TIIE .A..:U:ERICAN

~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL

1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information

Edit01"ial Committee DiTectoTS T erms Expiring 1964 JOHN L. CREECH, Chainnan R. C. ALLEN W. H. HODGE Ohio P. H. BRYDON FREDERIC P . LEE CalifoTllia CARL ,"V. FENN INGER CONRAD B. LINK Pennsylvania CURTIS MAY JOHN E. GRAF Dist"ict of Columbia FREDERICK G. MEYER GRACE P. ,"VILSON

W ' ILBUR H. YOUNGMAN T en 7l. s Expiring 1965 HAROLD EpSTEIN New Yo'rk Office?'s FRED C. GALLE Ge01'gia PRESIDENT FRED J. NISBET N01·th Ca"olina RUSSELL J. SEIBERT J. FRANKLIN STYER Kennett Square, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania DONALD ,"VYMAN FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Massachusetts RAY C . ALLEN T erms Expiring 1966 Mansfield, Ohio J. HAROLD CLARKE Washington SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT JAN DE GRAAFF MRS. JULIAN W ·. HILL Oregon Wilm.ington, Delaware CARLTON B. LEES Massachusetts RUSSELL J. SEIBERT ACTING SECRETARY·TREASURER . Pennsylvania GRACE P. WILSON DONALD ''''ATSON Bladensbu"g, Ma7-yland Michigan

The A merican Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural know ledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25 .30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.l0.

Entered as second class matter in the post office at Baltimore7 Maryland, in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912 . Additional entry for Washington, D.C., was authorized July 15, 1955, in accordance with tbe pro­ visions o f Section 132. 122 , Pos tal Manual. The American H orticlIllu ral J\llagazin e is included as a benefit of membership in the Ameri ca n Horticultural Society, Individual l\I embership ' du es being $6.00 a yea r. JANUARY. 1964

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 43 • NUMBER 1

Contents An Editorial Comment THE EDITORIAL CONIM ITTEE ______. ______

Miniature Daffodils GEORGE S. LEE, JR ..______. ______.______. ______. ______2

December 1962 Cold Damage in Florida EDvVIN A. lVIENNINGER.______6

Fruit Characters in Holly SH IU-YIN G H u .______21

Ceanothus pTOstratus and Ceanothus pumilus-Promising Ground Covers ROBERT L TICKNOR .______.______.___ __.______. _____ . _ .______33

The 1963 National Lily Show ] OSEPH UHRIN G.______37

Native Trees and Shrubs for Landscape Use in Southern Arizona JOSEPH S. FOLKNER and ROBERT CHARLES ______.______42

A Book or Two ______. ______. ____ .______.____ 50

The Gardeners' Pocketbook Climbing Hydrangeas. SIGMOND L SOLYMOSY ______55

Mr. Wolf's Amrnocharis. ELIZABETH LAWRENCE .______.______56

Eucryphia X nymansensis. FREDERICK ·W. COE ______. ______. ______58

Two Allamandas of Garden Merit. WILLIAM T. DRYSDALE ______.. _.____ _ 59

A Perennial Marigold. LYNN LOWREY 60 The Anacacho Bauhinia. LYNN LOWREY ______. ____ _._. ______. ______. ____ _._ _ 62

JANUARY COVER ILLUSTRATION EUCT,,1Jhia X l1 ymal1sensis at Ballamal1augh, Sulby, {sle of Ma n (By Courtesy of Lady Collet)

COj»,righl. l c. W. H. HonCE

B. Y. Morrison An Editorial Comment

This issue of The American Horticultural Magazine appears without a desig­ nated Editor- Benjamin Y. Monison has retired from this position, one he has held f01' 37 yean. This decision was made, s'urely with reluctance, on the part of Mr. Nlorrison, and much to the regret of those who have been close to the l\1agazine for any length of time. Somewhere "along the line" one has to break with his elected responsibilities in order to devote time to more cherished tasks. B. Y. Nlorrison, H orticulturist, may now contend with the problems (which are really 1J leasures) of everyday gardening, except for the notes and occasional m"ticles he has promised to contimoe writing for the Magazine.

During the years of his leadeTShip, NIT. Morrison has maintained The Ameri­ can H orticultural Magazine at a level of quality and distinctiveness of char­ acter that gives our Magazine an enviable status among the gardening maga­ zines of the World-and The American H Ol"ticultural Magazine is world re­ nowned.

If one is fOl"tunate to have a complete set of the Magazine, he will find that the bl"eadth and p1"Ofundity of wTitings contained are without comparison. Cer­ tainly if the vast an-ay of horticultural hnowledge accumulated in The Ameri­ can H ol·ticultural Magazine during these "M on-ison-years" were assembled in a volume, it would be a library treasure. I t can be noted here that Mr. Morrison has been the only designated Editor of the American (National) H orticultural Magazine since Volume 5.*

T he AmeTican H orticultural Magazine has l"emained without the necessity pf deviation from its em"liest concept- a scholarly presentation of original horti­ cultural contributions directed to the interests of the serious amateur. T his we owe to Editor B . Y. Morrison.

Edit01"ial Committee of the American H OTticultural Society John L. CTeech, ChaiTman Walter H . H odge FTedel"ic P. L ee Conrad B . L ink FTederick G. Meyer Curtis May WilbuT Yo'ungman

'Volumes I through 4 were published by T he National H orticultural Society at Henning, Minnesota; that Society and T he American H orticultural Society joined forces in early 1926, and B.Y.M. commenced Volume 5 in J 926.

','

[1 ] Miniature Daffodils

George S. Lee, Jr.*

When a gardener discovers that pric@ dens in this country are still not ad­ is not always a measure of value, that vanced beyond the era of 'Van Sion' the new is not necessarily better than and 'King Alfred'. A somewhat wider the old, and that quality cannot be selection of sturdy Dutch garden vari­ equated with size, it might be said that eties may now be found in local stores he has reached years of horticultural and the occasional enthusiast will order discretion. from the lists of the few specialists here Numerous horticultural families have and abroad. But emphasis is on size and already been exploited in pursuit of size the choices are usually limited to trum­ at the expense of more significant traits pets, large and small cups, and doubles, -dahlias, iris, and gladiolas, for ex­ i.e., Division I to IV of the Official ample. Invariably, in these pursuits Classification of the Royal Horticultural there are laggards with more enduring, Society. That ubiquitous fellow, the av­ if less conspicuous, qualities which rec­ erage gardener, may never learn that ommend them to critical gardeners. beyond the limited range to which he In the case of daffodils, if we may has easy access are many daffodils of adopt the more comfortable term, there great charm and unusual form, although is a restless search for greater size and smaller in comparison with those he new effects. * * The largest is never quite usually sees. large enough. Breeders vie for the elu­ The term "miniature" has been loose­ sive pink and assure us that beyond lie ly applied in connection with small pure reel and ultimately lavender and daffodils. As a rule, the triandrus, cy­ purple trumpets. The conflicting judg­ clamineus, jonquil, and tazetta hybrids; ment of Nature to paint with muted the species and wild forms and hybrids; colors on a small scale until a back­ in fact, all species and garden varieties ground of greeN can be broken out to with the possible exception of the poets, provide a restful setting fm- more dazz­ falling within Divisions V to XI of the ling effects must be set aside. Official Classification, are smaller in all It is unfortunate that those who are their parts than the trumpets willing to accept the meager rewards and cupped varieties. For that reason for engaging in the commercial produc­ many tend to lump all these smaller tion of daffodil bulbs find their work daffodils together and consider them subject to the same economic laws which miniatures. spawn new models of automobiles and Daffodil shows offering classes for min­ hem lines. It is unfortunate because iatures must make a more precise de­ the attention of the gardener is focused termination and have usually defined a on what the producer has to sell and miniature daffodil in terms of length of years will be lost in acquiring the ad­ stem, a most unreliable test, subject to venturous spirit which leads to the great­ the vagaries of Nature and the guile of est satisfactions in gardening. man. Width of flower or proportion of The hybridizing of daffodils began flower and stem have also served to offer nearly a hundred years ago at the hands shaky evidence of special classification. of English gentlemen and has been pur­ The Royal Horticultural Society sued vigorously ever since, but a genera­ has consistently defined a miniature tion requires not less than five years daffodil as one "not exceeding 12 inches and the increase is leisurely. Many gar- tall which has individual flowers not more than 2 inches in diameter when ' Daffodil and azalea specialist; former President Amencan Daffodil Society, coordinator of the Society's flattened out." However, only the larg­ work with miniature daffodils. est daffodil shows have made any special JU See "Exploring for ''''ild Nal1oissus" by Frederick provision for miniature daffodils. A G. Meyer, Th e American Horticult'ural JHagazi'lll' April. 1961. ' few classes, limited entries poorly dis- [2] JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER I 3

played, and no prospect of major awards Some years ago a group of members has been the traditional fate of small of the American Daffodil Society who daffodils. were interested in smaller daffodils un­ The goal of the early English hy­ dertook to determine the species and bridizers was larger flowers of better garden varieties to which the term "min­ form and substance, but crossing the iature daffodils" might properly be ap­ small species and the best of the avail­ plied. After repeated attempts it was able hybrids inevitably produced a per­ realized that it was impossible to write centage of seedlings marked by small a definition which would operate con­ size. Most of these were discarded at sistently to segregate from all the smaller once or subsequently lost. A few, such daffodils a group which were truly mini­ . as 'Colleen Bawn' (1889), lingered in atures. A daffodil flower is a living thing gardens; others, such as 'W. P. Milner' which changes from day to day and (1890), have shown their ability to take varies from year to year. The response care of themselves; and a small number, of bulbs of the same variety is also such as 'Sea Gift' and 'Pencrebar', have subject to regional and cultural condi­ been salvaged and propagated by some­ tions. Therefore, it was concluded to one who cared. compile an arbitrary list of species and Small daffodils were neglected until garden varieties which, after careful field the 1920's when they caught the fancy study, should be classed as miniature of a Cornishman, Alec Gray. Gray be­ daffodils in the opinion of a number gan to collect them and shortly tried of competent observers. Surprisingly, the his hand at hybridizing. His achieve­ voting of personal opinions produced ments were displayed at the daffodil nearly general agreement. shows of the Royal Horticultural Society The proposed list of miniature daffo­ where they attracted considerable atten­ clils was submitted to the membership of tion. For his work in breeding minia­ the American Daffodil Society at its an­ tures, Gray was awarded the Peter Barr nual meeting at Stratford, Connecticut, Memorial Cup of the Society in 1945. last April and adopted. The He has written numerous articles for list, grouped according to the Official the Daffodil and Tulip Year Books of Classification of the Royal Horticultural the Royal Horticultural Society and his Society, is as follows: Cornwall nursery is the primary source Div. 1. Trumpets of stock fOT many varieties. In fact, so identified has Gray become with small (a) Bowles Bounty daffodils that inclusion in his catalogue Charles Warren tends to confer miniature status, even Sneezy though many of his listings are not mini­ Tanagra ature by any standard. Wee Bee ·While Mr. Gray was the first and most (b) Bambi effective advocate of small daffodils, Little Beauty others have shared his enthusiasm and Rockery Beauty done pioneer work. Sir Frederick Stern; Snug F. R. Waley; and D. and J. W. Blan­ (c) Colleen Bawn chard, father and son, are countrymen Rockery Whi te of Alec Gray, as was the late A. M. W. P. Milner Wilson. Michael Fowlds and Grant Div. II. Large Cups Mitsch of Canby, Oregon; Mrs. George D. Watrous Jr., C. W. Culpepper, and (a) Goldsithney the late Edwin C. Powell in the Wash­ Marionette ington area; and Mrs. Goethe Link of Mustard Seed Martinsville, Indiana, have done crea­ Pi carillo tive work with smaller daffodils on this Rosaline Murphy side of the Atlantic. Dr. Helen C. Scor­ (b) Tweeny gie has grown and studied them (c) None intensively for many years as rock gar­ den subjects. The only commercial Div. III. Small Cups grower in this country who has attempt­ (a) None ed to stimulate interest in smaller daffo­ (b) None dils is G. W. Heath, Nuttall, Virginia. (c) Xit 4 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Div. IV. Doubles Div. X. Species and Wild Forms Kehelland N. astw'iensis Pencrebar N. atlanticus N. bulbocodium (various) Div. V. Triandrus Hybrids N. calcicola (a) Kenellis N. cantab?-icu.s (various) Mary Plumstead N. cyclamineus Sennocke N. X dubius Shrimp N. 'Eystettensis' Tristesse N. fernandesii (b) Agnes Harvey N. hedraeanthus April Tears N. jonquilla var. minor Arctic lVIorn N. juncifolius Cobweb N. minor Frosty Morn N. mino?- var. conspicuus Hawera N. minor var. pumilus Raindrop N. pseudo narcissus Samba N. pseu, donarcisst~s ssp. alPestl'is N. pseudonarcissus ssp. bicolor Div. VI. Cyclamineus Hybrids N. pseudonarcissus ssp. moschatus (a) Greenshank N. pseudorut.?"cissus ssp. moschatlls Jetage 'Plenus' Jumblie N. pseudonanissus ssp. obvallaris Minicycla N. rupicola Mite N. rupicola var. manJieri Mitzy N. scaberulus Snipe N. tazetta ssp. bertolonii Tete-a-Tete N. tazetta 'Lacticolor Canaliculatus' The Little Gentleman N. X tenuior (b) Quince N. triandrus N. triandnls 'Aurantiacus' Div. VII. Jonquilla Hybrids N. t1-iandnls var. albus (a) Little Prince N. triandnts var. concolor Skiffie N. t1'iandrus val'. loiseleurii (b) Bebop N. watieri Bobbysoxer Div. XI. Miscellaneous Demure Elfhorn Flomay Jessamy Hi-Fi Marychild Kidling Muslin La Belle Nylon Lintie Poplin Pease-blossom Taffeta Pixie Tarlatan Sea Gift The American Daffodil Society has ac­ Stafford cepted the responsibility of examining Sundial future introductions of smaller daffodils Sun Disc to determine which should be added to the approved list of miniatures. In ad­ Div. VIII. Tazetta Hybrids dition, some changes in the above list Angie may prove to be desirable in the light Cyclataz of further study. Halingy While a primary purpose of the ap­ . Hiawassee proved list of miniature daffodils is to Hors d'Oeuvre improve their competitive position at Pango daffodil shows, it should have other im­ Shrew portant effects. For one thing, "Minia­ ture" as applied to daffodils need no Div. IX. Poeticus Hybrids longer be an ambiguous term. It should None be used hereafter only in connection JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 5

with species and garden hybrids named of the varieties on the list of miniatures in the approved list. Oral discussion are quite scarce and the demand is grow­ and correspondence may be carried on ing more rapidly than the supply. In with mutual understanding and it is fact, Alec Gray has practically with­ hoped that horticultural literature and drawn from the American trade since bulb catalogues will accept the proposed he is able to market his modest output classification. It should be emphasized, within the British Isles. however, that publication of a list of miniature daffodils does not tamper in The growing of miniature daffodils any way with the Official Classification will always be rewarding to those who of the Royal Horticultural Society. The are fascinated b y perfection on a small . small trumpet 'Tanagra' will continue scale, but the field will never be crowd­ eel. However, miniature daffodils have in Division I (a). It is now merely iden­ some definite advantages in comparison t~fied as a trumpet of very small propor­ tIOns. with flowers of standard size. Most im­ Interest in all smaller daffodils is on portantly, they will advance the season the rise in this country and quite pos­ for the impatient gardener to whom the sibly is greater here than in England daffodil symbolizes the advent of another or Ireland; certainly more than in Hol­ year. N . astuTiensis and 'Tanagra' are land. Fashions in daffodils abroad have likely to precede 'February Gold', itself been shaped by the hybridizers in the a comparatively small flower but not a British Isles and Holland and greater miniature, by a couple of weeks. 'For­ size has been a common objective. The tune', the first widely grown large flower, chief difference is the English and Irish will be still later by a few days. hybridizers from the Rev. George H. While some of the species miniatures Engleheart to the late Guy L. Wilson can be a bit temperamental, as a rule and J. Lionel Richardson have sought the miniature garden varieties are less large flowers of perfect form for the demanding than their larger colleagues. show bench, while the Dutch, with their Genetically closer to their species fore­ eyes on larger markets, have bred for bears which grow in ' the mountains of large and spectacular garden varieties. the western ,Mediterranean, they are With the exception of Alec Gray and, quite contented in a lean, stony soil to some extent, of Michael Jefferson­ which is hot and dry in summer and Brown, the young Cornwall grower who cold and windy in winter. The excep­ abandoned a teaching career, European tion is N. cyclamineus which prefers daffodil catalogues have always neglected shade and moisture. In addition, the the smaller forms, i.e., those falling with­ season is lengthened by the appearance in Divisions V to XI of the Official of N. rupicola) N. scaberulus, and some Classification. Growing interest in of the triandrus species and hybrids after smaller daffodils on the one hand, and the large flowers have passed. limited breeding for new varieties and The bulbs of small daffodils seem to slowness of increase on the other, have be immune to the ravages of the daffodil created a very tight market situation. fly, Lampetia equestTis) a pest which While a source for the triandrus, cy­ seems to be on the increase in the north­ clamineus, and jonquilla hybrids which ern parts of the United States. Possibly have comparatively small flowers, but are the larvae of the fly feel that the small not all true miniatures, can usually be bulbs offer inadequate winter pasturage found by a determined gardener, many for their healthy appetites. GOOCHLAND NU RSERI ES. INC. z,-Ti,gation system in 01Jeration dU?'ing the 1962 fTe eze at Goochland Nurse'ries, PembTOke, Fl07'ida. Mr. R. E. BTOlVn, prop"ietor at Goochland Nu?'Series, w ?'ote: " We found that we had to use the same 1101- v,me ot wate,' during the f7'eeze as we 1w7'mally use in Q?'d,ina.?'Y spTinkling when plants a.?'e in need of wate?'. We have photog'raphs showing tha-t when only one nozzle hit the plants, they weTe severely damaged. When both nozz les 0'/1 the rainbiTds coveTed the plants completely, howeve'r, the're was no damage wlwtsoeve'r." Operation of s1J1' inkle7's has pTOved a better weapon against cold, than either oit heaters 01' blazing fi,'es of wood 0" old a'utomobile liTes, pa,1·tieutarty when winds a're high,

December 1962 Cold Damage In Florida

Edwin A. Menninger*

The coldest weather in half a century per cent were killed and 99 per cent or more invaded Florida on December damaged. Although these preliminary 14, 1962 and did enormOldS damage to estimates were later toned down and ornam.ental plantings, as well as to citrus m.any plants showed surprising ability to and other crops. USDA Crops Research recover, the loss to growers was enormous Division estimated one month after and the damage to groves, nurseries, and the freeze (Jan. 15, 1963) that 80 per both private and public plantings was cent of unprotected tropical landscape extremely severe. It developed later that ornamentals on thel east coast from the west coast was harder hit than the Daytona Beach to M~lbourne were dead, upper east coast. Even in the northern and 99 per cen t were damaged. Likewise part of Florida from Jacksonville to Pen­ in the Tampa-St. Petersburg area, 70 sacola, the Department of Agriculture estimated that 20 per cent of hardy orna­ ' Stuart, FJorida, mental plantings of azalea, Camellia; [6] JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 7

Ligustrum, etc, were killed outright by quiries with data for their location. To the cold, and 60 per cent of unprotected compile these in detail would involve plan ts injured. 2S,000 entries, and the result would look All over the state the cold was ac­ like the following (actual) compilation companied by clear skies (except at Mi­ in which the first number (401) identifies ami) and very high winds which in many the nursery reporting and its location, places were more destructive than the the second number (IS) indicates the low temperatures. A comprehensive sur­ low temperature (degrees F.) record, and vey of the damage sustained by growers the initial letters signify: would require a computer and K = Killed . the finished report would consume much G = Cut back to the ground more space than could be allotted here. B = Badly injured Two mon ths after the freeze, this au­ S = Slightly injured thor did send questionaires on cold dam­ U = Uninjured age to every nurseryman in Florida, The 400 series of numbers applies to enumerating about 2S0 plants ordinarily nurseries in the north-to-central Florida used in ornamental landscaping. More region (roughly Jacksonville and Gaines­ than 100 nurseries returned these in- ville to Winter Haven) .

