Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1083-1088 A multPifaceotedlrievtieiwcjoaurnlal inRthe fielldaoftphiaormancy s And Sufi In Development Political Communication (Case Study In Pelalawan, Indonesia)

CSuohrraeysipbo,nJodihnagriA, Wuthaohri:dsinya, hSpyawhpi@awyai hoo.com

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the relationship between politicians and Sufis in building Keywords: Relations, Political Communication, Politicians, Sufi political communication. Sufi with its classical tradition has built a system of absolute hierarchy; therefore, obedience to the person is part of the religious Correspondence: principle of the Sufis. In the next span of time, Sufism developed into a Tariqat Syahpawi group. In this phase, a spiritual figure is born as the sole holder of the line of Expert in The Field of Economics, Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau State Islamic command who determines the direction of policy in all matters, including political University, Indonesia affairs. It was for this purpose that two-way political communication was formed, *Corresponding author: Syahpawi email-address: [email protected] with Sufi congregations and politicians. This paper aims to reveal the relationship ​ between Sufi congregations and politicians in Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia. In order to solve this problem, an approach was made through observation and interviews with the congregation of the Tariqat and politicians. The results obtained from this study indicate that the role of the murshid towards the Sufi congregation is no longer significant as evidenced by the ineffectiveness of political communication. The factor that greatly influenced this failure was the growth of materialist and hedonistic attitudes among the Sufi congregation.

INTRODUCTION that opens up great opportunities for the intensity of Sufis and politicians are two things that are always seen political communication between the Sufi and politicians paradoxically. Political life that tends to be mundane and in Pelalawan. materialistic is a fundamental reason for Sufis to stay away from it. Meanwhile, many politicians view that Sufi THEORETICAL FOUNDATION life will only curb creativity and political ambition, be In every political process, political communication exclusive and asocial. Therefore, being a Sufi, for some occupies a strategic position. In fact, political people, means apathy towards worldly things and even communication is expressed as the "lifeblood" of the tends to be secular, (Robert Rozehnal: 2007) including in political process. How could it not be, various political the political field. However, some Sufis actually used their structures including political parties obtain political congregation to mobilize the masses and achieve political information and political support through political goals. On the other hand, there are also many politicians communication. The presence of religious institutions who build political communication with Sufis, such as such as the Tariqat institution is always used as a means during a democratic party. of political communication between politicians and Sufis During its development, the Sufi community, which is (a term given to the Tariqat community) at any political organized in a tariqat, has formed emotional bonds event. Communication of politicians and Sufis increases through certain personalities. (Muzayyin: 2020) This in intensity because in the Tariqat there is "one then gave birth to the flow of tariqat such as the command" from the murshid to his congregation to Naqsabandiyah, Syathariyah, Saziliyah and Samaniyah. mobilize political support for certain politicians. This Tariqat then developed rapidly and spread widely in Rafael Raga Maran in his Introduction to Political Muslim countries. (Muhammad Djakfar: 2018) One of the Sociology states that political communication is not places where the tariqat was developed is Pelalawan something specific and separate from the social district, an old country that started as the center of the communication model, therefore the basic patterns kingdom of Pekan Tua, then continues to change and follow social communication patterns. Political finally now has the status of a district. In this place, one of communication is communication that involves political the Tariqat schools is growing and developing, namely messages and political actors, or is related to power, Naqsabandiyah. government, and government policies. Therefore political Pelalawan's specialty as a center for the development of communication is something important, without effective the Naqsabandiyah order is due to the murshid figure of political communication, political activity will lose its Tuan Guru Syekh H. Abdus Somad, the Naqsabandiyah shape. (Rafael Raga Maran: 2007) murshid disciple who received direct lineage from the Political communication is intended as a process and murshid Tuan Guru Shaykh Haji Abdul Ghani al-Khalidi activities to form political attitudes and behaviors that who brought the sysyid lineage of Syekh Sulaimanyah al- are integrated into a political system using meaningful Khalidi directly from Zuh Sulaimanyah al-Khalidi. symbols. Furthermore, what will be produced through Through this murshid the Naqsabandiyah tariqat entered political communication is the formation of an activity and developed in Riau starting from Koto Tengah, Godang that enables the realization of political ideals, including Island in the westernmost province of Riau and spread efforts to win an event such as the struggle for a seat in along the river to the East to the old town of Pelalawan. the House of Representatives. To realize such ideals, Murshid Tuan Guru Syekh H. Abdus Somad in Pelalawan according to Dan Nimmo, political communicators need has an important role in the development of the to be present, because organized group spokespersons Naqsabandiyah Order. Tariqat congregations who are and opinion leaders play an active role in political scattered throughout the sub-districts in the Pelalawan communication. Political communication, which is the 1d0is8t3rict are part of this charismatic figure. It is Sthyissteremaalittiyc ReviewslininkiPnhgaorfmpaocliytical thoughts that live in society, be it the

Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Political Relations And Sufi In Development Political Communication (Case Study In Pelalawan, Indonesia) thoughts of internal groups, associations, agencies or been recorded that until now (Saleh Jasit: 1999) religious sectors of government political life, is very dependent on policies are always synonymous with murshid decisions three things, namely, First, presenting the general style of as the highest authority in Sufi life, (Ahmed M Elnahas, participation. Second, the motive that underlies activities, et.al: 2016) including in making political decisions. the third is the consequence of participating in one's role When Pelalawan was still a sub-district within the in politics. (Dan Nimmo: tt) Kampar district, this area was the largest contributor to Alfian as followed by Hafied states that what is meant by the United Development Party (PPP). The vote political communication is connecting all parts of the acquisition for the party bearing the Ka'bah has started to political system, so that aspirations and interests are decline since the 2004 General Elections. This party, converted into various policies. If the communication which is synonymous with the party of the Tariqat, runs smoothly, naturally and healthily, the political continues to experience a decline in the number of votes. system will achieve a high level of responsiveness to the The last three elections in 2009, 2014 and 2019, the development of the aspirations and interests of society in United Development Party was unable to rise to become a accordance with the demands of the times. (Hafied major party to win parliamentary seats in Pelalawan Cangara: tt) Regency. This party was abandoned by its own Quoting the opinion of Karl W. Deutsch in Michael Rush FsuapcptoorrstersA, nffaemcteilnygthetNhaeqsaCboamndmiyuanhiJcaamtiaoanh. of Sufi and Philip Althoff, political communication is the Politicians transmission of politically relevant information from one part of the political system to another and between social systems and political systems as dynamic elements of a The intensity of communication of Sufi politicians in political system. (Michael Rush and Philip Althoff: 2008) Pelalawan runs very well at every election event. Political communication cannot stand alone except Politicians scramble for the opportunity to be able to through other assistance called political channels. meet the murshid thariqat and khadam tariqat in every According to Rafael, political channels consist of three suluk. Murshid and khadam are flooded with guests elements, namely mass media, interest groups and with various visions, missions and promises. The interpersonal contacts. Mass media such as newspapers, realization of political communication between magazines, tabloids, television and radio are the main politicians and Sufis in Pelalawan with votes is as shown channels of political communication. The format of in the table above. The United Development Party, as an political information through the mass media can be affiliated party of the Jamaah Tariqat, has lost a lot of presented in an attractive style, language and images so votes in the last three legislative elections. that it has its own appeal and can be adjusted according The Head of the Pelalawan United Development Party to the trends of the target group. Apart from the mass Branch Management, a congregation of the naqsandiyah media, political communication channels can be made tariqat as well as a close family of the murshid, resigned through interest groups. This second element is usually as chairman of the PC PPP Pelalawan and moved to the combined in one forum, ties such as political parties and party as chairman of the Golkar Party branch positions. Bonds within the same party and structure in board because he failed three times in a row to win the office allow for good communication in an effort to place Pelalawan DPRD seat. This failure was interpreted as a common interests. sign that the line of command of the authorities in Pelalawan's naqsabandiyah order was not running. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The leadership of PC PPP Pelalawan who replaced him This research is a field research on the community of was a board who did not have a Tariqat followers and politicians. The theory used in this background as a tariqat congregation and even tended to study is based on the concept of elite, group and power as see this as something new. The position of chairman of organizing principles which states that "a small group of the PC PPP Pelalawan led him to the seat of the Pelawan people who are capable and therefore occupy a position DPRD for the 2014-2019 and 2019-2024 periods. This to rule, and a large number of masses are destined to be success is interpreted as a sign to strengthen evidence of ruled. (SP. Varma: 2010) The population in the study the failure of the line of command of the authorities in the consisted of figures and congregations of Naqsabandiyah Naqsabandiyah order of