The Impossible Office? Anthony Seldon , Assisted by Jonathan Meakin , Illias Thoms Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51532-7 — The Impossible Office? Anthony Seldon , Assisted by Jonathan Meakin , Illias Thoms Index More Information

Index

10 Downing Street, 6, 17, 45, 112, 127, 149, Alfred the Great, 26 166, 173, 189–90, 330–1, 338 Aliens Act (1905), 51 ‘Garden Suburb’, 118 Allen, Douglas, 300 14 Downing Street, 255 Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Lord 1922 Committee, 194 Althorp, 108, 285 1958 US–UK Defence Agreement, 35 American Civil War (1861–5), 107, 209, 263 2011 UK Census, 50 American colonies, 71, 72, 74, 75 7/7 terrorist attack, 44 American War of Independence (1775–83), 70 Whitehall, 166, 190 40, 76, 83, 210, 212, 227, 230, 251, 9/11 terrorist attack, 44, 211 254, 256 Amherst, Jeffrey, 253 Abdication crisis (1936), 121, 203, 240 Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 90, 96 Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, Lord Anderson, John, 295 Aberdeen, 30, 102, 104, 105, 106, 110, Andreotti, Giulio, 140 113, 173, 181, 212, 234, 262, 287, Andrew, Duke of York, 17 316, 319 Anglican Church. See Church of England Act of Settlement (1701), 12, 223, 251 Anglo French Naval Convention (1911), Act of Union (1707), 10, 12, 26, 38, 66, 265 156, 223 Anglo–Japanese Alliance (1902), 264 Act of Union (1800), 39, 89 Anne, Queen, 12, 14, 22, 64, 65, 93, 223, 251 Adams, John, 168, 227 Archbishop of Canterbury, 25 Adams, W. G. S., 118 Argyll, John Campbell, Duke of Argyll, Addington, Henry, 49, 90, 96, 268, 318, 337 23, 82 Adelaide, Queen, 231, 232 aristocracy, 48 Adenauer, Konrad, 140 Armstrong, William, 143, 144, 171, Admiralty, 26, 117, 155, 250, 251 300, 306 Aethelstan, King, 58 Ashcroft, Michael, Lord, 195 Afghanistan, 101 Ashdown, Paddy, 160 Afghanistan War (2001–14), 279 Asquith, Helen, 176 Africa, 40, 41 Asquith, Herbert Henry (H.H.), 34, 39, 42, Agadir Crisis (1911), 265, 292 54, 95, 97, 116, 151, 157, 163, 170, 178, agricultural revolution, 46 185, 187, 191, 212, 236, 237, 238, 265, Air Ministry, 118, 155 266, 268, 269, 291, 292, 309, 316, 317, Aislabie, John, 5 320, 324 Albert, Prince Consort, 105, 233, 234, 236, Asquith, Margot, 176 262, 266 Asquith, Raymond, 117, 336 Alexander, Henry, Lord Alexander, 157 Asquith, Violet, 176

405

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51532-7 — The Impossible Office? Anthony Seldon , Assisted by Jonathan Meakin , Illias Thoms Index More Information

INDEX

Astor, Nancy, 52 Birt, John, 308 Atterbury Plot (1722), 15, 24, 43 Bishop, Freddie, 129 Atterbury, Francis (Bishop of Bishops’ War (1639–40), 26 Rochester), 15 Bismarck, Otto von, 32, 264 Attlee, Clement, 41, 47, 48, 56, 95, 102, 103, Black Wednesday (1992), 304 111, 114, 121, 123–6, 130, 134, 147, Blair, Cherie, 173, 177 157, 160, 162, 166, 167, 170, 171, 193, Blair, Tony, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 95, 198, 199, 212, 242, 272, 297, 299, 313, 114, 120, 125, 129, 133, 136, 148, 149, 314, 315, 323, 329, 334, 336 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 166, 167, 168, Attlee, Violet, 177 182, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, Austerlitz, Battle of, 90 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 210, 213, Australia, 40, 89 214, 216, 217, 274, 275, 276, 279, Australia (prime minister), 141 280, 305, 306–8, 311, 315, 316, 325, Austrian State Treaty (1954), 272 330, 336 Bligh, Tim, 129 Bagehot, Walter, 142, 147, 243 Board of Trade, 44 Baldwin, Lucy, 177 Boer War (1899–1902), 34, 257, 260, 264 Baldwin, Stanley, 34, 36, 37, 43, 55, 95, 100, Bonaparte, Napoleon, 89 102, 121, 124, 128, 134, 156, 157, 161, Bonar Law, Andrew, 33, 36, 49, 95, 120, 121, 177, 181, 201, 203, 204, 239, 240, 241, 134, 158, 171, 196, 210, 211, 214, 215, 268, 294, 295, 316, 325 239, 268, 295, 319, 336 Balfour, Arthur, 33, 35, 36, 39, 45, 94, 102, Bondﬁeld, Margaret, 52 116, 147, 156, 157, 159, 163, 173, 176, Boothby, Bob, 336 178, 193, 215, 236, 238, 239, 268, 270, Botham, Ian, 149 290, 307, 317, 323, 337 Bowler, James, 312 Balls, Ed, 307, 308 Bracken, Brendan, 202 Balmoral Castle, 17 Bracken, Lord, 56 Balogh, Thomas, 129, 299 Brereton, Thomas, 22 Bank of England, 18, 253, 283, 285, 293, Bretton Woods economic system, 297 297, 306 Brexit, 7, 10, 41, 47, 135, 164, 182, 191, 192, Bank of England Act (1694), 223 193, 194, 197, 202, 204, 306, 310 Barber, Tony, 300 Bridges, Edward, 124, 143, 295 Baring, Evelyn, 260 Brighton bomb (1984), 44 Bath, William Pulteney, Lord Bath, 224 Bristol, 46 BBC, 19, 55 British Empire, 33, 40–1, 127, 211, 259–60, Beach, Michael Hicks, 290 263, 264, 269 Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord British Movitone News, 55 Beaverbrook, 56, 118, 201, 202, 242 British Museum, 70 Becket, Thomas, 60 British Nationality Act (1948), 51 Beckett, Margaret, 305 Brook, Norman, 123, 124, 143 Bedchamber Crisis (1839), 98, 233 Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham, 99 Berlin, Congress of (1878), 94, 109 Brown, George, 171, 273, 277 Berlusconi, Silvio, 140 Brown, Gordon, 8, 57, 96, 134, 158, 159, Bevan, Aneurin, 125, 242 160, 161, 163, 168, 182, 188, 193, 196, Beveridge, William, 124 200, 210, 211, 216, 217, 274, 276, 277, Bevin, Ernest, 124, 125, 126, 157, 170, 280, 294, 305, 306–9, 311, 312, 317, 242, 272 325, 331, 336, 336 Biarritz, 237 Brown, Jennifer, 336 Big Bang (1986), 302 Brown, Sarah, 173, 177, 336 Bill of Rights (1689), 11, 64, 222 Bruges speech (1988), 279 Birch, Nigel, 299 Brussels Treaty (1948), 272 Birmingham, 46 Buckingham Palace, 226

