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PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : YUGOSLAVIA (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF) Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 4 March, 2002) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 8 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 11 BACKGROUND 11 THE CONFLICT IN KOSOVO (1981-1999): INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY FINALLY IMPOSES AUTONOMY OF THE PROVINCE TO YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES 11 ELECTION OF A NEW PRESIDENT OF THE YUGOSLAV FEDERATION OPENS NEW ERA OF DEMOCRACY (2000-2001) 13 WAR AND ISOLATION HAVE RUINED YUGOSLAVIA'S ECONOMY (2001) 14 MONTENEGRO'S RELATIONS WITH SERBIA REMAINS AN OPEN ISSUE (2001) 16 TOWARDS SELF-GOVERNANCE IN KOSOVO: PROGRESSIVE TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITIES FROM UNMIK TO THE LOCAL POPULATION (2000-2001) 17 EMERGENCY RECONSTRUCT ION NEEDS OF KOSOVO HAVE NOW LARGELY BEEN MET, ACCORDING TO UNMIK (2001) 20 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN SERBIA (2000-2001) 21 THE CONFLICT IN MACEDONIA: REFUGEE INFLUX IN SERBIA AND KOSOVO (2001) 23 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT (1998-2001) 23 DISPLACEMENT BEFORE AND DURING NATO INTERVENTION (1998-1999) 23 MASSIVE RETURN OF KOSOVO ALBANIANS SINCE END OF NATO INTERVENTION (FROM JUNE 1999) 26 LARGE SCALE DISPLACEM ENT OF ETHNIC MINORITIES FOLLOWING THE NATO INTERVENTION (1999) 26 PERVASIVE INSECURITY CONTINUE TO FORCE ETHNIC MINORITIES IN KOSOVO TO LEAVE THEIR HOME AREAS (2000-2001) 28 DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY THE ARMED CONFLICT BETWEEN THE SERBIAN FORCES AND ETHNIC ALBANIAN REBELS IN THE PRESEVO VALLEY (2000-2001) 30 HOUSING SHORTAGES IN KOSOVO FORCE REFUGEES TO RETURN TO SITUATION OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT (2000-2001) 31 ETHNIC ALBANIANS FORCED TO LEAVE SERB ENCLAVES IN KOSOVO (2000-2001) 31 THE ETHNIC MINORITIES IN KOSOVO 32 THE SERBIAN POPULATION IN KOSOVO: 100,000 PERSONS AS OF END OF 1999 32 THE "GYPSIES" IN KOSOVO 34 OTHER ETHNIC MINORITIES IN KOSOVO 35 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 37 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 37 TOTAL INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO: 231,000 PERSONS (AS OF JANUARY 2002) 37 OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF THE DISPLACED IN SERBIA/MONTENEGRO LIVE IN PRIVATE ACCOMMODATION (2000) 38 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IDPS IN SERBIA: GENDER BALANCE AND PREVALENCE OF YOUNGER AGE GROUPS (2000) 39 ETHNIC STRUCTURE, LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN SERBIA (2000) 42 GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF T HE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN SERBIA: FROM PRISTINA T O BELGRADE (2000) 43 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND ETHNICAL COMPOSITION OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION IN MONTENEGRO (JULY 2000) 45 UN ADMINISTERED PROVINCE OF KOSOVO 46 AVAILABLE FIGURES SUGGEST A TOTAL OF NEARLY 100,000 PERSONS STILL INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN KOSOVO (JANUARY 2002) 46 IDPS IN COLLECTIVE CENTRES: MORE THAN 4,000 PERSONS CONCERNED (JANUARY 2002) 47 ABOUT 36,000 PERSONS ARE INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN KOSOVO AS THE RESULT OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND CONFLICT (UNHCR - DECEMBER 2000 - FEBRUARY 2001) 47 DISPLACEMENT AS THE RESULT OF THE KOSOVO CONFLICT (MARCH-JUNE 1999): NO RELIABLE ESTIMATES FOR THE PERSONS STILL UNABLE TO RETURN TO DESTROYED HOUSES (2000-2001) 48 OTHER MINORITIES IN KOSOVO EXPOSED TO DISPLACEMENT AND ISOLATION: THE GORANIS AND THE