Pelalawan. and pipmpinan and political party administrators in The former chairman of PC PPP Pelalawan and his Pelalawan district. Because the population number successor had a perception that political communication cannot be known with certainty, the sample in this study between politicians and Sufis was hampered by a very was determined based on purposive sampling. Data dominant factor, namely industrialization which gave collection was carried out by interview and birth to attitudes of hedonism and materialism. documentation. Data were analyzed based on qualitative The communication of politician-Sufi in Pelalawan came data. from Islamic-based parties such as PPP. (Junaidi Purba: Politicians and Sufi Political Communication in 2017) According to PPP politicians, this is because the PDeISlaClUaSwSaIOnNRegency party politicians bearing the Ka'bah symbol are "new players" who do not yet have an effective communication channel even though emotionally there is a "closeness" Political communication can be in the form of personal or between them in their Islamic aspects. Besides them as inter-group contacts. Relationships are an effective way "new players" in the political arena, according to them, to create public opinion. This channel actually acts as a the failure of Sufi-politician communication is due to the channel of political communication between politicians impact or influence of "liberalism". The consequence of and Sufis in Pelalawan Regency during the general this ideology is that the Jamaah Tariqat gives its choice to election party. Pelalawan Regency is one of the oldest anyone from any party, not having to choose a party Malay countries and was founded in 1726. This country based on . A further consequence of this liberalism h10a8s4long-standing emotional ties with Sufi figuSryesst.eImt hataisc ReviewsisinaPchhaarnmgeaciyn life orientation which leads to worldly Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Political Relations And Sufi In Development Political Communication (Case Study In Pelalawan, Indonesia) pleasures. When this situation becomes a life orientation, Bandar Petalangan, the murshids and their congregations will give their Bunut District, political support to politicians who are economically Pelalawan District, 2 Two 9 established. Teluk Meranti In contrast to Islamic-based party politicians, party District and Kuala politicians who are not based on Islam, especially “ruling” Kampar District parties such as Golkar, see intense political Ukui District and 3 Three 6 communication between Sufi-politicians. (Nazaruddin: Kerumutan District 2017) According to them, the intensity of political Pangkalan Lesung communication is due to various factors including; District and 4 Four 8 kinship factors, teacher-student relationship factors, and Pangkalan Kuras economic factors are no exception. In relation to the District implementation of the legislative elections in Pelalawan Bandar Seikijang in 2014, the intensity of political communication between 5 Five 5 District and Langgam Sufi-politicians did not show that there is a "one Amount 35 Distr1ic2t Districts command" from the murshid to his tahriqat congregations to provide support to certain politicians, but to give them freedom to make their choice. This is because among the politicians who will "fight" on the Electoral District, with a total of 12 seats in 2014, covers pilleg are students or congregations of Tariqat from the electoral area of Bandar Seikijang District, Langgam different parties. Thus the dominant factors in the District and Pangkalan Kerinci District. In 2019, electoral politician-Sufi relationship in Pelalawan are kinship and districts were divided into 5 constituencies consisting of economic factors. (Burhan: 2017) Bandar Seikijang and Langgam districts with a population The magnitude of the economic factor determines the of 54,979 people fighting for 5 council seats. support for politicians, shows the strong influence of the Data on the seat acquisition of Pelalawan Regency DPRD ideology of "liberalism" as mentioned above, and this seats in 2014, 2019 electoral one covering the Bandar influence also "penetrates" to religious institutions Seikijang, Langgam and Pangkalan Kerinci sub-districts including the institution of Tariqat. In 2014, Pelalawan received 12 seats, with the following classifications: district held a legislative election. The parties participating in the election were actively involved to get Table. 3 their representative seats in the Pelalawan DPRD for five List of Parties, Acquisition of Legislative Seats in years. As a result, 35 candidates were elected to the Pelalawan RegencAycquisition of Pelalawan DPRD for the 2014-2019 period after the Acquisition of Electoral Districts One and TEwleoctoral Seats Pelalawan KPU completed the plenary counting of district Electoral Seats 1 votes. No Party 2 Table. 1 2014 2019 2014 2019 List of AEclqeuctisoirtiaoln SeCahtsafiorrs the Pelalawan Regency DPRD No Information in 2014 DBaissterdicotn thAemEloeuctnotral District