406

INDEX

Budgets, 283, 286 278, 279, 305, 309, 317, 325, 336, 1841, 98 336, 338 1842, 99, 287 Cameron, Florence, 338 1853, 287 Cameron, Ivan, 336 1854, 287 Cameron, Samantha, 173, 178, 336 1860, 288, 291 Campbell, Alastair, 57, 149, 184 1909, 36, 117, 185, 291, 298 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 49, 116, 167, 1941, 297 214, 236, 248, 317 1981, 302 Camrose, Lord, 56 Bulgarian Horrors, 112 Camrose, William Berry, Viscount Camrose, Buller, Reginald Manningham, 191 202 Burke, Edmund, 87, 91, 227 Canada, 89, 101 Burma, 125 Canada (prime minister), 141 Burnham, Andy, 199 Canning, George, 29, 49, 90, 93, 97, 103, Burns, John, 265 105, 210, 211, 215, 259, 260, 261, Bush, George H.W., 132, 275, 279 314, 319 Bush, George W., 129, 248, 276, 279 Cardwell, Edward, Lord Cardwell, 110 Bute, John Stuart, Earl of Bute, 72, 80, 86, Carlton Club, 120, 175, 194 210, 216, 226, 319 Carmarthen, Francis Osborne, Marquess of Butler, George, 171 Carmarthen, 255 Butler, Rab, 171, 210, 244, 274, 299, Carmarthen, Thomas Osborne, Marquess 311, 312 of Carmarthen, 65 Butler, Robin, Lord Butler, 186, 188, 275 Carney, Mark, 309 Caroline, Queen (1683–1737), 15, 16 Cabinet, 13–14, 45, 77, 81–3, 133, 144, Caroline, Queen (of George IV), 150–4, 164, 169, 174, 186–9, 229, 230, 231 291, 307 Carrington, Peter Carington, Lord Cabinet responsibility, 45, 100 Carrington, 278, 280, 301 ‘inner Cabinet’, 150 cars, 35–6 resignations and dismissals, 188 Carteret, John, Lord Carteret, 15, 69, 86, use of Cabinet Committees, 150–4 224, 253 Cabinet Council (pre-modern), 64, 65, 68, Case, Simon, 149 81, 223 Castle, Barbara, 171, 332 Cabinet Manual, The, 46, 142, 145, 146, 168, Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord 169, 244 Castlereagh, 89, 91, 93, 256, 259, Cabinet Ofﬁce, 8, 122, 165–6, 190, 275, 281, 260–1, 272, 274 297, 306 Catherine the Great (of Russia), 16 Cabinet Secretariat, 23, 45, 118, 143, Catholic emancipation, 90, 97, 98, 151, 203, 165 226, 228, 231 Cabinet Secretary, 146 Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 50 Cadogan, Alexander, 272 Cato conspiracy (1820), 43 Cain, Lee, 8, 190 Cecil, Algernon, 258 Calendar Act (1750), 70 Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, 62 Callaghan, Audrey, 177 Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 62 Callaghan, James, 43, 95, 122, 126, 130, 147, Centre for Policy Studies, 130 161, 162, 163, 182, 195, 199, 214, 268, Chamberlain, Anne, 177 273, 300, 301, 302, 311, 317, 331 Chamberlain, Austen, 271, 294 Cambridge University, 28, 49, 50, 111 Chamberlain, Joseph, 264, 267, 323 Cameron, David, 5, 37, 40, 48, 57, 96, 102, Chamberlain, Neville, 34, 36, 56, 95, 121, 134, 148, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 129, 177, 187, 198, 212, 214, 215, 216, 167, 168, 182, 183, 184, 189, 191, 194, 241, 268, 271, 275, 294, 300, 318, 337 197, 200, 209, 214, 216, 217, 228, 274, Chanak Crisis (1922), 120

407

INDEX

Chancellor (pre-modern position), 60 Clegg, Nick, 157, 171 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 25 Clémenceau, Georges, 120, 270 Chancellor of the Exchequer (position), Cnut, King, 58 18, 25, 68, 80, 88, 100, 144, 189, Coercive Acts (1774), 76 209–10, 269, 281–312, 329, 331–332 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 282 Chancellor of the University of Cold War (1945–89), 41, 123, 124, Cambridge, 25 132 Chancellor of the University of Oxford, 25 Colonial Ofﬁce, 258 Chaplin, Judith, 304 Colville, Jock, 123, 277 Charles I, 12, 26, 62, 221 Committee of Secrecy (1742), 20 Charles II, 63, 64, 221, 282 Commonwealth of Nations, 248 Charles XII (Sweden), 252 Compton, Spencer, 15, 68, 84, 86, 173, 213, Charles, Prince of Wales, 17 215, 224, 314, 319 Chartist demonstration (1848), 43 Conciliatory Resolution (1775), 76 Chartists, 43, 104, 174 Confederate Rebellion (Ireland) Chatham, Lord. See Pitt the Elder, William (1641–53), 26 Chequers, 36, 149, 168 Congress of Europe (nineteenth-century), Chequers Estate Act (1917), 94 261 Chief Whip (position), 283 Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 256, 261 Chirac, Jacques, 139 Conservative Party, 7, 40, 41, 42, 50, 99, 101, Choate, Joseph, 45 104, 110, 134, 170, 193, 194, 195, 200, Church of England, 19, 203, 204, 247 201, 229, 232, 244, 264 Church of Ireland, 232 Constitution Act (1791), 89 Churchill, Clementine, 177 constitutional crisis (1909–11), 116, 185, Churchill, Diana, 335 238–9, 292 Churchill, Randolph (1849–95), 163, 290 Constitutional Reform and Governance Act Churchill, Randolph (1911–68), 177, (2010), 143 325, 335 Cook, Robin, 114, 280, 305 Churchill, Sarah (1914–82), 177, 335 Copenhagen (horse), 29 Churchill, Winston, 35, 37, 48, 56, 89, 95, Corn Laws, 42, 46, 101, 102, 103 102, 103, 107, 118, 121, 122–3, 124, Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention 126, 129, 131, 133, 134, 155, 157, 158, Act (1883), 195, 213 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 170, 171, 181, Corrupt Practices Act (1889), 213 184, 187, 189, 191, 193, 199, 201, 202, County Councils, 198 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 241, 242, 246, Coutts, Thomas, 174 252, 262, 268, 269, 271–2, 274, 275, COVID-19, 14, 21, 134, 170, 184, 200, 215, 276, 277, 294, 311, 313, 314, 316, 320, 245, 306 324, 325, 329, 331, 336, 337, See Craggs, James, 5 Citizen’s Charter (1991), 156 Crimean War (1853–6), 104, 212, 234, 257, City of London, 9, 18, 283 262, 288 Civil List, 16, 73, 282 Cripps, Stafford, 125, 158, 290, 295, Civil Service, 8, 44, 111, 124, 133, 144, 147, 296–8, 299 149, 154–6, 217, 287, 334 Cromwell, Oliver, 26, 62, 67, 221 Georgian precursor, 44 Cromwell, Richard, 63 Civil Service Department, 128, 133 Cromwell, Thomas, 23, 61, 62 Civil Service Yearbook, 94 Crosland, Anthony, 273 Civil Service, Minister for, 7 Cross, Richard, 109, 150 Clarendon, George Villiers, Lord Cruddas, Peter, 217 Clarendon, 262 Cummings, Dominic, 8, 149, 156, 190, 194, Clark, Fife, 56 217, 310, 312 Clark, William, 56 Curzon, George, Lord Curzon, 171, 215, Clarke, Kenneth, 215, 304, 305, 312 239, 270, 271