BOSNIAC MUSLIMS (1999-2000) 49 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 51 INITIAL PHASES OF THE DISPLACEMENT PROCESS 51 SMALL-SCALE BUT STEADY DISPLACEMENT FROM AND WITHIN KOSOVO (2000-2001) 51 VOLATILITY OF THE SITUATION IN THE PRESEVO VALLEY CAUSES REPEATED DISPLACEMENTS (2000-2001) 52 SERBIAN POPULATION LEFT KOSOVO FOLLOWING RETREAT OF YUGOSLAV FORCES (FROM JUNE 1999) 53 REPORTS OF EVACUATION (1999-2000) 53 SERBS AND OTHER MINORITIES IN KOSOVO VICTIMS OF EVICTION (1999) 54 MULTIPLE DISPLACEMENT 54 DISPLACED IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO CHANGE ACCOMMODATION SEVERAL TIMES (1999- 2000) 55 DISPLACED RETURNING FROM SERBIA TO KOSOVO TO SITUATIONS OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT (1999-2000) 55 REFUGEES FROM CROATIA AND BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WHO HAD BEEN SETTLED IN KOSOVO FORCED TO LEAVE AGAIN (1999-2001) 56 OTHER FACTORS 57 LOWER LIVING COSTS IN SERBIA HAVE PUSHED SEVERAL INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN MONTENEGRO TO MOVE TO SERBIA (JUNE 2000) 57 "ETHNIC CONCENTRATION" PROCESS IN KOSOVO 57 DISPLACEMENT FURTHERS MIGRATION TO URBAN AREAS IN KOSOVO, EXCEPT FOR THE SERB MINORITY 59 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 60 2 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 60 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT OF KOSOVO SERBS IN SERBIA CONTINUE TO BE DE FACTO RESTRICTED (2001-2002) 60 PATTERN OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE ROMA IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO (2000-2001) 60 MINES IN SOUTHERN SERBIA: A RISK FOR CHILDREN (2001) 61 UN ADMINISTERED PROVINCE OF KOSOVO 61 SECURITY OF MINORITIES IN KOSOVO REMAINS PRECARIOUS: FROM MURDER TO DAILY HARASSMENT (2001) 61 THE SITUATION IN DIVIDED CITY OF MITROVICA: ETHNIC TENSION BETWEEN THE ALBANIAN SOUTH AND THE SERBIAN NORTH (2000-2001) 63 REPORTS OF IMPROVED JUDICIAL SYSTEM BUT ACCESS FOR MINORITIES REMAIN A PROBLEM (2001) 64 LIMITED FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AGGRAVATES VULNERABILITY OF MINORITY COMMUNITIES (2001) 65 ISSUE OF LANDMINES AND UXO IN KOSOVO TO BE SOLVED AT THE END OF 2001 66 INFLUX OF REFUGEES FROM MACEDONIA INCREASES RISKS FOR THE MINORIT IES IN KOSOVO (2001) 67 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 69 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 69 DISPLACED POPULATION IN SERBIA CONTINUE TO REQUIRE HUMANITARIAN FOOD AID (2000- 2001) 69 DISASTROUS SITUATION OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN FRY (2000-2001) 69 SERIOUS SHORTAGES IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN SERBIA AGGRAVATES CONDITIONS OF THE DISPLACED (2001) 70 15 % OF DISPLACED FAMILIES LIVE IN SPACES OF BETWEEN 3-10 SQUARE METRES (2000-2001) 71 DISPLACED LIVING IN SPONTANEOUS SETTLEMENTS IN COASTAL AREAS OF MONTENEGRO FACE RISK OF EVICTION (2000-2001) 72 ELDERLY IDPS IN COLLECTIVE CENTRES: HELPAGE REPORT SUGGESTS NEED FOR HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASSISTANCE (2000-2001) 73 SERIOUS GAPS IN THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FACILITIES IN COLLECTIVE SETTLEMENTS IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO (2000-2001) 76 MARGINALISED DISPLACED ROMA FACE EXTREMELY PRECARIOUS HOUSING CONDITIONS IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO (1999-2001) 77 BASIC FOOD NEEDS OF T HE INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN COASTAL AREAS IN MONTENEGRO ARE MET (MAY 2000) 78 SERBIAN HEALTH INSURANCE FUND REFUSES TO COVER HEALTH CARE COSTS OF ENTITLED INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN MONTENEGRO (MAY 2000) 78 SERIOUS HEALTH CONCERNS AMONG THE DISPLACED POPULATION (1998-2000) 78 UN ADMINISTERED PROVINCE OF KOSOVO 80 ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES FOR MINORITY COMMUNITIES IN KOSOVO (2001) 80 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE: DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MINORITY MEMBERS (2000-2001) 80 NUTRITIONAL SURVEY IN KOSOVO : VULNERABILITY OF THE URBAN DISPLACED (JANUARY 2000) 81 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FOR MINORITIES IN KOSOVO OF CONCERN TO INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES (2000) 82 COLLECTIVE SHELTERS IN KOSOVO ACCOMMODATE DISPLACED WITH HEAVILY DAMAGED HOMES OR COMING FROM MINED BORDER VILLAGES (2000) 83 3 HIGH LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION AND POPULATION INFLUX LEAVE MANY WITHOUT PROPER SHELTER IN KOSOVO (1999-2000) 84 ETHNIC MINORITIES IN KOSOVO: ACCESS TO FOOD REMAINS DIFFICULT (1999) 84 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 87 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 87 EDUCATION OF ROMA DISPLACED CHILDREN: CULTURAL, PRACTICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO SCHOOL ATTENDANCE (2001) 87 LACK OF ATTENTION GIVEN TO DISPLACED ADOLESCENTS (2001) 87 SERBIA: AN ESTIMATED 20 PERCENT OF THE DISPLACED CHILDREN DO NOT ATTEND CLASSES (2000-2001) 89 UN ADMINISTERED PROVINCE OF KOSOVO 91 ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN FACE VERY DIFFICULT SCHOOLING CONDITIONS (2000-2001) 91 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 93 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 93 MANY DISPLACED IN MONTENEGRO HAVE BECOM E SELF-RELIANT DESPITE PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO SOCIAL GRANTS PAID IN SERBIA (2000-2001) 93 INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS FACE SAME CONDITIONS AS THE LOCAL POPULATION (2000) 93 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 23 DECEMBER 2000: PARTICIPATION OF THE DISPLACED FROM KOSOVO 94 SERBIA: DISPLACED LACK ACCESS TO INFORMATION ON CIVIL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS (2000) 95 ECONOMIC CRISIS IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO MAKES ACCESS TO INCOME SOURCES FOR DISPLACED VERY DIFFICULT (2000) 95 UN ADMINISTERED PROVINCE OF KOSOVO 96 LACK OF ACCESS TO THE LABOUR MARKET DETERS RETURN AND PROMPT DEPARTURE WITHIN MINORITY COMMUNITIES (2001) 96 ASSEMBLY OF KOSOVO: A BREAKTHROUGH FOR THE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES? (NOVEMBER 2001) 97 INSUFFICIENT ACCESS OF MINORITY GROUPS IN KOSOVO TO SOCIAL WELFARE (2000-2001) 99 KOSOVO SERBS REMAIN RELUCTANT TO PARTICIPATE IN JOINT POLITICAL STRUCTURES (2000- 2001) 101 CIVIL REGISTRATION IN KOSOVO: EFFORTS MADE TO GIVE ACCESS TO THE REGISTRATION PROCESS TO DISPLACED IN SERBIA (2000) 102 ACCESS OF MINORITIES TO PUBLIC UTILITIES IN KOSOVO: NEED FOR A FAIR TREATMENT (2000) 103 DISCRIMINATION OF MINORITIES ON THE LABOUR MARKET , INCLUDING THE PUBLIC SECTOR (2000) 104 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 107 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA (EXCLUDING KOSOVO) 107 SERBIA: DISPLACED FACE DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION AT THEIR NEW PLACE OF RESIDENCE (1999-2001) 107 MONTENEGRO:
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    The production of lexical tone in Croatian Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina aus Kiew 2018 (Einreichungsjahr) 2019 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.11.2018 ABSTRACT Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina: The production of lexical tone in Croatian (Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz and Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder) This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language. The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences.
