Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University November 7, 2011 Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Outline 1 Questions and answers 2 Seeds and fruits Seeds Fruits Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Outline 1 Questions and answers 2 Seeds and fruits Seeds Fruits Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Go deeper and find out if smaller structures with three zones (flowers!) exist Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Previous final question: the answer How to distinguish between inflorescence and flower? Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds and fruits Previous final question: the answer How to distinguish between inflorescence and flower? Go deeper and find out if smaller structures with three zones (flowers!) exist Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Seeds and fruits Seeds Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Definition “Mature ovule” Chimeric organ consists of seed coat, endosperm and embryo Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Origin of seed layers Layer Ploidy Origin Seed coat 2n Integument of ovule Endosperm2 3n, some- Fertilized central times 2n cell of embryo sac Embryo 2n Fertilized egg Endosperm1 n Female ga- metophyte (gymnosperms!) Perisperm 2n Nucellus of ovule Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Seed structure variations Seed with endosperm (onion): cotyledon, radicle, apex Seed without endosperm (beans and other Leguminosae): cotyledons, radicle, hilum, raphe Grass (Gramineae) seeds: coleoptile, coleorhiza, scutellum Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Bean seed Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Grass seeds Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Cotyledons Monocots have lateral bud and terminal primary leaf (cotyledon) Other seed plants have terminal bud and multiple (2 to many) primary leaves (cotyledons) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Pinus sp.: multiple cotyledons Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Germination Epigeal (e.g., onion, pea) Hypogeal (e.g., bean, grasses, palms) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Epigeal versus hypogeal germination Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Seeds and fruits Fruits Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Definition and origin Fruit is a ripened ovary, flower or inflorescence Fruit coat and pericarp (exocarp + mesocarp + endocarp) origin mostly from pistil wall Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Trivial classification: criteria Simple, multiple (aggregate) or compound Dry or fleshy Dehiscent, indehiscent or schizocarpic Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Multiple fruit of Fragaria sp. (strawberry) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Multiple fruit of Rubus sp. (raspberry) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Compound fruit of Ananas comosus (pineapple) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Compound fruit of Ficus carica (fig tree) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Schizocarp of Zizia Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Trivial classification: examples Type Consistency Opening Example Simple Fleshy Indehiscent Drupe, Berry, Hesperidium, Pome Simple Dry Dehiscent Legume (pod), Capsule, Silique Simple Dry Schizocarpic Regma, Samara, Shizocarp Simple Dry Indehiscent Caryopsis (grain), Nut (incl. acorn), Ach- ene Multiple Fleshy Indehiscent Multiple drupe Multiple Dry Dehiscent Follicle Multiple Dry Indehiscent Multiple nut Compound Fleshy Indehiscent Compound berry Compound Dry Indehiscent Compound nut Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, fleshy, indehiscent: hersperidium of Citrus Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, dry, dehiscent: legume of Erythrina Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Simple, dry, indehiscent: achene of Helianthus Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Alternative classification of Spjut (1994) Simple indehiscent fruits Rhexocarpic (dehiscent) fruits Schizocarpic fruits: samara etc. Multiple fruits Discocarpi: pomes Etairionari: follicles, strawberries etc. Compound fruits Cryptocarpi: fig Phenocarpi: pineapple Anthecocarpi: grasses Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Discocarpi: pome of Pyrus Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Summary Seed is a chimeric organ consists of seed coat, endosperm and embryo Fruit is a ripened ovary, flower or inflorescence Shipunov BIOL 154.28 What is better—hypogeal or epigeal germination? Why? Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Final question (3 points) Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits Final question (3 points) What is better—hypogeal or epigeal germination? Why? Shipunov BIOL 154.28 Questions and answers Seeds Seeds and fruits Fruits For Further Reading J. E. Bidlack, Sh. H. Jansky. Stern’s introductory plant biology. 12th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. Chapter 8. Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy. Plant Biology. 2nd edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Chapter 14. Shipunov BIOL 154.28.