408

INDEX

Dacre, Paul, 202 165, 167, 170, 175, 176, 180, 214, 215, Daily Express, 118 233, 235, 259, 260, 263, 286, 289, Daily Herald,54 316, 335 Daily Mail,54 Disraeli, Mary Anne, 175, 176 Daily Mirror,54 divorce, 129 Daily News, 105 Domesday Book, 17 Daily Telegraph, 54, 105, 201 Dominions, 41 Dalton, Hugh, 125, 242, 296, 297 Douglas-Home, Alec, 95, 126, 130, 159, 163, Darling, Alistair, 306, 309, 312 193, 210, 215, 217, 244, 268, 273, 319, de Burgh, Hubert, 60 324, 334, 336, 337 de Gaulle, Charles, 127, 129, 139, 199 Downing Street, 16, 29, 44, 282 de Montfort, Simon, 60 Downing, George, 282, 293 de Valera, Éamon, 138, 270 Drummond, Edward, 43 de Zulueta, Philip, 129, 277 Dublin Castle, 39 death penalty, 130 Dulles, John Foster, 274 Declaration of Breda, 221 Dundas, Henry, 92, 93, 170 Defence Secretary (position), 169 Dunkirk, Treaty of (1947), 272 Delane, John, 175, 201 Dunstan, 58 Delivery Unit, 156, 330 Durham University, 111 Denmark (prime minister), 141 Denning, Tom, Lord Denning, 191 East India Company, 74, 89, 257 Department for Business, Energy and Easter Rising (1916), 39 Industrial Strategy, 306 economic downturns, 209–10 Department for Exiting the EU, 155, 306 Eden, Anthony, 41, 95, 123, 126, 134, 147, Department for International 158, 162, 165, 171, 187, 190, 193, 199, Development, 155 210, 213, 215, 216, 241, 268, 271, 272, Department for International Trade, 277, 299, 314, 319, 324, 326, 336, 337 155, 306 Eden, Clarissa, 326 Department of Economic Affairs (1964–9), Eden, Nicholas, 336 128, 299 Eden, Simon, 336 Department of Trade and Industry, 189 Edinburgh Courant,54 Deputy Prime Minister (position), 168–72, Edmund, King, 58 328–30 Edward III, 60 ‘Derby Dilly’ (1834), 232 Edward the Confessor, 59 Derby, Edward Smith-Stanley, Earl of Edward VII, 94, 235, 236–7, 247, 267 Derby, 30, 32, 42, 103, 104, 181, 215, Edward VIII, 203, 240–1, 245 234, 263, 286, 289, 318 Egrement, Charles Wyndham, Lord Derby, Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby, Egremont, 72 108, 109 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 37, 123, 272, 276 Despard conspiracy (1803), 43 elections, 85–6, 108, 166–8, 180, 185, 208–9 Dettingen, Battle of, 69, 252 1722, 13 devolution, 196–7 1727, 13 Devonshire, William Cavendish, Duke of 1734, 13 Devonshire, 70, 84, 173, 192, 210, 214, 1741, 13 314, 319 1747, 70 Diana, Princess of Wales, 245 1754, 70 Dicey, A.V., 142 1784, 91 Dickens, Charles, 103 1832, 110 Dilke, Charles, 235 1841, 98, 99, 233 Disraeli, Benjamin, 31, 32, 36, 42, 45, 47, 49, 1857, 105 50, 51, 94, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 1868, 108, 234 108–10, 112, 125, 132, 150, 157, 163, 1874, 102

409

INDEX

elections (cont.) Excise Crisis (1733), 21 1880, 109, 112 1910 (January and December), 292 Falklands War (1982), 131, 213, 278 1918, 165 Fall, Kate, 53 1923, 56, 239 Falloden, Edward Grey, Viscount Falloden. 1929, 56 See Grey, Edward 1931, 201 Fettes College, 48, 332 1945, 123, 126, 209 Field, Frank, 183 1950, 126 Fielding, Henry, 21 1951, 126 Financial Crisis (2008), 209, 309 1955, 210 First Lord of the Treasury (position), 7, 68, 1959, 56, 129, 210 79, 94, 144, 156, 290 1966, 129 First Secretary of State (position), 170, 1974 (February), 145 171, 329 1983, 131, 165, 210 First World War (1914–18), 34, 117–18, 123, 1987, 210, 302 151, 191, 212, 239, 248, 267, 269, 293 1992, 172, 210 fiscal military state (concept), 67 1997, 210, 305 Fisher, Warren, 289, 294, 295 2005, 308 Fixed-term Parliaments Act (2011), 143, 2010, 145, 164, 167, 244 167, 184, 243, 244 2015, 168 Flambard, Ranulf, 60 2017, 168, 185, 244 Fletcher, Tom, 277 2019, 9, 185, 195 Foot, Michael, 159 Electoral Commission, 195, 217 Foreign Affairs Private Secretary Elizabeth I, 22, 26, 62 (position), 277 Elizabeth II, 7, 17, 22, 24, 52, 242, 243–9 Foreign Office, 44, 45, 85, 155, 165, 217, Ellenborough, Edward Law, Lord 254, 255, 265, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, Ellenborough, 101 281, 287, 308, 333 England, 196 Foreign Secretary (position), 115, 157, Entente Cordiale (1904), 237, 265 256–80, 311, 329 Eton College, 2, 49, 332 Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Euro (currency), 308 Office (FCDO), 155, 280 European Communities referendum Fox, Charles James, 49, 75, 88, 91, 103, 108, (1975), 128, 164, 199 163, 227, 228, 255, 260 European Community, 274 Fox–North coalition (1783), 78, 81, 86, 228 European Convention of Human France (prime minister), 138 Rights, 200 Franks, Oliver, 124 European Court of Human Rights, 45 Frederick the Great (Prussia), 16 European Economic Community (EEC), Freedom of Information Act (2000), 218 127, 129, 191 French Revolution (1789–99), 89, 228 European Research Group (Conservative), French Revolutionary War (1793–1802), 194 40, 89, 230, 251, 255, 285 European Union (EU), 2, 40, 41, 199–201, Frost, David, 149 202, 211, 276 Fulton Report (1968), 128, 189 European Union referendum (2016), 38, 134 G7, 211, 276 Evans, Harold, 56 G8, 211 Evans, Horace, 216 G20, 211 Evening Standard, 164 Gaitskell, Hugh, 125, 299, 312 Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), 303, 304 Gallipoli, Battle of, 117 Exchequer and Audit Departments Act Gardner, Howard, 163 (1866), 289 Gaumont Graphic, 55

