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Presence of Neandertals on the Island Agios Efstratios and Probable Networks of Contacts in the Northeastern Aegean During the Middle Palaeolithic

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Presence of Neandertals on the Island Agios Efstratios and Probable Networks of Contacts in the Northeastern Aegean During the Middle Palaeolithic Annals of Archaeology Volume 1, Issue 1, 2018, PP 48-58 ISSN: 2639-3662 Presence of Neandertals on the Island Agios Efstratios and Probable Networks of Contacts in the Northeastern Aegean during the Middle Palaeolithic A.Sampson1, E. Kabouroglou2 M. Kaczanowska3, J.K. Kozlowski4, 1University of the Aegean, Greece 2Ephorate of Paleoanthropology and Speleology, Ministry of Culture, Greece 3,4Institute of Archaeology, Jaggelonian University of Krakow, Poland *Corresponding Author: A.Sampson1,University of the Aegean, Greece. ABSTRACT Eight years ago, on a tour at the northern Aegean Sea, I spotted one Paleolithic site with stone industry of Middle Palaeolithic and three Neolithic sites on the small and isolated island of Agios Efstratios. At two subsequent transits on the island, a fairly large material of lithic artifacts, shells and bones was collected. In order to clarify the exact period and type of habitation, Prof. J. K. Kozlowski and M. Kaczanowskavisited the site while later, with the cooperation of the geologist E. Kabouroglou, a surface survey was carried out throughout the island, particularly in the northern part of the island,at the Alonitsi areawhere the Palaeolithic site is. The geological formation and the volcanic activity of the island were studied in relation to the neighboring island of Lemnos, while special consideration was given to the isostatic history of the area, taking into account the position of the island on the Northern Aegean-Anatolian fault. The stratigraphy and stone industry of the site are examined in relation to the Palaeolithic sites that have been found in recent years on the neighboring islands of Lemnos and Imbros, as well as on the Kallipolis peninsula, suggesting a very early communication network. INTRODUCTION having a direction E-W. At least 10 of them were counted. Τhe Geological History of the Island The main geological formation that covers the The island looks like a rectangular triangle (Fig. island about 90% is pyroclastic formations that 1) with the right angle at Cape Thascoli enclose tephras and irregularly scattered and southeast of Alonitsi and the smallest acute uncountable pieces of volcanic rocks with a corner at its southern tip in Cape Tripiti. It is general inclination to west of 10°-15° but located at the western end of the northern locally 20°-25°. Their probable age is Oligocene branch of the Anatolian fault that crosses across - lower Miocene (18 - 23 million years, IGME Asian Turkey (Papanikolaou 1986). It is a 1985) and belong to the volcanic arc that acted seismogenic fault of horizontal sliding, with the this period north of the Central Aegean movement of the northern part to the east and including the islands of Lesvos, Chios, Agios the southern to the west. This fault gives very Efstratios, Psathoura of Northern Sporades and destructive earthquakes to Turkey because its Euboea ( Ktenas 1928, 226; Papastamatiou main branch there is in the continent, while in 1961; Fytikas et al. 1984; Innocenti et al. 2005). its western extension to the Aegean is divided in three parts growing in underwater area. Its The pyroclastic formations are overlaid by seismic activities in the Northern Sporades, yellow organogenic lime stones in angular Agios Efstratios, Lemnos, Lesvos and other unconformity which locally convert to travertine regions of Greece are relatively degenerate limestones. These formations οf Miocene age (Papanikolaou 1986). are marine (shallow marine environment) as evidenced by the fossils they contain Morphologically, the island’s relief is intense (Elasmobranches, Gastropods, Pitchers, etc.). although it is hilly with the highest hills on its Their appearance is very limited to the south of eastern side and narrow valleys mainly in the capeThaskoli at the site of the Osios Efstratios west, usually along faulting surfaces. Most cave. This small cave (about 8m long) is opened torrents at the western side are on the faults in this formation. There is a recent lousy crack Annals of Archaeology V1● I1● 2018 48 Presence of Neandertals on the Island Agios Efstratios and Probable Networks of Contacts in the Northeastern Aegean during the Middle Palaeolithic in the roof with a 10-20 cm opening across the affected by north-west-southeast directed faults cave which has created conditions of instability almost parallel to the current coastline (Fig. 1). in the roof and the walls. It is probably related Its western side is affected by breaks almost with the earthquake of 1968. To the above perpendicular to the present coastline, which act formations, marls, sandstones, clays and as guides to the direction of the watercourses sandstone-conglomerates, mainly of lakes to directed towards the sea. brackish