Index

Abolition of Slavery Act (1833) 366, 367, American Loyalists 239 368 American Revolution 207, 227–32, 237 Aboriginals 285–6, 374 An Essay on Man 135 Absalom and Achitophel 135 Anderson’s Institution 302 absolute power 63 Andros, Sir Edmund 81 Acadians 193, 292 Angles 6 deportation of 194, 198 Anglo–Saxons 4 Act of Security (1703) 115 Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Act of Settlement (1701) 102, 107, 115, 119 100–2, 110, 113, 115, 117, Acts of Uniformity 10, 15, 53, 62 118, 119, 121, 132, 149 Act of Union (1707) 97, 114, 150 children 100 Adam, Robert 247 statues 100 Adams, John 211, 224 annus mirabilis 167, 199, 212 Addington, Henry 276, 277, 327 Anson, Admiral George 161 Addison, Joseph 137, 140 Anti-Gallican Societies 209 agrarian capitalism 353 Anti-Slavery League 364, 366 agricultural depression 171 apprenticeships 348 Agricultural Revolution 241 former slave 367–8 agriculture 1, architecture 21–2, 343 alternate husbandry 20 Argyll, John Campell, Duke of 124 improvement 17–23, 31 aristocracy 34–5, 51 Ireland 353 COPYRIGHTEDclass system MATERIAL 339 Lower Canada 363 lasting power of 320 352–3 Arkwright, Richard 256 specialization 21 Arlington, Henry Bennett, Earl of 64 Alfred, King 6 Arne, Thomas 208 Aliens Act (1705) 115 Arnold, Benedict 230, 231 Almack’s 341 arranged marriages 354 Almanza, battle of 113 artisans 41 almshouses 39 Ascendancy 151, 238 American Congress 227 Assize courts 37, 178

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Association Movement 234, 237 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Astell, Mary 55, 134 Viscount 120–1, 123, 136, 153–4, Atterbury, Bishop Francis 121, 126–7, 135 155, 161, 170–1, 174, 184 Atterbury Plot 136 Book of Common Prayer 10 Augusta, Princess 211, 214 Book of Martyrs 10 Augustan age 132 borough charters 29, 67, 68, 69, 70, 104 Austen, Jane 298, 311, 313, 340, 343, boroughs 354 disenfranchised 335 Austerlitz, battle of 279 Boru, Brian 6 Australia 284–7, 373–5 Boston (Mass) 30, 58, 86, 88, 92, 217 Australian Patriotic Association 373 Sons of Liberty 218 Boston Massacre 224 Bacon, Nathaniel 80 Boston Port Act 225 Bacon’s Rebellion 80 Boswell, James 208, 307, 311 Baltimore, Charles Calvert, Lord 80, 81 Botany Bay 285 Bamford, Samuel 325, 326, 327 Bothwell Bridge, battle of 67 Bangorian Controversy 125 Boulton, Matthew 254, 305 Bank of England 105, 106, 111, 115, Boyle, Robert 141, 142–3 119, 170, 235, 324, 335, 343 Boyne, battle of 77 run on 272 Brandreth, Jeremiah 325 Banks, Sir Joseph 284, 286, 305 Bridgwater, Francis Egerton, Duke Bannockburn, battle of 7 of 246 Baptists 14, 53 Brighton 341 persecuted in New England 91 Brihuega, battle of 118 Barbados 83–5 Brindley, James 246 Barbauld, Anna Laetitia 266 Bristol 29 baronets 36 slave trading port 296 baron’s courts 179 Britannia 4, 209 Bath 250, 340 British Commonwealth 227 Beckford, William 165–6, 168, 313 British North America 291–5 see also Bédard, Pierre-Stanislas 294 Canada beggars 29, 42 Brooklyn Heights, battle of 230 Beggar’s Opera, The 152 Brothers, Richard 313 Behn, Aphra 134 Brown, Lancelot “Capability” 247 Bell, Andrew 349 Bruce, Robert 7 Bentham, Jeremy 308, 369 Brunswick, Prince Ferdinand of 167 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish 370 Bunker Hill, battle of 229 Berkeley, George 303 Bunting, Rev. Jabez 344 Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of 113 Burdett, Sir Francis 278 Bill of Rights 75 bureaucracy, trained 301 Black Act (1723) 124–5 Burke, Edmund 208, 223, 227, 264, 267, Black Death 8, 19, 33 269, 307, 312–13 Blake, William 313–14 Burlington, Richard Boyle, Earl of 135, Bland, Lady Anne 54–5 138, 139 Bligh, William 286 Burney, Fanny 310 blood sports 47, 340, 354, 355 Burns, Robert 269, 312 Board of Trade 238 Bute, John Stuart, Earl of 168, 169, Boers 361 209–15, 216, 217