410

INDEX

Gay, John, 21 Government of Wales Acts (2006, 2014, GCHQ, 19, 145, 275 2017), 197 ‘Geddes Axe’, 296 Grafton, Augustus FitzRoy, Duke of Geidt, Christopher, 145 Grafton, 28, 75, 79, 84, 174, 210, 214, General Strike (1926), 43, 55, 121 217, 227, 319 George I, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 24, 64, 66, 71, Granville, Granville Leveson-Gower, Lord 80–1, 179, 223, 224, 252 Granville, 234 George II, 6, 13, 15, 17, 22, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, Great Depression (1873–96), 209 79, 80–1, 224, 225, 252, 253 Great Depression (1930s), 209 George III, 16, 50, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, Great Exhibition (1851), 104 80–1, 88, 90, 91, 92, 174, 181, 225–30, Great Reform Act (1832), 185 247, 254, 255, 266 Great War. See First World War (1914–18) George IV, 88, 151, 230–1, 266 Great Western Railway (GWR), 36 George V, 98, 116, 176, 185, 237–40, 242, Greater London Council, 198 246, 267 Grenville, Elizabeth, 174 George VI, 171, 241–3, 245 Grenville, George,72–3, 80, 227, 283, 318 Germain, George, Lord Germain, 86, 254 Grenville, William, Lord Grenville, 78, 96, Germany (Chancellor), 139, 140 210, 228, 230, 319 Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 261 Grey, Charles, Earl Grey, 97, 105, 181, 211, Gibbon, Edward, 76 215, 232, 238, 285, 316, 337 Gibraltar, 252 Grey, Edward, 116, 150, 176, 185, 187, 266, Gibson, Edmund, Bishop of London, 274, 292, 317, 320 22, 203 Grifﬁths, Brian, 52 Gilbert, Martin, 325 Grifﬁths, J.A.G., 191 Gill, Ameet, 53 Guilty Men (1940), 325 Gladstone, Catherine, 175–6 Gulf War (1991), 245 Gladstone, William, 30, 31, 32, 42, 49, 54, Gustav III (Sweden), 225 102, 103, 107, 108, 110–15, 117, 119, Gyimah, Sam, 53 123, 132, 133, 147, 151, 156, 161, 163, 165, 167, 176, 181, 184, 185, 187, 193, Hague, William, 28, 134, 278, 280 201, 203, 210, 211, 213, 215, 217, 233, Haines, Joe, 56, 161 234, 235, 257, 259, 263, 264, 267, Haldane, Richard, Lord Haldane, 116, 320 286–9, 290, 306, 314, 315, 319 Halifax, Edward Wood, Lord Halifax, Glassborow, Stuart, 312 241, 271 Globe, The, 105 Halifax, George Montagu-Dunk, Lord Glorious Revolution (1688), 11, 26, 64, 71, Halifax, 72 179, 221–2, 226 Hamilton, Edward, 165 Goderich, Frederick John Robinson, Hammond, Philip, 148, 187, 305, 306, Viscount Goderich, 93, 97, 160, 163, 310, 311 192, 210, 285, 314, 319, 337 Hankey, Maurice, 118, 269, 294 Godolphin, Sidney, Earl of Godolphin, 65, Hanover, 15, 66, 252 67, 224 Hanover, House of, 12, 18 Godwin, Earl of Wessex, 58 Hansard, 84, 94 gold standard, 285, 293 Hardie, Keir, 122 Goldsmith, James, 195 Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of Goldsmith, Peter, 191 Hardwicke, 79 Good Friday Agreement (1998), 197 Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 65, 67, 93 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 132, 278 Harold I, King, 58 Gordon Riots (1780), 43, 87 Harold II, King, 59 Gordon, Charles George, 260 Harrison, Rupert, 190, 309 Goschen, George, 290 Harry, Duke of Sussex, 17 Goulburn, Henry, 100, 286, 289 Harthacnut, King, 59

411

INDEX

Hartington, Spencer Compton Cavendish, immigration, 51 Marquess of Hartington, 108 income tax, 90, 285, 288 Healey, Denis, 274, 300, 302, 311, 312 India, 40, 41, 101, 107, 109, 125, 251 Heath, Edward, 40, 42, 43, 95, 126, 130, 147, India (prime minister), 138 149, 155, 160, 162, 163, 171, 173, 177, India Act (1784), 89 178, 188, 189, 193, 198, 199, 211, India Ofﬁce, 257, 258 217, 244, 274, 300, 316, 324, 325, 334, Indian rebellion (1857–8), 257, 260, 262 336, 337 Industrial Revolution, 47 Heathcoat-Amory, Derick, 299 Ingham, Bernard, 56, 166, 277 Henderson, Arthur, 122, 157, 271 Inner London Education Authority, 198 Henry I, 60 Institute for Economic Affairs, 130 Henry II, 60 Institute for Government, 334 Henry III, 60 Instrument of Government (1653), 63 Henry the Treasurer, 17 intelligence services, 275 Henry V, 252 interest groups, 194–6 Henry VI, 61 internet, 57 Henry VII, 61 IRA mortar attack (1991), 44 Henry VIII, 17, 22, 23, 61, 62, 251 Iraq War (2003–9), 129, 191, 279 Herschel, John, 54 Ireland, 15, 23, 39, 50, 62, 88, 113, 116, 196 Heseltine, Michael, 172, 198, 329 Ireland, Republic of, 246 Heywood, Jeremy, 7, 148, 305, 310, 334 Ireland, Republic of (Taoiseach), 138 High School of Glasgow, 49 Irish Church Act (1869), 111 Hill, Fiona, 190 Irish Famine (1845–9), 104 Hill, Peter, 8 Irish Land Act (1870), 111 Hilton, Steve, 190 Irish nationalists, 39 Hitler, Adolf, 36, 90, 120 Irish War of Independence (1919–21), 39, Hoare, Samuel, 271 120, 270 Hogg, Sarah, 304 Islam, 205 Holland, Henry Vassall-Fox, Lord Israel, 125 Holland, 93 Italy (prime minister), 140 Home Ofﬁce, 44, 85, 155, 217, 258, 268–9, 281, 287, 295 Jacobite rising (1715), 70 Home Secretary (position), 169, 268–9, 311 Jacobite rising (1745), 38, 70, 82, 156, homosexuality, 53, 129, 132 225 Hopkins, Richard, 295 Jacobites, 2, 10, 38 Horne, Alistair, 325 James I (and VI of Scotland), 26, 62 Horsbrugh, Florence, 52 James II, 26, 221, 222, 251 Houghton Hall, 19, 27 James IV of Scotland, 252 Housing Act (1919), 119 James, Henry, 236 Howard, Michael, 134 Javid, Sajid, 18, 188, 306, 310 Howe, Geoffrey, 172, 273, 279, 301, 302, 312 Jay, Douglas, 218 Human Rights Act (1998), 190, 200 Jellicoe, George, Lord, 188 Hunt, Jeremy, 7 Jenkins, Roy, 130, 163, 274, 300, 311, Hunter, Anji, 53 312, 316 Hurd, Douglas, 273, 279, 301 Jewish emancipation, 50 Huskisson, William, 29 Jiabao, Wen, 168 Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 64 Johnson, Boris,1–5, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 39, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 57, Iddesleigh, Stafford Northcote, Lord 96, 134, 136, 148, 149, 156, 158, 159, Iddesleigh, 94, 263 160, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, Ilay, Archibald Campbell, Earl of Ilay, 23 182, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, IMF crisis (1976), 122, 130, 302 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 205, 210,