Florida Sago Palm K 401-15 408-18 (Gycas ciTcinalis) G 420-19 B 402-16 414-13 41S-12 424-17 42S-16 429-19 S 407-20 412-10 413-15 U 410-22 427-19 428-19 Sago Palm K 409-17 {Gycas Tevoluta) G 420-19 B 403-16 404-8 411-1 2 419-8 424- 17 428-19 429-19 S 401-15 406-14 408-18 412-10 413-15 41S-]2 U 402-16 407-20 410-22 42S-16 'Traveler's Tree K 409-17 410-22 41S-12 420-19 422-19 423-16 424-17426-18 (Ravenala G 402-16 408-18 1nadagascaTiensis) B 429-19 S U :Spanish Bayonet Reported uninjured by all reporting stations (Yu.cca aloi/olia) :Screw Pine K 401-1S 409-17 410-22 415-12 418-17 419-8 420-18422-19 ,(Pandanus utilis) G 424-17 B 402-16 421-19 S 429-19 U .Dmcaena K 401-lS 408-18 409-17 411-12 414-13 415-12 418-17419-8 (Several species) G 420-19 422-19 424-17 426-18 429-19 B 402-16 410-22 421-19 S 416-19 U :Bird-of-paradise K 404-8 411-12 413-15 418-17 419-8 424-17 .(St?-elitzia regina e) G 401-lS 402-16 408-18 415-12 420-19 421-19 B 410-22 416-19 423-16 42S-16 S 409-17 U 417-2S 8 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Strangely enough, such a tabulation of low temperatures and high winds. makes for contradictions because the first One noteworthy fact that is NOT grouping shows that the Flo~ida sago brought out in the tabulations is that palm was killed in one locatlon by a the area from Miami northward about temperature of 15°, but elsewhere the 100 miles, particularly near the ocean plant was only slightly l:-,:rt by 10°. and along the east coast, was covered during 15 0. There is no reconCIlmg such dIffer­ the fateful frigid hours by a cloud bank ences because much depends on whether that was highly effective in preventing the plant had been fertilized recently damage. In fact, Miami itself had no (dormant or active growth condition), damage at all, though outlying areas on exposures, on wind velocities, and farther away from the 72° Gulf Stream other factors. Hence it appears futile to and with fewer clouds, did suffer frost undertake a complete compilation and damage. The Gulf Stream was similarly analysis of these data when a superficial responsible for the protection of the survey of the returns made by these 100 "gold coast" as far north as Palm Beach nurserymen will serve to give a positive and Stuart, for coconut palms (highly picture of what plants do survive, on the susceptible) were not injured at all. A average, in certain thermal belts. common observation is that where the For the purposes of this analysis, the coconut palm grows, freezes never come, state of Florida is divided into four and this is broadly true. thermal belts. Under each heading ap­ Following is a report on four thermal pears a list of the_ plants that DID regions in the state: survive a given cold minimum, without protection, together wi th appropriate Cold Damage in North Florida comments by nurserymen in that area. In the lists which follow, plant names (J acksonville to Pensacola and sO Lith are not repeated. The coldest area to Winter Haven) Temperature mini­ (north-to-central Florida) is examined ma 7° to 22° F. first. Plants that survived there in the Plants, unprotected, that DID survive open, one might have expected to sur­ the freeze without perceptible damage, vive in areas that were warmer, although although in a few instances nurserymen this assumption was not entirely sup­ reported windburn of foliage. Attention ported by the facts. is drawn to the comments of several In the next coldest area (the west nurserymen which follows this list of coast) where the damage was less severe, hardiest plants: survival attention is given to the plants that did NOT escape damage in north Trees Florida, but were unhurt this much Dogwood (Comus florida) farther south. Likewise in the third zone Redbud (Cercis canadensis) (upper east coast), the plants listed as Bull Bay (Magnolia grandiflora) unhurt were more or less badly dam­ Loblolly Bay (Gordonia alatamaha) aged in the two preceding areas. The Cherry-laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) fourth zone (lower east coast to Miami) Goldenrain (Koelreuteria paniculata) lists a lot of plants unhurt that were Silk-tree (Albizzia julibrissin) killed or badly damaged elsewhere. Con­ Coastal Cedar (Junipems virginiana) siderable overlapping of zones, tempera­ Lily-pilli (AraucaTia bidwillii) tures, wind velocities, etc., makes the lists Arbor-vitae (Thuja occidentalis) only indicative, but the survival reports Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempe1·vi-rens) were composed by Florida's leading nurs­ Fig (Ficus carica) erymen who know their plants and speak Pomegranate (Punica gmnatum) with authority. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) A study of accompanying maps pre­ Fruiting-myrtle (Feijoa sellowiana) pared by the Frost Warning Service, Japanese Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Weather Bureau, U.S. Department of Jerusalem-thorn (Parkinsonia aculeata) Commerce, in collaboration with the Maidenhair-tree (Ginkgo biloba) University of Florida Agricultural Ex­ Chinese Tallow-tree (Sapiwn sebiferum) periment Stations, in The Season's Re­ Soapberry -(Sapindtts saponaria) port (Lakeland, Fla., May 1963) will Red-bay (Persea borbonia) show how spotty the cold was and how Cypress-pine (Callitris robusta) difficult it would be to divorce the effects China-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER I 9

fEOERAL-STATE fROST WARNING SERVICE LAKELAND, rLORIDA

PENINSULAR rLORIDA

MINIMA f OR "1 0R NI/lG or orc. 14. 1962

32. 30

Heavy frost was qui te ~ene ra l.

CHART 6 L 10 T HE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

r E~~RAL - STATS fRO S T ',.;AiW I UG SERVICe L/-,'<:'LAND , rLCRl nt\

f'EtI I ~~ULAR rr.ORI::III

DUR;'.T r ONS UI !-iOU?5 or TE "1 ?!:R.ATURtS 26° Min LI) ....' !:R f"R I ~ ORNWr, or ~sc . Ill . 1962

FRIDAY. DECEMBER 14. 1962

CHART 7

. ~ JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER I II

rr.n:'RAL- 5TATI: FROST WARNING SERV ICE LAKeLANO . rLOR.IDA

peNINSULAR rLORIDA

nURATIOI1S 1 N HOURS or 1'E\l f'ERATURES 20° ANn LOWER rOR ."10RNING or DEC . It" 1962

I I I C\.lART 9 ~ ! 12 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

GOOCHLAND NURSERIES, INC.

The theOT)1 behind ?"t/lnning the sp"inklers in a nursery when I.em.pe-ratures get below j1'eezing, is that the ice which f01"lns on the plant has a temperatu 'e of 32 degTees F, and as long as 50-degTee wateT continues to s1n'inkle the w'ea, the ice and the plants unde?' it, will never get colde?' than 32 deg1'ees, even if the air tempe-rature goes down to 20 or 15 degrees, SP"inkle,-s are p,-ejen'ed by nw'se1-ymen to heaters because theiT effectiveness is not dest?'oyed by stmng winds. This illust?-ation, made f?'om a photograph laken at Goochland Nurseries, Pembroke, Florida, shows the iced-ove1' plants after the s1JTin /(lers had been turned off when the tempemture reached 40 degrees. The sp1'inklers were again 1m-ned on when the temtJemtw'e dmP1Jed back to 38 degrees, and the1-e was no damage to the plants_ iIl r. R, E_ B1'OlL' n, 1}mp,-ietor at Goochland NurseTi 3s, wTote: "This was t1'ied on Meyer lemon, which is one of the 1I10~t tender citrus vaTieties grown, and these 1)Zants neve?' showed an)' sign oj damage, In fa ct, they continued to bloom ajteT the j1'eeze," JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUIVIBER 1 13

Palms jured. Ten years ago Menninger gave C hamaerops humilis me a weeping cajeput (Melaleuca leu­ cadendron var. from northern Aus­ Shrubs tralia) ; The smaller wood was killed but it is coming out well on 2-inch wood." Spanish Bayonet (Yucca aloifoZia) and 402 (Lake Alfred) 16 °; wind 20 m.p.h. other species. Firethorn (Pyracantha spp.) "Iced some plants-had to sprinkle for 72 hours-had a good bit of limb break­ Sweet-shrub (Osman thus fragmns and age from weight of ice. Rhapis palm O. hetemphyllus 'Ilicifolius') froze under the ice; these plants seemed Gold·dust Aucuba (Aucuba japonica) to survive better without ice. Large Cape Jasmine (Gal-denia florida) Nagami kumquats were badly frozen un­ Japanese Pittosporum (Pittosporum to- der the ice."--409 (Leesburg); wind not bim) too high. Chinese Photinia (Photinia se?Tulata) "We lost all our limes and most of Bush-crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) our lemon trees. Some replanted orange Podocarpus (Podocarpus macrophyllus) trees were cut back to the ground."- usually as a shrub. 409 (Mt. Dora) 17°. Ligustrum (Ligustmm lucidum) usually "Our temperatures varied more than as a shrub. Viburnum (Viburnum spp.) Some spe­ one would think, ranging [rom 8° in cies proved more tender. one spot, 10 ° in another, 12° in another, Kurume Azalea (Rhododendron ob­ 16 ° in another, all at the same time."- tuswn) 414 (Jacksonville); wind 12-18 m.p.h. "We have made surveys of our trade Vines area (Marion, Lake, Orange, Brevard Star or Confederate Jasmine (Trachelo­ and surrounding counties). vVhile in spermum jasminoides) February we list much material as 'killed Clematis (Clematis spp.) Many culti­ to the ground,' we are not sure how vated forms. much will come back . . . . Things have been too badly damaged to suit me, The following comments by north and (many) that I've never seen damaged central Florida nurserymen were sent in before. Usually Cy cas revoluta, Wash­ 'with their reports on cold damage: ingtonia, etc., withstand our weather, "Euca lyptus 'Silver Dollar' was un­ but never having had such low tempera­ injured in egg cans (Y2" to %''' caliper tu:es for such long periods, many strange to 6 ft. tall) but plants in gallon cans thmgs have happened. Used icing for and all plants in open ground (%,"_1_ protection of citrus trees in cans. This Y2" x 10 fi.) were killed. My thermom­ was O.K. where we used deep well water. eter did not go below 20° but its The rainbird sprinklers froze in windy location and the wind direction caused locations so we saved pie-shaped sections. faulty reading; more likely it was about Persons using water from lakes or tanks 15 °. Some plants were showing first signs found all their sprinklers froze up. 'I\Te of recovery 60 days after freeze."--401 learned a lot." Wind velocity rather (J acksonville) . high; "we think a lot of the damage . "Most of the bottlebrush trees (Cal­ to palms (usually evergreen) and to ltstemon spp.) were uninjured, though large trees, was by wind burn."- 415 a fe~", small ones were killed. A large (Leesburg) 14° at Leesburg field, 12 ° speCImen of Peltophorum dubittm in at Ocala. downtown '!\Tinter Haven bloomed beau­ "Some plants killed alongside some tifully after the 1957 cold weather. This badly damaged. Some palms like Phoe­ spring the tree is covered with dead nix m ebelenii were still green at bud, leaves but growth is appearing irregular­ and tight, after the freeze, as were some ly on the smaller wood 60 days after Cocos plttmosu.s.-419 (Jacksonville) 8°. the freeze. It is hard to tell how much "Some damage to fronds on Cocos actual damage was done to it. On plttmosus. Limes, lemons, and kumquats Goldenrain trees (Koell'euteria sp.) some suffered more than other citrus. Lychee­ damage was done to growing tips and nut killed; cannot tell (2 months later) some younger trees were frozen nearly whether they will come back from root." to the ground; generally speaking --421 (Winter Haven) 19 °. though these trees were only slightly in- "Most well-fertilized ornamental plants 14 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE received some injury, even camellias." Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanosperm. - 430 (Jacksonville) 8°; wind to 40 um australe) m.p.h. Palms "All our palms were in same loca­ tion. Dwarf date (Phoenix roebelenii) Queen Palm (Cocos plumosus = A re- and fishtail (Caryota sp.) killed or badly castrum romanzoffianum) hurt, right alongside others not affected Washingtonia (Washingtonia filifera) by the cold or at least only slightly hurt." Dwarf Date (Phoenix roebelenii) -423 (H aines City) 16 ° to 18 °. Thorny Date (Phoenix reclinata) "Very unusual cold. One plant would Canary Island D ate (Phoenix canarien- be damaged, and the plant next to it sis) would not. Most plants are recovering Southern Palm (Cocos australis = Bu tia slowly."-426 (Bartow) 18 °. capitata) "Our main crop is azaleas. All Chinese Fan-palm (Livistona chinensis) Kurume varieties were not hurt. Some of the Indica varieties were spEt. Most Shrubs of the Belgian and Peri cat varieties were Surinam Cherry (Eugenia tmiflo ra.) split in the wood, and buds were hurt Blue Sage (Eranthemum nervosum) on some."-427 (Apopka) 19°. Shrimp-plant (Beloperone guttata) "On the University of Florida campus, Blue Leadwort (Plumbago capensis) Cocculus laurifolius trees with 6 to 10- Dwarf Poin cian a (Caesalpinia pulcher. inch trunks are sprouting from the base, rima) 6 inches above the ground. Large trees Pleroma (Tibouchina semidecandm) of Dalbergia sissoo are sprouting from Chaste-tree (Vitex negundo) the main trunk."-428 (Gainesville) Oleander (Nerium oleander) 12 °. Lantana (Lantana spp.) Several kinds in "Firewheel (Stenocarpus sinuatus) and cultivation. African tulip (Spathodea campanulata) Cattley Guava (Psidium cattleianwn) were damaged but still growing."-430 Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) (Windermere) . Barbados Cherry (Malpighia glabra) Yellow Jasmine (J asmintlm hu.mile) Galphimia (Thryallis glauca) Cold Damage on Florida's West Coast Tamarisk (Tamarix ga llica) Brunfelsia (Brwnfelsia latifolia) (From Estero and Fort Myers to Tampa, Candlebush (Cassia alata) St. Petersburg, Largo) Temperature 14° Natal Plum (Carissa grandiflora) to 22°. Plants (in addition to those in pre­ Vines vious list) which survived in the open, 'Wisteria (Wisteria chinensis) without perceptible freeze damage: Flame Vine (Pyrostegia ignea) Rose-ot-montana (Antigonon leptotnl.s) Trees Murray Red-gum (Eucalyptus camaldu- Ground Covers lensis) . Wedelia (Wedelia trilobata) Camphor (Cinnamorlwm camphora) Ice-plant (Mesemb1-yanthemum spp.) Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) Several kinds cultivated. Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Century-plant (Ao'ave ame1-icana) Silk Oak (Grevillea robusta) Common Aloe (A1oe vera) Several other Bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.) All kinds kinds cultivated. except C. rigidus. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoii coccinea) Brazilian Pine (Casuarina cunningham i­ Crown-of-thorns (Euphorbia splendens ana) = E . milii) Queen's Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia Wandering Jew (Zeb1-ina pendttla) speciosa) Roseapple (Eugenia jambos) Here are comments by ",Te st Coast Queensland Nut (Macadamia ternifolia) nurserymen: Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) "A check of our Eucalyptus plantings Flame-bottle (Brachychiton acen:jolium) showed that E. camaldulensis and E. Sago (Cycas revoluta) rudis are the most cold hardy, some Carob (Ceratonia siliqtLa) having withstood temperatures down to JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER J 15

17• °. E< 'oro bysta !flay be expected to sur- vIVe 20 with slight damage. E. saligna Cold Damage on Florida's (E. gmndzs) down to 25 °-302 (Fort Upper East Coast :Myers) 26 °-17 °. "Most shrubs killed to the ground, as (Daytona Beach to Stuart and Palm observed 2 months later. Hibiscus start· Beach) Temperature mIl1 lma 21 0 ing to sprou t, but Ixom shows no signs to 31 °. Chalcas (MUTmya) seems dead."-304 Plants (in addition to those on pre­ (Largo) 19° for 12 hours; wind 20-30 vious lists) which survived in the open: m.p.h. "The bulk of our stock was under Trees slat and much a total loss."-305 (Brad. enton) 28 °. ~ vocado (Persea americana) "All plants not fertilized after Septem· Ear !ree (Enterolobiurn tirnbouva) ber got along better."-307 (Dade City) Camstel (Lucuma n ervosa) 14° and below 34° for 20 hours; wind Guava (Psidiurn guajava) 15-18 m.p.h. Mango (Mangifera indica) Jambolan Plum (Syzygiurn jambolana) "Never i~ my thirty years in the nursery bUSIness have I seen such wide­ Soursop (Ann ona rn t.ricata) spread destruction from freezing. ' '''e Papaya (Cal-ica papaya) are almost completely wiped out."-313 Sapodill a (A chms zapote) ( I:,ampa) 18 ° for nearly two days. Australi an Pine (Casuarina eq uise ti- vVe were hurt badly by the cold. ' IVe folia) had no protection at either Palma Sola Seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera) Dragon Tree (Dracaena dmco) or Oneco, b~t our sprinkler system cov­ ered our maIn nursery with tons of ice Nolina (B eaurarnea recurvatc.) as it was l ai~ out to do, and saved 90 % Tree Verbena (Grnelina arborea) of the matenal that was iced over. vVe Ear Acacia (A ca. cia aurin .liforrnis) were more fortunate than other nurseries Cherimoya (Annona cherirnola) in this area as they used heaters that False Mangosteen (Garcinia s1Jicata) WhIte Sapote (Cnsirniroa eclnlis) were . in ~ffective against the wind. Many conflictIng conclusions may be drawn Grumichama (Eugenia clombe)l i) from reports: with identical items 10 Jaboticaba (Et.genia canliflora=lVIY1'- feet apart, with one killed and the other ciaTia catdiflom) o,:ly sl ightly damaged. Litchi trees Lychee (Litchi chinensis) k.Illed to the ground but Royal Poin­ Red Silk-oak (Gl'evillea banksii var. fOT­ Ciana (Delonix) nearby still had green ste?-i) cambium 5 feet from ground. Coc~n ut s Jacaranda (Jacarancla rnirn osifolia=l­ wi th still green petioles in same areas ncutifolia) where they were killed outright in 1957 :Mother-of-cocoa (Glil'iciclia 'maculala= freeze."- 3l6 (Bradenton) '26° Palma G. sepium) Sola; 23° Bradenton; 20° Oneco; wind Eucalyptus (Eucalypttts spp.) Several 30-40 m.p.h. kinds cultivated. "Some plants survived right beside Frangipani (PlumeTia acu tifolia) Hong; Kong Orchid (Ba~lhinia blakeana) ~ome that froze. Some misted cuttings Chonsla (Chonna speczosa) l~ gallon cans in peat and perloam sur­ VIved, while others in same area froze. Silver-trumpet (Tabebuia arp.:entea) A huge Hibiscus tiliaceus is starting Golden-shower (Cassia fistula) to leaf out 5 feet from the ground (2 Sogabark (Peltophon.rn inerm e) months after freeze). Two 'larg-e Silk Palmer's Trumpet (Tabebuia jJolmeri) Coral-tree (ErythTina inclica) And other ~aks (GTevillea robusta) 3 to 4 feet in chameter, look more dead than ali ve species. yet sm a.ll t:ees in egg cans are alive: Royal Poinciana (Delonix Tegia) 65 orchIds 111 shade house were killed' one survived: Pansies and seedling Palms plants froze stIff but recovered complete­ Coconut (Cocos nucifem) Unhurt from ly. '''Teeds are growing like crazy! Don 't Stuart south. know wind velocity but it did almost Everglade Palm (Paw'otis wl'io'htii) as much damage as the cold."-319 (St. Fishtail Palm (CaljlOla lr-r e n~ and C. Petersburg) 21°. mitis) 16 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

GOOCHLAND NURSERI ES, INC .

This illush-ation, made fmm a photogmph taken at Goochland Nurseries, Pembrohe, Florida, shows what can halJpen to lm-ger plant material once it is completely covered with ice. There was not nea'r­ Iy so much damage to these trees, as far as b1'eakage goes, as might appear from the illustmtion. MT. R. E. B"own, proprietm' at Goochland NU1'Se1'ies, wrote: "Nlost of this material was salable as soon as the ice melted, In fact, I showed some of this material at a convention in New Yorh City in January, a month after the f,·eeze. 0'11 the Calamondins, especially, we had bloom as well as the fruit on the trees, with no appm-en t damage whatsoever."

