DOCSLIB.ORG

Summary of the Assets and Liabilities of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Summary of the Assets and Liabilities of The Table 1 SUMMARY OF THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE BANKING SYSTEM (1) (billion rials) Year-end balance Percentage change Dey 1385 Dey 1386 Dey 1385 Dey 1386 Dey Esfand Dey Esfand Dey to Dey to Dey to Esfand to Esfand 1384 1384 1385 1385 1386 1384 1385 1384 1385 Assets Foreign assets 726,932.0 770,170.4 900,252.0 928,552.5 1,126,668.5 23.8 25.2 16.9 21.3 Claims on public sector 238,041.5 235,607.7 255,790.6 256,219.8 282,338.0 7.5 10.4 8.6 10.2 Government 136,695.2 135,794.5 160,196.5 160,269.3 193,314.8 17.2 20.7 18.0 20.6 Public corporations and agencies 101,346.3 99,813.2 95,594.1 95,950.5 89,023.2 -5.7 -6.9 -4.2 -7.2 Claims on non-public sector 802,196.0 865,315.4 1,129,126.4 1,226,201.0 1,566,007.4 40.8 38.7 30.5 27.7 Others 422,268.9 488,302.9 580,735.6 671,235.9 908,450.8 37.5 56.4 18.9 35.3 Sub-total 2,189,438.4 2,359,396.4 2,865,904.6 3,082,209.2 3,883,464.7 30.9 35.5 21.5 26.0 Below the line items 422,076.4 445,191.6 540,233.3 599,812.1 741,633.2 28.0 37.3 21.3 23.6 Total assets = total liabilities 2,611,514.8 2,804,588.0 3,406,137.9 3,682,021.3 4,625,097.9 30.4 35.8 21.4 25.6 Liabilities Liquidity 847,588.1 921,019.4 1,169,496.3 1,284,199.4 1,537,544.6 38.0 31.5 27.0 19.7 Money 276,056.6 317,919.4 360,824.2 414,544.9 456,688.6 30.7 26.6 13.5 10.2 Quasi-money 571,531.5 603,100.0 808,672.1 869,654.5 1,080,856.0 41.5 33.7 34.1 24.3 Loans and deposits of public sector 152,786.6 167,667.4 250,176.1 220,621.4 328,866.2 63.7 31.5 49.2 49.1 Government 143,225.7 156,378.9 238,214.1 208,532.4 311,361.5 66.3 30.7 52.3 49.3 Public corporations and agencies 9,560.9 11,288.5 11,962.0 12,089.0 17,504.7 25.1 46.3 6.0 44.8 Capital account 103,148.9 120,191.3 141,803.8 173,603.7 196,632.8 37.5 38.7 18.0 13.3 Foreign loans and credits and foreign exchange deposits 480,860.8 471,435.8 496,274.0 503,521.7 639,551.6 3.2 28.9 5.3 27.0 Import order registration deposits of non-public sector 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0 0 0 0 Advance payments on letters of credit by public sector 993.2 1,275.1 1,124.1 1,194.2 844.1 13.2 -24.9 -11.8 -29.3 Others 604,058.8 677,805.4 807,028.3 899,066.8 1,180,023.4 33.6 46.2 19.1 31.2 Sub-total 2,189,438.4 2,359,396.4 2,865,904.6 3,082,209.2 3,883,464.7 30.9 35.5 21.5 26.0 Below the line items 422,076.4 445,191.6 540,233.3 599,812.1 741,633.2 28.0 37.3 21.3 23.6 (1) Excludes commercial banks’ branches abroad and includes private banks (Pasargad as of Bahman 1384 and Sarmayeh as of Shahrivar 1385) and non-bank credit institutions; and Post Bank (as of Shahrivar 1384). As of Esfand 1384, it includes exchange rate adjustments by the CBI. Data for Esfand 1385 are based on CBI balance sheet final revisions. SUMMARY OF THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF CENTRAL BANK Table 2 OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (1) (billion rials) Year-end balance Percentage change Dey 1385 Dey 1386 Dey 1385 Dey 1386 Dey Esfand Dey Esfand Dey to Dey to Dey to Esfand to Esfand 1384 1384 1385 1385 1386 1384 1385 1384 1385 Assets Foreign assets 409,808.2 428,172.1 546,121.2 563,869.5 706,096.7 33.3 29.3 27.5 25.2 Notes and coins 2,025.4 821.2 2,358.9 619.9 4,428.7 16.5 87.7 187.3 # Claims on public sector 126,248.4 123,212.3 136,151.1 131,432.2 137,519.5 7.8 1.0 10.5 4.6 Government 103,422.8 101,254.9 110,065.6 104,094.8 107,225.6 6.4 -2.6 8.7 3.0 Public corporations and agencies 22,825.6 21,957.4 26,085.5 27,337.4 30,293.9 14.3 16.1 18.8 10.8 Claims on banks 33,380.8 35,916.2 57,387.1 54,887.3 170,363.8 71.9 196.9 59.8 210.4 Government revolving funds payment 9,157.2 10,385.9 15,495.0 14,846.6 20,301.9 69.2 31.0 49.2 36.7 Others (2) 24,223.6 25,530.3 41,892.1 40,040.7 150,061.9 72.9 258.2 64.1 274.8 Others 2,977.1 3,192.6 3,642.3 9,923.0 10,979.8 22.3 201.5 14.1 10.7 