412

INDEX

215, 216, 217, 244, 246, 279, 280, 306, Lister, Eddie, 8 310, 312 Liverpool, 46 Johnson, Jo, 188 Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Lord Joint Intelligence Committee, 275 Liverpool, 29, 40, 43, 49, 51, 93, 96, 97, Jones, Jack, 195 98, 102, 130, 210, 215, 229, 230, 231, judiciary, 190–2 256, 261, 285, 316 July Crisis (1914), 265, 292 Lloyd George honours scandal, 119 Justiciar (position), 59 Lloyd George, David, 34, 36, 43, 45, 49, 54, Jutland, Battle of, 117 95, 102, 103, 106, 115, 116, 117–21, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 133, 134, Kaldor, Nicholas, 129, 299 151, 155, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, Keeler, Christine, 214 167, 168, 170, 171, 176, 181, 185, 187, Kennedy, John F., 214, 276 191, 195, 196, 201, 212, 213, 237, 252, Kensington Palace, 17 268, 269, 270, 271, 275, 290–3, 298, Kent, William, 17, 19, 283 307, 309, 313, 314, 315, 316, 324 Kerr, Brian, Lord Kerr, 192 Lloyd George, Margaret, 176 Kerr, Philip, 118 Lloyd, Selwyn, 273 Keynes, John Maynard, 124, 281, 293, 296 Lloyd-Hughes, Trevor, 56 Keynesian economics, 297 local government, 198–9, 291 Khan, Sadiq, 199 Local Government Act (1980), 198 Khartoum, siege of, 114 Local Government Act (2000), 198 Kinnock, Neil, 159 London, 46 Kipling, Rudyard, 236 London, Treaty of (1839), 266 Kissinger, Henry, 261, 274 Lord Chancellor, 25 ‘kitchen Cabinet’, 128 Lord Mayor of the City of London, 25 Kitchener, Horatio, Lord, 176 Lord Mayor of York, 25 Knollys, Francis, Lord Knollys, 236 Lord President (position), 157, 329 Kohl, Helmut, 140 Lord Privy Seal (position), 157 Korean War (1950–3), 212 Lord Protector (position), 62 Kosovo War (1999), 279 Louis XIV (France), 252 Lowe, Robert, 287 Labour Party, 42, 114, 122, 193, 195, Lumley, Joanna, 196 240, 307 Lytton, Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Lord Lambton, Antony, Lord Lambton, 188 Lytton, 260 Lamont, Norman, 188, 304, 305 Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Lord M v. Home Ofﬁce, 191 Lansdowne, 108, 264–5 Maastricht Treaty (1992), 40, 199 Lascelles, Alan, 236, 242, 243 MacDonald, Ishbel, 177 Lawson, Nigel, 188, 302–4, 311, 312 MacDonald, Ramsay, 37, 49, 50, 52, 56, 115, Leader of the House of Commons 122, 124, 147, 157, 173, 177, 181, 193, (position), 158, 181 196, 204, 216, 239, 240, 263, 268, 294, Leader of the House of Lords 295, 296, 317 (position), 158 Macleod, Iain, 171, 300 Leavesley, Johnny, 217 Macmillan, Dorothy, 336 Leeds, 46 Macmillan, Harold, 37, 40, 48, 49, 56, 95, Lewis, Cornewall, 289 127, 129, 130, 155, 158, 162, 165, 167, Liberal Democrats (1988), 42 184, 187, 188, 193, 199, 202, 211, 212, Liberal Party, 41, 50, 103, 110, 112, 114, 214, 215, 244, 268, 273, 274, 276, 277, 120, 229 290, 299, 314, 316, 324, 325, 336 Libya War (2011), 279 Macmillan, Maurice, 336 Lincoln, Abraham, 161 Macmillan, Sarah, 336 Lindemann, Frank, 122 MacNamara, Helen, 8