1 Demokrat 1 - 1 1 Bandar Seikijang District, Langgam 2 Gerindra 1 1 1 1 1 One 12 District and Pangkalan Kerinci District 3 Golkar 2 1 3 2 Bandar Petalangan, Bunut District, 4 Hanura 1 - 1 - 2 Two 9 Pelalawan District, Teluk Meranti District and 5 Nasdem 1 - - - Kuala Kampar District Ukui District and 6 PAN 1 1 1 1 3 Three 6 Kerumutan District - - Pangkalan Lesung 7 PBB 1 - 4 Four 8 District and Pangkalan Amount 35 12 Districts Kuras District 8 PKB - - - 1

9 PDIP 2 2 1 1

Table. 2 110 PKPSP 1 1- 1- 1 List of Acquired Seats for the Pelalawan Electoral RCegheanircys DPRD in 2019 No Information Amount DistrBiacsted onAtmheoEulnecttoral District Processed dat1a22019 7 9 9 Pangkalan Kerinci 1 One 7 District 1085 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy

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The spread of vote acquisition as shown in the table Bunut 15 071 shows that there is no party that dominates the vote acquisition in electoral one which covers Bandar Seikijang District (31,908 people), Langgam sub-district Pelalawan 19 214 (29,797) and Pangkalan Kerinci District (111,385) even though when viewed from a population perspective Teluk Meranti 16 786 (173,090) Jiwa) in 2019, electoral district one ranks first as the biggest contributor to the party. This even Kuala Kampar 18 019 distribution of votes is an indicator of the heterogeneity of society and the loss of the Malay identity engraved in Ukui 38.764 the sultanate's tradition as well as the loss of an 3 62.051 acceptable figure. Kerumutan 23.287 The results of the legislative elections in 2014, 2019 are Pangkalan electoral districts of Bandar Petalangan District, Bunut 31.147 Lesung District, Pelalawan District, Teluk Meranti District and 4 88.917 Kuala Kampar District with 9 seats in the region who will AmPaonugnktalan Kuras 57.770 sit in the legislative seats. One of the most densely populated areas is because it is the largest industrial area Processed data 2019 367.686 367.686 in Pelalawan, namely PT Riau Andalan Pulp and Papaer (RAPP), a company owned by Asia Pacific Resources International Limitid (APRIL) founded in 1992. In terms of quantity, electoral districts are dominated by Table. 5 the votes acquired by the Golkar Party. This position can List of Parties and Acquisition of Legislative Seats in reflect that the Golkar party has almost no significant Pelalawan Regency Acquisitio Acquisiti Acquisiti competition in the struggle for voter sympathy in the Electoral Districts Three, Four and Fivne of on of on of democratic arena for the election of members of the Electoral N Electora Electora Pelalawan Regency DPRD in 2014, 2019. , Teluk Meranti Seats Party l Seats 3 l Seats 4 District and Kuala Kampar District with a population of o 5 about 83,196 people. 20 20 20 20 20 201 When viewed from a geographical aspect, the sub- 14 19 14 19 14 9 districts that are included in the second electoral district are areas that are directly related to river routes as the main transportation in the past. With this point of view, it Demokr - - 1 - - - 1 can be ascertained that the people in the five sub-districts at in the electoral district can be ascertained that the - - majority of them are indigenous people or local residents 2 Gerindra 1 1 1 1 as the Pelalawan Malay community. Meanwhile, when examined from a cultural aspect, Malay 3 Golkar 3 2 3 2 - 2 kinship has formed an emotional relationship to maintain the Malay existence in the former Pelalawan sultanate, so 4 Hanura 1 - 1 1 - 1 that the touch of people who take one step, being elevated simultaneously can easily unite perceptions 5 PAN 1 1 1 1 - 1 including in determining good choices for the House of Representatives and regional head election. 6 PDIP 1 1 1 1 - 1- As the capital of Pelalawan district, Pangkalan Kerinci is 7 PPP - - - - inhabited by various communities, apart from indigenous people, immigrants from various tribes and ethnicities who live in the district capital. The heterogeneous society - - in the capital city of Pelalawan Regency has not yet found 8 PKS - - - - figures, figures, role models of traditional leaders, as glue - - that can be used as role models. Therefore the decision to 9 PKB - 1 1 1 make choices is based on personal tendencies. JumlahProcessed d6ata 20619 8 8 5 Table. 4 ETlehcetoProaplulation of Election ElectPioonpouflaDtPioRnD Members in District Amount District Pelalawan Regency i/nS2o0u1l9 The electoral area (Dapil Tiga) consists of two sub- districts, namely Ukui District and Kerumutan District. The six-seat Golongan Karya Party won votes in electoral Bandar Seikijang 31.727 three of its competitors, such as Gerinda, PAN and PDIP, which only got one representative in the legislature. The 1 Langgam 23.252 133.522 voters in electoral district are also very heterogeneous. The existence of oil palm companies and plantations Pangkalan 78.543 brings in many factory workers and oil palm plantation Kerinci farmers, therefore the emotional bonds formed based on Bandar 2 14 106 83.196 ethnicity or ethnicity are not too thick. 1086 Petalangan Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy