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Buxton 174 Charitable Corporation 149 Byng, Admiral John 165 charity schools 186 Byron, George Gordon, Lord 314–15 Charles I, king of England, Scotland and Ireland 12–14, 23, 46, 52, 53, 55, 132 Cabinet Council 149 execution 14 Calender reform 162 Charles II, king of England, Scotland and Cameron, Richard 53 Ireland 14, 15, 23, 45, 46, 53–4, 55, Canada 359 61–2, 132 confederation 363–4 control of parliaments 67 Lower 263, 293–4, 362–4 death 68 rebellion of 1837 363, 364 East India Company 93 Upper 263, 294–5, 364–6 Popish Plot 65 War of 1812 294–5 Royal Touch 63 canals 246–7 Treaty of Dover 62 Canning, George 278, 330–1, 341 Charlotte, Princess 320, 325, 337 Cape Breton Island 292 348 Cape Colony 359, 361–2 chastity, female 357 capital punishment 330 Chatham, William Pitt, 1st. Earl of, 158, capitalism 241, 339 163, 165–9, 199, 201, 207, 208, 210, Carey, Henry 140 211–12, 214, 217, 218, 221, 233, 238 Carlos II, King of Spain 106, 107 Chaucer, Geoffrey 7 Carolinas, government in 89 Chesapeake Bay 89, 230 Caroline, queen of Great Britain and slavery 90 Ireland (wife of George II) 148, 185 Chester 29 Caroline of Brunswick, Amelia Elizabeth, Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl 320, 328–9 of 169 divorce proceedings 328 children 36–7 Cartwright, Major John 234, 278 child labor 257, 329, 336 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, custody reform 355 Viscount 276, 277, 319, 323–4, flogging 354 330, 341 China 93 Catholic Association 332 Christianity, Roman 4 Catholic emancipation 238, 272–6, 277, 9–10, 13, 40, 53, 319, 170, 183, 196 Bill allowing 332 Church of Scotland 6, 13, 76 Canning support for 330 Moderate Party 302, 304 not easily won 332 churches, building of 249–50 Peel opponent of 330 Churchill, Sir Winston 166–7, 222, 279 Catholicism 10, 13, 51–2 Civil List 106, 148, 238, 262 Test Acts 52, 63, 68, 69, 73 civil service, in India 288, 290 Cato Street Conspiracy 327–8 Civil Wars 13, 45, 49, 52 Cato’s Letters 126, 195 second 14 Cavaliers 62 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of 15, 57, Cavendish, Henry 306 62, 64 Celts 4 Clarkson, Thomas 298, 299 Censor, The 162 class 34, 339–58 censorship 46, 48, 57 family and gender 353–8 Indian press 370 middle 343–6, 355–6

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class (cont’d) Council of Regency 110 pre-industrial hierarchy 339 Council of Wales 129 rural laborers 350–3 “Country” alliance 106, 154 three classes 339 Court of Justiciary 179 upper 340–3, 354–5 Court of King’s Bench 179, 218 working 346–50, 356–8 Court of Sessions 179 Cleland, John 162 15, 16, 53, 65, 67, 75–6 clergy 30, 62, 65, 75 Craftsman, The 154–5, 156 Clive, Robert 202–3 crime 177–81 clothes/dress 32 Crockford’s 341 clover 21 crofters 353 coal 25 Cromford mill 256 Coalbrookdale 251–2 Crompton, Samuel 256–7 Cobbett, William 320, 326, 351 Cromwell, Oliver 14, 57, 155 coffee houses 58–60, 103–4, 137, 257 Crowley, Sir Ambrose 27, 41 coinage 105 Crowley Ironworks 128 Coke, Thomas 246 Culloden Moor 159 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 314 culture 43–8 Collier, Jeremy 135 and 98 colonial system, driven by trade 79 widening gap 48 Combination Acts 275, 330, 347–8 Cumberland, William, Duke of 159, 159, common land 22 160, 166 Common Sense 228 Cunard, Samuel 292 Commonwealth 14–15, 47 Currency Act 216 Compton, Sir Spencer 148 Conduct of the Allies, The 119 Dalriada 4 confessional state 98 Dalrymple, Sir John (Viscount Stair) 115 Congregationalists 15, 53, 92, 265, 293, Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of 64–6, 331 70, 104 Congress of Vienna 323 Darby, Abraham 251 Connecticut 79 Darien 115 Connolly, William 151 Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of 225, conservatives, term 319 226, 229 Constable, John 342–3 Darwin, Erasmus 305, 306 consumption, culture of 241–2, 345 Davy, Sir Humphry 306 Continental Congress 227, 230, 234, 237 debating societies 233–4, 237 Convention of Westminster 164 debt, national 125, 161, 167, 231–2 convicts 285–6, 373–4, 375 Declaration of Independence 228 Cook, Captain James 284–5, 286 Declaration of Rights 73, 75, 104 Cooper, James Fenimore 354 Declaratory Act (1720) 216, 238 cooperative societies 348 Defoe, Daniel 115, 136–7, 171, 172, 176 Copyright Act (1710) 133 Despard, Edward 278 Corn Laws 324, 331 Dettingen, battle of 159 Cornwall 4 Dickens, Charles 249, 343 Cornwallis, Charles, Earl 287, 288–90 Dido and Aeneas 140 Corporation Act (1661) 53 dioceses 6 cottars 18 diplomatic revolution 164 cotton spinning 250 disease 88, 94, 347, 365, 374

