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A Synopsis of the Olympia Oyster (Ostrea Lurida)

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A Synopsis of the Olympia Oyster (Ostrea Lurida) ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Aquaculture 262 questioned the validity of his claim. In a reaction study, Polson et al. (2009) used A Synopsis of the molecular markers to examine the potential synonymy between the two species, and Olympia Oyster compared both DNA sequences and post-hoc (Ostrea lurida) morphological characteristics. With further research, they found that Carpenter’s Ashley Bulseco original classifications (1964) of Ostrea lurida and Ostrea conchaphila as two distinct species were correct (Polson et al., 2009). Ostrea lurida was reinstated as the Olympia Oyster, inhabiting the west coast northward from Baja, California to Sitka, Alaska, and Ostrea conchaphila was stated to inhabit areas from Sinaloa, Mexico southward to Panama (McGraw 2009). In this paper, the Introduction scientific name Ostrea lurida will be used The Olympia Oyster, Ostrea lurida interchangeably with its common name, (Carpenter 1864), is the only native oyster Olympia Oyster. This final determination species that inhabits the west coast of Canada of species delineation is important for and the United States (McGraw 2009). restoration purposes: in order to effectively Although preferably called the Olympia Oyster, protect a species, one must understand their other common names include California characteristics as a species. Oyster, Native Oyster, Shoalwater Oyster, Yaquina Bay Oyster, and Rock Oyster (Couch, Natural History Hassler, and Moran 1989). Olympia Oysters Males and females cannot be have always been historically important, and distinguished visually. The process of are commonly collected for use as cocktail dissection must be used to determine the oysters. However, anthropogenic effects, sex of the individual. The life cycle of Ostrea including overharvesting and pollution, have lurida is comparable to that of other oysters caused the species to experience a severe in the same genus, Ostrea, or the flat oysters decline. For many reasons, the restoration and (Couch et al. 1989). It is hermaphroditic, expansion of Ostrea lurida in their natural meaning the reproductive organs of both male habitat is crucial, and remain one of the main and female sexes are present, and viviparous, projects of fishery management in the Pacific meaning fertilization and development occur Northwest. within the female body (Hopkins, 1935). Coe Ostrea lurida, and a very similar oyster (1934) described the species as protandric, Ostrea conchaphila (Carpenter 1857) were a form of hermaphrodites in which male originally considered to be two separate organs precede that of the female organs. This species (Polson et al. 2009). However, in anatomical development is most likely due to 1985, Harry proposed synonymy between the fact that spermatogonia proliferate more Ostrea lurida and Ostrea conchaphila with rapidly than the ovogonia (Coe 1931a). More the assumption of high phenotypic plasticity. specifically, the oyster originally spawns as a After his proposal based strictly on shell and male, and then alternates between male and anatomical characteristics, many scientists female genders per each spawning cycle 63 (Couch et al. 1989). males do not spawn unless water temperatures After being retained in the female for a reach the critical point of 16°C. Furthermore, period of time, the larvae are released late in a low temperature (i.e. a drop below the development. Metamorphosis occurs, and the critical point), halts the cycle of sex alternation larvae transform into juveniles, or spat. The until favorable conditions return (Coe 1931a). timing of reproduction is heavily dependent on Alternation will proceed throughout the temperature, which is believed to cue oyster’s life cycle, which can span for 10 plus spawning and dictate the length of season years if left undisturbed (Aquatic Species at (Seale and Zacherl 2009). In the southern Risk 2006). Ostrea lurida thrive at salinities portion of Ostrea lurida’s geographic range, higher than 25ppt, ranging from estuarine male oysters typically begin to spawn once to saline water in the subtidal zone, but can the water temperature reaches 16°C. Any survive short exposures to lower salinity temperature below this critical point inhibits (Korringa 1976). A practical application of spawning indefinitely (Coe 1931a, 1931b). environmental manipulation is the eradication Males release ellipsoid clusters or balls of of parasitic flatworms, in which growers sperm, usually consisting of approximately expose the oysters to a freshwater tide. The 250-2000 spermatozoa (Coe 1931b), into the Olympia Oysters can survive the short flush mantle cavity. By means of shell contractions, of lower salinity, while the flatworms cannot the sperm balls are