Sub-total 574,439.9 591,314.4 745,660.6 760,731.9 1,029,388.5 29.8 38.1 26.1 35.3 Below the line items 9,031.5 15,949.3 15,353.3 19,402.5 11,040.3 70.0 -28.1 -3.7 -43.1 Total assets = total liabilities 583,471.4 607,263.7 761,013.9 780,134.4 1,040,428.8 30.4 36.7 25.3 33.4 Liabilities Notes and coins 49,788.7 56,502.2 60,092.9 68,109.0 75,231.5 20.7 25.2 6.4 10.5 With the public 39,485.2 50,675.6 47,305.6 61,451.6 59,631.0 19.8 26.1 -6.7 -3.0 With banks 8,278.1 5,005.4 10,428.4 6,037.5 11,171.8 26.0 7.1 108.3 85.0 With the Central Bank 2,025.4 821.2 2,358.9 619.9 4,428.7 16.5 87.7 187.3 # Deposits of banks and credit institutions 123,300.0 164,860.4 175,785.8 212,486.0 272,750.1 42.6 55.2 6.6 28.4 Legal 119,793.2 128,002.2 166,560.2 184,827.7 224,113.9 39.0 34.6 30.1 21.3 Sight (3) 3,506.8 36,858.2 9,225.6 27,658.3 48,636.2 163.1 427.2 -75.0 75.8 Deposits of public sector 105,137.7 114,560.2 182,623.2 149,866.1 243,708.1 73.7 33.4 59.4 62.6 Government 95,576.8 103,271.7 170,661.2 137,777.1 226,203.4 78.6 32.5 65.3 64.2 Public corporations and agencies 9,560.9 11,288.5 11,962.0 12,089.0 17,504.7 25.1 46.3 6.0 44.8 Capital account 3,324.9 5,173.2 5,173.2 13,692.7 13,692.7 55.6 164.7 0 0 Foreign exchange liabilities 193,993.9 170,605.1 199,346.6 192,674.1 259,560.5 2.8 30.2 16.8 34.7 Foreign loans and foreign exchange deposits (4) 189,598.3 166,113.5 194,700.0 188,005.7 254,723.7 2.7 30.8 17.2 35.5 Clearing foreign exchange 1,252.4 1,291.1 1,291.1 1,288.2 1,288.2 3.1 -0.2 0 0 Special Drawing Right allocations 3,143.2 3,200.5 3,355.5 3,380.2 3,548.6 6.8 5.8 4.8 5.0 Import order registration deposits of non-public sector 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0 0 0 0 Advance payments on letters of credit by public sector 993.2 1,275.1 1,124.1 1,194.2 844.1 13.2 -24.9 -11.8 -29.3 Others 97,899.5 78,336.2 121,512.8 122,707.8 163,599.5 24.1 34.6 55.1 33.3 Sub-total 574,439.9 591,314.4 745,660.6 760,731.9 1,029,388.5 29.8 38.1 26.1 35.3 Below the line items 9,031.5 15,949.3 15,353.3 19,402.5 11,040.3 70.0 -28.1 -3.7 -43.1 (1) Since Farvardin 1381, figures have been revised on the basis of exchange rate unification. (2) Since 1382, figures have been revised based on Credit Commission's approval in 1382 including total balance of banks' account (net) with the CBI.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Consumer Price Index in the Month of Ordibehesht of the Year 1398
    Consumer Price Index in the Month of Ordibehesht of the Year 13981 Increase in All Households Inflation Rate The general index (base year: 1395=100) stood at 173.5 in the month of Ordibehesht2 of the year 1398 indicating a 1.5 percent rise compared with the previous month. In this month, the percentage change in the general index was 52.1 percent in contrast to the corresponding month of the previous year, that is to say that the national households spent, on average, 52.1 percent higher than the month of Ordibehesht in the year 1397 for purchasing “the same goods and services”, which increased by 0.7 percentage point over the previous month (51.4 percent). The twelve-month inflation rate ending the month of Ordibehesht of the year 1398 reached 34.2 percent which rose by 3.6 percentage points over the same information in the previous month (30.6 percent). The CPI for the major groups of "food, beverages and tobacco" decreased by 0.7 percent and for "non-food items and services" increased by 2.7 percent, respectively in contrast to the previous month. The percentage changes in prices in the current month for these two groups were 82.6 and 39.9 percent compared with the month of Ordibehesht in the year 1397, respectively. Increase in All Urban Households Inflation Rate The general price index for all urban households in the month of Ordibehesht of the year 1398 stood at 172.0 showing a 1.6 percent increase from the last month. Percentage change in the general index was 50.7 percent in comparison with the same month in the last year, which rose by 0.7 percentage point over the previous month (50.0 percent).