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Dissenters 40, 53, 66, 67, 69, 73, 105, 117 Enlightenment, Age of 301–12 chapels 344 environmental change 27 education and 305 Episcopalians 114 Protestant 110, 136 Erskine, Thomas 270 Dissenting Academies 305 Estates General 265 divorce 182, 355, 356 evangelical revivals 265–6 diwani 202–4 evangelicalism 305, 313, 344 Dominion of New England 81 Evangelicals 184–9 double Cabinet system 223 Evelyn, John 23, 25 druids 4 Excise Crisis 155, 173 Dryden, John 37, 45, 133, 135 Exclusion Crisis 54, 57–8, 58, 60, 66–7, 6, 30, 58, 76 81, 135, 140 duels 173, 341, 354, 355 Dunciad, The 152 families 36–7, 39 Dundas, Henry 261, 263, 269, 299, 304 and class 353–8 Dundee, John Graham, Viscount 76 famine 22 Dunkeld, battle of 76 Faraday, Michael 306 Dunning, John 234 farmers 324 Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of 363 farming, 18 Dyer, James 103 enclosure 17 new methods of 1 East India Company 12, 59, 82, 93–4, open field system 19 111, 170. 190, 202, 204, 225, 232, Feathers Tavern petition 233 240, 287, 359, 368, 369–70 femininity, middle class 355–6 Charter Act (1793) 288 feminists 358 Charter Act (1813) 291 Fens, drainage of 22–3 Eden, Emily 372 Fenwick, Sir John 106 Edgeworth, Maria 343 Ferguson, Adam 304 Edinburgh 58, 66, 75, 76 feudalism 6 Advocates’ Library 303 Fielding, Henry 152, 160, 177, 178, 180, university 302 181, 184, 189, 310 education 37, 43 Fiennes, Celia 24, 30, 46 adult 345 Fifth Monarchists 14, 53 public schools 354 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 273, 275 Scotland 301–2 Fitzwilliam, William, second Earl 273 working class 349 Flamsteed, John 141, 142, 143 Edward I, King of England 7 Fletcher, Andrew 115 Edward IV, King of England 8 Flood, Henry 237, 238 Edward VI, King of England 10 flying shuttle 256 Edwards, Jonathan 196 fodder crops 21 elections 101, 102 Fontenoy, battle of 159 electorate 56 food riots 180, 324 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 10 Foreign Secretary 238 Emmett, Robert 278 forests 25–7 empire, meaning of 78 American colonies 89 enclosure 17, 19–20, 243–5 Fox, Charles James 235, 237, 239, 240, England 3, 6 261, 262, 264, 266, 269, 276 English Relief Act 235 Fox, Henry 164, 166, 235

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Foxe, John 10 death 332 France 6–7, 205 role of monarch 329 wars with 72 secret marriage 264 franchise, electoral 38, 319, 333, 335–6 Germain, Lord George 229, 230, 232 Irish 332 Gibbon, Edward 307, 308, 309 see also electorate Gibson, Bishop Edmund 149–50, 155 Franklin, Benjamin 197, 216, 222, 224, Gideon, Sampson 162 228, 230, 233, 301, 305 Gin Act (1751) 155, 162 Fraser, Simon 295 29 Frederick, Duke of York 271 university 302 Frederick, Prince of Wales 155–6, 157, gleaning 351 161, 162, 207–8, 211 Glencoe, massacre of 115 Frederick II, King of Prussia 164, 167 Glorious Revolution 49, 58, 60, 61, 71, 75, free speech 114 109, 114, 118, 132, 140, 205, 207, 221 free trade 329–30, 331 anti-Catholicism foundation 332 Freemasons 58 mainland colonies 86 Masonic Lodges 237 New World 81 French Revolution 265–71 trading monopolies 95 Friendly Societies 348 West Indies 82, 86 Glyn Dwˆ r, Owain 8 Gainsborough, Thomas 311 Godolphin, Sidney, Earl of 100, 110, Galloway Levellers’ 180 111, 113, 118, 167 Game Acts 178 Godwin, William 268, 314, 315 gardens 247 gold standard 329 Garrick, David 208–9 Goldsmith, Oliver 310 Gay, John 136, 152 Gordon, Lord George 235 gender roles, class and 354–8 Gordon Riots 235–6, 332 General Assembly of the Kirk 185 gossip 47 Gentle Shepherd, The 137 Gothic novels 313 gentlemen’s clubs 341 government debt 106 gentry 35–6, 38, 339 government securities 173 George I, king of England, Scotland and Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Ireland 117, 121–3, 124, 126, 128, 217 131, 133, 138, 148 Grand National Consolidated Trade George II, king of England, Scotland and Union 348 Ireland 148, 152, 156, 157, 158, Grand Tour 138, 311, 320 159, 166, 167, 168 Granville, John Carteret, Earl of 210 George III, king of England, Scotland and Grattan, Henry 237, 238, 273, 276, 332 Ireland 207, 209–11, 216, 221, 222, Great Awakening 192, 196 223, 226, 230, 231, 232, 239, 240 Great Fire 28, 52, 138 attack on carriage 270 Great 335–6 Catholic emancipation 276 Greece 330–1 death 328 Green Ribbon Club 58 illness 264, 277 Grenville, George 214, 215, 216, 217 George IV, king of England, Scotland and Grenville, William 276, 278 Ireland 320, 341 Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd. Earl, 268, 331, accession 328 333, 334, 335, 337 carriage shot at 325 Gulliver’s Travels 133, 136