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The mobilization of the masses to get the most votes in CONCLUSION electoral districts is very much influenced by the working Along with the implementation of the election of relationship between employers and workers, both in legislative members in Pelalawan District, there has been factories and on plantations. Several large companies that an intensive political communication of Sufi politicians. have a large voting period, such as: PT. Sari Lembah Various communication strategies and communication Subur (oil palm plantation + 2 PKS) UKUI and Kerumutan, channels are carried out by politicians, both individually BUMD Tuah Sekata (oil palm plantation), PT. Mekarsari and collectively, through candidate-bearing parties that Alam Lestari a subsidiary of PT. Darmex Agro Grop are favored to gain votes from Sufi groups who are (Kerumutan). (www.direktorisawit.com. Retrieved 14 members of the Naqsabandiyah chain led by Mursyid September 2019), PT. Indosawit Subur (oil palm Tuan Guru Syekh Haji Abdus Somad bin Tuan Guru Syekh plantation + 2 PKS) UKUI, PT. Gandahera Hendana (oil Haji Ja'far. Emotional ties and lines of command in the palm plantation + PKS) UKUI. (Repository.uin-suska.ac.id. tariqat system with the sami'na wa atha'na pattern are Retrieved 14 September 2019) targets that are used as strong reasons for politicians to The success of the Golkar Party in electoral districts is fight over the Sufi era. greatly influenced by the company's strong emotional ties The reality of the communication of Sufi politicians turns with employees and the company's relationship with out to be no longer effective, because the hierarchical officials who are in fact party administrators. This pattern found in the Naqsabandiyah order in Pelalawan emotional connection has formed a golden triangle in the 2014, 2019 legislative elections did not go as between government, companies and workers. expected, this is more due to the large influence of the The geographical condition of the sub-district which is existence of the industry which changes the attitude of included in the electoral districts of five of these districts life of the Sufistic religious community towards a with the original inhabitants of the Pelalawan area who materialist and hedonic. has cultural ties to regionalism and religious values. Riau : Potensi Alam Bandar Seikijang sub-district with a population of 31,727 REFEdRaEnNSCuEmSber Daya Insani people and Langgam sub-district with a population of 1. Arnold, Dahril, Tengku (1995B)a,ngkit dan Runtuhnya 23,252 get 5 seats in the 2019 legislative election 8 seats. Khilafah Utsmaniyah The social conditions of the people in electoral districts 2. ash-Shalabi, Ali Muhammad. are not much different from those in electoral districts. , terj. SamBasonngkRitahdmananR,unJatukhanrtyaa: The dependence of workers on the company has formed KPuhsiltaafkaahaUl-tKsmauatnsiayra,h2003 compliance and loyalty between workers and the 3. ash-Shalabi, Ali Muhammad. company. Likewise, the communication and relations Ko,mtuernji.kSaasmi sPoonlitRika,hmKoanns,epJ,akTaerotari: between the company and the government are linked so dPaunstSatkraataelg-Ki.autsar, 2003 as to create one-way communication on common choices. 4. Cangara, Hafied, Pengantar Metode Various factors as mentioned above reflect that an Penelitian, Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2011 emotional bond will be formed through several knots 5. Consuelo, G. Sevella, Aelt.Q, uarâlln., dan Terjemahannya, such as: Terj. Alimuddin Tuwu, Jakarta: UI Press 1. Kinship ties 6. Departemen Agama RI, 2. Work ties Jakarta: Yayasan LinPteansyeleSnegjagraarha 3. Political ties Pelnatlearwjeamna(hDaanr/i PPeenktaanftsuiraAkleQKuarbâunp, 1a9te7n1Pelalawan)” Kinship ties occur along river flows which in the past 7. Effendy, Tenas,dkk (2005), “ have been the artery for transportation. Many of the Hakekat Tasawuf, , people who inhabit the river flow still survive, they are Pemerintahan Kabupaten Pelalawan the Malay Pelalawan clan which has long been known as 8. Isa, Syekh Abdul Qadir. terj. the Pelalawan Sultanate and is still thick with the Malay Khairul APmenrugaHntaarrahailpmudkkP.o, liJtaik,arta: Qisthi Press, race and culture of Pelalawan. This activity is a great 2011 Fiqh Siyasah. asset for the top leaders of the country, the Regent and as 9. Isjwara. Bandung: Putra the leader of the Golkar Party to direct the community Badrin, 1999 A. DjazPuelni.gantar Sosiologi JaPkoalirttiak:, towards a common goal. Kencana, 2003 Likewise with work relations, the dependence of workers 10. Maran, Rafael Raga. MetodePenelitian Kualitatif, with their work on the company is not due to proportions Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 2007 but rather due to the fulfillment of life's needs. The 11. Moleong, Lexy J., difficulty of getting a job along with the high demands of Bandung: Rosda Karya, 1988 necessity causes many workers to work outside their 12. Munir, Misbahul, “Rasionalisasi Gerakan eligibility. Another problem that is quite decisive in Kewirausahaan Organisasi Tarekat Ṣiddîqîyah di choosing a job is educational background and skills. Jombang”, IslamiMcae:toJduornloagli SStutuddii KIesilsalmaman, Vol. 9, Limited human resources mean that there are no more No. 2, 2015. promising options for finding work and income. 13. Nata, AbuddinK.omunikasi Politik Khalaya,kCdeat.n KEefe-9k., The accumulation of various problems faced by workers (Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2004 both in companies and in plantations, then bears sweet 14. Nimmo, Dan. Al-Malâhiq, fruit for entrepreneurs and policy makers. Entrepreneurs Bandung: Rosda Karya get comfort and protection, while those in power get 15. ONxufrosrid, SDaiicdt,ionary. tarj, Ihsan Qasim Salih support morally and materially. The realization of this Istanbul: Sozler Yayinevi, 1995 interrelation made the government party in power 16. New York: Oxford University significantly superior, namely 11 legislative seats in the Press. 2009, hlm. 340 2014 legislative elections of Pelalawan Regency and 17. Panitia Persiapan Pembentukan Kabupaten winning 9 seats in 2019. Pelalawan (1999), “Laporan Hasil Seminar dan 1087 Systematic Reviews in PMhuasrymawacayrah Besar Masyarakat Kampar Bagian Hilir Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Political Relations And Sufi In Development Political Communication (Case Study In Pelalawan, Indonesia)