phases, occupy the northeastern part of the island and cover about 10% of the surface (Fig. 12). The thickness of the formation is estimated to be approximately 120-150 m while their age is most likely Pliocene. The same sediments appear on the smallisl and of Ag. Eleni (Fig. 1), which is just off the Cape Thaskoli, about 800 m to the north, while no pyroclastic rocks are found on it. Obviously the Pliocene sediments extend beneath the sea northwest and northeast of the valley of Alonitsi and reach the islet. Figure2. The Palaeolithic site at Alonitsi. N: The Neolithic sites 2 and 3. Figure1. Map of Agios Efstratios with the tectonic faults. LN: Late Neolithic sites in the Alonitsi area. Finally, the newer rock formations are alluvial Figure3. General view of Alonitsi hill. In the deposits, which occur locally to a small extent background, the rocky island Ag. Eleni or Velia. along the small valleys and in coastal formations Along those faults, short elongated valleys are when the terrestrial section is smooth and formed. Among the two cracks in its western slightly inclined. Their biggest appearance is in part is formed the largest valley in which the the northeastern part of the island, where a modern settlement of the island is built fertile valley is developing along the coastal (Giannou 1983). The most disturbed area is in zone to which the prehistoric site of Alonitsi hill the northeastern part of the island (Fig. 3, 14) belongs (Fig. 2, 3). Most of this valley is where the above-mentioned Pliocene- covered by dunes. They are mainly made of Pleistocene sediments appear (Pavlides et al. non-bonded clay-sand materials, conglomerates, 1993). The area is dominated by NW - SE fine sand (when it is of aeolian origin) or normal or left - handed faults that are associated compact sandstone-conglomerates when they with quadrilateral landslides of the Quaternary. are beach rocks; their age is Holocene (from They start south from Agios Athanasios at the 10,000 years to the present). northern end of the island and end up at the Tectonics northeastern end where the Cape Thaskoli is. Due to these fissures, the northeastern part The morphology of the island is influenced by (dominated by the Pliocene sediments) is the old and recent tectonic action on it (Τaxidis sinking in relation to the rest part of the island. 2003). The northeastern coastal zone is directly In the same area right-side lateral sliding faults 49 Annals of Archaeology V1● I1● 2018 Presence of Neandertals on the Island Agios Efstratios and Probable Networks of Contacts in the Northeastern Aegean during the Middle Palaeolithic with a direction NE - SW appear (Pavlides et al. into which were found the Palaeolithic 1990; Pavlides & Tranos 1991). artifacts, seashells, cobles ≤ 5cm of varied lithological composition resulting from The Alonitsi Area erosion of the immediately underlying It is a lowland area that flows through small formation. To the northeast, it is destabilized torrents and has an extensive sandy beach in and the underlying sandstone- conglomerate front of it (Fig. 2, 3). In the past, it was horizon appears. intensively cultivated with vines and grain, hence the name Alonitsi (“aloni” in Greek Stones and boulders from the earlier volcanic means threshold). rocks of mainly andesite composition (Fig. 5) are found on it locally. Because there are no It is located in the northeastern part of the corresponding volcanic rocks in the coastal zone of the island, which is bounded by immediate vicinity (they appear only 1,000 the NW-SW normal faults mentioned above meters west of the site at an altitude of ≥ (Fig. 1, 14).Ιn the middle of the area, there is a 155m above sea level), their placement is hilly ridge (hilltop coordinates in the EGSA 87 attributed to scrolling by landslide is: Χ: 589652 Ε, Ψ: 4376346 Ν) in which phenomena due to seismic action of the past. Palaeolithic stone tools and bivalve seashells Besides, the area as mentioned above is the were found. The morphological top surface of most disturbed in the island with the most the ridge is almost flat with a slope of about 20° landslides in the Quaternary. In some and a bend direction while close to the top the locations, the boulders are deposited directly slope is reduced to 10°. The lithostratigraphic on the sandstone due to the absence of the column of the hill (Fig. 4) near the top of the soil horizon (layer 1, fig. 5). southeastern slope is presented as follows: Lacustrine sandstone and conglomerate pebbles of varying lithological composition ≤ 3cm, though there are even larger ones (Fig. 4, 6). Cobbles of volcanic origin are overflowing but there are also carbonate rocks. The maximum thickness of the layer 2 reaches up to 5 meters near the top. The adhesive is carbonate (CaCO3) and aluminate with shells and fragments of sandstone-marls material. Lacustrine deposits (Fig. 4, 7). Fine-grained yellow quartz sandstone. Figure4. Stratigraphic section of the SE side of Swarms of gray argillic marls with fine sand Alonitsi hill and gray blue sandstone-marls material.
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