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habeas corpus 56, 114, 124 238 suspension of 105, 126, 273, 324, 337 home spinning, collapse of 351 Halifax (Nova Scotia) 292 Honorable Society of Improvers 171 Halifax, Charles Montagu, Earl of 101, 105 Hooke, Robert 141, 142, 143 Halley, Edmond 141, 142, 143 House of Commons 8, 55–6, 101, 110, Hamilton, James Douglas, Duke of 114 125, 149, 155, 220 Hampden Club 278 composition of 321 Handel, George Frederick 140, 208, 211 7, 35, 55, 101, 120 handloom weavers 346–7 bastion of inherited privilege 320 Hanover, Electoral Prince George of 119, composition of 320 120, 121 create new peers 335 Hanover, Electress Sophia of 110, 119, expansion of 320 121 housing 347 Hanoverian Succession 120, 149 Howe, Admiral Viscount 228, 230 Hanway, Jonas 297 Howe, Joseph 364 Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of, Lord Hudson River 90 Chancellor 162 Hudson’s Bay 79, 295 Hargreaves, James 256 Hume, David 302–3, 304, 307 Harley, Robert see Oxford, Robert Harley, Hundred Years War 7 Earl of Hunt, Henry “Orator”, 324–5, 326, 327, Harris, Howell 186, 187, 189 333 Harrison, John 284 Huskisson, William 329, 333 Hartley, David 233, 307–8, 312 Hutcheson, Francis 302 Hastings, battle of 6 hygiene, personal 32 Hastings, Warren 287–8 Hawke, Admiral Edward 161, 168 illegitimate births 357 Hayman, Francis 208 improvement, agricultural 31, 242–6, hedgerows 244 351, 353 Henry II, king of England 6–7 India 93–4, 287–91 Henry IV, king of England 8 war in 202–4 Henry VII, king of England 8, 9 Indulgence, Declaration of (1672) 62–3, 64 Henry VIII, king of England 9, 210 Indulgence, Declaration of (1687) 69, 70, Herschel, F. W. 211 73 Hickey, William 203 Industrial Revolution 241 High Church 53, 54 industry 353 iron 25–7, 251 History of the Decline and Fall of the mining 23, 25 Roman Empire 307 production figures 253 HMS Bounty 286 weaving 23 HMS Endeavour 284 woolen textiles 23–4 HMS Resolution 284 inflation 33 Hoadly, William, Bishop of Bangor 125, Intolerable Acts 226 185 Ireland 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 27, 30 Hobbes, Thomas 127, 304 Catholic Confederacy 13 Hogarth, William 139, 163, 181, 182, Catholic emancipation 272–3 184, 189, 209 Glorious Revolution and 72, 76–7 Holy Club 187 imperial government in 78 Holy Roman Empire 106 landscape 18

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Ireland (cont’d) Keats, John 314, 315 plantations 12 , William 139 rebellion and union 271–6 Kepler, Johann 141 reformation in 11 Khoikhoi 361 stereotyped 10 Kidd, Captain William 82 Test Act (1704) 110 Killiekrankie, battle of 76 united with England 9 King, Gregory 35 Irish potato famine 353 King Philip’s War 88 Iroquois Confederation 88, 193 King’s Bench Prison 218 , battle of 10 Jacobite plot 105 Kirk see Church of Scotland Jacobite rising 124 Kit-Kat Club 135 Jacobites 100, 101, 111, 120 knights 7, 36 Jamaica 85–6 Knox, John 11 James I and VI, king of England, Scotland and Ireland 11–12, 23, 52, 123 lairds 35, 36, 38 James II, king of England, Scotland and Lancaster, Joseph 349 Ireland (formerly Duke of York) 49, Land Bank 105 55, 62, 63, 66, 91, 105, 106, 114, land tax 105 128, 143, 210 land values 171 accession 68 landowners/ownership 36 birth of son 70 defining principle 34 colonial proprietor 80–1 and towns 30 end of reign 73 language 32 in Ireland 76 Latin 4 prorogued Parliament 69 Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of 65 James IV, king of Scotland 9 Law, William 309 James V, king of Scotland 9 lawyers 30, 4 James Francis Edward, the Pretender 100, legal rights 97 113, 119, 120, 123, 155, 208 Leibnitz, Gottfried 141 Jebb, Reverend John 233, 234 Leicester House 156 Jefferson, Thomas 154, 224, 226, 228, Leisler, Jacob 81, 90 234, 301 Leonowens, Anna Harriette 371, 372 Jenkins, Captain Robert 156 Levellers 14, 221, 269 Jenkins’s Ear, war of 194 Leviathan 127 Jervis, Admiral John 271 Licensing Act 58, 102, 134, 152, 270 Jewish Naturalization Act (1753) 162–3 Ligon, Richard 84 John, King of England 7 29 Johnson, Samuel 208, 228, 306–7, 311 slave trading port 296 Jones, Griffith 186 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl judges 37 of 277–8, 319, 324, 327, 329, 331 Junius 221 livestock 245–6 Junto 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, Livingston, Robert 90 121, 136, 143, 147, 205 local government 6, 321–3 justices of the peace 37, 321 Locke, John 67, 73, 89, 118, 127, 131, 142, 143, 182, 195, 301, 302, 303, 304 Kames, Henry Home, Lord 303 Lockhart, Sir George 114 Kay, Richard 256 London 6, 27–9