Shrubs Boxwood Beauty (CaTissa grandiflora Red-head Powderpuff (Calliandra hae­ var.) matocephala) Orange Jasmine (iVlunaya paniwlata) Pink-powderpuff (Calliandra sUTina- Grand-duke Jasmine (Jasminum sam- mensis) bac) Pigeon Berry (Duranta rep ens) Crape-j asmine (Tabemaemontana COTO­ naTia) Lady-of-the-night (Bnmfelsia amnicana) Wax-jasmine (Jasminum dichotomtbm) Aralia (Polyscias spp.) Several kinds in cultivation. Shrub-thunbergia (Thunbe1-gia e1-ecta) Chinese Hibiscus (Hibisws Tosa-sinensis) Ground Covers Yellow-elder (Stenolobium stans) Crinum (Crinum spp.) Several kinds Sanchezia (Sanchezia nobilis) grown. Florida Sage (Salvia azuTea) Ginger-lily (Hedychium coTOnarium) JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 17

Vines severe damage."-212. Pothos (Scindapsus aUTeus) "Coconut palms were not as badly Rangoon-creeper (Quisqualis indica) damaged as they were in the 1957-1958 Allamanda (AlI(l11wnda cathartica and freeze, even though it got much colder varieties) this time."-214 (Vero Beach) 25 ° to Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabm) 28 °; wind lO-15 m.p.h. and other species. "We had temperatures below freezing Climbing fig (Ficus pumila) from 4 to 8 hours."-217 (Clewiston) Mexican Fl ame-vine (S enecio confusus) 26 °; wind 15 m.p.h. Sky-flower (Thunbe?'gia grandiflora) Passion Vine (Passiflora coendea) Cold Damage Report For Florida's Plants that were slightly injured in Lower East Coast this zone were the native Gumbo Limbo Tree (B u 1'Sera simaruba) and the (Fort Lauderdale To Miami) Thiinax palms. Temperature minima 24° to 39 ° Comments of nurserymen in the zone Unprotected plants which survived in from Daytona Beach to Stuart: the open without perceptible damage: "Many lO-year-old mango trees in the field are killed to the ground but 6- Trees month-old mango seedlings sheltered Orchid Trees (Bauhinia variegata, B. only by Casu.a?-ina withstood 27 ° with pw'purea, etc.) no injury, even to new red flushes. At Mrican Tulip (Spathodea campanulata) least 50 species of plants, mostly tender Geiger (Cordia sebestena) palms, were uninjured under any type Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria excelsa) of covering, even if the sides were open. Purple-glory (Tibouchina granulosa) The most effective protection method Pink Shower (Cassia javanica) was provided by tube frames covered Cuban Pink-trumpet (Tabebuia pal- with clear polyethylene which raised the lida) temperature inside 6° with no supple­ Snakewood (C ecropia palmata) m.entary heat."-202 (Stuart) 27 °-29 °; Woman's Tongue (Albizzia lebbek) wll1d 20- 30 m.p.h. (North of St. Lucie Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) River; south of this river temperatures Sabinea (Sabinea carina lis) were 3° higher in protected places.) Carambola (A verThoa cammbola) "In Clewiston (26 °) palms were Black Olive (Bucida buceras) slightly to badly injured; most tropical Shaving-brush (Bombax ellipticttm) trees were badly injured. Beardsley farm Kapok (Ceiba pentandm) 6Y2 miles east of Clewiston (29 °) many Cashew (A nacardium ocCidentale) plants uninjured. At Hiapoochee 3 Strawberry-tree (Muntingia calabum) miles south of Moore Haven on U .S. Custard-apple (Annona reticulata) 27 (22 °) bamboo and so-called "clam­ Pond-apple (Annona glabm) my cherry" apparently killed, Casuarina Spanish Lime (Melicocca bijuga) ntnn'inghamiana and native cabbage Ant-tree (Triplaris americana) palm slightly hurt."-205 (Clewiston); Hawaiian Tree-hibiscus (Hibisws tilia­ wind 20-25 m.p.h. ceus) "Plants within 2 miles of the ocean Eucalyptus spp. Various species culti- were largely uninjured. In our field vated. ~ursery farther from the coast, many Sandbox (Hura crepitans) Items undamaged or slightly so in first Candle-tree (Parmentiera cereifera) location, were killed outright or severely Native Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) damaged. "-207 (Boca Raton) 28° at Ape's Earring (Pithecellobium dulce) nursery, 22 ° in fie ld. Native Calabash (Enallagma latifolia) "We used water. Container stock fine. Common Calabash (Crescentia wjete) Field stock killed. Mechanical damage Pongam (Pongamia glabra) from ice build-up was bad."-2lO (Palm Traveler's Tree (Ravenala madagas­ City) 22 ° from 8 P.M. to 8 A.M.; wind cariensis) lO-20 m.p.h. Scotch Attorney (Clusia rosea) "Much damage (20 °) at Indian River Fiddleleaf Fig (Ficus pandurata) also F. City. Temperatures on south Merritt microcarpa, F. decora, F. altissima, etc. Island were in the mid-20's with less Madagascar Olive (N O1'on hia ema.rginata) 18 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURA.L j'vIAGAZINE

Queensland Umbrella (Schefflera actino­ tically no damage; some leaf spotting phylla) and lots of leaves dropped, particularly Lipstick (Bixa orellana) on large citrus and Ficus benjamina. Practically no damage to shrubs Palms and trees." 106 (M iami) 29° at ground Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) for short time. .Merrill Palm (Veitchia merillii= "Used sprinkler system."-107 (M i­ A cloniclia m enillii) ami) 30° to 32 °; wind 15-25 m.p.h. Madagascar Palm (A rikury1'Oba schizo­ for 5 hours. phylla) "' l\Te h ad no damage of any kind in King Palm (Archontophoenix alexan- our nurseries at Perrine and Cutler. We clme) have wind machines, heaters, and very African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) large pumping systems. Equipment and Madagascar Palm (Bismarckia nobilis) know-how really paid off."-I09 Golden Coconut (Cocos nucifem var.) (Miami) 26 °; wind 30 m.p.h. Areca (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) "Some larger plants in nursery were not injured as much as small stuff."­ Shrubs JI0 (Fort Lauderdale) 29.5°; very little Ruellia (Ruellia amoena) wind. Angel's Trumpet (Datum spp.) Several "No damage of any serious conse­ kinds in cultivation. quence; crotons dropped leaves, silk Red Tear-drop (Mussaenda erythro- cotton (Bombax) dropped buds, sug­ phylla) ar apple (Annona) leaf burn."-III Common Ixora (Ix01'a caccinea) (Marathon Shores) 39° three m ornings Poinsettia (Euph()rbia pulcherrima) in a row; wind 40-50 m.p.h. M ilk-b ush (Euphorbia la ctea) "Th ese were killed: Eugenia malac­ Dombeya (D()mb eya wallichii) ce nsis, Synsepalwn dulcificum, Millettia Sleeping Hibiscus (Malvaviscus gmndi­ thonningii, Quararibea dariensis."-11 2 florus) (Kendall) 32 °; wind 12 m.p.h. Vines "Nursery plants were under water cov­ Queen's '"Treath (Petrea volubilis) er. Dec. 12 was the b ad night; we had Brazil Morning-glory (Ipomoea hOTSfal­ ice form five nights that week."-1l 3 liae) (South i'vl iami) 26° for 31'2 to 4 hours; Ceriman (i\1onstem deliciosa) wind 8- 12 m.p.h. on Dec. 12, 20-25 on Dec. 15. Ground Covers "My plants li ve with the water on Sweet Rag (Acarus ca lamu.s) all nig-ht."-11 5 (Miami) 24°. "No wind that; night." Bromeliads were mostly unhurt. "In some areas I used fires. Tempera­ Plants which did sustain a little dam­ ture reached 32 ° at 9 P.M. and did not age in this zo ne w.ere the vine Congea go above it till 9 A.M."-II6 (Home­ tomen tosa, the white flowered Euphor­ stead) 240. bia lell cocephala, bananas (lvlu.sa spp.) , "vVe have consider able protection many crotons (Cocliaeum sp.) , three from extreme temperatures. Cold hardy kinds of A cal'vpha, and the tropical al­ plants are generally located in most mond trees (Terminalia catappa) . dangerous areas. If the Frost '''Taming Comments of nurserymen in this area: Service forecast of Dec. II had been "Very little cold damage, none to the accurate, (37° indicated, 32° actual) trees."-IOI (Maimi 31°.) we would h ave escaped without dam­ "Had very little damage in Ft. Lauder­ age, for the bulk of the damage was dale. 0 u tl ying dis tricts had 28 ° and from settling frost when the air was most shrubs, yo ung coconuts and Veit­ very humid."-II9 (Fort Lauderdale) rhia (Adonidia) and Areca, palms were 32°; wind 20 m.p.h. really burned in these areas."- 104 (Ft. "My Fairchild Sterculia lost all its Lauderdale) 32°. leaves in about 5 days, now completely "' IVind burn was our only real dam­ leafed out again. Licuala grandis and age (10 to 18 m .p.h.) because of con­ Coccothrinax fmgmns had a few burned tinuous wind at very low humidity."- leaves. H eliconia distans showed more 105 (Key Biscayne) 39°. damage than any other plant."-121 "'''Te were very luck y, we had prac- (Miami) 36°. JANUARY J96'f, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 14

FLORIDA CITRUS MUTUAL FOLIAGE DAMAGE MAP JANUARY 15, 1963

Pattern Chart

This report is based an observations of bearing Brown leaves hang i ng on trees indicating trees, except in those areas where the largest severe wood dam age and reduct ion of percentage of trees is of non-bearing age. The .- beari ng surface . report is in tended to be the genera l esti mate of 100% defol iation -- some wood domage an area and does not take into account the ind i­ and sma ll reduction in bearing surface . vidua l groves in each area that are the exception 90% to 100% defoli at ion, but trees bud ­ --- good or bad. di ng out strong. WiJ."" _ 25% to 75% d.efo li a ti on - no apparent ",

CO URTf.SY . FLC RIDA C ITRUS ;\I UTL'A L 20 THE Al'vIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

FLORIDA CITRUS MUTUAL WOOD DAMAGE MAP APRil 12, 1963

This report is a general estimate of the wood damage in the various areas. It does not toke into account the individual groves in eac area thot are the ex­ ception -- good or bod.

COLOR CHART

Trees dead or severely buck-horr,ed. Heavy loss of beari n9 surface.

_ Heavy pruni n9 necessary. Loss of bead n9 surface.

_ Dieback and dead wood. Pruning necessary.

Defol ietion after freeze but trees have budded out we II. Minor pruning.

... No foliage or wood damage.

• # . ... etQ \\.~

COURT ESY. F LO RIDA CITRUS IHUT UAt.

Citrus Affected by the Freeze the temperature charts is enlightening. Although damage to commercial These maps, one showing foliage damage one month after the freeze, the other plantings is beyond the general scope of showing wood damage four months after this report, two maps are included to the freeze, were prepared by the Florida show the damage to citrus trees resulting Citrus Mutual, and are incorporated from the freeze, because comparison with here with their permission. Fruit Characters in Hally

Shiu-ying Hu*

Introduction Holly Family or not. Moreover, hol!y fruits furnish reliable characters for dis­ In recent years, increased interest in tinguishing the species, varieties, and hollies (!lex) among individual citizens, horticultural selections and hybrids. private educational institutions, govern­ Holly fruit also provi~es evidence. to mental research centers, and botanical botanists for interpretation of relatIOn­ gardens has led to the creati~n ~f nu­ ships between various species. A sum­ merous cultivars through selectIOn m na­ mary of the scattered information pub­ tive and introduced species, and hybridi­ lished in technical periodicals here and zation of native and/ or introduced spe­ abroad and a presentation of the findings cies. The sudden increase of a large of professional botanists in simple and number of novelties makes it imperative illustrated form would give growers the that growers be provided with certain satisfaction of h aving increased knowl­ criteria to follow for the identification edge about their plants and vitalize their of cultivars in their plantings. Charac­ intellectual interest in them. ters used to differentiate kinds of hollies This article was prepared through the involve the growth habit, leaves, flowers, request of a holly grower who obs~rv~d fruit, and pyrenes. In this account, fruit the variation in sha pe of the fnut Ir;t characters are discussed in some detail, his cultivars of I. opaca and I. aquz­ because hollies exhibit good diagnostic folium. He wished to describe holly characters in their fruit, and there is fruits with technical terms but could not now much economic interest in good find descriptions in his collection of bo­ fruiting holly. tanical books. In this article the tech­ The establishment of holly orchards nical terms concerned with shape, struc­ has become a growing horticultural en­ ture, and arrangement of holly fruits terprise in the U ni ted States. Orchards are explained by definiti~ns, illus­ which yield cut-holly for the trations, and examples of natIve or cul­ multimillion-dollar business around tivated species. In addition, the areas Christmas are found both in the Pacific of importance that .o~ e sl~ou.ld empha­ and the Atlantic States. New holly size in looking f0f dIstmgUlshmg charac­ orchards and nurseries specializing in ters in holly fruits are indicated and hollies are added annually. A good crop the methods of gathering data for sep­ of fruit is a primary goal of a holly arating closely r~late~ fo~ms a.re clar­ orchard. Fruit quality is an important ified. In short, this article IS designed as mark set for the selection and propa­ a bridge to connec.t publ!c inter.es t with gation of hollies in nurseries. An intro­ technical research m holItes. It IS hoped duction and explanation of the technical that through this approach hol~y enthus­ terms on the characteristics and arrange­ iasts will be led to the honzon that ments of holly fruits would help growers fascinates a professional J:>otanist. . Most in the communication of their knowl­ examples given are Amencan speCle~ or edge and experience. species introduced into Amencan The fruit characters of holly are of gardens. . . major importance in distinguishing be­ My deep appreCiatIOns are due to Dr. tween members of the Holly Family and Mrs. L. A. Hausman, Professor Em­ (Aquifoliaceae) . This is to say that given eritus, Rutgers University, and to Dr. a fruiting specimen of any plant one C. E. Wood, Jr. of the Arnold. Arbo.re­ can determine whether it belongs to the tum for reading the manuscnpt. With • Arnold Arboretum, H arvard University. many helpful criticisms and suggestIOns . [21 ] 22 THE Ai\ IERIC N HORTICULTURAL iVfAGAZINE

Peculiarities of Holly Fruit The transforma tion of the ovary wall into three distinct layers-a tunicate exo­ In a botanical sense a fruit is the ri pened ovary of a seed plant. R egard­ carp, a fleshy or juicy mesocarp and sev­ ing the types of fruit, the unabridged eral woody (ligneous), leathery (coTia­ second edition of W ebster's New I nter­ ceous) , or bony endocarps-of a holly national Dictionary gives an illustrated fruit, is comparable to the changes oc­ outline. T his outline covers the subject curring in the development of a drupe of the types of fruit as completely as ca n in the genus Prunus (including the be fo und in any modern textbook of peach, cherry, and apricot). The peculi­ general botany or plant taxonomy. By arity of a holly fruit lies in the separa­ comparing a holly fruit with the illus­ tion of the en do carps and in the pro­ u'ated forms and examples presented in duction of several pyrenes each covering this outline, one soon discovers that a a single seed. In a true drupe, like a holly fruit fits into none of these types. peach or cherry, there is only one stone. In general practice a holly fruit is In a holly fruit there are several small called a "berry" or a "drupe." In tech­ stones. Therefore, a holly fruit is not a nica l publications, eminent botanists in typical drupe. the past have used one or the other of A holly fruit is definitely not a berry. these terms in their works. For example, In a true berry, like a grape or tom<[to, as early as 1825, De Candolle of France there is no h ard endocarp. The hard used "bacca" (berry) in his ProdromtoS portions in a grape or tomato are the systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis seed coats. These are derived from the (2 : 13. 1825) . Later Bentham and Hook- integuments of the ovules and they are er of England used "drupa" (drupe) in devoid of vascular tissue. The hard por­ their GeneT({. Plantamm (1: 357. 1862) . tions in a holly fruit are, as mentioned Loesener of Germany also used "drupa" above, derived from the inner layer of in his MOl1ographia Aquifoliacearwn the ovary wall and they are furnished (1901-8) . Actually, a holly fruit with tightly clinging or loosely attached is neither a true berry nor a true drupe. vascular bundles. This fact can be better understood by In the m anner of the fusion of the a study of the developmental changes exocarps and meso carps and the separa­ which take place in the process of the tion of the endocarps into distinct com­ transformation of a holly ovary into a partments, a holly fruit is comparable mature fruit. to an orange, a common citrus fruit. A holly fruit is developed from a su­ The citrus fruit, technically called an perior ovary of a compound pistil. It "hesperidium" is limited to the genus is composed of two or more segments Citrus (orange, grapefruit, tangerine), (carpels) . The ovary of the native Ameri­ Fortunella (kumquat), and a few other can Holly (I. opaca) of eastern United genera in the citrus family (Rutaceae). States, the English H olly (L. aquifolium) In contrast to a citrus fruit, the exocarp cultivated in holly orchards in the Pa­ of a holly fruit is not glandular; its cifi c States, and the Chinese Holly (I. mesocarp is not spongy; and its endo­ connota) common in gardens of the carps are not membranaceous as in a Southeastern States, is normally 4-carpel­ citrus fruit. Moreover, in each com part­ late. As the ovary grows into a mature men t of a ci trus fru i t there are several fruit, its outer layers of cells become seeds and in a segment of a holly fruit the red or black covering of the fruit there is only one seed. (the exocarp, Figures 9 and 12, Exoc) , Recently, the term "bacco-drupe" the middle layers of cells become a hom­ which means berry-like drupe, was ap­ ogeneous yellowish or bluish black flesh plied to the fruit of !lex. Since this (the mesoca1-p> Figures 9 and 12, Mesoc), proposal was circula ted in a iournal lim­ and the inner layers of cells become ited to the academic world, the n ame transformed into separate woody, leath­ has not been adopted by popular usage. ery or stony compartments (the endo­ It is to be hoped that in time the term carps, Figures 9 and 12, Endoc). Conse­ "holly fruit" will replace the misused quently, each endocarp forms a locule "berry" and the term "bacco-drupe" will which con tains a single seed. This struc­ be used solely in technical literature on ture, a seed enclosed in a hardened endo­ holly. ca1'P> is called a P'Yrene in Ii terature In the d iscuss ion that follows the fruit concerning hollies. of holly is subdivided into two categor- J ANUARY 1964, VOLUi\lIE 43, NUMBER 1 23 ies: (1) Characters of individual fruits, size of leaves, and the color and size and (2) ch aracters related to the fruiting of fruits. h abits of holly and the manner of ar­ 2. Pedicels: T he pedicels of holly rangement of holly fruits. fruit generally furnish a relatively reli­ able character for the identification of Characters of Individual Holly species, varieti es, and cultivars. For ex­ Fruits ample, among the red-frui ted species The distinguishing characteristics used common in gardens, the Chinese H olly to separate the species, varieties, and cul­ (I. co1"nttta) h as the longest pedicels; the tivars of holly are generally drawn from English Holly (I . aqtlifolitlm) h as the the accessory p arts, as well as the fr uit shortest pedicels; and the n ative Ameri­ proper. The accessory parts of a holly can H olly (I . opaca) has pedicels of in ter­ fruit include the bracts and prophylls, mediate length. To d istinguish cultivars the pedicel, and the calyx. T he fruit a comparison between the length of the proper will be d iscussed under two sub­ pedicel and the d iameter of the fruit titles, n amely the external features and of two closely related forms is made. T he the internal features. ratio ob tained is a conve nien t means for comparing and d istinguishing these ChamcteTS of the Access01Y Pal·ts. related cultivars. For example, in 1. Bracts and prophyIls: An ind ivid­ I . opaca the cultivars 'Shirley' and 'AaIto' u al holly fruit is borne in the axil of both have relatively small globose fruits ei ther a n ormal leaf (Figures 16-2 1 and abou t % inch in d iameter. T he pedicels 32-34) or a modified leaf (Figures 1, 11 of 'S hirley ' are 1 Y2-2 times as long as and 35) . In the latter case the size of the the d iameter of the fruit; while the pedi­ modified leaf may be so reduced that it cels of 'Aal to' are Y2 -% times as long as no longer resembles a leaf. Such a re­ the d iameter of the fruit. T hese simple d uced leaf associated wi th a fl ower or data depict the very obvious and definite fruit is called a bmct. -With a holly fruit differe nce between the cultivars selected the pos i tion of a bract is always below by the same grower. the point of insertion of the pedicel (Fig­ T he orien tation of the pedicels of ures 1 and 11 ). The bracts in most spe­ various species of h olly is also quite con­ cies of holly are peTSisten t. They las t up stant. T he pedicels of mos t species are to or after maturity of the fruits. In the upright. In I. p edunculosa (Figure 32) , nati ve Ameri ca n H olly (I . opaca) man y I . geniculata (Figure 16) , an d I . asprella bracts drop off while the plant is still (Figure 7) , the pedicels curve downward, fl owering. These bracts are therefore said h ence the fruits are pendant. to be caducous (dropping off early). The length, color, orientation, and Each fallen bract leaves a scar. U nder a quan tity of pubescence on the pedicels good hand magnifier (9X) , one can easi­ are additional characters useful in dis­ ly observe two very small scales, on e on tinguishing between cultivars. each side of the scar. These minute scales 3. Persistent calyces : Persistence of represent vesti gial (rudimentary) stip­ the calyx after fl owering is another ules. ch aracteristic common to all species of On the pedicel of the fruit in m os t holly. Size, sh ape, number of lobes, and species of holly there are two (rarely one) the amount of hairs on the persistent very small bractlets (b racteoles). In hol­ calyx vary considerably between species, ly literature these are called prophy lls variations which fo rm very h andy char­ (singular prophy ll). The positions of acters for distinguishing species, varie­ the prophylls on the pedicels may be ti es, and cultivars. basal (Figure 1), submedian (Figure The persistent calyces of the evergreen 4) , median or supra-median (Figure 5) . species of holly common in American In some Chinese h ollies the prophylls gardens are usually 4-10bed. T hey are are obscure or absent (Figures 7 and 8) . small and appear square (Figure 3). The size, color, texture, persistence of Five-lobed calyces h ave been observed in the bracts, the hairs or cilia on the English H olly. The persisten t calyces bracts, and the positions of the prophylls of the deciduous species of holly are may be used in d istinguishing varieties usually larger than those of the ever­ and cultivars which have been estab­ green species . T hey appear round ish and lish ed on the basis of more conspicuous normally consist of six or more lobes. cl ifferences, such as the color, sheen and T he calyx-lobes of most deciduous spe- 24 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