    [Show full text]
  • To:$M.R$Ahmad$Shahid$ Special$Rapporteur$On$The
    To:$M.r$Ahmad$Shahid$ Special$Rapporteur$on$the$human$rights$situation$in$Iran$ $ Dear%Sir,% % such%as%equal%rights%to%education%for%everyone,%preventing%the%dismissal%and%forced%retirements%of% dissident%university%professors,%right%of%research%without%limitations%in%universities%and%to%sum%up% expansion%of%academic%liberties.%Student%activists%have%also%been%pursuing%basic%rights%of%the%people% such%as%freedom%of%speech,%press,%and%rallies,%free%formation%and%function%of%parties,%syndicates,%civil% associations%and%also%regard%of%democratic%principles%in%the%political%structure%for%many%years.% % But%unfortunately%the%regime%has%rarely%been%friendly%towards%students.%They%have%always%tried%to%force% from%education,%banishments%to%universities%in%remote%cities,%arrests,%prosecutions%and%heavy%sentences% of%lashing,%prison%and%even%incarceration%in%banishment,%all%for%peaceful%and%lawful%pursuit%of%the% previously%mentioned%demands.%Demands%which%according%to%the%human%rights%charter%are%considered% the%most%basic%rights%of%every%human%being%and%Islamic%Republic%of%Iran%as%a%subscriber%is%bound%to% uphold.% % The%government%also%attempts%to%shut%down%any%student%associations%which%are%active%in%peaceful%and% lawful%criticism,%and%their%members%are%subjected%to%all%sorts%of%pressures%and%restrictions%to%stop%them.% Islamic%Associations%for%example%which%have%over%60%years%of%history%almost%twice%as%of%the%Islamic% republic%regimeE%and%in%recent%years%have%been%the%only%official%criticizing%student%associations%in% universities,%despite%their%massive%number%of%student%members,%have%been%shut%down%by%the%
    [Show full text]
  • Conversational Persian. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington D
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 132 838 FL 008 233 AUTHOR Svare, Homa; :And Others TITLE Conversational Persian. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington D. c. PUB DATE 66 NOTE 134p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Conversational Language Courses; indoEuropean Languages; *InstructionalHaterials; *Language Instruction; Language Programs; *Languagesfor Special Purposes; Language Usage;*Persian; *Second Language Learning; Textbooks;Vocabulary; Volunteers; Volunteer Training IDENTIFIERS Iran; *Peace corps ABSTRACT These language materials werefirst prepared at the State University of Utah inconnection with Peace Corps language programs in Persian. They arereproduced here with only slight modifications. This text is dividedinto seven main chapters: CO Persian Vocabulary and Expressionsfor History, Law and Government (this section contains dialoguessuch as the following: At the Doctor's Clinic, At the Bank, At theGrocery Store) ; (2)A Vocabulary of Useful Information (the PersianCalendar; Parts of the Body; Clothing and Personal Needs;Furniture and Household Needs; Profession and Trades; Sciences, Art andHumanities);(3) Persian Vocabulary and Expressions forBiology;(4) Persian Vocabulary and Expressions for Economics;(5) Technical Terminology;(6) Persian Vocabulary and Expressions forMathematics;(7) Persian Vocabulary and Expressions for Physicsand Chemistry; and (8) PersianVocabulary and Expressions for the Space Age.(CFM) Documents acquired by ERICinclude many informal unpublished effort * * materials not availablefrom other sources. ERIC makes every * to obtain the best copyavailable. Nevertheless, items ofmarginal * often encountered and this affectsthe quality * * reproducibility are * * of the microfiche andhardcopy: reproductions-ERIC makesavailable * via the ERIC DocumentReproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is not * responsible for the qualityof the" original document.Reproductions * supplied by EDRS are the best that canbe made from the original.