released into the seawater, (Couch et al. 1989). and are then dissolved, enabling the uptake Ostrea lurida are filter feeders, meaning of spermatozoa into the mantle cavity of they feed by straining small particles of females, fertilizing the eggs inside her (Coe food from the water. Essentially, they obtain 1932). The detection of these spermatozoa in their nutrition from phytoplankton, small the water will proceed to cue synchronous photosynthetic organisms that drift within the spawning in Olympia Oysters of the same water column, and particulate organic matter population (Couch et al. 1989). Once the eggs or POM (Lucas and Southgate 2003). Ostrea are fertilized, they develop into veliger larvae, lurida possess ciliated gills, which create a a form of planktonic larvae characteristic of current to intake water. Food particles are many marine mollusks. Approximately 10- trapped by the cilia lining, and are pushed 12 days later (Hopkins 1936), the veliger towards the mouth by way of labial palps. larvae, which have already developed into Particles too large for the mouth are bound in fully shelled individuals (Walne 1974), are mucus, and released as pseudofeces, while discharged, and remain planktonic for 11-16 undigested food is released as feces. Material days (Imai et al., 1954). The larvae eventually that is able to be digested is absorbed as attach to a substrate, usually old shells, rocks, nutrients by the organism (Spencer 2002). To wood, or metal. It is most often found that describe the rate of ingestion by the oyster, the Ostrea lurida settle on the lower or under following formula may be used: side of horizontal surfaces. Based on studies by Hopkins (1935), settlement is not due to IR = [(FR x PR) x FC] – Ps tropistic reaction to light, but instead to the upper position of the foot on the larvae as it is where IR represents the ingestion rate of food suspended in the water column. uptake, FR represents the water’s rate of flow Clearly, environmental conditions are through the organism’s gills, PR represents crucial in the reproduction and development of the proportion of the food in the water that Ostrea lurida. They are extremely sensitive to is withheld in the gills, FC represents food both high and low temperatures, usually stable concentration in the water, and Ps represents within the ranges of 6°-9°C in winter and 18°- the rate at which pseudofeces is produced 20°C in summer (Hopkins 1935). Most (Lucas and Southgate 2003). 64 Geographic Range of Ostrea lurida As a side note, one factor to consider is the The historic range of Ostrea lurida, impact these restoration projects may have on which was once very abundant in the estuaries the genetic composition of the oysters. A study of the North American west coast, includes by Camara & Vadopalas (2009) discusses Baja, California to Sitka Alaska. According to the practical options for oyster restoration, fossil data from Washington, California, and and the urgency of planning a well-managed Oregon, the Olympia Oyster was common and strategic form of restoration. Restoration (Polson and Zacherl 2009). It existed as early as should be viewed in the genetic context as the late Miocene and early Pliocene in central well, because the restored population must California, and the late Pleistocene in Northern be “genetically healthy” in order to ensure its California (Baker, Richmond, and Terwillinger future persistence throughout these various 1999). Its natural habitat includes rocks in genetic regions. This factor is commonly areas near the expanse of the low tide, and overlooked. mudflats and gravel bars in estuaries and bays (Nosho 1989). However, after a combination Taxonomy of anthropogenic influence from Native Figure 2: Diagram showing general anatomy Americans, overharvesting, pollution, invasive of Olympia Oyster (Ostrea lurida) (NOAA) species, loss of substrate, and urbanization, Olympia Oysters have experienced a severe decline (McGraw 2009). According to Gillespie (2009), populations are not common on the coast of British Columbia, and are typically limited to protected waters. Abundance numbers of the Olympia Oyster are considered stable, but at low levels relative to historic data. Based on other studies, populations in Washington and Oregon are beginning to experience restoration and expansion where numbers were otherwise devastated (McGraw 2009). In addition, Polson & Zacherl (2009) determined that populations in California were The Olympia Oyster belongs to also slowly rising based on presence/absence phylum Mollusca, the second largest phylum data. Therefore, restoration projects and consisting of approximately 110,000 different monitoring efforts are being initiated to restore species. The basic body plan of all members the current range of Ostrea lurida back to its of this Phylum include a visceral mass, a formerly expansive natural
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