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Home , Hesperidium

Questions and answers Seeds and

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

November 7, 2011

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Seeds and fruits Seeds Fruits

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Outline

1 Questions and answers

2 Seeds and fruits Seeds Fruits

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Go deeper and find out if smaller structures with three zones (flowers!) exist

Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Previous final question: the answer

How to distinguish between inflorescence and flower?

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Previous final question: the answer

How to distinguish between inflorescence and flower?

Go deeper and find out if smaller structures with three zones (flowers!) exist

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits

Seeds and fruits Seeds

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Definition

“Mature ovule” Chimeric organ consists of seed coat, endosperm and embryo

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Origin of seed layers

Layer Ploidy Origin Seed coat 2n Integument of ovule

Endosperm2 3n, some- Fertilized central times 2n cell of embryo sac Embryo 2n Fertilized egg

Endosperm1 n Female ga- metophyte (gymnosperms!) Perisperm 2n Nucellus of ovule

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Seed structure variations

Seed with endosperm (onion): cotyledon, radicle, apex Seed without endosperm (beans and other Leguminosae): cotyledons, radicle, hilum, raphe Grass (Gramineae) seeds: coleoptile, coleorhiza, scutellum

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Bean seed

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Grass seeds

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Cotyledons

Monocots have lateral bud and terminal primary leaf (cotyledon) Other seed plants have terminal bud and multiple (2 to many) primary leaves (cotyledons)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Pinus sp.: multiple cotyledons

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Germination

Epigeal (e.g., onion, pea) Hypogeal (e.g., bean, grasses, palms)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Epigeal versus hypogeal germination

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits

Seeds and fruits Fruits

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Definition and origin

Fruit is a ripened , flower or inflorescence coat and pericarp (exocarp + mesocarp + endocarp) origin mostly from pistil wall

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Trivial classification: criteria

Simple, multiple (aggregate) or compound Dry or fleshy Dehiscent, indehiscent or schizocarpic

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits of Fragaria sp. (strawberry)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Multiple fruit of Rubus sp. (raspberry)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Compound fruit of Ananas comosus (pineapple)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Compound fruit of Ficus carica (fig tree)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits of Zizia

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Trivial classification: examples

Type Consistency Opening Example Simple Fleshy Indehiscent , , Hesperidium, Simple Dry Dehiscent (pod), , Simple Dry Schizocarpic Regma, , Shizocarp Simple Dry Indehiscent (grain), (incl. acorn), Ach- ene Multiple Fleshy Indehiscent Multiple drupe Multiple Dry Dehiscent Multiple Dry Indehiscent Multiple nut Compound Fleshy Indehiscent Compound berry Compound Dry Indehiscent Compound nut

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, fleshy, indehiscent: hersperidium of

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, dry, dehiscent: legume of Erythrina

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, dry, indehiscent: of Helianthus

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Alternative classification of Spjut (1994)

Simple indehiscent fruits Rhexocarpic (dehiscent) fruits Schizocarpic fruits: samara etc. Multiple fruits Discocarpi: Etairionari: follicles, strawberries etc. Compound fruits Cryptocarpi: fig Phenocarpi: pineapple Anthecocarpi: grasses

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Discocarpi: pome of Pyrus

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Summary

Seed is a chimeric organ consists of seed coat, endosperm and embryo Fruit is a ripened ovary, flower or inflorescence

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 What is better—hypogeal or epigeal germination? Why?

Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Final question (3 points)

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Final question (3 points)

What is better—hypogeal or epigeal germination? Why?

Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits For Further Reading

J. E. Bidlack, Sh. H. Jansky. Stern’s introductory plant biology. 12th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. Chapter 8.

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Chapter 14.

Shipunov BIOL 154.28