    [Show full text]
  • The Calendars of India
    The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Assets and Liabilities of the Banking System1
    1 Table 1 Summary of the Assets and Liabilities of the Banking System (trillion rials) Balance at the end of the month Percentage change Dey 1397 Dey 1398 Dey 1397 Dey 1398 Dey Esfand Dey Esfand Dey 1396 1396 1397 1397 1398 to to to to Dey 1396 Dey 1397 Esfand 1396 Esfand 1397 Assets Foreign assets 6,883.3 7,321.5 8,918.3 9,171.4 10,459.9 29.6 17.3 21.8 14.0 2 Claims on public sector 2,556.9 2,586.1 3,085.0 3,325.5 3,999.6 20.7 29.6 19.3 20.3 Government 2,271.0 2,294.0 2,754.1 3,041.3 3,668.1 21.3 33.2 20.1 20.6 Public corporations and institutions 285.9 292.1 330.9 284.2 331.5 15.7 0.2 13.3 16.6 3 Claims on non-public sector 10,277.0 10,918.5 12,261.2 13,126.1 14,721.7 19.3 20.1 12.3 12.2 Others 10,485.6 10,304.7 13,126.8 13,163.0 15,325.1 25.2 16.7 27.4 16.4 Sub-total 30,202.8 31,130.8 37,391.3 38,786.0 44,506.3 23.8 19.0 20.1 14.7 Below the line items 4,165.9 4,280.5 4,602.2 4,748.7 6,215.5 10.5 35.1 7.5 30.9 Total assets = total liabilities 34,368.7 35,411.3 41,993.5 43,534.7 50,721.8 22.2 20.8 18.6 16.5 Liabilities M2 14,631.2 15,299.8 17,964.3 18,828.9 23,122.9 22.8 28.7 17.4 22.8 M1 1,801.6 1,946.7 2,488.4 2,852.3 3,829.2 38.1 53.9 27.8 34.2 Quasi-money 12,829.6 13,353.1 15,475.9 15,976.6 19,293.7 20.6 24.7 15.9 20.8 Loans and deposits of public sector 684.7 742.4 819.8 915.9 1,192.7 19.7 45.5 10.4 30.2 Government 642.8 699.6 766.9 861.8 1,135.3 19.3 48.0 9.6 31.7 Public corporations and institutions 41.9 42.8 52.9 54.1 57.4 26.3 8.5 23.6 6.1 Capital account 874.8 640.8 419.1 489.2 -483.4 -52.1 -215.3 -34.6 -198.8 Foreign loans
    [Show full text]
  • CPI by Decial- Month Dey 1399
    National Consumer Price Index by Expenditure Deciles in the Month of Dey1 of the year 13992 The national inflation rate for the month of Dey of the year 1399 stood at 32.2 percent, fluctuating between 29.8 percent for the first decile (those with the lowest income) and 39.3 percent for the tenth decile (those with the highest income) among the expenditure deciles. The range of the twelve-month inflation changes in the major group of "food, beverages and tobacco" was between 28.5 percent for the tenth decile and 32.8 percent for the second decile. The major group of "non-food items and services” also saw these fluctuations, ranging from 26.9 percent for the first decile to 42.1 percent for the tenth decile3. Inflation Rate for Major Groups Genral Inflation Rate 45.0 42.1 45.0 40.0 37.3 31.5 31.3 30.9 39.3 32.6 34.3 40.0 35.0 32.8 32.5 32.1 32.8 28.5 35.1 28.9 30.2 30.9 30.1 29.7 35.0 32.9 30.0 28.2 29.4 31.0 32.1 26.9 29.8 30.3 30.5 30.5 30.7 30.0 25.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 Firstdecile 0.0 Fifthdecile Sixthdecile Third decileThird Ninth Ninth decile Tenthdecile Eighthdecile Fourthdecile Seconddecile Seventhdecile Food, beverages and tobacco First decile Fifthdecile Sixth decile Thirddecile Ninthdecile Tenthdecile Fourthdecile Eighthdecile Seconddecile Non-food items and services Seventh decile 1 .