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trade and commerce 28 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke London Corresponding Society of 100, 110, 111–13, 118, 120, 166 (LCS) 268, 270, 271, 275 Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of 111, 113 London Revolution Society 267 Maroons 86, 191–2, 299 London Working Men’s Association 348 marriage 34, 36–7, 39, 181–4 Londonderry 76, 77 arranged 183 Lord Chamberlain 152 Indian women 371 Lord of the Isles 9 lower class 183 Louis XIV, king of France 63, 65, 70, 99, Marriage Act (1753) 162, 181, 184 106–7, 109, 111, 113, 129 marronage 85–6 Louis XVI, king of France 265, 269 Marvel, Andrew 46 Louisbourg, fort 161, 167, 198–9 Marx, Karl 339, 348 Lovat, Simon Fraser, Lord 114 Mary I, queen of England 10 Loveless, George 352 Mary II, queen of England, Scotland and Low Church 53, 54 Ireland 49, 63, 66, 132, 140 Lucas, Charles 162 Mary Queen of Scots 11 Luddites 278, 324, 325 Maryland 79, 80, 86, 89 Lunar Society 305–6 masculinity Lundy’s Lane, battle of 295 laboring classes 356 luxury commodities 174–7 middle class 355 Lyrical Ballads 314 upper classes 354 Masham, Lady 113 Macaulay, Catharine 223 Massachusetts 79, 91 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 333, 370 Massachusetts Bay Company 81 MacGregor, Rob Roy 124 Massacre of the Pelhamite Innocents 211 machines 254 Mather, Increase 91 Mackenzie, Alexander 295 Medmenham Monks 214 Mackenzie, Henry 310 Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd. Viscount Mackenzie, William Lyon 364 337, 338, 355 Mackintosh, Sir James 344 memsahibs 370–3 Macpherson, James 311 merchants 40–1 Macquarie, Lachlan 373 class system 339 Madras 160, 161 religious allegiance 54 magistrate’s courts 178 Methodism 309, 331, 344, 349 7 Methodists 189 mainland colonies 86–92 Metropolitan Police Force 331 value of trade 88 Micmac Indians 193, 198, 292 Malplaquet, battle of 113 Militia Act (1757) 166 Malthus, Thomas 308, 324 Mill, James 369, 370, 372 Mandeville, Bernard 174 Mill, John Stuart 340 Manley, Mary Delarivier 134 Milton, John 45–6, 315 manorial system 6 Minden, battle of 167, 229 Mansfield, William 163–4 miners 40 manufacturers 344–5 housing for 347 Mar, John Erskine, Earl of 123–4 “Ministry of All the Talents” 276–7 Maratha Confederacy 232, 290–1 Minorca 165 marcher lordships 6, 7 missionaries 4, 361–2 Maria Theresa, of Austria 158, 161, 164 Molasses Act (1733) 192, 216