CM3EHSlS TYPE LATlFOl.JA T'YP£ AQUIFQLtA TYPE NIoARA TYPE SF1CATA TYPE

GUo8RJ. TYPE Figures 1-14. The external and internal Cross-section of the fruit of the H awaiian features of holly fruits: 1. The lateral Holly (I. anomala f. sandwicensis) show­ view of a single fruit of I. aquifolium ing the compressed-globose shape of the with pedicel, basal bract and two sub­ fruit and the eleven thick-walled endo­ basal prophylls (California market). 2. carps-four seeded and seven empty Apical view of the same showing the (diagrammatic). 11. Depressed-globose 4-10bed discoid stigmas. 3. Basal view or pomiform fruit of a form of I . opaca of the same showing the quadrangular showing the basal bract and the sub­ persistent calyx. 4. An ellipsoid fruit median prophyll (Willard 1922). 12. of a form of I. opaca with pedicel and Cross-section of a fruit of I. verticillata two sub-median prophylls (Millichamp showing the exocarp, mesocarp and six 1895). 5. An ovoid fruit of a form of thin-walled endocarps triangular in I. opaca with supra-median prophylls on cross-section (diagrammatic). 13. Cross­ the pedicel (Millichamp 1881). 6. A section of a fruit of I. glabra showing subglobose fruit of I. fragilis showing the seven thin-walled elliptic endocarps the large ciliate calyx and the cristate (diagrammatic). 14. Compressed-subglo­ stigma (Rock 10208). 7. Pendant fruit bose fruit of the Hawaiian Holly with of I. asprella showing the slender elon­ very short pedicel and navel-like stigmas gate pedicel, ciliate calyx, and capitate (Howard 15300) . Figures 15-35. Arrange­ ment of holly fruits (infructescence). stigmas (Tsiang 617). 8. Large globose (see text for explanation of figures) . fruit of I. macrocarpa showing the elon­ Figure 36. Abnormal infructescence ob­ gate pedicel, ciliate calyx, and columnar served in cultivated I . corn uta, caused stigmas (Ching 2750). 9. Cross-section by off-season flowering to show of a 4-carpellate fruit of I. aquifolium the parthenocarpic fructification in ru­ showing the exocarp, mesocarp, and the dimentary ovaries of the staminate flow­ four thick-walled endocarps. Two ers (Steed's garden, Hyattsville, Mary­ locules are empty (diagrammatic). 10. land) . 26 THE .-\;\IERICAN HORTICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE cies (1. velticillata, 1. decidua, and 1. navel-like mark at the apex (Figure 14) . montana) are obtuse, pubescent and cili­ In several deciduous species a style is ate along the margin (Figures 6-8). The present. The fruit may have head-like calyx-lobes of I. laevigata are glabrous, (capitate) stigmas (Figure 7) , columnar without ci lia along the margin, and each stigmas (Figure 8) , or crested (distate) lobe is furn ished with a sharp, short stigmas (Figure 6). The presence or ab­ and stiff point (apictlla) . sence of a style and the configurations In some species or cultivars, as the formed by the remnant of the stigmas [rui t increases in size, the margin of the are helpful means of iden tification of ca lyx-lobes becomes torn. Such a margin species. is described as emse. A persistent calyx 2. Internal features: To examine the with erose margins may be found in internal structure of a holly fruit one both deciduous and evergreen species. may use a sharp grafting knife or a firm razor blade to make a clear-cut cross­ Cl/{{ra cten of the Fntit Proper. section through the middle of a fruit. 1. External features: The external This exposes diagnostic patterns in the features of a holly fruit involve the number and arrangement of the carpels shape, size, color and remnants of the of the fruit and in the thickness and stigmas and sometimes the style. These texture of the endocarps. These are re­ are the most obvious characters and they liable characters in helping to distin­ are frequently employed [or distinguish­ guish the species, varieties, cultivars and ing species, varieties, and cultivars. A even series and section in !lex. color chart is useful for comparing fruit­ The evergreen hollies in American color of closely related plants, and a cali­ gardens usually have 4-carpellate fruits, per-rule is a very good tool for measur­ although five-carpellate fruits have been ing size of fruits. observed in the English Holly (I. aqui­ To determine the shape of a holly folium) . A cross-section of a fruit of fruit measure (1) the length of the long i­ these species normally shows four seg­ tudll1al and the transverse axis, and (2) ments (Figure 9). The endocarps are the wid th of the basal and the apical woody and thick. There are usually ends of the fruit. If the longitudinal and some empty segments. the transverse axes of the fruit are about A cross-section of the Hawaiian Holly the same, the fruit is globose or sub­ (I. anomala f. sandwicensis) shows more globose (Figures 1-3 and 6-8). If the than ten segments (Figure 10). The en­ transverse ~xis is longer than the longi­ docarps are thick and woody. The empty tuchnal aX IS and the apical and basal segments are more numerous than the ends are flattened, the fruit is depressed­ seeded ones. The seeds of this species glo?ose .or pomiform (Figure II). In a are much smaller than those of I. aqlli­ frult WIth many empty segments and folium, I. opaca, and I. comuta. where the .underdeveloped endocarps are Another type of endocarp in the holly pressed aS ide by the well-developed seg­ fruit is thin and smooth. A cross-section ments, the length of one transverse axis of the fruit of Black Alder or 'Ninter­ of the fruit is likely to be longer than berry (I. verticiliata) shows six to eight that of the other. Such a fruit is com­ segments (Figure 12). The thin endo­ pressed globose and its cross-section ap­ carps are coriaceous and the segments pears oblong (Figures 10 and 14) . mostly contain seeds. As the endocarps VlThen the longitudinal axis of a fruit are rather broad at the back, each one is longer than the transverse axis, the a ppears triangular in cross-section. fru it may assume one of the following Another holly fruit with coriaceous en­ shapes: Ellipsoid when both ends are docarps, the Inkberry (I. glabTCl) , shows smaller than the middle (Figure 4); approximately six to eight segments; o.void. (egg- shap~d) if the broadest por­ however, the fruit of this species has tion IS basal (Figure 5), or obovoid or more copious meso carp and the endo­ P'yrifMm (pear-shaped) with the broad­ carps are narrow at the back which in est portion at the apical end. cross-section appear elliptic (Figure 13) . The ovary of most species of holly In the past, characteristics of texture lacks a style, thus the stigmas are sessile. and color of the meso carp of holly fruits A f.ruit .developed from an ovary with have not been used to any extent for sessIle stigmas may have a 4-10bed discoid the identification and classification of the remnant (Figures 1-2 and 4-5), or a plain species of l1ex. Lack of attention to JANUARY 196 '~, VOLUME 43, NUMBER I 27

the mesocarp of holly fruit by our lead­ posed dormant vegetative bud (Figures ing botanists is due largely to limitations 17 and 31). Many evergreen and all de­ based on availability of specimens for ciduous hollies have solitary infructes­ study. It is almost impossible to draw cences. A leaf that subtends a soli tary any conclusions on the morphology of infructescence is always less than a year the mesocarp from dry herbarium speci­ olel . This means that a species which pro­ mens. The sudden increase of hollies duces soliLary infructescences also pro­ in private gardens, holly orchards, and duces mixed buds which in time develop botantical institutions in the past few into branchlets bearing both flowers and decades has changed present concepts. leaves on the current year's growth. Many species widely separated geograph­ A fascicu late infructescence (Figures ically can be seen in arboretums, botanic, 22-28) occurs on the second year's growth and private gardens nowadays. For ex­ or on even older wood and consists of ample, mature plants of I. laevigata, I. a cluster of pedicellate fruits. A fascicu­ montana, I. ve1·ticillato, and I. serrato, late infructescence mayor may not have all deciduous species with red fruit, can a conspicuous axis. It is always well­ be observed side by side in the Arnold marked by the persisten t bud-scales at Arboretum. ' l\T ith mature fresh fruit, the the base and every individual fruit-pedi­ identity of these species is made relative­ cel in the fascicle is su btended by a basal ly simple. The meso carp of I. montana persistent or caducous bract. Only ever­ is very juicy, while the mesocarp of the green species of holly produce fascicu­ other species is mealy. The fruits of la te infructescences, and the su btendi ng many Latin American species of Ilex leaf of a fruit fascicle is one or more (I. theezans for example) contain copious years old. T his means that a species mealy mesocarp. The introduction of with fasc iculate infructescences has two Latin American species into North kinds of buds: Flower buds which un­ American gardens will lead to a wider fo ld into flowering fascicles and vegeta­ usage of the characters of the mesocarp tive buds which develop into leafy for distinguishing species and cultivars shoots. in the future. SolitaTY infntctescences in eveTgTe en hol­ In literature the fleshy m esocarp is lies : Types of soli tary infructescence described as camose. The firm mealy among the evergreen hollies vary from type of mesocarp is described as farinose­ trichotomously compound cymes (Figure camose and the juicy type is described 29) to simple cymes (Figure 31) and to as S7lCCOSe-ca1·nose. single frui ts (Figures 32 and 33). T he gradual reduction in the number of Characters of Holly Fruit frui ts of the in fructescences among the Based on Arrangement evergreen species of Ilex is associated In the literature the arrangement of wi th other morphological characters to­ holly frui ts is defined as the in fmctes­ gether with phytogeographical evidence cenee. The diverse types of infructes­ which combine to indicate the evolution­ cence, in species of Ilex, have always ary position of the species within the been used as basically importan t in the genus. The species with a large number defi n i tion and delimi tation of species in of fruits in an infructescence suggest an the genus. older evolu tionary history than species A holly infructescence is described as with fewer fruits in the infructescence: either solitary or fasciculate, according those with single fruits in the axil of a to the place and manner of attachment. bract or leaf are thought to be of more A so lit ~ ry infructescence (Figures 15-2 1 recen t evolutionary development. The and 29-35) occurs on the current year's various types of soli tary infructescence growth . It consists of a single pedi­ in evergreen hollies are as follows: cellate fr u i t (Figures 18 and 19) or a C)I771.osa typ e: Infructescence occurs in cluster of pedicellate fru its on a com­ the axil of a normal leaf. It has a mon peduncle (Figures 15 and 29-3 1) large cluster of medium-sized fruits, an situated either in the axil of a normal elongate peduncle and trichotomousl\' leaf or in the axil of a bract at the branched secondary axes (Figure 29, I. base of a leafy branch (Figure 35) . When cymosa). The Hawaiian Holly (l. ann­ an infructescence is axillary to a normal mala f. sanclwicensis) also has this type leaf it: i ~ often associated with a super- of infructescence. 28 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Rotunda type: Infructescence normal­ 1. ova lis, 1. miCTophylla, etc.) all have ly occurs in the axil of a leaf. It has this type of infructescence. an umbellike cluster of medium-sized Fasciculate infructescences in evergreen scarlet fruits on an elongate peduncle. hollies: Types of fasciculate infruc­ The secondary axes are much-reduced tescences among the evergreen species and they are obscure (Figure 30, I. ro­ tunda, cultivated in Florida and other of flex vary from fasciculate pseudo­ umbels (Figure 22), fasciculate pseudo­ Southeastern states) . racemes (Figure 28), pseudo-racemes Chine/1Sis type: Infructescence occurs (Figure 23) , fasciculate individual fruits in the axil of a normal leaf. It has (Figures 24 and 25) and solitary frui ts large ellipsoid or subglobose red fruit in (Figure 26). The evergreen species of a simple, loose cluster. The number of flex producing fasciculate infruc­ fruit in a cluster may vary from three tescences represent very heterogeneous to nine. A cluster that contains five or elements. They probably represent de­ more fruits usually has conspicuous sec­ scendents of several divergent ancestral ondary axes. Occasionally the lower clus­ stocks. The major infructescence types ter on a branchlet may be reduced to are as follows: a single fruit (Figure 31, I. chinensis, cultivated in the Southeastern states) . Omeiensis type: Infructescence with fasciculate pseudo-umbels situated in the Pedunculosa type: Infructescence oc­ axil of a normal leaf on two-year or curs in the axil of a normal leaf. It older wood. The central axis has medium-sized red fruit, solitary on of the fascicle may be conspicuous or an elongate peduncle with median pro­ obscure (Figure 22, I. omeiensis, of Chi­ phylls, or rarely with fruits in groups na). Several Himalayan and Latin of -three. The unusually long peduncle American species (I. venulosa, of India generally bends downward and projects and I. amygdalifolia, of Bolivia) mani­ the fruits into a pendulous position (Fig­ fest this type of infructescence. ure 32, I. pedunculosa, cultivated in eastern United States). Two other intro­ Latifolia type: Infructescence with duced species, I. yunnanensis and I. su­ pseudo-racemose fruits in the axil of a geroki, have this type of infructescence. normal leaf. The central axis of the The peduncles of the latter species are pseudo-raceme is often longer than the much shorter. petiole of the leaf that sub tends the infructescence (Figure 23, I. latifolia of Lancilimba type: Infructescence oc­ Japan, cultivated in eastern United curs in the axil of a normal leaf. It States) . has a large red fruit on a very much reduced short peduncle (Figure 33, I. Aquifolium type: Infructescence with lancilim ba of China) . large red fruits on long or short pedicels, fasciculate in the axil of a lea£. The cen­ Opaca type: Infructescence occurs in tral axis is obscure. Usually the fruits the axil of a scale or leaf at the basal are 4-carpellate and the endocarps are portion of a leafy branch (Figure 35, woody, or bony, and wrinkled (Figure I . opaca). It has a large red (rarely 24, I. aquifolium) . Many Chinese and three and sometimes yellow) fruit on Japanese species (I. comuta, I. pemyi, I. a pedicel variable in length according integra, etc.) have this type of infruc­ to the cultivar. The Mexican Holly, I. tescence. rubra, also has this type of infructes­ Tutcheri type: Infructescence with cence. medium-sized or very large fruits on elon­ Glabra type: Infructescence occurs in gate pedicels, fasciculate in the axil of the axil of a normal leaf with a punctate a thick coriaceous lea£. The central axis lower surface, or very rarely in the axil is much-reduced, and the fruits are 5- or 6- of a bract at the basal portion of a carpellate. The endocarps are coriaceous leaf~ bra~ch. It has one, rarely three, (Figure 25, I. tutcheri, of China). Many medIUm-SIZed black frui t on a slender Brazilian species (I. theezans) have this pedicel w.ith median or submedian pro­ type of infructescence. phylls (Flgure 34, I . glabra, I coriacea) . Chingiana type: Infructescence with The Jap~nese H.olly (I. crenata) and unusually large fruits on very short pedi­ many Latm AmerIcan species (I. cubana, cels. The number of fruits in JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 4·3, NUMBER 1 29

each fascicle is reduced to one or very true fasciculate infructescence of the ev­ rarely to two or three (Figure 26, I. ergreen species which develops from a ch£ngiana, of Central China). A Venez­ flower bud (Figures 22·25). The various uelan species, I. diospyroides, has the types of soli tary infructescence in deci­ same type of infructescence. The chingi­ duous hollies are as follows: ana type infructescence superficially re­ sembles the lancilimba type since both Micrococca type: Infructescence of _xhibit extreme reduction in the num­ large clusters of medium-sized scarlet ber of fruits and in an unusual increase fruits arranged in a trichotomously in size of the fruits. The persistent bud­ compound cyme. Fruit clusters on a long scales in the chingiana type indicates peduncle with conspicuous secondary its position on the second year's growth, axes (Figure 15, I. miaococca, of China thus a fasciculate type; while the ab­ and J apan). In structure, this type is sence of such scales in the lancilimba comparable to the cymosa type of the type denotes its occurrence on the cur­ evergreen species. It is worthy of note rent year's wood, thus a solitary type. that I . micTOcoc ca is the most primitive Pyrene characters confirm this classifica­ deciduous holly known. tion. Geniculata type: Fruits medium·sized, Spicata type: An infructescence with solitary or in groups of three, borne on medium-sized fruits arranged in solitary an elongate peduncle with median pro­ or paired axillary pseudo-racemes. The phylls. The peduncles usually bend central axes are long and the pedicels downward and the fruits are pendulous are without prophylls (Figure 28, (Figure 16, I. geniculata). This type is I. spicata, of the Pacific Islands) . comparable to the pedunculosa type among the evergreen species. Amara type: An infructescence with Verticillata type: Infructescence 'wi th pseudo-racemes or loose fascicles axillary three fruits or a solitary fruit borne to punctate evergreen leaves. Each in a simple cyme with a very short ped­ fascicle is furnished with a central axis uncle. Each infructescence is borne in terminated by a functionless rudimen­ a leaf axil adiacent to a rotundate dor­ tary bud or an active terminal bud which mant bud. The peduncle of a cyme can may continue to develop into a leafy be so short that the infructescence ap­ shoot. In the latter case the infructe­ pears fasciculate (Figure 17 , I. verticil­ scence approaches the opaca type (Figure lata) . The cymose nature of the infruc­ 27, I. amara, of Brazil) . tescence is very evident, especially during Solitary infructescences in deciduow the flowering period. Ilex sermta of Ja­ hollies: All the species of deciduous hol­ pan has this type of infructesce nce. lies bear solitary infructescences. These Laevigata type: A solitary fruit borne range from compound cymes to solitary on a very short pedicel in a leaf axil, fruits (Figures 15-21). Variations in the or caducous bract at the base of the number and in the arrangement of the branch. V\Then axillary to a leaf, a small frui ts in the infructescences of the de­ flat dormant superposed bud is evident ciduous species demonstrate parallel evo­ (Figure 18, I. laeviga,ta). lution between these and the evergreen Longipes type: A solitary fruit borne species with solitary infructescences. on an elongate pedicel in leaf axil or Some deciduous species of !lex pro­ bract at the base of a long shoot, some­ duce abbreviated shoots (spurs) in addi­ times crowded among leaves at the end tion to long shoots, typical of I. de­ of a spur (Figure 19, I. longipes). !lex cidua. Usually the terminal bud of a asprella of China also has this type of branch unfolds and develops into a long infructescence. shoot, while the lateral buds develop in· Montana type: A solitary red fruit to spurs. The terminal bud of a spur borne on a short pedicel in the axil con tinues to produce flowers and leaves of a basal bract or lower leaf of a long for many years without adding much shoot or crowded with normal leaves length to the shoot (Figures 19-21) . The at the apex of a spur (Figure 20, I. telescoping effect of a spur causes an montana). Several Chinese species (I. infructescence borne on it to appear fas­ macropoda, I . aculeolata.) also have this ciculate, a condition different from the type of infructescence. 30 THE A.\IERICAN HOR TICULTUR AL MAGAZINE