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Reasons for the Permanence of Tirgan Or "Tirmā
    A Study of the Reasons for the Permanence of Teergan or "Tirmā Sizzệ Šu" Celebration in the Province of Mazandaran in Iran Dr. Morteza Mohseni* Dr. Mahmoud Azizi** Maryam Valizadeh*** Abstract: There are many festivals, rituals and celebrations in the ancient Persian calendar; amongst them, to name only a few are Nowrooz, Mehregan, Sa' adeh, Abangan, etc. These festivals and rituals mostly originated from religious rites and practices, each emanating from a particular myth. As a matter of fact, these rites constitute the practical perspectives of people’s mythological beliefs and convictions. The reason why some of these ancient myths are still working is that they are still functioning in the daily lives of people. It seems that with the decline of their sacredness and popularity they start to disappear from the lives of the people. The "Tirmā Sizzệ Šu", the night of the 13th of Teer in the Persian solar calendar, festival is taken to be a remnant of the ancient Persian ritual festival of Teergan. This festival is still celebrated in certain regions of Iran, especially in the north of the country. Amongst different reasons that gave a relatively permanent life to this festival in the north of the country are the special geographical as well as environmental influences. To this we should also add the religious and mythological beliefs of the people of the region. The authors will attempt to redefine some of the major reasons that gave a lasting life to these beliefs and myths. Keywords: myth, Tirmā Sizzệ Šu, festival, calendar, Mazandaran,
    [Show full text]
  • RIVIVAL of the ANCIENT ZARATHUSHTI CALENDAR 3753 Ze
    UNIFIED ZARATHUSHTI CALENDAR RIVIVAL OF THE ANCIENT ZARATHUSHTI CALENDAR 3753 ze “I learn about and work with the solar year, the righteous period”. Yasna Ha1.9, Ha 3.11, Ha 4.14 THE ANCIENT MAZDIYASNI CALENDAR updated by Zarathushtra was the most accurate calendar that has ever existed in the civilized world to this day. The year always started with the Vernal Equinox whereby the leap year was automatically taken care of. Its accuracy was further strengthened by dividing into months the number of days of each individual season marked by the position of the earth in its orbit round the sun. The proof of this is in the four festivals that are celebrated to this day. 1- Vernal Equinox the beginning of Spring as New Year – Now Rooz 2- Summer Solstice the beginning of Summer as Tirgan 3- Autumnal Equinox the beginning of Fall as Mehregan 4- Winter Solstice the beginning of winter as Yalda (Deygan) These four positions and the four seasons although they may seem to be of equal length, in reality they are not equal. The path of the earth around the sun is such that it does not divide the time taken to travel, from one position to another, into four equal parts as one would ordinarily believe. In fact none of the four parts are equal. Spring has 92.8 days, Summer 93.6 days Autumn 89.9 days and winter 88.9 days. Each individually divided works out to 31 days each for the first six months, the next 5 months of 30 days and the last month of the balance of the days before the Vernal Equinox which is 29 and automatically 30 every fourth years.