dalam Rangka PembeMnteutokdaen KPeanbeulpitaiatenn KPuealanltaiwtaatinf, Pekanbaru 18. Prasetyo, Bambang, Special IJasskuaertaS:aRidajaNGurrasfindaondPetrhseadTau, 2rk0i0s8Experience, 19. Rabi’, Ibrahim Abu & Jane I. Smith (eds.), The Muslim World, Vol. LXXXIV, No. 3-4. July-October, 1999 20. Rahman, Gazali, “Kontroversi Pemahaman dan Pengamalan Syariat Majelis Zikir AYna IAnltlraohduucdtiioKnotoa PGolriotincatalloS,”oacli-oQloaglai,m, Vol. 23. No. 1, 2017. 21. Rush, Michael dan Philip Althoff. terjM. eKtoadretinPienKealirttiaon,o, Jakarta: Rajawali Press. 2008 22. Saebani, Beni Ahmad, Hutan TanahBaWndiluaynagt; dPaunstakPaerSmetaisaa, l2a0h0a8nnya di Kabupaten Pelalawan” 23. Shomary, Sudirman (2005), “ , Lembaga Kerapatan Melayu Kabupaten Pelalawan al-Tamkin al-Siyasi 24. Suhayib. “Pemikiran Tasawuf Nursi dalaAml- MPeamtsbnearwdiayAana-Nnuri PoAlint-ikNida’,( ) Masyarakat Muslim Turki (Studi Atas Kitab ),MemahamiVIollm. 3u8PNooli.ti1k.Januari – Juni 2013 25. Surbakti, Ramlan. Filsafat Ilmu, Jakarta: Grasindo. 1999 276.. SuriasumantriS, eJujajruanhS.D, a’wah Islam, (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 2009 28. Thomas W.. Teori Politik Modetrenr,j. Nawawi Rambe, Jakarta: Widjaya, 1985 Varma, KomSPp..arasi Pembaharuan Tasawuf HamJakkaarta: DRajnaGSaraidfiNnduorsPi,ersada, 2010 29. Zaprul. Disertasi, tidak dipublikasikan, Yogyakarta: UIN , 2011

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