j\I[acrocaTpa type : A solitary la.rge normal cond ition, the pistillate plants of black fruit borne on an elongate pedIcel these species may be distinguished with among normal leaves at the end of a ease, since I. veTticiliata produces the spur or in the axil of a leaf of a long verticillata type of cymose in­ shoot (F igure 21, I . maCTOCllTpfl;)' T hI S fructescences and I. laevigata produces species is not common in AmerIcan ga ~­ the laevigata type of solitary fruits dens. R egarding its horticultural merIt (Figures 17 and 18) . Nevertheless, an olel the Director of the R oyal Botanic Gar­ specimen of I. ve1-ticilla ta reduced in dens, K ew, commen ted (personal com­ vigor, or a plan t growing in poor soil , munication) " . . . a graceful tree, and or one su ffe ring from insufficient water this with its decid uou s habit and fruits supply or poor exposure, tends to pro­ like large black cherries, would surely du ce solitary fruits. Although cymose in­ make it well worth a place in any collec­ fructescences m ay occur on some tion of hollies." branches, often a specimen fails to pro­ duce any cymose infructescences. T he Abnormalities and Modifications environmentally indu ced solitary frui ted of Holly Fruit plants plus the similarities found in the position, sh ape, color, texture of T he above discuss ion relati ve to the the mesocarp, and number of enc1 0carps terminology in structure and arrange­ of the fruits of I . verticilla ta and I . ment of holly fruit was prepared from laevigata have con fused many botan ists observati ons of normal plants seen in as well as am ateurs. "Wh en a decrepit living collections and in herbarium speci­ plant of I . veTticillata is again grown mens. Anyone who describes the fruit under optimum conditions, the plant and infr uctescence of holly sho uld be resumes the producti on of cymose in­ reminded of two facts. Abnormalities of fructescen ces. Sim ilar changes do not the plant and changing conditions of effect the fruiting habit of I . laevigata, the environment may produce modi fi ca­ because the production of solitary fruits tions in the form of the infructescence is a genetic character of this species. and in the str ucture of the fruit to such an extent, they m ay appear very diffe rent In using fruit characters for distin­ from normal individuals of the same guishing between hollies one should be species. T he explanations and examples alert and watchful for the more constant up to now have covered only fr uit of genetic ch aracters. In m aking compari­ normal holly plants. sons between differen t forms one sho uld select plan ts of approximately the sa me Abnormalities fo und in hollv fruit age and vig-or and fr om similar environ­ orten are perplex ing to growers of holly. ments. Such precautions insure more re­ A few abnormal cond itions in holl y li able results. fruits are explained below. Insect and fungus attacks either en­ Environmental fac tors: Abnormalities large, deform, or discolor the frui ts of may be ind uced by unusual environ­ holl y. A specimen of I . cOTiacea sent mental co nditions. These characters are from Hilton H ead Island, South Caro­ changeable and they can be dis­ lina, for iden tifi cati on had pomiform tinguished from the more stable genetic fruits wi th prominent lobes. The owner characters by their less freg uen t occur­ of the specimen noted that the fruits of rence. To illustrate differences in the this plant do not agree with any de­ effect of genetic and environmental scribed forms of Ilex. H e was correc t. characters on the fruit of Ilex we m ay The specimen was collected in J anuary. take as examples I. veTticillata and I . At this time of year, a normal I . cvn-iocea laeviga ta of eastern North America. should have h ad m ature fleshy fruit. T hese species are normally d istinct, and The fruit of this specimen was brown no trouble. exists in distinguishing ? e­ and dry. A cross-section of any one of tween stammate plants of these specIes. them ind icated that the tiss ue of the T he staminate cymes of I . verticillata mesocarp had been des troyed by a fun­ co ntain 3-25 flowers, while the three gus early in the development of the stamina te fl owers of I. laeviga ta are fruit. Most of the locules were empty gro uped in a simple fasc icle, and the and the mesocarp was spongy. It is al­ pedicels of the staminate fl owers of I. ways helpful to examine the cross-sec­ laev igata are slender and long. U nder tions of several frui ts of unusual form JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUl'vlBER 1 31 and size. The texture of the mesocarp of pse udo-panicles are common. In I. and the inclusions of the endocarps give aquifolium and I . C01"1wta the staminate enough evidence for one to determine fascicles consist of 3- flowered cymes, whether the specimen is normal or while the pistillate fascicles consists not whether it represents abnormal growth of cymes, but of solitary flowers. due to insect or fungus attacks. The condition is the same with the !':Jrthenocarpy in holly: The develop­ deciduous species. For example, in I. ment of an ovary into mature fruit with­ verticillata the pistillate plant produces out fertilization is known as partheno­ 1- to 3-flowered cymes on inconspicuous carpy. This phenomenon is common peduncles, while the staminate plant pro­ among hollies in cultivation. flex cor­ duces 3- to 25-f1owered simple or com­ nuta 'Burfordii' fruits heavily without pound cymes on prominent peduncles. pollination. Many specimens of I. pernyi sent to me for identifica tion are parth­ Functionally, the anthers of a pistil­ enocarpic. Instead of the normal globose late flower are sterile. They are small, fruit of the species, these parthenocarpic sagittate, with empty pollen sacs (thecae). forms produce pomiform (apple-shaped) The ovoid pistil is the functional organ fruits with four prominent lobes. A of a pistilla te flow er. Likewise, the ru­ cross-section of anyone of these fruits dimentary ovary of a staminate flower is sterile. I t is small, cushion-like (pul­ shows the empty locules (seed chambers) . vinate) , and pointed at the ce nter. The In many letters from growers who sent these specimens for identifica tion, the stamens are the functional organs in a owners have claimed the production of staminate flower. There the anthers are new forms. In dealing with fruit char­ oblong-globose, and the thecae are filled acters of holly, a holly grower should with pollen grains. make allowances for abnormalities in Some rudimentary ovaries of certain specimens bearing parthenocarpic fruits, cultivated hollies develop into small red and not treat these as new cultivars. fruits. For example, in staminate plants NIodifica tions in the sexes of holly of I . yunnanensis in the Arnold Arbore­ plants: Dioecism is a characteristic of tum miniature fruits are produced an­ the genus flex. Staminate and pistillate nually. They are about one-fourth the flowers borne on different plants is preva­ size of normal fruit of the pistillate lent in all known species of flex. A plant, and they bear no seeds. Since the perfect flower in holly is unknown to fruit developed from a staminate flower me. The staminate and pistillate flowers produces no seed, the rudimentary ovary of holly are both structurally and func­ is functionally sterile and the flower can­ tionally differentiated. not be regarded as perfect. Holly growers should make allowance for the abnor­ Without exception, the staminate mality ca used by fruit production from plants of a species produce larger and rudimentary ovaries and not treat the more branched flower clusters (inflO1' es­ plant as a new cultivar. cences) than the pistillate plants of the same species. For example, the pistillate Off-season flowen: Hollies are usually plant of I. opaca produces solitary flowers spring blooming plants. Buds formed and a few 3-f1owered cymes; while the during the current year's growth are usu­ staminate plant produces 3- to 5-flowered ally dormant from mid-summer until the cymes. Some of the staminate branchlets following spring. However, off-season bear so heavily that their terminal por­ flowering is common in cultivated hollies. tions fail to develop vegetatively. Con­ Recently, the off-season flowering of sequently, the entire flowering branchlet some staminate specimens of I. cornuta forms a pseudo-panicle. This condition in several gardens in Maryland have is more pronounced in I. c.assine, where­ aroused considerable public interest. A in the pistillate plant produces 3-flow­ picture of the specimen and some dis­ ered cymes with very short pedice ls, or cussions about this condition appeared rarely solitary flowers while the stami­ in the New York Times. It is worthy n ate plant produces 3- to 21-flowered of note that the staminate flower buds compound cymes with prominent sec­ of I. con~uta are compound structures. ondary axes, bracteoles, and prophyll s. Each axillary bud consists of many Flowering branchlets ass uming the form microscopically well-developed flowers 32 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

covered by many minute scales. Under type of infuctescence and the shape and each visible scale there are three buds size of the fruits produced by the off­ which on further development, form the season flowering were completely differ­ flowers of a simple cyme. In response to ent from those of the normal I. COl·nuta. the alternating cool and warm periods Moreover, the parthenocarpic fruits de­ of late summer, some of the flower buds veloped from the rudimentary ovaries of the plants under discussion unfolded remained on the plants. The next spring partially and developed into flowers. when the dormant portion of the same Often only the outer portion of the compound flower-buds unfolded and compound structure will unfold and developed into normal staminate flowers, send out flowers while the inner portion the plants presented the unusual ap­ still remains dormant (Figure 36) . Occa­ pearance that led the owner to claim sionally the central flower bud of a cyme the possession of a "male and female unfolds into a flower while the lateral cornuta." It was concluded that these buds remain dormant (as indicated by plants produced pistillate flowers in late an arrow in Figure 36). The stimulus summer and staminate flowers in spring. which induced the off-season flowering Actually, all the flowers of these plants of these plants also brought about the are staminate, and their miniature and parthenocarpic development of the rudi­ deformed fruits are developed partheno­ mentary ovaries in the staminate flowers carpi cally from the rudimentary ovaries. and the elongation of the peduncles and Off-season flowering, therefore, may also pedicles of the cymes. Consequently, the bring about abnormalities. Ceanothus prostratus and C. pumilus Promising Ground Covers

Robert L. Ticknor*

Visitors to the dry, open-pine forests counties north to Modoc county and of the Pacific Coast states and Nevada west to Siskiyou and Trinity counties. are attracted to the natural, prostrate, In Oregon it occurs at altitudes of 200 evergreen ground covers Ceanothus pros­ to 5000 feet on the eastern slopes of tratus (Squaw Carpet or Mahala Mat), the Cascade mountains in Klamath, De­ and C. pumilus (Siskiyou Mat). Many schutes, J efferson, and "'Tasco counties. attempts have been made to transplant It h~s also been found in Douglas, J 0- these ground covers. Usually the plant sephme, Jackson, and Lake counties in dies because it has deep woody roots the southern part of Oregon. Distribu­ difficult to obtain in transplanting. tion in Washington is limited to Klicki­ Although C. prostratus was collected tat county. In Idaho, it occurs in Adams by Hartweg in 1848 and C. pumilus county where it was found in 1916 but by Greene in 1893, neither plant h as not since that time. In Nevada it is been domesticated. Occasionally plants known from ' '''ashoe county. have been available from native plant The Idaho locality is of particular nurseries. Programs by Oregon State interest, since C. pwstratus has not yet University and the University of Nevada, been found in the Ochoco, Blue, or supported in part by U.S.D.A. Domestic Wallows Mountains of Oregon, located Plant Exploration Funds, are presently between the Cascade Mountains and the underway to select plants, and to develop Idaho location. Pinus contorta and P. knowledge of the culture of these plants ponderosa are two pines usu ally associ­ for domestication purposes. ated with C. prostratt,s. C. pumilus occurs at altitudes of 200 C. prostratus resembles a miniature to 5000 feet in southwestern Oregon. evergreen holly with glossy, leathery, leaves Y4 to 1 Y4 inches long, usually Environment with 4 to 7 teeth on the leaf margins. Both species under discussion grow on Plants with revolute leaves are known light, well-drained soils, or in h eavier and one entire leaved plant was found. soils in areas of low rainfall. These soils Plants are wholly prostrate, much­ are usually quite infertile with only branched and dense and develop into limited growth of grasses. Where grass large mats, three to six feet across. The and other herbaceous growth is heavy flowers are deep or light blue or some­ no Ceanothus are found. Plants occur times white in plants native of Oregon in full sun or in partially shaded situa­ and '''Tashington. tions on the edge of forest openings, or C. pumilt,s differs from C. prostratus along roads. Rainfall in areas where in minor characters, mainly in the small­ C. prostrattlS and C. pumilus grow varies er leaves, VB to % inches long and con­ from 16 to 75 inches, but plants are sistently three-toothed at the apex. Some distributed mostly in areas with less than botanists, such as Jepson and Henderson 20 inches of rainfall. suggest that C. pumilus is a variety of Because snow falls early in the moun­ C. prostratus. tainous areas, hardiness of these plants C. prostratus is found in California, could be questioned. The winter Oregon, '''Tashington, Nevada, and of 1962-63 proved to be a test winter in Idaho. In California it occurs on open Oregon and "'Tashington with a com­ fl ats in pine forests, at an altitude of bination of strong wind, low tempera­ 3000 to 6500 feet, in the Sierra Nevada ture, and little or no snowfall. Complete mountains from Calaveras and Alpine top kill occurred at _30 0 F. with no snow cover. At _20 0 F. with strong · Orcgon State University, North Willamette Experi­ ment Station, Aurora, Oregon. wind ancl no snow cover, all leaves were [33 ] Natural stand of Ceanothus prostratus (dark patches) in Nevada

Rooted cutting of Ceanothus prostratus

Ceanothus prostratus in flower [34] JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 35

killed on some plants, but others were State University. Cuttings rooted in all not injured, and bloomed satisfactorily. media, but the best results were in per­ Light shade of taller plants was the only lite or sand. Survival after rooting has protection needed as the shaded por­ been best for cuttings rooted in sand. tions of some plants were not injured Indolebutyric acid (Hormodin #3) has while the exposed area had the leaves ~een used on all cuttings. All propaga­ killed. By July plants which did not tion pnor to 1963, when a mist system have a green leaf in May were covered was installed, utilized the plastic tent sys­ by new growth. tem of moisture control. Cutting of more Uses than 50 selections of C. prostmttts have The glossy evergreen leaves and at­ shown wide variability in rooting. No tractive, small, white to purple flowers cuttings of several selections have rooted, make these attractive species strong can­ while other selections have rooted more didates for a rock garden or for any than 90 per cent. area where a low ground-cover is desired. Losses that follow transplanting from The plants bloom from April to July, the propagation bench have led to the depending on altitude and weather con­ use of 2 x 2 veneer plant bands in ditions. The plants creep over fallen which one or two cuttings are inserted. trees, rock outcrops, and slopes. The Transplanting of cuttings rooted in this creeping habit, plus root production at manner is not necessary prior to planting the nodes, gives this plant great potential mto one-gallon cans or directly into the for soil stabilization. Highway systems field. Peat pots may be used instead of with cuts and fills need plants to stabil­ veneer bands if holes are cut in the ize the soil, and to present a pleasing bottom for drainage. appearance to the motoring public. Ceanothus prostmtus can be started Plants for this use must be drought­ from seed but several difficulties are tolerant because water is not usually encountered. First, few plants set seed available on these sites. Low-growing in the northern part of the plant's range. plants are desirable because they do not Second, the seed capsule splits upon ma­ hold bits of paper discarded by thought­ turity forcefully ejecting the seeds. less people. C. prostratus and C. pumi­ Third, often more than 80 per cent of Ius have the necessary attributes of a the seed is infested with a seed chalcid good ground-cover plant for highway use and is non-viable, according to Ruf. if they could be produced economically Only one other insect has been observed in quantity. on C. pmstmtttS. This insect, identified Experimental Studies as cottonwood scale, (Chionaspic ortho­ Studies have been conducted both at lobis) , was found on one plant on Mount Oregon State University and the Hood, Oregon, and on another near University of Nevada on the propaga­ Satus Pass, Washington. tion of C. prostmtus. Ruf* * has re­ The usual recommendations for germ­ ported successful propagation of cuttings inating seeds of Ceanothus is to treat under intermittant mist (45 seconds seeds with hot water followed by strati­ every 10 minutes) the middle of August, fication. To develop specific informa­ early October, and the middle of Decem­ tion on the germination of C. prostmtus, ber. August cuttings were the most suc­ a series of germination trials was con­ cessful, with results up to 92 per cent ducted in cooperation with Dr. T. M. rooting with Rootone-treated cuttings in­ Ching of The Seed Laboratory at Ore­ serted in vermiculite. Poorest root sys­ gon State University. The results of tems and lowest survival of plants after these trials are presented in Table 1. being removed from the bench took Results on the cold stratified treatments place with plants rooted in peat. Cut­ would probably have been higher if a tings from 2 to 11 ~nches l<:mg were longer period for germination had been rooted successfully, with rootmg more available. Soaking of seeds in giberellic rapid in larger cuttings. Survival ~ol­ acid appeared to increase germination lowing removal from the propagatiOn following heat treatment. Another germ­ bench was greatest with small cuttings. ination trial in a greenhouse flat indi­ Bark, bark and peat, perlite, perlite cates that even with hot water and cold and peat, and sand have been tried ~s propagation media at the North Wil­ " Ruf. R. H. Jr. Western Native Shows Promise "s Ground Cover, American N u rseryman, 116 (7) : 7, 8. lamette Experiment Station of Oregon Oct. I, 1962. 36 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Table I. Per cent Germination of Ceanothus prostmtus Seeds Following the Use of Heat, Chemicals, and Stratification Treatments. (100 seeds per treatment) Treatment Heat Chemical Stratification Per Cent No. Treatment Treatment Treatment Germinating I no I no no 9 2 no no yes 0 3 Hot water no no 12 4 85° C. for no yes 0 5 5 minutes O.l7.H20, 18 hr. soak no 3 6 0.17.H20, 18 hL soak yes 0 7 1.07.H,02 18 hr. soak no 10 8 1.07.H,O, 18 hr. soak yes 0 f 100 ppm gibberellic acid ( no 15 10 ( 18 hr. soak f yes 17 11 f 1000 ppm gibberellic acid ( no 21 12 ( 18 hr. soak f yes 39 13 Infrared no no 21 14 light no yes 0 15 10 minutes 0.17.H,0 2 18 hI. soak no 8 16 75 ° C. 0.17.H 202 18 hI. soak yes 0 17 1.07.H,O, 18 hr. soak no 17 18 1.07.H20, 18 hr. soak yes 0 19 f 100 ppm gibberellic acid ( no 23 20 ( 18 hr. soak f yes I 21 f 1000 ppm gibberellic acid ( no 18 22 ( 18 hr. soak f yes 2

treatment, approximately one-third of North Willamette Experiment Station. the seed does not germinate until the Some of the variables under investiga­ second year. tion are: types of container- plastic, Since ground covers, including C. pros­ pulp, or metal; type of growing media­ tratu.s, do not exclude all weed species, bark or peat-perlite; and type of fertilizer a herbicide trial was started at the North -metal ammonium phosphates, ura­ Willamette Experiment Station in July mite, or constant liquid feeding. It is 1962. Tolerance of eight ground-cover too early to determine where best growth species, including C. prostratus, to herbi­ will occur. cide treatment is being checked with two herbicides, a mulched plot, and a culti­ Summary vated check. The herbicides were ap­ C. prostratus and C. pu.milus are at­ plied after planting, again in October tractive, evergreen, ground-cover plants. 1962, and in the spring of 1963. The A research project to domesticate these best growth has taken place in the plants is underway at the North \Villa­ mulched treatment, followed by the mette Experiment Station of the Oregon growth which has taken place in the State University and the University of plots treated with Casoron at 5 Ib./acre, Nevada. Propagation by cuttings or Simazine at 2 Ib./acre. appears to be feasible, but extensive test­ Nutrition and growth requirements in ing will be necessary before plants are the nursery are being studied at the available for wider use. U. S. DEPART J\'rENT OF AGRICULTURE Auditorium stage bedecked with Lilium auratum X L. speciosum hybrids