    [Show full text]
  • EVOLUTION TOWARD REVOLUTION Author(S): Saeed Ghasseminejad, Behnam Ben Taleblu and Eliora Katz Source: Journal of International Affairs , Spring/Summer 2020, Vol
    Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board EVOLUTION TOWARD REVOLUTION Author(s): Saeed Ghasseminejad, Behnam Ben Taleblu and Eliora Katz Source: Journal of International Affairs , Spring/Summer 2020, Vol. 73, No. 2, POLITICS OF PROTEST (Spring/Summer 2020), pp. 147-162 Published by: Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26939971 REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26939971?seq=1&cid=pdf- reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of International Affairs This content downloaded from 24.126.78.171 on Sun, 08 Nov 2020 14:58:39 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms EVOLUTION TOWARD REVOLUTION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF STREET PROTESTS IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN Saeed Ghasseminejad, Behnam Ben Taleblu, and Eliora Katz Abstract: Protests are a regular feature of life in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Using street power to push for incremental change or voice discontent with government policy, major protests in Iran have been closely identified with the country’s reform movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Iranian Calendar Historical and Astronomical
    The development of Iranian calendar: historical and astronomical foundations Musa Akrami Department of Philosophy of Science Islamic Azad University - Science and Research Branch of Tehran Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its year is based not on convention, but on two natural (i.e. astronomical) factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the Sun and the vernal equinox during the Sun’s apparent revolution around the Earth; and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the Sun’s center across that point. These factors give this calendar the chance that 1) its beginning is the beginning of natural solar year, 2) its length is the length of solar year, and 3) the length of its months is very close to the time of the Sun’s passage across twelve signs of the Zodiac from Farvardin/Aries to Esfand/Pisces. In this paper it would be shown that a) discussions concerning these facts have their own historical backgrounds, and b) up-to-date computations, being based on choosing the tropical year (i.e. 365.24219879 days) as the length of the calendar year, give the best possible intercalation with its specific system of leap years. Thus, on the grounds of historical documents, astronomical data, and mathematical calculations, we establish the Iranian calendar with the highest possible accuracy, which gives it the unique exemplary place among all calendars. Keywords: Solar calendrical systems, Iranian calendar,
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form
    MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER Al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sana'at al-Tanjim (The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology) (Iran) Ref N° 2010-09 PART A – ESSENTIAL INFORMATION 1 SUMMARY Al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sana'at al-Tanjim is a book in the Persian language by the renowned Iranian scientist, abu-Rayhan al-Biruni (440-362 HD/ 973-1048 AD). As explained by the author, abu- Rayhan, the book contains questions and answers in a format easily understandable by new learners in sciences. This book was written by the request of Rayhanah, the daughter of Hussein or Hassan Khwarizmi, in 420 HD/ 1029 AD. To enhance readers’ comprehension of this self-study book, abu- Rayhan begins with Geometry and Arithmetic; he then proceeds to Astronomy and Chronology and after introducing the use of the astrolabe for astronomical and astrological purposes, he explains the principles of Astrology, which is the main purpose of the Book and the 530 questions and answers it contains. In addition to the Persian language, his mother tongue, abu-Rayhan also mastered Arabic and Sanskrit, in which he wrote many volumes or translated to and from. His works are abundant in the Arabic language, but his only remaining work in the Persian is the al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sana'at al-Tanjim. This book is the oldest Persian text in Mathematics and Astrology. Its authenticity and validity of contents as well as its literary significance has brought it great fame as a rare book in the Persian language after Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Mehr and Mehregan
    MEHREGAN - MEHR 2 Mehr and Mehregan Pireyeh Yaghmaii Writer and Poet o Mehr! As we have not been amongst Mehr-Dorujansl free us from needs, from all needs. You have the power to prevail, fear and worry over the bodies of the Mehr-Dorujans. You have the might, when you are angry, to take away: their strength of arms their energy of knees, their sight of eyes, and the hearing of their ears (Mehr-Yasht, vi, 23).2 Ancient Persians believed happiness to be a grace from Ahura-Mazda and sadness an evil from the Devil. Happiness was so dear to them that the Achaemenian kings saw it in unity with the creation of the heavens and the Earth, as was engraved at the beginning of their tablets: Ahura-Mazda is the great Lord who created this Earth and created that sky and created the human being and created happiness for human beings. The ancient Persians did not even mourn the death of people and considered mourning and grieving a great sin, and struggled for happiness; they used every occasion as an excuse to celebrate.3 The ancient Persians did not observe week days. They had twelve months of 30 days each, in which every day had a name.4 They regarded the extra five days at the end of the year as celebration days, called andargah. Within the 30 day cycle there were twelve days, each named after the months. when the name of the day coincided with the name of the month, that day was celebrated and special events were organized.
    [Show full text]