  • Investigative Mission By

    Investigative Mission By

    FACT-FINDING MISSION BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AD HOC DELEGATION TO VOÏVODINA AND BELGRADE (29-31 JANUARY 2005) REPORT Brussels, 2 March 2005 DV\559830EN.doc PE 350.475 EN EN CONTENTS Page I.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 3 II.THE EVENTS......................................................................................................... 5 III.CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 11 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................. 13 PE 350.475 2/20 DV\559830EN.doc EN I. INTRODUCTION Voïvodina, a region in Northern Serbia, is the southern part of the Pannonian plane, bordering with Croatia on the west, Romania on the east and Hungary to the north. The surface area is 21,506 km2, almost as large as Slovenia, with two million inhabitants of some twenty different nationalities. At the end of the IXth century, the Hungarians colonised Voïvodina, which became part of the Kingdom of Hungary and stayed so until the Turkish occupation in 1529. When the latter ended at the turn of the XVII-XVIIIth centuries, Voïvodina was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1918. The region's inter-ethnic complexity is rooted in the XVIIIth century Habsburg policy of repopulation, which brought in people from the various nationalities that made up their empire at the time: Serbians fleeing Ottoman rule, Croatians, Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks, Ruthenes, etc. The events of 1848-49 had repercussions in Voïvodina, which was transformed into a region enjoying a modicum of autonomy, with the Emperor François-Joseph bearing the title Voïvode. It was then joined to Hungary in 1860, and then the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1867. Within the Compromise of 1867, Austria and Hungary undertook to treat all the various nationalities on an equal basis, and recognised the equality of all the empire's languages in schools, the administration and public life.
  • Is the Population Census a Reliable Source of Data for Ethno-Demographic Research?

    Is the Population Census a Reliable Source of Data for Ethno-Demographic Research?

    From ethno-statistics to ethno-politics - Is the population census a reliable source of data for ethno-demographic research? Dr Aleksandar Knežević University of Belgrade Faculty of Geography, Department of DEMOGRAPHY Methodological problems of the Census ethno- statistic data 1. The influence of national policies • An illusion of the ethnic monolithicity of the Kingdom of the SHS / Yugoslavia; • Effect of the so-called new methodological solutions to ethnographic records to create new and unclear ethno-national modalities / identities; • Politization of the censuses in the function of national counting and ethnic dispersion through targeted stratification of existing nationalities. 2. The impact of using the subjective criteria as the official principle of national identification • The occurrence of ethnical dissimulation and ethnic transfer; • Disagreement between real ethnic and declared nationality; • The emergence of flotant ethnic groups in which variability is present in declaring their national, linguistic and religious identity; • Expressed alterophony (disproportion of nationally declared (persons) in regard to mother tongue). 3. The problem of categorization of minorities • ethnic minorities, national minorities, ethnic groups, nationalities, national groups (gradation in the function of ideological and political influence: nation-nationality-ethnic group) 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2011 Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Srbi Šiptari Šiptari Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Albanci Austrijanci Austrijanci Austrijanci