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monarchy, Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke post-Revolution 97–8 of 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 161, reconstructed 72 163, 164, 165, 167, 185 Monck, General George 15 Newcomen, Thomas 143, 254 Monitor, The 166, 168 Newfoundland 16, 79, 119, 292 Monks of the Screw 237 Newgate Prison 236 Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of 67, Newgrange 3 68 newspapers/newssheets 40–1, 45, 46, Montagu, Mary Wortley 183 57–8, 102–3, 134, 268–9 Montcalm, Marquis de 198–9 Newton, Sir Isaac 69, 141–2, 143, 301, Montreal 294 302, 304 Moore, Sir John 281 Nine Years War 97 moral economy 180 Nonconformists 15, 53 More, Hannah 269 Nonjurors 75 More, Sir Thomas 19 Normans 6 Morgan, Admiral Sir Henry 85 North, Frederick, Lord 221, 222, 223, motherhood, middle class 356 224, 225–6, 227, 229, 231–32, 234, Mughals 94 235, 237, 239, 240 Muir, Thomas 269 North Briton 214 Municipal Corporations Acts 336 Northumbria 6 Murder Act (1752) 162 Norton, Caroline 355, 356 music 45 Norwich 29 mutinies 271 Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of 35, HMS Bounty 286 101, 104, 105, 110 Mutiny Act (1689) 75 Nova Scotia 292, 297 novels 132, 343 Napoleon Bonaparte 271, 275, 276, 279–80, 281, 314 Oastler, Richard 347 war against 279–82 Oates, Titus 65, 67 national debt 262–3, 271, 282, 324 occasional conformity 110, 117, 120, national identity 7, 9, 16 125, 136 National Political Union 334 O’Connell, Daniel 332, 333, 363 National Union of the Working Classes October Club 120 and Others 333 Ojibwa Indians 365 Navigation Acts 80, 82, 263 Old Bailey 178 Nelson, Horatio 271, 275, 279 “Old Corps” 207, 210, 217, 221, 222, New Brunswick 292 223, 237 New France 91 Olive Branch Petition 227 New Hampshire 79 Orange Order 272 New Jersey 80, 91 Orford, Earl of 157 New Model Army 14 Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of 68 New Poor Law 336, 357 Oudenarde, battle of 111 New World 30 Owen, Robert 348, 358 governance 79–82 Oxford 69 interventionist policy 80 Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of 101–2, New York 80, 81, 90 104, 107, 110, 113, 118–19, 120–1, Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess 125, 136, 147 of 35 Oxford Movement 337

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Pacific Islands 283–4 piece work 41 Paine, Tom 228, 230, 267, 269, 314 pirates 85 painting 310–11, 342–3 Pitt, William “the Elder” see Chatham, Paley, William 309 William Pitt, 1st. Earl of Palladio, Andrea 138 Pitt, William “the Younger” 237–8, 240, pamphlets 103 261–5, 266, 268, 269, 279, 294, 319, Paoli, Pasquale 311 320, 322 paper currency 106 abolition of slave trade 299 Papin, Denys 143 death 276 Papineau, Louis Joseph 362–4 imperial policies 263–4 Paradise Lost 45–6, 315 Place, Francis 278, 349, 356, 357 parishes 6 plague 28, 29 see also Black Death Parks, Frances 371–2 Plunket, Oliver 65 Parliament 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 49, 55–6 Polish Succession, war of 152 burned down 336 political parties 51–60, 97 and Civil Wars 13–14 return of two-party system 262 Irish 8, 76–7 Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) 336 membership of 38 Poor Law Commission 336 permanent institution 72, 75 poor relief 22, 29, 39, 42, 249, 321 reform 278 Pope, Alexander 135, 136, 152 Scottish 9, 15, 35, 55, 68, 76 Popish Plot 65, 68 Triennial Act 55 population growth 20, 27–8, 29, 33–4, Welsh 8 242, 248 Parliamentary reform societies 234 Ireland 353 Paterson, William 115 Porteous Riot 150, 151, 225 patriot movement (Ireland) 236 potato blight 353 patriotism 209 pottery 251, 345 Peace of Amiens 314 Pragmatic Sanction 158 Peace of Paris 201, 202, 212 Presbyterianism 11, 53, 185 Peace of Ryswick 106–7, 119 press see newspapers Peel, Sir Robert, 330, 331, 332, 337, 338 Price, Rev. Richard 267 Peerage Bill (1719) 125 Priestley, Joseph 233, 265, 269, 305, peers 34–5 306, 308 Pelham, Henry 145, 157–8, 159, 161, Prince Edward Island 292, 364 162, 163, 165, 207 Prince Regent see George IV Penal Acts 151 Principia Mathematica 141 Peninsular War 281, 282 printing 57, 102 Penn, William 69, 81, 91, 195 Privy Council 55, 65, 67, 78 Pennsylvania 79, 90, 91 professions 42–3 People’s Charter 348 prophetic literature 313–14 Pepys, Samuel 42, 45 Protestant Association 235–6 Perceval, Spencer 277 Protestant Dissenters Perth 29 marriage in own chapels 337 Peterloo Massacre 326–7 Protestantism 10–11 Petworth Emigration Committee 365 William and Mary as saviors 75 Philip V, King of Spain 107, 109, 113, 119 publishing 46, 57, 102, 326 philosophes 301 Pulteney, William 152–4, 156, 158 Picts 4 Purcell, Henry 140

