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French and Tây Bôi in Vietnam :3't[ ' French and Tây Bôi in Vietnam: A study of la,nguage policy, practice and perceptions Susan Love Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the Centre for European Studies and General Linguistics University of Adelaide August 2000 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Tây Bòi 1 7.2 Methodology 2 1.3 Language policy 4 7.4 The current situatiorr 5 1.5 The Vietnamese language 6 1.6 Some definitions and terminology 7 1.7 Overview of the thesis 13 2 Theory and methodology L5 2.I Practical data-gathering 16 2.2 Variation studies 22 2.3 Pidgin and creole theory 36 2.4 The Ideology of French . 43 3 Language policy and usage 49 3.1 Vietnam before European contact 50 3.2 The first Europeans in Vietnam 51 3.3 The colonial era . 53 3.4 The end of the colonial era 76 3.5 Reunification 81 3.6 Summary 83 4 Tây Bòi 85 4.I Introductiorr . B5 ll Contents 4.2 Linguistic studies B7 4.3 Travel narratives 103 4.4 Summary 115 5 La Flancophonie LL7 5.1 The begirrlings t77 5.2 Francophonie internationally 118 5.3 Francophonie in Vietnam 725 6 Analysis of the fieldwork 143 6.1 The research trip . .743 6.2 Results . 148 6.3 Conclusions ...170 7 Conclusions 173 7.1 Tây Boi t75 7.2 On Francophonie 779 7.3 On French in Vietnam 182 7.4 Summary 184 A Sample questionnarre 187 B Tbanscripts 189 C Hanoi then and now 207 D FYancophonie brochures 203 E Tourist brochures and flyers 208 Bibliography 2L9 List of Figures 1 Vietnam before 1860 . 2 Colonial Vietnam: French Indochina 3 Vietnam today IX C.1 Colonial Hanoi 20t C2 Hanoi today . 202 D.1 CFC brochure 203 D2 CNIDST brochure 204 D.3 Alliance Française programme 205 D.4 AUF brochure 206 D.5 CABF newsletter 207 E.1 Cyclo Bar flyer 208 82 Café des Arts flyer 209 E.3 Ho Chi Minh's 'Relic Area'brochure (outside) 2I0 8.4 Ho Chi Mirh's 'Relic Area'brochure (inside) 2tt 8.5 Ngoc So'n Temple brochure (outside) 2t2 8.6 Ngoc So'n Temple brochure (inside) 2t3 8.7 Temple of Literature brochure (outside) 2t4 E.8 Temple of Literature brochure (inside) 2t5 E.9 Army Museum brochure (outside) 216 E.10 Army Museum brochure (inside) 2I7 lll Abstract The field of this thesis is the policy and practice of French language use in Vietnam, with particular reference to Tây Bòi, u pidgin French spoken during the colonial era. The work will examine the varieties of French, the circumstances of their origins and development, how they are used and how they could contribute to the study of the meeting of different languages and cultures, especially with regard to the interaction of French with other languages. The example of Tây gòi witt illustrate some of the overlooked results of language planning policies and how practical usage differs from the ideals. Research was conducted using material from various sources, including the limited number of linguistic studìes on Tây Bòi, hterature on colonial French policy and accounts of that era, and later works on Francophonie specifically on Vietnam and throughout the French-speaking world. Method- ological approaches include aspects of sociolinguistic investigation, analysis of communicative necessity, the power, identity and prestige associated with language, and pidgin and creole theory. A study trip to Vietnam was nec- essary for researching archival records not available in Australia, as well as gathering linguistic data from French speakers and examining attitudes towards French across people of different generations and backgrounds' Conclusions are drawn from this wide-ranging study on the continuing efforts ofFrance to promote its language and culture overseas and the changes in emphasis and policy which have occurred since the colonial era. The study of contact between languages and cultures and of its results, including Tây Bòi, can prove valuable for understanding and developing an improved linguistic policy as well as international relations. Declaration This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being available for loan and photocopying. u tæ f øf Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the assistance and input of Professor Peter Mühlhäusler and Dr. Blandine Stefanson as supervisors of this thesis. I am grateful to the Centre for European Studies and General Linguistics for the grant of the PW Rice Research Travel Award to provide funding for the field trip. My thanks to all those who contributed to the research in Hanoi, partic- ularly Mme Pham Thi Lieu of the Hanoi Cultural University, M. Mai Phan Düng of the AIF, M. Christophe Villemer of the AUF, Dr. Ta Ba Hung and staff of the CNIDST, staff and students at the CFC, stafl at the Alliance Française, the National Library and the National Archives Centre One, and to Kien, Huy and Quang, whose assistance and friendship made the trip a more rewarding experience. Special thanks to Dr. Peter Clayton and Guy Olding for comments and support. Typeset in Computer Modern by the author and Damien Warman with I4.