413

INDEX

Macpherson, Peter, 306 Minister for the Union, 156 Major, John, 37, 39, 40, 53, 57, 95, 102, 133, Minister of Defence (position), 157, 271 134, 147, 156, 160, 161, 163, 172, 182, Ministerial Code, 146, 169 184, 188, 193, 194, 198, 199, 210, 216, Ministers of the Crown Act (1937), 157 273, 279, 301, 305, 307, 314, 315, 317, ‘Ministry of All the Talents’ (1806–07), 228 323, 324, 329, 334, 336, 337 Ministry of Defence, 155 Major, Norma, 177 Ministry of Education, 155 Malthus, Thomas, 288 Ministry of Food, 118 Manchester, 46 Ministry of Health, 118, 269 Manchester Guardian,54 Ministry of Information, 118 Mandela, Nelson, 248 Ministry of Labour, 118, 269 Mandelson, Peter, 188, 308 Ministry of Overseas Development, 155 Maria Theresa, Queen (Habsburg), 85 Ministry of Pensions, 118, 155 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of Ministry of Reconstruction, 118 Marlborough, 65, 223 Ministry of Shipping, 118 Marples, Ernest, 188 Mirza, Munira, 53, 333 Mary II, 17, 26, 221, 222 Mitterrand, François, 139, 279 Maryland (US state), 26 Modi, Narendra, 138 Massachusetts (US state), 26 Moira, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Lord May, Philip, 173, 178 Moira, 230 May, Theresa, 5, 7, 11, 37, 39, 40, 48, 52, 57, monarchy, 14–17, 58–64, 80–1, 142–3, 96, 102, 136, 147, 148, 158, 159, 160, 220–49, 250–6, 266–7 162, 164, 168, 169, 182, 186, 187, 188, Montague, Edwin, 176 191, 193, 194, 200, 216, 217, 269, 279, Moore, Charles, 325 305, 306, 310, 311, 318, 336 Morley, John, 265 mayors (modern), 198 Morning Advertiser, 105 McAdam, John, 28 Morning Post, 105 McAleese, Mary, 138 Moro, Aldo, 140 McClusky, Len, 195 Morrison, Herbert, 125, 171 McDonald, Simon, 149 Morton, John, 61 McKenna, Reginald, 295, 320 Municipal Corporations Act (1835), 198 Meade, James, 296 Municipal Franchise Act (1869), 110 media, 53–7, 201–3 Murdoch, Rupert, 134, 202 Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, 17 Mutiny Act (1689), 222, 251 Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord Melbourne, 98, 99, 100, 105, 107, 113, Napoleon III, 31, 247, 252, 259 173, 175, 181, 193, 232, 233, 236, 246, Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 40, 89, 318, 337 90, 96, 209, 229, 230, 251, 255, Merkel, Angela, 139 256, 260 Mers-el-Kebir (1940), 271 National Archives, 323 Metropolitan Police, 98 national debt, 9, 87, 283, 284, 285, Metternich, Klemens von, 261 293 MI5, 19, 145 National government (1931–5), 122, 193, MI6, 19, 145 240 Middle East, 125 National Health Service, 124, 131 Middleton, Peter, 306 National Insurance Act (1911), 117, 291 Midlothian campaign (1878–80), 112, 176 National Insurance Act (1946), 124 Miliband, David, 193 National Security Council, 8, 211, 277–8 Mill, John Stuart, 288 NATO, 41, 124, 272, 273, 276 Millar, Ronnie, 161 Nelson, Horatio, Lord Nelson, 107, 255 Miller, Gina, 191 Netherlands (prime minister), 141 ‘mince pie administration (1783)’,92 Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick, 60

414

INDEX

New Zealand (prime minister), 137, 138, Ottawa agreements (1932), 294 141 Ottoman Empire, 112 Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke Owen, David, 216, 273 of Newcastle, 17, 28, 40, 70–1, 73, 79, Oxford University, 49, 50, 110, 111, 128 180, 225, 253, 317 newsreel, 55 Pakistan, 41 Newton, Isaac, 27 Palliser, Michael, 277 Newton, Tony, 172 Palmerston, Emily Temple, Viscountess Nicholas II (Russia), 237, 239, 267 Palmerston, 105, 175 ‘Night of the Long Knives’ (1962), 127, 187 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Lord Nine Years’ War (1688–97), 9 Palmerston, 31, 103, 105–7, 110, 113, Nixon, Richard, 168 119, 122, 150, 158, 164, 175, 181, 187, North, Frederick, Lord North, 27, 28, 40, 193, 201, 203, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 45, 75–8, 80, 84, 158, 163, 180, 181, 217, 233, 234, 258, 259, 263, 266, 267, 210, 212, 213, 214, 227, 228, 255, 270, 274, 288, 315, 316 287, 318 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 78 Northbrook, Thomas Baring, Lord Parliament, 13, 22, 63, 65, 69, 130, 133, 141, Northbrook, 260 180–6, 221, 222, 230, 231, 282 Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Commons defeats, 182 Northcliffe, 54 House of Commons, 7, 48, 76, 82, 83–4, Northcote, Stafford, 109, 170 101, 108, 158–9, 180–5, 205–7, 229, Northcote-Trevelyan Report, 44, 111, 156, 232, 282, 283 284, 287 House of Lords, 74, 83, 158, 185–6, 204, Northern Department, 10, 13, 26, 85, 250, 217, 232, 257, 288 254 Public Accounts Committee, 289 Northern Ireland, 39, 43, 197, 211, 246, 330 select committees, 46, 183, 184, 195 Northern Ireland referendum (1973), 129 vote of no confidence, 181–2 nuclear weapons, 276 Parliament Act (1911), 48, 98, 185, 239, 292 Number 10. See 10 Downing Street Parliament Act (1949), 126 Nutting, Anthony, 191 Parliament Square, 101, 103 Parliamentary Labour Party, 194 Obama, Barack, 248, 332 party conferences, 194 Observer,54 Patel, Priti, 192 Odo of Bayeux, 59 Pathé Gazette,55 O’Donnell, Gus, 136, 145, 146, 308, 309 Patten, Chris, 172 Office for Budget Responsibility, 306 ‘Pax Britannica’ (1815–1914), 259 Office of Public Service Reform, 156 Paxton, Nicholas, 18, 21 Office of Works, 26 Peel, Julia, 174 official histories, 325 Peel, Robert, 30, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 93, Official Secrets Act (1889), 275 94, 96, 98–103, 104, 110, 113, 123, Official Secrets Act (1911), 275 147, 161, 163, 174, 181, 187, 193, 232, Old Age Pensions Act (1908), 291 233, 268, 269, 286, 289, 307, 314, Oliver, Craig, 57 315, 323 Onslow, Arthur, 20 Pelham, Henry, 22, 27, 49, 69–70, 80, 84, Onslow, Richard, 15 180, 210, 215, 226, 283, 317 OPEC crisis (1973), 209 Pensions Act (1908), 116 Open University, 130 Perceval, Spencer, 43, 96, 157, 169, 211, Opium Wars (1839–42, 1856–60), 230, 317 107, 257 Peter the Great (Russia), 85 Orford, Earl of. See Walpole, Robert Peterloo Massacre (1819), 43, 96 Orlando, Vittorio, 270 Pitt the Elder, William, 27, 28, 49, 67, 69, 71, Osborne, George, 5, 164, 274, 305, 309, 312 72, 75, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87, 93, 122,

