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Bastida Izaguirre Dafne.Pdf ÍNDICE PÁGINA DEDICATORIA ................................................................................................................... 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS ....................................................................................................... 4 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................ 6 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................... 9 LISTA DE CUADROS ....................................................................................................... 12 LISTA DE ANEXOS .......................................................................................................... 16 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ......................................................................................... 18 ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................. 22 JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................................... 27 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ......................................................................... 28 OBJETIVO GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 29 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES ....................................................................................... 30 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ......................................................................................................... 30 LOCALIZACIÓN ...................................................................................................................................... 30 CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL ÁREA ................................................................................................................ 31 CAPÍTULO I. LISTADO SISTEMÁTICO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES RESIDENTES DE LAS ISLAS E ISLOTES DE LA BAHÍA CHAMELA. ................ 35 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................................... 35 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...................................................................................................................... 39 RESULTADOS ......................................................................................................................................... 43 DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................................. 68 CAPÍTULO II. VALORACIÓN GLOBAL DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO TRAVÉS DEL DIAGNÓSTICO AMBIENTAL ........................................................................................ 76 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................................................... 76 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...................................................................................................................... 78 RESULTADOS ......................................................................................................................................... 82 DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................................................................................... 109 CAPÍTULO III. ................................................................................................................ 114 EVALUACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE GESTIÓN MARINO-COSTEROS A TRAVÉS DE LA APLICACIÓN DE UN ORDENAMIENTO ESPACIAL MARINO .............. 114 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................... 114 METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................................................................... 117 RESULTADOS ....................................................................................................................................... 125 2 DEDICATORIA A mi madre Martha Lilia Izaguirre (estás en mi corazón) y a mi Tía Olga que gracias a su esfuerzo y cariño he logrado las metas propuestas. A mis hijas Isabella y Michelle por aceptar (más a fuerza) el sacrificio del tiempo y por todo ese amor que me dan. A mi familia que a pesar de las distancias siempre están ahí apoyando. A ti Ricardo por tu compañía, apoyo y amor en este último paso del doctorado que ha sido el más difícil. “nāsato vidyate bhāvo nābhāvo vidyate sataḥ ubhayor api dṛṣṭo 'ntas tv anayos tattva-darśibhiḥ” Bhagavad-gita 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Posgrado en Biosistemática, Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas de la Universidad de Guadalajara por el apoyo brindado para mi formación académica. Al apoyo financiero otorgado por el CONACYT para el desarrollo de esta investigación. Agradezco de manera muy especial a ese hombre que confió en mi cuando llegué con la idea de hacer un doctorado y que me permitió trabajar en un proyecto de investigación que al principio parecía tan descabellado (aún lo es) y que me brindó todo su apoyo y paciencia, al Dr. Eduardo Ríos Jara. A la Dra. Anamaría Escofet por su apoyo, por sus comentarios, por sus regaños, y por todo lo que aprendí con ella. Al Dr. Fabián Alejandro Rodríguez Zaragoza por su asesoría y por motivarme en el estudio de la estadística. A mis maestros que fueron parte del Comité Particular por sus enseñanzas, sus comentarios y sus correcciones Dr. Emilio Michel, Dr. Fernando Vega Villasante y el Dr. Ernesto López Uriarte. A todos mis maestros del doctorado y de manera especial al Dr. José Luis Navarrete y a la Dra. Laura Guzmán por su apoyo en mi formación profesional. A la Estación de Biología Chamela por permitirme usar sus instalaciones para el desarrollo de este proyecto. Con mucho cariño agradezco a Arizbeth Alonso Domínguez y Carmen Esqueda por su apoyo en el trabajo de campo e identificación de especies pero también por su amistad al hacerme compañía en esas noches de insomnio y escritura. A Cristian Galván Villa amigo, compañero de campo y de laboratorio al cual agradezco la identificación de peces y equinodermos y su apoyo a lo largo de todo este proyecto. A mis compañeros del Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos y Acuacultura (LEMA) que sin ellos no hubiera sido posible realizar este proyecto: Martín Pérez, Alejandro, Rafael, Pastora, Rosario, Brenda, Vladimir y a Ildefonso Enciso entre muchos que de alguna manera participaron en este enorme proyecto. A Manuel Ayón y José Salgado por todos sus conocimientos, por su apoyo en campo y con la identificación de los crustáceos, además de que ahora nos une una gran amistad. A Marina Mondragón por su apoyo durante mi estancia de investigación en el Centro de Investigación Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California. A mi amigo Marcos Becerra por la elaboración de los mapas. 4 A la Bióloga Adriana Reyes por su ayuda en la identificación de quitones. A Adán Cervantes por ser padre y madre en mis ausencias. A mis amigos que siempre estuvieron al pendiente Mónica, Ceciel, Claudia, Karla, Eduardo, Bety, Adriana, Rocío, Pilar y al mi maestro Mauro Kunts. A mis compañeros y amigos de UPN Unidad 141, muy especialmente al Mtro. Antonio Acosta, Mtra. Ángeles Tabares, Mtro. Mauro Ramos, Mtra. Esther Padilla y al Profr. Juan Flores. A mis amigos de la Lic. en Biología por su amistad y sus porras para llegar a buen término. 5 RESUMEN Bahía Chamela es un sitio de alta diversidad con importancia turística, pesquera y científica. En ella se localizan un conjunto de sistemas insulares que le han dado la categoría de área marina protegida (ANP). Esta ANP no cuenta con suficiente información en cuanto a las especies marinas que ahí residen, ni una evaluación del impacto de las actividades antropogénicas, por lo que conocer su estado actual es de gran importancia para 6 hacer propuestas de conservación basadas en amenazas reales. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron 1) realizar un inventario de los principales grupos de invertebrados bentónicos y peces 2) analizar la problemática de Bahía Chamela para identificar y priorizar los procesos de conservación a través de la técnica de diagnóstico ambiental y 3) la aplicación de un ordenamiento espacial marino para evaluar los procesos de gestión. Bahía Chamela registró una riqueza de 517 especies distribuidas en los grupos de moluscos, crustáceos, equinodermos, poliquetos, cnidarios y peces. Cada una de las localidades de muestreo presentó un elenco sistemático particular ya que hubo un alto porcentaje de especies únicas debido a las características propias de las especies y a las diferencias en el esfuerzo de muestreo. El sitio de mayor riqueza fue Isla Cocinas, resultado que coincidió en todos los análisis estadísticos aplicados como distinción taxonómica y el análisis de dualidad. De acuerdo al dignóstico ambiental la Bahía presenta un estado de conservación aceptable, que en conjunto con la evaluación de la singularidad ecológica mostraron ser una buena herramienta para hacer una evaluación de la biodiversidad tomando como objetos de conservación, las especies en estatus de protección. En la Bahía se obtuvo un registro de 84 especies en estatus de protección que están ampliamente distribuidas en toda la Bahía, siendo necesario conservar
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