Gaza had ended.[9] According to Human Rights Watch, both sides violated the laws of war during the fighting. Etymology Further information: Pillar of Cloud Although the official English name of the operation is Pillar of Defense, the Hebrew name translates as Pillar of Cloud. Eytan Buchman, head of the IDF's North American media desk, explained that this usage refers to the Pillar of Cloud in the Bible that protected the Israelites during the Exodus and guided them to the Promised Land (Exodus 13:21–22 [10]). The Hebrew Bible and the New Testament elaborate on the story, specifying that the Pillar of Cloud shielded the Israelites from the Egyptians' arrows and catapults. The analogy is thus to the Israel Defense Forces, which shielded Israeli citizens from rocket attacks. Hamas labelled its actions as "Operation Stones of Shale" (Qur'an 105:4). Background Main article: Gaza–Israel conflict Further information: Blockade of the Gaza Strip, List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2012 and March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes The Palestinian-Israeli conflict in its current form dates to the split in the Palestinian Authority in 2006, which precipitated an armed conflict between Hamas and Fatah. By June, 2007, Hamas had taken over the Government in Gaza and ousted its rival Fatah.[11] Following the takeover, Israel and Egypt largely sealed their border crossings with Gaza, making Gaza's economic and humanitarian position precarious.[12] The International Committee of the Red Cross declared that Israel's blockade of Gaza constituted "collective punishment" and was a violation of international humanitarian law, and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization report on Gaza also concluded that the blockade was illegal. A UN Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Inquiry described Israel's naval enforcement of the blockade as legal and appropriate. Israel withdrew its civilian and military personnel in 2005. However, the United States, United Nations, and Arab League consider Israel to be an occupying power in the territory, as it controls the Strip's air and sea borders, as well as its contact with the West Bank. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist armed group designated as a terrorist organization by the United States,[13] the European Union, Operation Pillar of Defense 4 Canada, and Japan.[14] It has called for the destruction of Israel since 1988.[15] Russia, Turkey, and Norway do not designate Hamas as a terrorist organization. Tensions between Israel and the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip continued as the two sides experienced periodic fighting, which saw a major escalation in late 2008. Israel launched Operation Cast Lead in three weeks of air and ground assaults. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the action was a response to repeated rocket and mortars fire into Israel starting in December 2008, rising to 2,378 attacks over an eleven-month period leading to the operation.[16] In the aftermath of the operation, there was a significant reduction in rocket and mortar fire from Gaza into Israel. After the 2008–2009 escalation the two sides observed an informal and uneasy cease-fire, although rocket fire from Gaza never completely stopped and Israel conducted raids in Gaza. The IDF noted a steady increase in the number of rockets fired into southern Israel by militant groups in Gaza. By 2011, there were 680, and in 2012, 797 (through 13 November).Wikipedia:Citation needed The attacks repeatedly forced many of the estimated one million civilians in southern Israel to head into bomb shelters and close their schools.[17] Hamas demanded that Israel end the naval blockade of Gaza's coastline as a condition to end rocket fire. According to Israeli human rights group, B'Tselem, the Israeli security forces killed 273 Palestinians in the Gaza strip between the end of Operation Cast Lead and 30 October 2012, 113 of whom were civilians not taking part in hostilities.
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