415

INDEX

158, 164, 174, 180, 215, 225, 227, 253, age and health, 214–16 262, 284, 316 and the economy, 210 Pitt the Younger, William, 28, 40, 45, 49, 50, biographies, 325 58, 68, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87–92, deputy, 168–72 93, 96, 102, 103, 108, 110, 122, 128, educational backgrounds, 48, 49, 163 147, 150, 158, 170, 173, 174, 181, 210, historical rankings, 313–19 213, 214, 215, 216, 228, 229, 255, 260, impact on family, 335–338 282, 284–5, 314, 315 longevity, 211, 212 Pitt, Hester, 173, 174 mandate, 166–8 Place Act (1742), 69 memoirs, 323–325 Policy Unit, 128, 129, 166, 190 popularity, 208 political parties, 192–4 positions before becoming PM, 155 Ponsonby, Henry, 235 previous experience, 216–17 Portland, William Cavendish-Bentinck, scandals, 213–14 Duke of Portland, 78, 86, 96, 213, 215, social backgrounds, 48 228, 229, 318, 337 spouses, 172–8 ‘postwar consensus’, 131 prime minister’soffice, 165–6, 330–1, 332–3 Powell, Charles, 166, 277 Prime Minister’s Questions, 184 Powell, Colin, 274 Prince Regent. See George IV Powell, Jonathan, 149 Private Office, 166 ‘Precedent Book’, 143 Privy Council, 26, 82 Press Licensing Act (1662), 54 Privy Council (Scotland), 26 Press Office, 166 Profumo affair (1963), 127, 188, 213 Prevention of Abuses Act (1925), 195 prorogation crisis (2019), 14, 183, 244 prime minister Prudential Regulation Authority, 306 ability to set agenda, 146–7 Public Accounts Committee, 289 as arbiter of foreign policy, 273–80 Punch, 108 as national leader, 21–2 Putin, Vladimir, 168 average term, 141 Pym, Francis, 280 codified power, 143–6 decoupled from Chancellor of the quangos, 132 Exchequer, 286 Queen Caroline affair (1820), 230–1 fluidity of early office, 86 Questions of Procedure for Ministers, 143, 146 historical use of the title, 94 House of Commons, 159 R v. Secretary of State for Exiting the European human resources, 168 Union, 191 impact of changes in technology, 38 Raab, Dominic, 49, 170, 312 international comparisons, 141 radio, 55, 56, 121 modern disadvantages, 326 Radio 4 (BBC), 313 modern strengths, 327 railways, 29–30 necessary attributes, 160–5 Rashford, Marcus, 196 need for diversity, 332–3 Rayner, Derek, 156 need for greater understanding of role, Reading, Rufus Isaacs, Marquess of 333–4 Reading, 271 party leadership, 159–60 Reagan, Ronald, 8, 41, 132, 276, 278 patronage, 18–21, 147–9 Redistribution of Seats Act (1885), 111 predecessors (924–1688), 58–64 Reform Act (1832), 42, 97, 99, 103, 106, 231 proposed improvements, 334 Reform Act (1867), 42, 106, 108, 111, 234, resources, 165–78 291 royal prerogative, 142–3 Reform Act (1884), 111, 291 succession, 169–70 Regency Act (1811), 230 prime ministers (as individuals) Regency crisis (1789), 88

416

INDEX

religion, 49–50, 203–5 Scotland independence referendum Representation of the People Act (1884), 42 (2014), 10, 38, 245 Representation of the People Act (1918), Scotsman, The,54 119 Scott, George Gilbert, 45, 258 Rhodes, Rod, 23 Scottish Militia Bill (1708), 66, 223 Ricardo, David, 288 Scottish National Party (SNP), 10, 38, 197 Richard I (‘the Lionheart’), 252 Scottish Ofﬁce, 156 Richard II, 60 Scottish Parliament (modern), 196 Richard III, 252 Scottish Secretary (eighteenth Century), 156 Ridge v. Baldwin, 191 Scrope, John, 18, 20, 21 Robbins, Lionel, 296 Scruton, Roger, 116 Robinson, Mary, 138 Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–7), 282 Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Second Lord of the Treasury. See Lord Rockingham, 28, 73, 78, 80, 84, Chancellor of the Exchequer 214, 215, 227, 228, 284, 319 (position) Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, 60 Second World War (1939–45), 122, 123, Rømer, Ole, 27 191, 202, 212, 245, 271–2, 273, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 35, 161, 272 275, 297 Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, Lord Secret Ballot Act (1872), 111 Rosebery, 69, 116, 163, 173, 176, 181, Secret Service fund, 20 210, 215, 264, 319 Secretary of State (US), 274 Rosenﬁeld, Dan, 312 Secretary of State for War (position), 157 Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth, Viscount Section 28, 132 Rothermere, 201 Sedwill, Mark, 7, 14, 136, 149, 170, 183 Rothschild, Lionel de, 50 Selwyn Lloyd, John, 299 Royal Mail, 32 Septennial Act (1716), 11, 85, 223 Royal Mint, 17, 26 Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 40, 70, 71, 86, Royal Navy, 89, 142, 251, 256, 274 251, 253–4, 256 royal prerogative, 8, 183 Shelburne, William Petty, Lord Shelburne, Royal Shakespeare Company, 338 28, 78, 80, 84, 174, 210, 217, 255, 319 Rudd, Amber, 188 Short, Clare, 155 Runcie, Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, Sidmouth, Lord. See Addington, Henry 204 Silva, Rohan, 53 Russell, Bertrand, 103 Simon, John, 271 Russell, John, Lord Russell, 30, 42, 103, Simpson, Wallis, 203, 241 104, 105, 110, 161, 163, 181, 187, 193, Sinclair, Carolyn, 52 234, 262, 263, 266, 286, 318, 318, 337 Singh, Manmohan, 138 Rutnam, Philip, 149 Skerritt, Maria, 3 Slater, Jonathan, 149 Salisbury Convention, 126, 185 slavery, 42, 88, 97, 106, 110, 196 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Lord Smith, Adam, 288 Salisbury, 39, 94, 102, 106, 115–16, 138, Smith, Iain Duncan, 134 150, 156, 157, 158, 161, 181, 193, 203, Smith, John, 159 210, 213, 233, 235, 237, 246, 259, 264, Smith, William Henry, 94, 156, 290 267, 270, 275, 290, 317, 336 smuggling, 285 Sandys, Samuel, 92, 283 Snowden, Philip, 294 Scholar, Tom, 312 Soames, Christopher, 129, 336 Schröeder, Gerhard, 139 Social Democratic Party (1981), 42 Schulenburg, Melusine von der, 15 social media, 203 Scotland, 10, 23, 26, 38, 196, 250, 330 Somme, Battle of the, 117 Scotland devolution referendum (1997), 196 Sophia of Hanover, 12, 223