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Puritanism Rochester, Robert Wilmot, Earl of 35 in New England 92 Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Puritans 11, 13, 29, 40, 46, 47, 53, 81 Marquess of 216, 217, 221, 237, 238 Rockingham Whigs 234, 235 Quakers 14, 53, 54, 62, 67, 69, 73, 88, Rodney, George Brydges, Admiral 238 195, 351 Roman Catholic relief Act (1778) 235 against slavery 90, 298 Romans 4 persecuted in New England 91 Romanticism 312–15 Quebec 81, 119, 167, 199, 293–4 Roscoe, William 345 Quebec Act 226, 229 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 304, 309, 311, 312 Queensberry, James Douglas, Duke of 114 Rowland, Daniel 186, 187, 189 Quiberon Bay 168 Roy, Rammohan 368–70 Royal Academy of Arts 211, 342 Radcliffe, Anne 313 Royal Academy of Music 140 radical newspapers/press 268–9, 326, Royal African Company 82, 94–5 327, 328 Royal Institution 306 Raffles, Sir Stamford 359 Royal Library 211 Ramillies, battle of 111 Royal Navy 128, 202 Ramsay, Allan 137, 139 Royal Society 45, 141, 142, 284, 286, 305 Rape of the Lock, The 135 Royal Touch 63, 100 rationalism 312, 313 “Rule Britannia” 161 recoinage 105 Rump Parliament 14 recusants 11 rural capitalism 20 Reeves, John 292 rural communities, disintegration of 351 Reflections on the Revolution in rural laborers 350–3 France 267 Rural Rides 351 reform movement 233, 235, 265 Russell, Admiral Edward 105 reform societies 265, 268 Russell, John, 1st. Earl Russell, 332, 333 Reformation 9, 51, 185 Russia 330 Scottish 11, Rye House Plot 67 Regency Act 111 Regulating Act (1773) 225 Sacheverell, Dr Henry 113–14, 117–18, Reid, Thomas 303, 304 121, 123, 218 Renunciation Act (1783) 238 Salem witch trials 92 Repton, Humphrey 247 Salisbury 29 respectability 349–50 Sancroft, Archbishop William 70 Revenue Act (1767) 217 sati 368–9 Reynolds, Joshua 310–11 Savery, Thomas 143 Rhode Island 79 Savoy Conference 53 Ricardo, David 308, 324, 369 Sawbridge, John 223, 224 Richard III, king of England 8 Sceptical Chymist, The 141 Richardson, Samuel 183, 309, 310 Schism Act (1714) 120, 125 Rights of Man 267–8 schools see education 123, 124, 220, 270, 325 Scotland 3, 6, 7 roads 244 education 301–2 Roberts, Emma 372 farming 18–19, 243, 245 Robertson, William 304 Glorious Revolution and 72, 75–6 Robin Hood Society 234 plantations 12

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population 33 Smith, Adam 253, 254, 303–4, 309, 310 purge of church 65 Soane, Sir John 343 reformation in 11 social disorder 177–81 towns 28 social mobility 36, 42 universities 302–3 socialism, Robert Owen’s 348 Scott, Sarah Robinson 183 Society for Constitutional Information 234 Scott, Sir Walter, 330, 343, 354 Society for the Propagation of Christian Scottish Enlightenment 301–4 Knowledge (SPCK) 186 influence on British North America and Society for the Reformation of Manners US 304 186 Scottish Relief Bill 235 Society of Supporters of the Bill of Seceding Church 185 Rights 220, 223, 224 Second Reform Act (1867) 102, 336 Society of Spencean Sedgemoor, battle of 68 Philanthropists 324–5, 327 Seditious Meetings Act 270 Somers, John, Baron 101, 107 sentiment 309–12 Sons of Liberty 215 Septennial Act (1716) 124, 155 South Sea Bubble 125, 139, 171 serfdom 6, 19 South Sea Company 119, 125–6, 149, servants 257–8 156, 170–1, 192 Seven Year’s War 165, 197, 207, 209 Southcott, Joanna 313 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl sovereign (coin) 329 of 30, 65, 66, 89 Spanish Armada 10 Shakespeare, William 10, 208 Spanish Succession, war of 111, 128, Sharp, Granville 297 171 Sheffield plate 176 Speenhamland system 321–2, 336 Shelburne, William Petty, Earl of 237, Spence, Thomas 324 238, 239, 240 spice trade 93 Shelley, Mary 315 spinning jenny 256 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 314, 315, 325 squatters 375 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 311 St George’s Fields Massacre 224 sheriff’s courts 179 Stamp Act (1765) 102, 215–6, 217, 220 Shippen, William 109, 157 Stanhope, James, Earl 118, 121, 125, shops 249, 345 126 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, 1st. Viscount Stationers’ Company of London 57 see Addington, Henry steam engine 254–6 Sidney, Algernon 67 Steele, Richard 137 Sierra Leone 292, 297 Sterne, Laurence 310 Singapore 359–61 stock-jobbers 171, 351 Six Acts 327, 328 Stone, George, Archbishop of slave trade 79, 81, 83–5, 95, 174 Armagh 168 abolition of 276, 296–300 Stonehenge 3, 4 ship rebellions 296 Stono Rebellion 195 slavery 191 street lighting 178, 250 abolition in colonies 337, 361, 366–8 Stuart, Prince Charles Edward (Bonnie Chesapeake Bay 90 Prince Charlie) 159–60, 168 voices against 90 suburbs 248, 345–6 slums 346 Sugar Act 216 Smibert, John 139 sugar industry 83