[þX, with thanks to Brandon Pincombe. Printed on acid free archival paper CH INA YUNI\ÀN K1VÀNGSI I(WANGTUNç 939 t HAINÀN{ -t a f-f) r069 s t ÀM 150 147r CÀMßÕÐ}A 1611- r{q7 I I I I I t 1ó98-17s9 1780 Figure 1: Vietnam before 1860, showing the unification of the country under the Vietnamese emperors (DeFrancis 1977 p. 39). NQ ug 0 $ I 6o 0e 2 7Õ 3 lto + I cochlNcHlNE 5 0 ttÕ 200 f0s" Figure 2: Vietnam during the colonial era: French Indochina c. 1920s, show- ing population density, major cities, administrative divisions (small dashes) and the borders of French Indochina (large dashes) (Vidal de la Blache and Gallois 1929 p. 467). Guil n fúri,:r Sou l/r f! China Se¡ Galt V¡etnam I'nñ^Éno¡ål Þolnd¡ry c! - P.orn¿. bo(nd¡ry - * N¡r'oña c¡p{ñl ê P.ovrnca ÒnPrtr 0'3 l"..-J'..'+ o s rlÐ M¡rl E+ú4 au4ei &. Figure 3: Vietnam today (http: I lwww.medteams.com/) Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis looks at different aspects of the French language and its varieties in Vietnam with the aim of linking the studies of linguistics, language pol- icy and popular use. The history of linguistic contact between France and Vietnam is studìed in order to present an analysis of change and evolution in these factors. Tây Si, Vi"tnum's pidgin French, is taken as an example of the contact between languages and cultures and how pidgin languages tend to arise in spite of, and sometimes as an unexpected result of, the plans of colonial powers. This research is complemented with fleldwork conducted in Hanoi to assess first hand the current linguistic situation. 1_.1 Tây Bôi Tây Bòi is the French-based pidgin language which existed in Vietnam during the period of French colonisation (around 1860-1954). It is a little-studied language which served a fairly restricted purpose as means of communication between coloniser and colonised, lacking the social conditions to develop into a creole. It was spoken by those Vietnamese who were in regular contact with the French and needed to make themselves understood, but had no education in French. These tended to be domestics, low-ranked public servants and 1 2 L.2. Methodology soldiers - those who did receive a French education and spoke the standard variety were able to obtain higher administrative positions. French colonists would also use it in speaking with this class of Vietnamese. Because of its usage in this manner, once the French left Vietnam and the immediate communication need was no longer there, Tây Bôi fell into decline. As well as a study of previous works, linguistic and otherwise, a research trip was conducted to Hanoi in January 2000. One of the aims of fieldwork for this paper was to establish if and under what circumstances tây nòi still exists, and if so, by whom it is used and what purposes it serves. Other aspects were to examine the varieties of French, the circumstances of their origins and development, how they are used and how they could contribute to the study of meeting of different languages and cultures and of low-status types of language. Also compared are the attitudes towards French of the generation which lived under French rule and those which followed, with consideration as to the effect of the Vietnam War and American occupation on the country, and to the present globalisation of trnglish. The focus is mainly on the speech of Vietnamese people with French as a second language, who use their French to communicate with native French speakers or others who do not share a common native language. This brings in a study of 'foreigner talk' - the type of language (in this case French) spoken by non-native speakers and the way it is stereotyped in popular culture or in literature (Ferguson 1975). In this respect, any French expatriates or native speakers who used, or were aware of, this sort of language are also involved. L.2 Methodology The different elements of this research require the adaptation of a number of methodologies.
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