The 1963 National Lily Show

Joseph Uhring*

The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the sites, debris had to be removed during North American Lily Society and the soil preparation. Peat and a liberal ap­ National Lily Show were held jointly in plication of a complete fertilizer were the new administration building of the incorporated into the soil. The vigor U. S. National Arboretum, Washington, of certain hybrids to produce satisfactory D. c., June 28-July 1. growth under trying circumstances was. Potted lilies placed at strategic points amply demonstrated by the hybrids L. outside the building, and a colorful dis­ X 'Enchantment' and L. X 'Prosperity' play of Mid-century hybrids in the park­ flowered at show time. Such easy-to­ ing circle adjacent to the new building grow varieties often appear on the rec­ greeted visitors to the show. Eight cul­ ommended list for beginners. tivars specially planted for the occasion Competitive exhibits were shown in­ were arranged in wedge-shaped blocks, doors. These consisted of hundreds of like spokes of a wheel. This small dem­ cut Lilium specimens, species and hy­ onstration illustrated what is possible brids, entered by commercial and ama­ under conditions far from ideal. Soil teur growers from across the country. leveling delayed planting of the bulbs Commercial growers provided over a until the first day of May. As is usually thousand bulbs of choice species and the case with backfill soil at construction hybrid selections which were pot grown and forced in greenhouses of the U. S. 'Vegetable and Ornamental Research Branch, Crops Department of Agriculture at Beltsville Research Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland . and at the National Arboretum. For [371 38 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE the first time in the National Show, pot­ Another new lily orginatecl by the ted lilies were displayed. Hybrids of L. Oregon Bulb Farms is L. X 'Sonata', a speciasum and L. aura tum, much in evi­ cross of a selected clone from the Harle-­ dence at the show, normally flower out­ quin group with a Mid-century hybrid. doors later than the end of June. Plants The ancestry of the various hybrids in can be satisfactorily forced in eight-inch tl!is complex includes eight or more spe­ pots in the greenhouse with sturdy stems Cies, which accounts for the wide range five to six feet in height timed to flower of flower color obtained in the breeding at any desired season. program. Flowers of L. X 'Sonata' are Exhibited were 226 competitve entries, salmon-pink and measure about four including collections and displays. Of inches in diameter. This hybrid stands the 300 stems shown, only the new or out because of its vigor, hardiness, good otherwise outstanding entries are dis­ substance, and form of the flowers. In cussed. Hybrid lilies dominated the height it grows three to four feet with show. up to twelve flowers per stem. The blossoms make good cut flowers. Al­ Lilies at Special Merit th,ough 'Sonata' prefers full sunlight, it Two color selections of the native East will t~lerate partial shade. Flowering Coast IiIy, L. canadense 'Rubrum' and occurs 111 late June or early July. 'Flavum' were especially attractive; also L. X 'Lemon Royal Bowl', distributed shown was Dr. A. M. Showalter's hybrid by Blackthorn Gardens, Holbrook, of these color forms. The flowers of Mass., was judged best lily stem in the the hybrid can be described as red­ show. Its outward facing clear lemon­ flushed on a yellow background which yellow flowers are five to six inches blends the red and yellow flower-color of across, and the substance of the petals the respective parents. Since 1951, Dr. is outstanding. Showalter has been collecting L. cana­ !he Stenographer Group of lily hy­ dense in the wild for use in his breeding bnds was represented by an outstanding program. Some seedlings have been se­ stem of L. X 'Edna Kean', a vigorous lected that possess greater vigor and and hardy garden lily with a very sturdy show an improvement in flower form. stem. It grows to a height of three to Another outstanding lily, originated four feet, and the flowers are glowinO' by Dr. Showalter is clone '191-5', a hy­ orange-red which contrast strikingly with brid between L. michauxii and L. wna­ the dark green foliage and stem. Paren­ dense with yellow flowers flushed with ta~e of t.he Stenographer group was L. orange, tinged with pink. The flowers wtllmatttae and L. dauricum. Further retain the fragrance, graceful form, and selections by the originator, Miss Isabella substance of L. michauxii but the hy­ Preston, resulted in several later out­ brids are more vigorous. s tanding in trod uctions. A new cultivar shown nationally at the show for the first time as L. X 'Cleopatra', has since been re-named L. Outstanding Hybrid Lilies X 'Invicta', after it was discovered that an earlier lily hybrid called 'Cleopatra' had been introduced some years ago. 'Invicta' is an L. aura tum X L. specia­ Sonata sum hybrid from the Oregon Bulb Farms, Gresham, Oregon, wi th dark Thunderbolt ~rim.son-red flowers seven to eight inches 111 diameter. Plants have enormous vigor and will attain a height of six feet under good growing conditions. This cultivar thrives in full sun, but flower color is Edna Kean e:ven more striking when plants are par­ tially shaded from the late afternoon Lemon Royal Bowl sunJight. Protect~on from the bleaching actIOn of the sun s rays prolongs flower­ i~g in ar~as With. intens~ sunlight, par­ ti cularly 111 certa1l1 speCies, such as L. speciasum and L. aura tum. SONATA PHOTOGRAPHED BY HER i'\'IA N " WALL" OTHERS BY U . S. D£PART r-.'IENT OF ACRr~ULTU~

40 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

The Harlequin group, derived from L. 3n, 411, and 6n plants developed at cernllwn, a Korean species, is outstand­ Beltsville with colchicine treatment. Pot­ ing because of the wide color range of ted diploid and tetraploid plants of four the flowers. An unnamed yellow­ commercially available selections were flowered stem was exhibited, but red placed in two separate rows to demon­ and also white-flowered types occur in strate the increased flower size and thick­ this group. The Harlequin lilies pre­ er petals of the tetraploids. The tetra­ dominate in shades of pink and tanger­ ploid plants produced at Beltsville by ine; the combination of these Dr. S. L. Emsweller, included: L. X basic shades produces some unique color 'Mega' (spotted yellow); L. X 'Brandy­ blends. The flowers are of the Turks­ wine' (spotted orange); L. X 'Moun­ cap type and measure four inches across. taineer' (spotted red); and L. longi­ The stems are five feet in height and floHlm. bear twelve to fifteen flowers; they are Other educational exhibits included useful as garden plants and in floral chromosome idiogram charts of 38 Lil­ arrangements. ium species, to indicate how cytological A very excellent stem of the cultivar, methods were employed to determine the L. X 'Green Dragon' was judged best parentage of the hybrid, L. X 'Black of the Chinese Trumpets. This excellent Beauty'. Mr. Leslie Woodriff originator lily produces large, chartreus~-co l ored, of L. X 'Black Beauty' knew that one bowl-shaped trumpet flowers with good of the several forms of L. speciosum substance on strong, tall stems. It was had been the seed parent, but the pollen introduced over fifteen years ago by the plant was not known. A study of the Oregon Bulb Farms w~o made the s~­ size and shape of certain marker chromo­ lection from a populatIOn of OlympiC somes of this hybrid showed that L. hybrids. specios~lm 'Punctat1!m' had been pollin­ An extremely vigorous lily is L. X ated with L. hemyz pollen. The hybrid 'Thunderbolt'. It grows to a height of bears very dark red, recurved flowers five to six feet and produces slightly larger in diameter than those up to eighteen flowers on a strong flower of L. henryi, and it possesses the great head which occupies the upper third of vigor of L. henryi. the stem. Flowers of this hybrid approx­ The exhibit on hybridizing also imate in color ripe cantaloupe flesh; the sho~ed . the m~thod used of protecting flowers face downward at a 45 0 angle. pollmatlOns with soda straws slipped The blooming date is late June-early over the pistil and fastened with a rub­ July in the Washington area. ber band. Pollen storage was demon­ strated with a homemade dessicator con­ Educational Exhibits sisting of a glass jar h alf filled with a The commercial displays were among dessicant (calcium chloride) on which the best ever presented at the National the stoppered vials of pollen had been 0 Show. Many species and hybrids not placed before storing at 40 F. previously seen by many were displayed. A demonstration on propagation ~howed the dates when each of the vari­ The U. S. Department of Agriculture, ous methods of propagation had been Ornamen tal Plants Section at Beltsville started. Seed flats and tin cans con­ displayed some aspects of its research tained seedlings of the "quick germinat­ work on lilies. The first public showing ing" lilies, such as L. fOTmosanum and of the cross L. aumtum X L. speciosum L. . candidum. Glass jars filled with 'Album', produced at Beltsville by eI'1- m~)JStened vermiculi te contained germ in­ bryo culture on nutrient agar, included atmg seeds of four '!\Test Coast native both parent plants and the hybrid. Glass species, including L. kelloggii and L. vials containing artificiall y cultured vollmeri, which require low storage tem­ seedlings were also exhibited to show peratures (40 0 -50 0 F.) to initiate how germination of the hybrid was ac­ ge~m in ation . Vegetative propagation complished, thus overcoming the embryo usmg bulb scales of three species re­ decomposition within the maturing seed. vealed the comparative speed of bulblet Polyploidy in L. longiflorum (Easter formation in the w?oden flats, showing Lily) was demonstrated with the aid of that L. longzf1orum IS more readily prop­ enlarged photomicrographic prints of agated than L. speciosum 'Album' or each of the chromosome plates of 2n, L. aumtum The less common method JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 4 1 of propagation by leaf cutting under and transplanted to the fie ld bed in May. mist or in humid conditions was demon­ Reports from two foreign visitors gave stra ted by using L. longifioHlm started insight as to the status of lily growing on the 8th of last February, and on the in England and South Africa. Mrs. Mar­ same day in March and April. tyn Simmons from England pointed out Diseased specimens to illustrate virus that the species are still the favorite of symptoms were shown. The effect of many E nglish gardeners rather than the roguing and the control of insects h ybrids. L. canadense is one of the pop­ (aphids) to reduce the spread of virus ular species grown in England and L. was demonstrated to assist the amateur superbum does very well. The Madonna gardener with problems in disease con­ Lily, L. candidum, is grown commonly trol in lilies. Soaking the bulbs for fif­ in England and is often referred to as teen m inutes, prior to p lanting, in a the "Cottage Lil y." In England, botrytis fungicide solution to kill the surface blight is not as troublesome on L. can­ fusarium spores that cause basal rot was didum as in the U nited States. L. X recommended in another exhibit. 'Dark Princess', known in England as L. Visitors were taken to the Plant In­ X 'Beltsville Tiger', is a favorite hybrid dustry Station, Beltsville, Maryland to and L. X 'S huksan' is another well see the lily field plots. A so il steriliza­ known h ybrid. tion demonstration showed the use of Miss Beryl 1. Reynolds, President of methyl bromide gas to destroy fusarium the South African Lilium Society gave a and other fungi prior to plan ting lily fascinating report about lilies that are bulbs. A pound can of methyl bromide being grown in her country. Since this will sterilize 100 square feet of soil and is a comparatively new group, the mem­ this trea tment also destroys the seeds of bers are trying various species and h y­ most weeds and reduces the insect popu­ brids to accumulate information on per­ lation. Ou tdoor bulb-scale propagation formance under South African growing beds demonstrated a rapid and economic condi tions. Among lilies that have been way of increasing the stock. This pro­ grown, hybrids between L. speciosum cess may be accelerated when scales are and L. aumtum have performed su ccess­ started in the greenhouse in late winter fully. OlneYlt tesota Chilopsis linearis (Desert Ironwood) (Western Desert-willow)

Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Cercidium floridum (Netleaf Hackberry) (Blue Palo-Verde)

[42] Native Trees and Shrubs for Landscape Use in Southern Arizona

Joseph S. Folkner and Robert Charles*

People have landscaped their homes water is usually needed for these plants. and cities over the ages as an expression (It is common knowledge that the desert of the advances of civilization and cul­ goes for months without rainfall.) Once ture. The emphasis on plant material a plant is established in the home land­ in the southwest h as been in the past scape it should survive under the same on species introduced from other areas. conditions as it would in the open The first introductions were by Padre desert. Kino and other missionaries. Later, as These selected plants are as much a people migrated either from the east part of the desert as cacti; they survive or west coast, plants most familiar were under similar conditions and are much imported. Many species were introduced easier to handle. into the desert from subtropical regions and other semi-arid parts of the world. Trees In recent years an increas ing interest Acacia farnesiana, Huisache Sweet in native species for landscape use has Acacia, 23-35 ft., January-March. Flow­ been expressed. An inclusion of native ers yellow. In foreign countries this plants will add a phase of southwestern deciduous tree is cultivated for glue, vegetation to the landscape in addi tion forage, and the aromatic flowers are used to reducing water usage. for perfume. Soils preferred by native species are Celtis laevigata var. Teticulata. Netleaf similar to those found around residen­ Hackberry, (Palo-Blanco) , 30-48 ft. Flow­ tial and other urban areas. In native ers inconspicuous. Deciduous tree re­ habitats, the plants have grown for sev­ quiring continuously moist soil. Most eral years without mulching, fertilizing, specimens are generally good shade trees. and other benefits of common garden Tree most valued for shade. practices. These practices would be ad­ C el"cidium flol'idurn, Bl ue Palo-verde, vantageous when the initial plantings 15-30 ft., late March or April. Flowers are made, bu t they are not necessary to bright yellow. One of the most attractive maintain the species. desert species. Drought resistan t. Re­ The plants included in this report quires little care. have been growing in this southwestern Chilopsis linearis, '''' estern Desert­ climate for hundreds of years under con­ willow, 6-24 ft., July-August. Flowers ditions of relatively low water supply. white or lavender, sweet-scented. They have become adapted to our desert. Drought tolerant. Used widely in land­ The plants have been selected scaping. Graceful habit, small to large for landscape use and warrant further tree. Deciduous. use in relation to development of home CupTessus arizonica, Arizona Cypress, plantings, school grounds, parks, and 40-70 ft. Tree with a well developed commercial and industrial estab­ trunk forming a crown narrowly pyra­ midal or broad and flat. Excellent land­ lishments. scape species of rapid growth. Ever­ In addition to surviving the south­ green. western climate, these species have re­ Dalea spinosa, Smoke Tree, 6-24 ft. sisted insects and diseases. The plants Early summer. Flowers indigo to bright listed have resisted garden insects and lavender. A good ornamental, but diseases that have, of late, become should be restricted to frost free areas. troublesome with introduced species. Loses leaves during drought. Supplemental care of native desert Fra xinus velutina, Arizona Ash, to 35 species does not appear to be necessary. ft., March-April. Flowers ye llow-green. Pruning may be done to help shape a Attractive specimen requiring little care plant, but little else is required. Little and infrequent irrigation. Good shade

"' Horticulture Departm ent, U nivers ittl of Ari7ona. tree. Deciduous. [ 43] 44 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE

Chilopsis linear is (Western Desert-willow) JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 45

Juglans rupestris var. major, Arizona yellow-orange. Tolerant of heat and Black Walnut, 40-50 ft. Good shade tree, cold. Tan bark on trunk which scales well-formed and requires little supple­ off. Deciduous. mental care. Deciduous. Atriplex canescens, Four-Wing Salt­ Olneya tesota Desert Ironwood, 5-15 ft., bush (Chamiso), 3-6 ft., June-August. May-June. Flowers lavender. One of the Flowers greenish. Bush irregular in out­ most interesting trees of the desert; it has line, more or less flat-topped. Moderate been used for fuel, novelties, and food. alkaline soil. Remarkably drought re­ Drought resistant and requires little sistant. Useful throughout state. Ever­ care. green. Parkinsonia aculeata, Palo Verde, Baccharis sa?-othroides, Desert-broom, (Horse Bean), 40 ft., May. Flowers 3-5 ft. Bright green branchlets practical­ bright yellow. Southern Arizona, Texas, ly leafless throughou t the year. Toleran t Florida to South America. Young bark of saline soils. is smooth, yellowish green becoming Beloperone californica, California Bel­ brown. Foliage needle or threadlike operone (Honey-suckle), 3-6 ft., lVIarch­ with leaflets in rainy season, rapid June. Flowers red-orange. Tubular red growth. flowers contrasting with green, velvety­ Platanus racemosa var. wrightii, Ari­ hairy, flexible branches. Deciduous. zona Sycamore, 20-50 ft., February-April. Bouvardia glaberrima, Bouvardia, 1-3 Large tree with scaly bark. Trunk white ft., May-September. Flowers red (pink­ and quite attractive. Good shade, but white) resembling honeysuckle. Prefers requires additional water. Deciduous. partial shade. Excellent for patio wall Populus tremontii, Fremont Cotton­ border. Deciduous. wood, 50-75 ft. Flowers greenish yellow. Excellent shade tree for ranch or large Caesalpinia gilliesii, Bird-of-paradise, suburban lots, particularly colorful in 4-12 ft., May-September. Yellow flowers the fall. Requires a good moisture sup­ with red filaments are striking; red­ ply. Deciduous. Male tree not messy colored phase occasionally cultivated. with cotton. Escaped from cultivation and natural­ Prosopis julifiora Honey Mesquite, ized, modera tely drought resistant. N a­ 9-30 ft., April-June. Flowers yellow. tive of South America. Drought tolerant and a good shade tree. Calliandra eriophylla, Fairy Duster Tree with attractive pods. Common in (Mesquitilla), to 3 ft., February-March. desert areas. Deciduous. Flowers pink or red. Low, bushy shrub Prosopis pubescens, Screw Bean Mes­ with gray twigs. Drought tolerant and quite, 6-30 ft., May-July. Flowers yellow. needs little cultivation. Gray pods at Plant has coiled pods and spiny leaf maturity. Deciduous. stalk. Drought tolerant and common in Cassia leptocarpa, Cassia, 3-4 ft., J uly­ the desert. Deciduous. September. Flowers yellow. Cold tender Sap indus drummondii, 'l\Testern Soap­ herbaceous shrub, freezing back to berry, 6-15 ft., July-August. Flowers ground in winter. Large terminal pan­ white. Requires irregular irrigation. icles of bright yellow flowers. Foliage Fruit thought to be poisonous. Birds ill-smelling. or insects rarely approach the tree. De­ Cassia wislizenii, Cassia, 3-5 ft., June­ ciduous. September. Flowers yellow. Much Washingtonia tilitera, California Fan branched deciduous shrub with dark Palm, 20-50 ft. This tree has been long bark. Deserves more consideration. cultivated. Native of Kofa Mountains Cephalanthus occidentalis var. calitor­ near Yuma. A grove will furnish excel­ nicus, Button Willow, 6-24 ft., June­ lent shade. Requires irrigation. September. Flowers white, in attractive ball-shaped heads. Desirable ornament­ Shrubs al. Grows best in cooler areas and in Acacia gTeggii, Whitehorn, 6 ft., flow­ wet soil. Deciduous. ers at intervals all year. Flowers yellow, Cercis occidentalis, 'l\Testern Redbud, in:round balls, numerous. Evergreen with 6-15 ft., February-April. Flowers pink continuous moisture. Much-branched or lavender. Large round-headed shrub, with numerous thorns. much branched from the base. Grows A nisacanthw thurberi, Bush Honey­ best in northern h alf of the state. De­ suckle, 3-9 ft., June. Flowers red or ciduous. Simmondsia caliJornica Baccharis sarothroides (Coffeeberry) (Desert-Broom) ~--~~

[46.1 Fouquieria splendens Cassia leptocarpa (Ocotillo, Coach-Whip) (Cassia)

Platanus racemosa var. wrightii (Arizona Sycamore) [47] Acacia greggii Fraxinus velutina (Whitethorn) (Arizona Ash)

/uglans rupestris val". major Tecoma stans [48] (Arizona Black Walnut) (Yellow Trumpet-Flower) JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 49

Dalea greggii, Gregg Dalea, to J ft. , foilage and many flowers. Plant may July-August. Flowers rose-purple. Flow­ be sheared and grown as specimens or a er clusters small. Silvery leaves present hedge. good background for rose-purple flowers. Lysilorna rnicrophylla, Lysiloma, 3-9 Deciduous. ft., May-June. Flowers white. Limited Erythrina flabelliforrnis, Coral bean to warm areas three to five thousand Chilicote, 6-20 ft., June-July. Flowers feet altitude. T ips may freeze in ex­ bright red. Large shrub with bright red tremely cold weather. beans frequently used for decoration. N olina rnicrocarpa, Bear Grass Saca­ Short-lived branches grow from a large huista, 1-3 ft., June-July. Flowers white. tuberous-like root. Grows best in warm Resembles a large coarse grass. Common locations, south or west exposure next throughout southern Arizona on gravelly to wall. Seeds poisonous. or sandy well-drained soil. A showy Forestiera neornexicana, Desert Olive, plant. Evergreen. 6-8 ft.. March-April. Flowers yellow. Pensternon antirrhinoides} Bush Pen­ Grows best between three and five thou­ stemon, 1-4 ft., April-May. Flowers yel­ sand feet altitude. Prefers well drained low. Responds well to cultivation. Does moist soil. Deciduous. not require heavy rainfall and tolerates Fouquieria splendens} Ocotillo near freezing temperatures. Deciduous. (Coach-'Whip), 6-10 ft ., April-May. Flow­ Rhus ovata, Sugar-Bush, to 15 ft., ers red. Shrub with slender spiny March-May. Flowers with red buds branches. Frequently used as an orna­ opening cream-colored. Excellent orna­ mental. Does well under drought con­ mental shrub with bright green leathery ditions. Deciduous. leaves, tolerant of a wide range of tem­ Hibiscus coulteri} 1-3 ft., flowering perature and soil. Evergreen. throughout the year. Flowers yellow. Sirnrnondsia ca lifornica} CofEeeberry Commonly found on well-drained soils. (Jojoba), 3-4 ft. Low gray-green shrub Has a rather straggly appearance. Excel­ with dense evergreen fo ilage adapted to lent plant for rock gardens. Evergreen. many uses. May be used as a hedge. Lanea tTidentata, Creosote-Bush, to II Tecorna stans, Yellow Trumpet Flow­ ft., flowering at intervals all year, pro­ er, 3-6 ft., August-September. Bright ye l­ fusely in spring. Flowers yellow. Widely low flowers and bright green leaves are distributed in Southwest. Responds to desirable for ornamental plantings. water and fertilizers with lush dark green Plant in warm location. Deciduous. A Book or Two