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Sunday Schools 349 Trafalgar, battle of 279 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, Earl of 125, Traill, Catherine Parr 364–6 126 Transportation Act (1718) 179 Swift, Jonathan 119, 121, 133, 136, 151 treason 57, 270 Swing riots 352, 365 Treasonable Practices Act 270 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 161, 178 Tack 110 Treaty of Allahabad 204 tacksmen 18 Treaty of Amiens 279 taxes, under Pitt 262–3 Treaty of Ghent 295 Tea Act (1773) 225 Treaty of 77 teachers 43 Treaty of Utrecht 119, 120, 128, 136, temperance movement 344–5 147, 156, 212 Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, trial by jury 179, 270 Earl of 168, 214 Triennial Act (1694) 102, 105, 121, 124 Test Act (1673) 52, 63, 68–9 Trinitarian beliefs 233 Test Act (1704) 110, 151 Tudors 9 Test and Corporation Acts 150, 185, Tull, Jethro 246 266, 267 Turner, J. M. W. 315, 342–3 Thatcher, Margaret 71 turnpike roads 180 Thirty Years War 12 Tyrconnel, Richard Talbot, first Earl Thistlewood, Arthur 324–5, 327–8 of 69, 76, 77 Thompson, David 295 Thornhill, Sir James 138, 139 Ulster 12, 33, 79 Thoughts on the Present Discontents 223 rebellion 273 Tipu Sultan 290–1 Unitarianism 233, 265–6, 267 tobacco 88, 173, 193 United Empire Loyalists 239 imports 29 United Irishmen 272, 273 growing 21 United Provinces 62, 69 toleration 301 universities see education Toleration Act (1689) 73, 104, 118, 185 University of Aberdeen 303 Tolpuddle “martyrs” 352 University of Cambridge 305 Tom Jones 160 University of London 337 Tone, Theobald Wolfe 272, 273, 275 University of Oxford 305 Tooke, Reverend John Horne 224 urban centers 345–6 54, 55, 65, 101, 121 urban landscape 248–52 Toronto 295 Utopia 19 towns 1, 27–31 charters 29 vagrants 42 governance 29 Vanbrugh, John 135 guilds 29, 41 Vancouver, George 286 Townshend, Charles, Viscount 125, 148, Vancouver Island 263 149, 152, 246 Vauxhall, pleasure gardens at 250, 341 Townshend Duties 217 Venner, Thomas 53 trade unions 330, 347–8, 349 Vernon Admiral Edward 157 farm workers 352 Victoria, queen of the United Kingdom of tradesmen 41 Great Britain and Ireland, 337–8 class system 339 Vikings 6 trading companies, in Africa and Asia 93 Vinegar Hill, battle of 273–4

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Virginia 79, 80, 86, 89 upholders of Glorious Revolution 104 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 307, 311 Whiteboys 168 Volunteer Movement 237, 273 Whitefield, George 187, 194, 196 Wilberforce, William 299–300, 326, 367 wages 33–4, Wilkes, John 214–15, 217, 218–21, 236, Australian laborers 374–5 270, 313 handloom weavers 346–7 William I, king of England 6 piece-rates 346 William III, king of England, Scotland and rural 351, 352 Ireland (William of Orange) 49, 63, women 346 69–71, 105, 106–7, 109, 113–14, Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 374 115, 118, 123, 132, 143, 151 Wales 4, 7, 8 invasion plan 69–70 incorporated with England 9 personality 99 population 33 William IV, king of England, Scotland and reformation in 11 Ireland 333, 338 towns 28 death 337 Walpole, Horace 313 Williams, Edward (Iolo Morganwg) 311 Walpole, Sir Robert 117, 125, 126–7, Wilson, Harriette 342 136, 145, 147–63, 165, 259 witchcraft 47–8, 92 War of the Spanish Succession 97 Wolfe, General James 167, 199 Wars of the Roses 8, 9 Wollstonecraft, Mary 268, 269, 315 Washington, George 196, 198, 227, 229, women 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 54–5, 92, 104 230 business affairs 356 Water Music 140 and class 354–8 Waterloo, battle of 282 divorce and property reform 355 Watt, James 254, 305 factory work 257 Wealth of Nations, The 253, 304 higher education 302 Wedgwood, Josiah 251, 254, 298, 305, 345 physical abuse 355, 356 Wellesley, Richard, first Marquis 287, rights in India 368–9, 370–3 290–1 rural 351 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st. Duke of, Wood, William 151 281, 282, 323, 331, 332, 333, 334, woodlands, decline of 23, 244 335, 341, 342 Wood’s halfpenny 151 Wesley, John 309, 332 Wordsworth, William 314, 315 Wesley, John and Charles 187–9 workhouses 29, 249, 336 West Indies 79–80, 82–6, 191 Worlidge, John 20–21 slavery 83 Wren, Christopher 28, 29, 138, 196 sugar industry 83 Wyvill, Reverend Christopher 234 Westminster Committee 278 Wexford uprising 273 Yarranton, Andrew 21 whaling 286 York 29 Wharton, Thomas, Earl of 101 Whigs 52, 54, 55, 66, 101, 117, 207, 210 zenana 372

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