417

INDEX

South Sea Bubble (1720), 2, 5, 14, 66, Tenniel, John, 108 212, 283 terrorism, 44 Southern Department, 10, 13, 26, 85, Test Acts (1673, 1678), 50 250, 254 Thatcher, Denis, 52, 173, 178 Speaker of the House of Commons, 25 Thatcher, Margaret, 37, 40, 41, 43, 47, 52, Speaker of the House of Lords, 25 57, 95, 107, 115, 120, 125, 126, 128, special advisors (SpAds), 129 130–5, 136, 147, 149, 155, 156, 159, Spencer, Charles, Earl of Sunderland, 66 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 182, Spencer, Mark, 8 184, 186, 187, 189, 193, 198, 199, 204, Spitting Image,21 210, 213, 274, 276, 277, 278–9, 299, ‘Splendid Isolation’, 264 302–4, 307, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, Sri Lanka, 125 324, 325, 336 St James’s Palace, 226 ‘Thatcherism’, 21, 131 St Paul’s Cathedral, 134 Third Ypres, Battle of, 117 Stalin, Joseph, 123, 272, 272 Thorneycroft, Peter, 299 Stamfordham, Arthur Bigge, Lord Thorpe, D.R., 326 Stamfordham, 236, 238, Thurlow, Edward, Baron Thurlow, 78, 91 239, 267 Times, The, 54, 93, 313 Stanhope, Charles, 5 Timothy, Nick, 156, 190, 310 Stanhope, James, 5, 66 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 48 Stanley, Venetia, 176 Toleration Act (1689), 223 Starmer, Keir, 48 Tories (post-1830s). See Conservative Party Stephen, King, 60 Tories (pre-1830s), 12, 14, 41, 65, 72, 192, Stevenson, Frances, 34, 119, 176 222, 223, 228, 229, 230 Stevenson, Robert, 29 Townshend, Charles, Lord Townshend, 10, Steward, George, 56 13, 66, 74, 252 Stewart, Michael, 171 Trade Disputes Act (1927), 124 Stratton, Allegra, 53, 57, 333 Trade Union Act (1871), 111 Straw, Jack, 305 Trafalgar, Battle of, 90 Street, Andy, 199 Treasurer (position), 61 Stuart, Charles Edward, 38 Treasury, 17–18, 19, 26, 44, 68, 76, 100, Stuart, House of, 12 155, 165, 189, 190, 217, 250, 281–312, Suez Canal, 109 332, 333 Suez crisis (1956), 41, 147, 190, 213, Treasury (Scotland), 26 216, 273 Treasury Whip (position), 284 Sun, The,54 Treaty of London (1839), 259 Sunak, Rishi, 18, 51, 306, 312 Trevelyan, Charles, 265 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, Earl of Triennial Act (1694), 11, 223 Sunderland, 82 True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), 63 Supreme Court, 14, 183, 190, 244 Truman, Harry S., 123, 272, 276 Swift, Jonathan, 21, 65 Trump, Donald, 161, 248, 276 Sydney, Henry, 222 Tugendhat, Tom, 183 Symonds, Carrie, 3, 173, 178, 205, 333 Turnbull, Andrew, 137, 187, 304 typewriters, 33 Talbot, William Fox, 54 Tyrie, Andrew, 183 Tamworth Manifesto (1834), 99 technology, 274–5 Unemployment and Insurance telegraph, 32–3, 34 Act (1920), 120 Telegraph Act (1868), 32 Union of the Crowns (1603), 26 telephone, 33, 34–5, 112 United Irishmen rebellion (1798), 39, 43, 88 television, 202 United Kingdom Independence Party Telford, Thomas, 28 (UKIP), 200

418

INDEX

United Nations, 41, 124, 273 ‘Westminster model’, 137 United States of America, 41, 82, 125, 273, 274 Whigs, 12, 14, 15, 23, 41, 65, 66, 71, 73, 78, ‘special relationship’, 276 105, 192, 203, 222, 223, 226, 228, 229, Utrecht, Treaties of (1713–15), 66, 223 230, 232, 233, 234 Whitehall Palace, 17, 221 Vadera, Shriti, 309 Whitelaw, Willie, Lord Whitelaw, 166, 172, Vansittart, Nicholas, 285, 306 302, 329 Vansittart, Robert, 271, 295 Wilberforce, William, 106, 196 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 120, 269, 270 Wilhelm II (Germany), 237, 239, 247, 267 Victoria, Queen, 52, 98, 104, 105, 107, 109, Wilkes, John, 318 151, 181, 232–6, 243, 246, 262, 267, 288 Wilkinson, Ellen, 52 Vietnam War (1955–75), 129 Willett, William, 196 Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 62 William I, 59 Virginia (US state), 26 William I (Prussia), 85 William II, 60 Waldegrave, James, Lord Waldegrave, 84, William III, 17, 26, 64, 71, 221, 222, 223, 86, 224 226, 251, 252 Wales, 38, 196, 197, 330 William IV, 181, 185, 231–2, 233, 238, 282 Wales devolution referendum (1997), 38, 197 William of Orange. See William III Walpole, Catherine, 173 William of Wykeham, 60 Walpole, Horace, 69, 174 Williamite War (1689–91), 26, 250, 251 Walpole, Horatio, 22 Williams, Francis, 56 Walpole, Robert,1–5, 6, 7, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, Williams, Marcia, 53, 129, 166 22, 23, 27, 42, 45, 46, 49, 66, 67, 68, 76, Wilmington, Earl of. See Compton, Spencer 79, 80, 83, 84, 92, 96, 103, 141, 149, 158, Wilson, Harold, 37, 40, 43, 53, 56, 95, 112, 180, 181, 186, 189, 198, 203, 210, 125, 128–30, 147, 155, 156, 159, 160, 212, 213, 217, 224, 226, 252, 283, 284, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 187, 189, 315, 333 193, 199, 200, 202, 213, 214, 216, 273, ‘Robinocracy’, 20, 21 277, 296, 299, 300, 301, 311, 316, 324, Walters, Alan, 166, 303 325, 336 War Cabinet, 117, 122 Wilson, Horace, 300 War of 1812 (1812–15), 257, 261 Wilson, Mary, 173 War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739–42), 10, 17, 213 Wilson, Richard, 150, 160, 167, 307 War of the Polish Succession (1733–5), 252 Wilson, Woodrow, 270 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8), ‘Winds of Change’ speech (1960), 41, 127 40, 69, 86, 212, 251, 253 Windsor, House of, 239 War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), Winnington, Thomas, 22 9, 224, 251, 283 ‘winter of discontent’ (1979), 130 Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 269 Wolsey, Thomas, 61, 67 Waterloo, Battle of, 255, 260 women’s suffrage campaign, 52 Welby, Justin, Archbishop of Canterbury, 204 Wood, Charles, 187, 289 Wellesley, Richard, Marquess Wellesley, 230 Wood, Kingsley, 297 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Woodville, Elizabeth, 60 Wellington, 29, 93, 97, 104, 107, 108, World War II. See Second World War 151, 157, 160, 180, 181, 203, 215, 231, (1939–45) 232, 256, 259, 263, 286, 317, 337 World War I. See First World War (1914–18) Wellington, Catherine, Duchess of Wyndham, John, 129 Wellington, 173 Welsh Ofﬁce, 156 Yorktown, Battle of, 77, 227 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, 62 Young, G.M., 325 West, Algernon, 33, 113 Westminster Abbey, 74, 101, 107, 175, 221 Ziegler, Philip, 325

419