Garden Open Today Sertum Anglicum Beverley N ichols. E. P. Dutton and Com­ Charles-Louis L'Heritier de 13rutelle. 1788. pany, 201 Park Avenue South, New York Facsimile with Critical Studies and a Trans­ 3, New York. 1963 . 252 p ages. .$4.95. lation. The Hunt Botanical Library, Pitts­ (Library) . burgh, Pennsylvania. 1963. (Library) Those of you who h ave read the garden This h andsome volume is the first of the books written by Beverely Nichols and enjoy Hunt Facsimile Series-the object of which is his style, will enjoy this la test book which to bring to plantsmen and admIrers of botanical is primarily concerned with his favorite flowers illustration, fa csim ile rep roductions of titles and his experiences in m aking his and other which were published in Itmited editions. These gardens. The "Nichols Snowdrop Invention" is early works are generally rare and the informa­ explained . Though h e uses common (in Eng­ tion contained is not readily available to re­ land) names for the plants that he is writing searchers. 'With the high quality off-set repro­ about, the Latin names do appear, as for duction that is now a ttainable, we may look example, "The other late blue, fl owering in forward to seeing many such works placed August alongside the plumbago is called in the hands of the botanist and horticulturist Caryop teris 'Ferndown'." through the Hunt Facsimile Series. Each chapter ends with "Practical Notes" L 'H eritier de Brutelle's Sej'tu m A nglicum was and his appendix, he admits, is very much selected as the first of the Series because it was a one- man appendix in that the nurserym en, published in less than 100 copies. The author seedsmen, and horticultural suppliers mentioned described a number of new genera and species are, with very few exceptions, people with whom and the illustrations represent the early draw­ he has dealt. I was pleased to see that Hillier's ings of two distinguished 18th and 19th century nursery at Winchester h eaded th e list as a botanical illustrators, Pierre-Joseph R edoute and MUST (that is for the ca talogue) . Those of J ames Sowerby. Finally, horticulturists will want us who h ave h ad the privilege of meeting to refer to the work because it centers around Mr. Hillier or seeing the Winchester N urseries the plants introduced into the gardens of Lon­ will agree with Mr. Nichols that this should don and Paris prior to 1786. head a list. The volume con tains three introductory es­ The charming drawings by William McLaren says to the Facsimile- a discussion of L 'H eritier, add a great deal to a book through which the man; a scholarl y piece on the plants in one literally flits. the Sej·t um Anglicum, appropri ately done by F. P .-K. three distinguished English bo tanists, Gilmour, King, and Williams, and an essay on the illus­ trators of L 'H eritier's work. Thus, in this first A Guide to Mushrooms volume, one can gain an apprecia tion of the intended scope of the Series and realize the and Toadstools m agnitude of effort that must go into such Morten Lange an d F . Bayard H ora. E. P. thoughtfully- planned work . Dutton & Company, Inc., 201 Park Avenue, The introduction includes an English trans­ South, New York 13, New York. 1963. 257 la tion of Serlllm AnglicuJ7/ and essential infor­ p ages. JIlustrated. $5 .95. (Library). ma ti on such as exp'lanatory notes, The Fac­ simile co ntains 36 pages and 34 reprod uctions of This guide is b ased on th e monumental the p lants descri bed, An index to Latin n ames work of J akob E. Lange in which about 1200 and a general index co mpletes the volume. species are illustrated in color. The presen t The fron tispiece is one of the rep rod uctions book h as 96 co lor plates. Nearly 600 species in the Facsimile done b y Redoute-L ycoris are illustra ted and are said to be, for the aurea. This particularly interested the reviewer most part, common in Br itain. There is an because of person al knowledge of this genus. identifica tion key, descrip tions in the tex t, a In reading the description of L. (Iurea and glossary, and an index. The book co ul d be noting the origi n as China, I am curious as helpful to the amateur in gaining an under­ to whether L'H eritier was describing L. aurea standing of some of the major characters upon or the )'ecently- named sp ecies, L. chinensis. U n­ which the classifi cation of the mush rooms are fortuna tely, h e does not state the time of based. For definitive identification of American bloom. a possible clue to the identity of the mush rooms other sources would be necessary. LycO!'is h e saw. It does, however, illustrate the May we repeat a warning sounded m any times. point as to one facet of value of this kind Never eat a wild mushroom unless yo u are of work. absolutely certain of its identifica tion. The Hunt Facsimile Se ries is edited by Dr. C. M . George H . M. Lawrence, Director of the Hunt

(Books available for .loan to the Membershi1) are designated: (Libj·aTY). Those not so designated a?'e In lJ1'mate collect tOns a.nd a're not available for loan . B ooks availa ble for sale to the Nl ember­ sh i1) are designated with the special j'educed price and are subject to the usual change of pj'ice without notice . Orden must be sent th?-ough the American H orticultural Society accomplished by the p!'Oj)er payment. Please allow two to three weeks for delivery . T hose not designated for sale to the Membershi1) at -redl.lced prices can be purchased th!'O'llgh the Society, however, at the retail IJTices given. In these instances the full pro(i,t is j'eceived by the Society to be used for increased services and benefits Of the Membership.) [50 ] JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 51

Botanical Library and is a sa lu te to the fin e normall y so ld in California as ornamentals­ taste of those who participated in this under­ species, cultiva rs (horticultura l varieties), and taking in a fi eld tha t appears to have been garden hybrids. T he li st does not include fruit too long neglected. trees commonl y used in orchard, nor bam­ .J. L. C. boos, succulen ts, and ferns. Omitted also are the cultivars of Camellia, Fuchsia, Rhododen­ dron, and Rosa, for which .check lists already exist. In all , the checklist includes about 2700 kinds of woody ornamentals grown in Cali­ fornia. The geographical position of California is The Story of Pollination unique among the various states, especiall y with regard to clima te. H orticulturally speaking, it B . .J. D. Meeuse. The Ronald Press Com­ is possible to grow an ex tremely diverse assort­ p any, 15 East 26 th Street, New York 10, ment of introduced p lants in California. Most New York. 1961. 243 pages. Illustrated. of the woody pl ants co mmon in eastern United 7.50. (Library). States, for example, are grown in northern areas of the state, and plants of subtropical Here is a fascinating account wrilten , so and tropical origin flourish in southern areas the author prefa ces, " for yo ung perso ns be­ of the sta te. tween the ages of eight and eighty." This The real value of this ch ecklist, apart from should include most gardeners! Certainly anyo ne its legali stic value in Cali fornia, rests as a who h as anything to do with flow ers would reEerence to co rrectness of the p lant n ames glean a h ost of unusu.al facts a bout the re­ cited. All na mes h ave been carefully checked lationships of the vanous polhnatlllg agents with the literature. T he H olly Leaf Osmanthus, to their .flower associates. As any biologist for example, is brought up to date as 0_ would affirm, this area of natural history h as he/e1'Ophy llus '1I icifolius' (syn. O. aquifolium, some of the most striking rela tionships tha t O. ilicifOlius) in accordance with Peter Green's ex ist in n ature. H ere, as so me of Meeuse's recent world monograph of Osman thus and H y­ chapter heads suggest, one ca n read about drangea is updated in accordance with Dr. Mc­ "Busy Bees and Efficient Bumblers," "Some­ Clin tock's monograph, and other groups are thing for the Birds." "The Blundering Beetl es," brought into line with the latest references. The "Of Sausage Trees and Bats," "Burglars and \ ali d Latin binomials (with authorities) arC' Law-A biding Citizens"- and a dozen others printed in bold face. All synonyms are in italics equally intriguing. In short, if the reader h as wi [h a cross reference to the valid name, an d ever wondered about the rh yme and reason common names with their Latin equivalents are behind the infinite variety of form , color, and li sted. T he a uthors were una bl e, in most in­ odor that exists among flow ers, he'll find most stances, to check plant names listed in nursery of his answers interestingly illuminated in this catalogues against ac tu al plant m aterial. This vo lume. Besides a tC'x t, this volume is en ­ means tha t so me kinds of p lan ts in the nursery h anced by numerous well-delineated drawings, trade most likely are sti ll wrongly n amed. H ow­ a sampling of fine photographs and some ele­ ever, the appli ca tion of the names in the list is gant water color drawings by Hilda Kern. up-to-da te botanica ll y. In other words, nomen­ Emily Dickinson unknowingly epItomI zed the clature is brought into line with latest botanical content of this well-printed volume when she knowledge. wrote: "To make a prairie it takes a cl over An appendix records authorities for all Latin and one bee,- binomials in the checklist. Horticulturists and One clover, and a bee, nurserym en prefer not to use authorities in And reverie." citing botanical names, bu t the lack of the W. H . H odge author's n ame can and often does result in endless confusion. T his leads to serious errors in plant names. The situation regarding names in cultivated plants might well take _a turn for the better,. if only more specialists, like Drs. Mathias and McClintock, would interest themselves in this A Checklist of JJV oody Ornamental group of plants. The authors should not stop Plants of California with a mere checklist. W hy not a full blown manual of the cultiva ted plants of California? Mildred E. Mathias and Elizabeth McClin­ _Freder ick G. Meyer tock. California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service, Agricultural Pub­ lications, University Hall, University of Cali­ fornia, Berkley 4, California. 1963 . 65 pages. $.75. (Library) . Advances in Horticultural Science This checklist, Manual 32, is "designed to and Their Applications serve as a guide to nurseryme~ and others in the labeling of nursery stock III compliance (Proc. XVth Int. Hort. Congress. Nice. with the Agricultural Code of California" which 1958). Vol. 2 and 3. The Macmillan Com­ states: "Ornamentals, except roses and annual pany) , 60 Fifth Avenue, New York II, New herbaceous perennial ornamental plants, sh all York. 1962. $60.00. (Vols. I, 2, and 3) . (Li­ be labeled with the botanical name." The brary) . checklist is far more than these simple state­ ments imply. The compilation was made from These are the volumes which report the current nursery lists to include all woody plants papers presented at the XVth International 52 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Horticultural Congress. Each volume is well Mrs. Brilmayer's new book is of interest both over 500 pages and together include. a total for the beginner and those who have been of 136 papers covering the fields of frUlt grow­ gardening for some time. Separate chapters deal ing, flower growing, ornamental . trees and with various types of miniature gardens, be shrubs, and the various factors which govern it a sink garden, water garden, or a garden success with these plants. planted in container, with suggested plants listed Papers from many countries are included for the various kinds of gardens. The short but the preponderance are European. Thus, list of pests and their con trol on p age 85 the reader has an opportunity to see what would be of great use to the beginner. is going on, horticulturally, in that part of Liberally laced with black and white photo­ the world. For each paper there are Abstracts graphs, color plates, and line drawings as well in French, English, and German. Perhaps a as a list of where to buy plants and supplies, fifth of the papers are in English, the ma­ this book will bring pleasure and information jori ty of the others in French. to the reader. Plant societies might well h ave a look at F. P.-K. these volumes to see what goes on at such a congress in view of the fact that the 1966 Congress will be held in the U. S. A. The Eu ropean Congresses reflect the in terests of pro­ fessional horticulture. With the involvement of AHS in the planning for the next one, Trees of Northern Florida plant societies have an opportunity to demon­ strate their serious participation in horticultural Herman Kurz and Robert K. Godfrey. Uni­ research. versity of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. J. L. C. 1962. 311 pages. Illustrated. $8.50. This is an illustrated manual to the trees of that area of northern Florida " north and The Origin and Cultivation of Shade northwest of a line drawn from the Atlantic Ocean through Marion County to the Gulf and Ornamental Trees of Mexico." In a general way it would serve Hui-Lin Li, Morris Arboretum, University also for the southern parts of Georgia, Ala­ of Pennsylvania Press, 3436 Walnut Street, bama, and Mississippi. This whole area has Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania. 1963. 282 up to now lacked a modern manual of any pages. Illustrated. $6.00. (Library) . sort to the higher plants. A work by two of the most competent students of this rich This 282-page hardback book brings together woody flora is, thus, especiall y welcome. Both legendary and factual material about shade native and naturalized species are included. and ornamental trees widely cultivated in tem­ Each tree in this vol ume is ill ustrated by perate climates. Technical terminology is kept line drawings, is keyed out, h as a full botanical at a minimum. Although the book is written description to which have been added notes for the general reader, the appended bibliog­ on flowering, habitat, and special characteristics raphy provides sources for the student. The enabling one to distinguish the tree species origins of some common shade trees are well from the nearest congeners. Although no horti­ known; others have been cultivated for so long cultural notes are included, the interested reader that their origins are lost in the mythical can find information of use in the growing of past. How the discovery of the New World and certain of the native trees of the area which the opening of ancient trade routes to Asia deserve more extensive attention in horticulture. enriched our heritage of shade trees is clearly Among these would be the large flowered Two­ explained. Some of the 90 illustrations are Wing Silverbell (H alesia diptera var. magni­ excellent but too much confusing background {lora, the Big-Leaf Snowbell (Styrax grandi­ obscures the central figure in others. Chapters folia), Magnolia ashei, and Florida Torreya 1 to 9 inclusive are based on material orginally (TO?Te)'a taxifolia). published in the Morris Arboretum Bulletin, W. H. Hodge 1956 to 1960. C. M.

AU About Miniature Plants and Colour All the Year Round Gardens, Indoors and Out Roy Genders. St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Bernice Brilmayer. Doubleday and Company, Avenue, New York 10, New York. 1963. 287 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New pages. lIlustrated. $5.95 . (Library) . York. 1963. 319 pages. Illustrated. $4.95 (AHS Member's price $4.20). (Library). Roy Genders' new book is written with the small garden in mind and though written for The author of "All about begonias" and the English gardening public, much of the "All about vines and hanging plants" has pro­ book will interest gardeners in the United duced anotb.er "All About" book, this time States. about miniature plants and gardens. The value of trees as a frame for a garden Recently people have become more interested picture is discussed and how much can be in dwarf and miniature plants, partly due to gained from making the right selection. Sug­ the increasing popularity of house plants and gestions are given for both evergreen and de­ the bonsai, which are to be seen at some ciduous trees with colorful foliage, with a short of the larger flower shows. but helpful description of each tree listed. The JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 53 same trea tment is given to shrubs with a some parts of western South America to see chapter devoted to hedges. The rose garden what effect the eucalyptus has on the economy information is quite complete with coverage of the people. Species of Eucalyptus are among of pests and diseases, and the pruning informa­ the tallest trees ll1 the world, and many are used tion includes some drawings. Chapters on bed­ for purely ornamental purposes as shade trees, ding plants, annuals, the h alf-hardy plants for especially in California, and some are noted for summer, the dahlias, the Michaelmas daises the highly attractive flow ers, E. ficifolia being (a great favorite in the English garden) are well known for this attribute. included. Also included are chapters on spray FREDERICK G. MEYER chrysanthemums, plants with colored leaves, bulbs all the yea r round, the rockery, and wall plants. Some useful tables showing heights and flow ­ ering time of the plants listed are again di­ rected to the English climate. Bonsai, Dwarfing Trees in the The book has a fair number of black and Modern Manner white illustrations and the text is easy to read. F.P.-K. Gladys Aske (Photograph y by Irene Haynes) . St. Helena, California. 1962. (Library). 'While the cultural information on bonsai is sparse, as is to be expected in a small paperback book, the photographs are enough to whet the Nature, Art, and Flower Arrangement appetite of the gardener who may be toying with the idea of trying something different. Emma Hodkinson Cyphers. H earthside Press, The three photographs of ivies (H edem 118 East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. helix) show the various forms into which the 1963. 160 pages. Illustrated_ $4.95. ($4.20 to plan ts can be trained, and there are other ex­ AHS Members). (Library). amples of both decidious and evergreen subjects. This book of 74 photographs and 55 drawings F. P.-K_ is an excellen t one to stimulate both the flower arranger and the viewer with an urgency to ob­ tain a greater insight in the art of flower ar­ ranging in both the naturalistic and the impres­ sionistic manner. Flowering Trees The author's comparisons of the principles of design and the elements, such as space, shapes, R. B. Clark. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., color, texture, and overaII design, with the vari­ 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New J ersey. ous aspects of nature and pain tings, is thought­ 1963. 240 pages. IJlustrated. $6.50. (Li­ inspiring and is encouraging to others to work brary) . at developing a keener preception through the study of these arts as seen in nature. This book is about h ardy trees of sm all to The final pages deal with the need of flower medium height for cold-winter regions of the show judges to familiarize themselves with art United States and that show conspicuous flowers. in the abstraot in order to understand what the Where to buy, what to select for flow er color, arranger is saying. This is a thought-provoking season and sequence of b loom (too often a book and one that may be found very helpful in neglected consideration), fragrance and color of the modern day conception of flower arranging. flowers, and persistence, usefulness or hazards M.W.L. of fruits are discussed. This book can be a use­ ful reference for northern cold-winter regions. M. C.

The Eucalypts. Botany, Cultivation, Chemistry, and Utilization Rubber. Botany, Production and A. R . Penfold and J. L. Willis. Interscience Utilization Publishers, Inc., 250 Fifth Avenue, New York I, New York. 1961. xx + 552 pages. Illus­ Loren G. Polhamus. John Wiley and Sons, trated. $13.25. (Library). Inc., Interscience Division, 440 Park Avenue, A World Crops Books under the general edi­ New York 16, New York. 1962. xviii + 449 torship of Professor Nicholas Polunin. pages. Illustrated. $14.50. (Library) . Australia and Eucalyptus are practicaIIy sy­ Rubber as covered in this book includes not nonymous. Eucalyptus trees were discovered on o)1ly Hevea or Para rubber but also other plants, the shores of Botany Bay at Sidney, New South such as guyale (Parthenium) , Cryptostegia, kok­ Wales, by Banks and Solander, botanists to saghyz (Taraxacum), Ficus, and several others Captain Cook on his first voyage of discovery exploited from time to time as sources of crude around the world in 1770. Since that day, the rubber. While the technical part on production eucalyptus tree has become one of the most im­ of rubber may be of less in terest, the discussion portant introductions in warm climates. The on the botany of rubber producing plants stimu­ trees grows well in arid regions of the tropics lates interesting reading and provides for the and subtropics where it provides in many areas uninitiated a wonderful background into the much needed fuel and acts as a soil binder. One world of rubber. has only to visit areas, such as Ethiopia and FREDERICK G. MEYER 54 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

John Lyon, Nurseryman and Plant reader, there is enougll \ ariety to make the huo. in teresting to flow er arrangers. Hunter and His Journal, 1799·1814 F P " J oseph and Nesta Ewan. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I 96!l. 70 pages. New Series, Vol. 53, Part 2. $2.00. Flower Arrangement Through the (Library) . Years John Lyon's journal covers his notes of ten trips h e made north and south along the central P atricia Esterbrook R oberts. The \' iking and so uth Atlantic states and his business rec­ Press, 625 Madison Avenue, New York 22. ords of selling plants which he collected and New York. 1963. 95 pages. Illustrated (in his customers. At one time h e was gardener for color and black and white) . $5.95. (Lib.ary). William Hamilton of Philadelphia who also later helped make it possible for him to do plant The author h as made flow er a!Tanging fairly exploration. Still later, h e made trips on his simple for the busy homem aker who has neither own account collecting plants for eventual ship­ the time n or the inclination to devote to the ment to England. Many of these h e first grew arrangemen t of flowers according :0 all the rules in a nursery in Philadelphia. Lyon is credited of art such as those done in competition and for Garden Club exhibits. with having introduced about 31 new plants in to English gardens and collected others which This book has many fin e h elpful suggesti ons were already in cultivation or had been intro­ for m aking arrangements including a ve ry ade­ duced by other plant hunters. Several familiar quate list of fl owers obtainable each month of plants were introduced by him which we know the year. There are practical instructions on necessary tools and their use, proper containers, as Pieris floribunda, Magnolia 1Jyramidata, Di­ methods of conditioning fl owers, and forcing centra eximia and Sanguinaria canadensis. H e branches. There are paragraphs on setting an was a h ardy traveler and a good plantsman. in teresting table incl uding the fl ower arrange­ Gardeners interested in history and travel will ment. Also there are many ideas on tables and find John Lyon's journal a pleasure to read, arrangemen ts for special occasions. especiall y those who are familiar with the area To add to the beauty of the book there are 84 in whi ch he traveled. photographs, many of them in exquisi te color. CONRAD B. LINK M. W.L.

Cucurbits. Botany, Cultivation, Utilization Flower Arrangements, Designs for Today Thomas W. Whitaker and G len N. Davis. J ohn Wiley and Sons, Inc. , Interscience Divi· Helen van Pelt Wilson. D. Van Nostrand sion, 440 Park Avenue, South. New York 16 . and Company, Inc., 120 Alexander Street, New York. 1962. xii + 250 pages. Illustrated. Princeton, New J ersey. 258 pages. III us- $11.50. (Library). trated. $5.95 . (Library). Cucurbits is a book about pumpkins, squashes. In this latest book of flower arranging pub­ cucumbers, and gourds. their history and evolu­ lished by Van Nostrand, Helen va n Pelt Wilson tion. Ten ch apters cover the geographic origin presents the work of thirteen fl ower arrangers in of cultivated species, the ·taxonomy of cultivars, the United States, .lapan , and Canada. culture and plant breeding. The authors have The opening chapter explains some of the brought together a wonderfully cl ear account types of work shown through the photographs about a group of usefu l plants which are food used in the book, the Interpretive, Romantic. staples in m an y parts of the world. The book Free Style, A bstract. and Avan t-Garde. makes elementary reading for all the horticul A short biographical sketch heads up each turally minded . The history of many of our chapter which con tains full page black and food plants is practically a history of mankind white photographs with a descriptive paragraph itself, and for this I'eason the present book is im facing the arrangement. portant. While not every design will appeal to every FREDERICK C. MEYER The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Climbing Hydrangeas Pileostegia vibumoides : A monotypic genus (1 species); leaves evergreen; How­ Well know n are the shrubby h y­ ers white. The oustanding feature ot drangeas, especially H ydrangea maao­ this climber is the large glossy leaves phylla of J apan, th~ fi.orist's H ydrangea 4-7 inches long, and 1-3 inches wide with its m any varieties and cultlvars with deeply impressed veins on the tiP­ widely cultivated ; H. qnercifolia, our na­ per side. Seldom seen in cultivation, tive Oakleaf H ydrangea and the splen­ but grown in California*. did Chinese H. sargentianCl, are Schizophragm,a h)ldmngeoides: De­ cultivated to a lesser extent. Very few ciduous coarsely (lentate, roundish leaves people ' are aware of climbing 2-5 inches across with red petioles; hydrangeas. Seldom are they found in corymbs over 8 inches in diameter with home gardens. The plant fan cier must very showy white sepals on the marginal vis it botanical gardens and arbotetums flowers. to see them thrive in cultivation. Schizophmgma integrifolium: Differs "Climbing H ydrangea" is a collective from the preceding in the entire or only group common name for cl imbers of the slightly serrate thick textured leaves and subfamily H ydrangeoidae of the large by the much larger corymbs, to 12 inches familySaxifragaceae (90 genera, ca. 750 across. spp.) . Climbing hydrangeas belong to the In our area the following should have group of neglected plants in our area. a good chance to grow: Some, like Hydmngea petiolaris and Decwnaria barbam: Half-evergreen, Schizophragma hydrangeoides are of­ climbing by aerial rootlets; leaves shiny fered by the trade; Decumaria barbam vivid green of various shapes, 1-5 inches does occur in the trade, and as a native, long, and Y2- 2 inches wide, entire or it is hard to buy along the Gulf Coast. with a few prominent teeth on the upper This interesting group of climbers third; infloresce nce a corymb of pure may be used to cover walls, wooden, and white very showy small flowers. Collect­ stone structures, and even as a decum­ ed by the writer in Louisiana, in '!\Test bent bushy solitaire, in this instance Feliciana parish. To Florida and north without support planted in the ground to Virginia. This plant is so little or in containers. It is believed that known, it does not have a vernacular with increasing interest in "outdoor li v­ name. ing" these plants eventually will find Decu?nm'ia sinensis: Scrambling climber, their place in patios and gardens. ~ropa­ 15 ft. tall, half-evergreen; leaves to 3V2 gation by seed is somewhat compli cated, inches long, lustrous green; flowers white ~ince the seeds require stratification be­ in dense corymbs, fragrant; very out­ fore planting. Vegetative propagati~n standing. Central China. (cuttings) is fairly easy in. the humid Hydrangea senalifolia (H. integer­ climate of the Gulf Coast; 111 dryer re­ rima): A very rare plant in gardens. gions layering brings better results. The leaves are evergreen, glossy, 2-5 It may be of interest to the reader inches long and 1-3 inches wide; flowers to know that the subfamily Hydrange­ in terminal and axillary corymbs, oideae does not occur outside Asia and creamy-yellow. Central Chile and adja­ the Americas, as if it had followed the cent Argentina. prehistoric crossing of man from As ia Hydrangea petiolaris: The best known to North America and to South America. climbing hydrangea; leaves are de­ -SIGMOND L. SOLYMOSY, UniveTSity of ciduous, entire or serrate, lustrous green, Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Lou­ 2-4 inches long, and 1-3 inches wide; isiana. corymbs large, the marginal sterile flow­ - -;-;:... :-;;j;~~gin ~· i h /lr» ()id ef1 The . tl1lfrica ll florticlIl ers are very attractive. China and Japan. IlIra' Magazille, July. 1963. [55] 56 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

W, H. HODGE

Ammocharis coranica Showing attractive fan-like arrangement of arching leaves-a wild plant in Transvaal, S. Africa · JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 57

Mr.' Wolfe's Ammocharis Wolfe, and "planted one with the neck showing, and one with the bare tip of In the State and Columbia Record the bulb showing. Each grew last year, (Columbia, South Carolina, July 7, 1963) but foliage only. This year [1963] the \I\T. O. Freeland wrote in his column, third crop of leaves is ripening off (in "About Gardens," of finding an Ammo­ July), but they have not bloomed. They eharis in bloom in Russell \I\Tolfe's gar­ have leaves that are two inches wide, den in Orangeburg. He said he noticed and now often up to fourteen a clump of bluish green fo liage, and or eighteen inches long. They are short­ when he looked closer he saw a short er as they pass to the center. The leaves scape of about thirty flowers of a much­ are not strictly in two ranks, but almost grayed red. suggest a circle, though not completely." 'When I read this I thought of the Now that I look again they do give Ammoeharis that I had got from Mr. the effect of a circle, and as they lean Wolfe a year ago, and realized that I outward, I can see how the short scape had seen no sign of life since I planted that comes up from the side of the bulb the large, rough bulb on the 13th of would be almost, if not entirely hidden, June, 1962. I was not surprised, as if the flowers and leaves came at the Ammocharis is described as a greenhouse same time. bulb, native to South Africa. South Afri­ Although Mr. Wolfe lists the bulb can bulbs are not likely to do well with only as Ammoeharis, and does not give me, and after last winter I should not a specific n ame, I took for granted that expect anything of a tender nature to it is A. falcata because Weathers, in survive, especiall y as it had no protec­ The Bulb Book, says that is the only tion. Then, on the 25th of July, I saw species the genus contains. He says it something red coming through the myr­ is a native of Cape Colony and Natal, tle, and I realized it was in the spot and is found at elevations of 5,000 feet, where I had buried Mr. Wolfe's bulb; which would account for its hardiness but there was no foliage. That came here. He says the "sweet-scented bright later, when the bloom was gone. red flowers are borne twenty to forty in There were twenty-one flowers on the an umbel on stout two-edged scapes, six flat, four-inch scape, and as they came to twelve inches long, springing up from out a few lit a time the umbel was the side of the bulbs." never in perfection. The exact color of Later, I looked in Mrs. Loudon's the flowers is not in Ridgway, but it Ladies Flower Garden of Ornamental is very near Pompei an Red, the wonder­ Bulbous Plants, and found that she ful faded tone of old frescoes. By describes two species, A . falcata W. evening they fade to almost white. I Herb. and A. em-aniea W. Herb. She couldn't tell whether this is characteris­ calls A . falcata the "sweet-smelling tic, or whether they got too much of Brunswick lily," and says it has the the morning sun. The segments are re­ fragrance of the lily-of-the-valley. Mr. flexed and revolute at the tips. They Wolfe's A mmoeharis doesn't smell at all are a quarter of an inch wide and an like lily-of-the-valley to me, but has a inch and three-quarters long. The um­ very sweet and heavy fragrance that is bel was seven inches across, not altogether pleasant. I was interested I think the leaves are the most beau­ in her comments that the leaves are tiful and curious of any amaryllid I sometimes produced before the flowers. know. They are set in two open fans, She quotes Herbert as sayin~ tha~ the bulbs require complete rest m wmter, facing each other, and are close to Ridg­ when they must not be watered. "They way's Grass Green, but they are glaucous are exceedingly thirsty in summer, and and have a lovely si lvery sheen. They if planted in light earth, . and left for are from three-quarters of an inch to some time in the sun Without water, two inches wide. Unfortunately, I cut the leaves will die back." The species the tips off before they came up, as I of this genus are all half-hardy, Mrs. did not know they were there, so I Loudon adds, and may be grown in the don't know how long they would have open air by pl~nting the bulbs been. in February and takmg them up as soon Mr. Morrison wrote that he bought as the leaves wither.-ELIZABETH LAW­ two bulbs of Ammoeharis from Mr. RENCE, Charlotte, North Carolina. 58 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Eucryphia X nymllnsensis at Ballumanaugh, Sulby, Isle of Man

Eucryphia X nymansensis EUCl'Yphia X nymansensis (E. cor~i­ folia X E. glutinosa) is a natural hybnd which was found as a seedling at Ny­ Eucryphias are noteworthy ornamen­ mans, a garden in Sussex, England in tal evergreen trees confined in nature to 1915. It combines many good features the Southern Hemisphere. Two species, of both species and is more vigorous and E . cordifolia and E. glutinosa (the latter precocious in bloom than either parent. practically deciduous) , are found The handsome, deep glossy green foliage in Chile, while E. lucida comes from is either simple or pinnate, where quite Tasmania, and E. moo?-ei from N'ew often the terminal leaflet is the largest, South Wales, Both of the' Australian thus reflecting both parents. In Eng­ species are more tender than tl).e Chileiln land, 25 year-old specimens often are species, which are hardy along the wes­ 40 feet high. The hybrid is more toler­ tern coast of the United States south ant of neutral or alkaline soils, r~ semb­ of San Francisco to British Columbi'l, ling the E. cordifolia parent. JANUARY ]964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER] 59

The fragrant blooms come in August the ten-foot roof was made high enough and September and consist of for all allamandas for which it was four broad, pure white overlapping pet­ primarily erected. Procuring superior als forming a 21'2 inch bowl centered clones, however, was to prove a minor by prominent yellow-anthered stamens. adventure. They are borne on the tips of the growth Efforts to obtain them from Florida; and the columnar trees become more Longwood Gardens; the Foster Gardens prolific in bloom as they grow older. in Hawaii; in the Carribean; the U. S. E. X 'i\ft. Usher' is a similar hybrid D. A. Station in Puerto Rico; and the with reversed parentage, which may pos­ Imperial College of Agriculture, Trini­ sibly be slightly better than the E. X dad, as well as from prominent English nymansensis in bloom, but otherwise is establishments, such as Stuart Low and very similar. One hybrid of value exists Rochford and Sons, all proved futile. between E. glll t inasa and E. Lucida and The fact that these plants were once this is called E. X inteTmedia. It again common in English stove houses, and is a somewhat columnar, handsome ever­ are now unobtainable makes one realize green with smaller flowers than the the great loss of plant treasures that previous hybrids. has occurred with the disappearance of In the San Francisco Bay region there these great conservatories. are a few specimens of what are pre­ Inquiry at Kew revealed that if no sumably E . X nymansensis. The Blake other sources were found, the Curator, Garden in Berkeley, now a part of the Mr. D. M. Campbell would supply me University of California, has a large free­ with cuttings, though it is generally flowering specimen 20 feet high, while against policy to supply plant material the botanical garden of the University to private individuals. Naturally, I feel and the Strybing Aboretum in Golden much gratitude to Mr. Campbell. Gate Park have smaller plants. '''' ith cuttings of 'Nobilis' success was In California, the tree is definitely obtained with the initial efforts. Failure limited to growth near the influence of twice rewarded my efforts with 'Grandi­ the sea and the foliage will burn in flora'. Fumigation appeared to damage a dry wind. Scale is a serious problem the tissue at the internodes. I here and conditions similar to those for then hoped that the Plant Introduction rhododendrons are needed for good Section of the U. S. Department of Agri­ health.-FREDERICK W. CaE, Box 697, culture would undertake to establish this Ross, Californ ia. desirable clone, since it possesses the re­ quired quarantine facilities. Through the efforts of several, particularly B. Y Morrison, a successful introduction 01 'Grandiflora' has been possible. Two Allamandas of Garden Merit With the coming of hot weather, my start of 'Grandiflora' was planted with Seeing A llamanda ca thartica 'Hender­ much confidence in a large redwood tub, sonii' blooming where it had naturalized, as had been done with the robust 'No­ near Kanchepara, in the vicinity of Cal­ bilis'. The plant was lost because of cutta during 'World W ar II made an over-planting. With a second plant has te indelible impression. A resolution was will be made more slowly. made that some day I would have one The writer of a note in the Gardeners of these plants with the wonderfully C hro'17 icle states that allamandas are smooth, clear yellow flowers. Shortly " . .. robust growers except the very de­ after the war a brief article was read sirable A. cathartica var. grandiflom and in the Ga?-deners Chronicle in which that this variety is happiest when grafted allamandas were extolled and A. cathar­ on to A . schottii or A. ne1-iifolia. The tica 'Grandiftora' was singled out as last named species provided an excellent "very desirable." It was further noted stock upon which to graft any of its that A . ca thartica 'N obi lis' is starred in congeners .... " As Mr. Campbell ob­ Chittenden's, Dirtionary of Gardening serves, however, it does not require to These items were tucked away mentally be grafted and roots readily from cut­ for later reference. tings. -When a glass house 15 x 18 feet In Baines, Greenhouse and Slave was fin ally constructed several years ago, Plants, 'Grandiflora' is rated as a "mag- 60 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE nificent sort with beautiful bright canary Allamandas are reputed to be quite yellow flowers produced in large quan­ pest free, I have seen none, but since tities. It is very distinct in habit, and some other plants in the greenhouse sup­ a much weaker grower than all the port mites and mealy bugs, I fumigate others, smaller foliage, and is most suit­ with smoke pesticides that would kill able for growing as a pot specimen in any harmful insects on allamandas. which way it may with advantage be The soil used for allamandas is rather trained to sticks, a trellis being dispensed heavy loam mixed with exploded pu­ with." mice (sponge-rok) for drainage. Several A. cathartica 'Nobilis' on the other writers admonish to plant firmly. Cut­ hand is a very vigorous plant. Ira tings root readily from new growth by single year its roots completely filled a tip cuttings or from Luttings of last large redwood tub, two feet square and year's wood. nineteen inches deep. It grew the full Some inflorescences of 'N obi lis' carry ten-foot height of the glasshouse, in spite ten flowers, each of which last several of pinching and training the growths days so that flowering is prolonged. on an aluminum trellis. Most of the Plants flower from spring into autumn, triangular area under the sloping roof and they are eminently suited for glass was occupied. The mature stems are house culture. quite sturdy. The leaves are large, up to six inches in vigorous plants, with The Baines book, published in 1898 the upper surfaces shiny and yellowish during the heyday of warm house cul­ green. The writer in Gardeners Chron­ ture contains a detailed account of alla­ icle says of the plant, "A llamanda cath­ mandas, much of which is now irrelevant because of modern greenhouse pr;tctices artica var. nobilis a grand and very popular variety came from Brazil and new pesticides. It is nonetheless an in 1876; the large golden flowers are interesting account for anyone con­ tinted with a rather deeper shade at cerned with hot house plants.-\'VILLIAM the throat and are of large full form." T. DRYSDALE, 4300 Isabella, Riverside 1, In Chittenden, where the plant is starred Califomia. as an outstanding form, it is described as "bright-yellow without marking." I find the flower-tube does contain slightly reddish brown markings but these are not especially conspicuous. Certainly A Perennial Marigold the flowers are much less marked than in 'Hendersonii'. Except for these light Tagetes lucida, known here as Mexi­ dotted streaks, the color is uniformly can Marigold, is a yellow-flowered peren­ deep yellow. nial that makes a neat mound about two While pruning maintains allamandas feet high. within bounds for pot culture, where In Houston it has been root hardy space allows them to grow freely, they to 100 F. with its tops browning about are most beguiling, as the scandent stems the first of January. The narrow, oppo­ drape down from a roof with blossoms site, oblong, lanceolate leaves have a borne at the tips. strong scent resembling that of licorice. Here in California, rigorous trimming The small yellow flowers are borne in is performed on 'Nobilis' in late winter clusters at the ends of each shoot, here, when an increase in light hours and inN ovem ber. greater warmth of the sun will stimulate In Mexico the plant is used to make growth. Allamandas require good light a tea, as also in the lower Rio Grande to bloom and revel in heat. Outside tem­ Valley, and is credited by some as being peratures frequently go above 100 0 F., an excellent nerve tonic. A Latin Ameri­ sometimes for ten days in succession, can visitor upon seeing the plant grow­ and the greenhouse door is proped open ing in Houston exclaimed that she would for cooling. Though the glass on the like leaves to make a tea for her daugh­ house is clear with shade provided by ter who was frightened by traffic on the lath on the roof, no scorched leaves freeway. She was so confident of its tran­ have been observed, even though the quilizing effects that she had planned branches often grow directly against the to order it from relatives down on the glass. Rio Grande. She knew it by the Spanish JANUARY 1964, VOLUME 43, NUMBER 1 61

IVAN N. A:'\'nER50~

Tagetes Lucida 62 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTUR.-\L '\L-\GAZINE name of Yervaniz. The leaves are usee! low 10°F. The deciduous small trees either green or dried. The tea tastes (or large shrubs) are usually several much like sassafras tea. trunked and may grow up to 12 feet Tage tes lu.cida is easy to propagate high. by stem cuttings or division of the The leaves have the typical Pata Vaca clumps. Probably seed would be just as or cow hoof appearance so convenient easy. in identifying the bauhinias. In B . con­ Whether or not it is a nerve relaxer, gesta the dark green leaves are deft to may need careful investigation, but as the base making them bifoliate; they a perennial that can "take" our worst are about half the length of B. pur­ summers, there is no doubt. pttrea. The twigs are thornless. Mr. Morrison writes that the platH The white flowers are borne profl,.lsely I sent him some years ago, is now a on short racemes in spring. While not clump though not of ultimate dimen­ large (about one inch across) they are sions and reminds me that the shoots showy because of their abundance. are very erect in growth. His plant The seeds sprout readily when still blooms a little earlier than ours, but quite green. When seeds are hard, germ­ he reports the same tolerance of heat ination may be spread over a period of and drought. The soil in his garden is several months if not treated or soaked. sandy and the site he chose is one of the Softwood cuttings have rooted in less sunniest, hottest corners of his garden than 3 weeks. area, with no shade of any kind all day One-year old seedling plants I have long, all season long. observed over the past two years in The illustration with this note is from Houston have grown well and were un­ material that grew in the Morris0 11 hurt in the severe winter of 1962-63. garden in Mississippi.-LYNN LOWREY) There is one large specimen on the Route 8) Box 308 H ouston) T exas. University of Texas campus in Austin. Small seedlings were coming up through Saint Augustine grass under it last sum­ mer. The Ani.wacho B.auhinia Bauhinia congesta is also known from Coahuila, Mexico but it is logical to A species of Bauhinia or "Orchid . expect the Texas strain may be hardier. Tree" found in south.west T exas is one Since the Anacacho Bauhinia seems of the rarest trees in the United Stat ~ s. adapted to Houston's 45-inch rainfall It is also probably the lrrclies,t of th e (over double the 22 inches at Anacacho), known Bauhinia species. it should have a chance in the south­ Bauhinia congesta (CaspaTea congesta) eastern states, at least in zone 9. It is is known in the U. S. onlv from Ana­ an attractive plant in itself, but it m ay cacho Hills near Brackettville, Texas. be a valuable parent in the production They are numerous in a small are::! of cold hardy hybrids crossed with trop­ about 25 yards wiele along a rocky draw. ical species. The minimum winter temperature in This plant is described in Trees) Brackettvi lle is close to that of Houston Shrubs) and Woody Vines of the Smith­ where the tmperature rarely drops below west by Robert A. Vines and in The 10 ° F. The plants in October 1961 L egumes of T exas by B. L. Turner. showed no evidence of previous freeze­ Both are books by the University of back, so it is likely they would not Texas Press.-LYNN LOWREY) Route 8) succumb in temperatures somewhat be- Box 308) HOttston) T exas. j ; " ;

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Nickerson Color Fan The American Horticultural groups, but the Nickerson Color industries and SOCietles dealing Society has been interested for Fan, which has been approved with color systems in America. many years in making available by America's outstanding color The chart uses color names that to the horticultural public a foundation, can well become the have been selected as standard popularly priced color chart thaI standard everywhere. by the Inter-Society Color Coun­ could be used as a standard in lnduded with the color chart cil and the National Bureau of all phases of horticulture. Ac­ is a twelve-page booklet explain­ Standards. curate charts, in the past, have ing the use of the fan in detail. been too costly tc:> publish at a Printed in small type, on each Judges who have used the fan moderate price. color, is the popular color name report that the color chips are No color chart, except those and its numerical designation in so easy to handle, particularly with a thousand colors or more, the Munsell System of COIOT when working with color classes, can contain all the colors needed Notations which is fast becoming that they prefer it to any other by all the various horticultural accepted as standard by many color reference_ ------_. American Horticultural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N.E_-Washington 2, D. C.

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Nicotiana glauca