Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo September 2006 Disclaimer This Report has been reproduced without formal editing. The designations employed and presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 6 List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. 7 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1 The UN Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings and the Project “Measures to combat trafficking in human beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo” 17 1.1 The Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings................................ 17 1.2 “Measures to combat trafficking in human beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo”.... 17 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study............................................................................ 18 1.4 Data contained in this report .................................................................................... 19 1.5 Layout of the report.................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 2 Defining the Problem and its Causes .................................................................. 20 2.1 Defining the Problem ............................................................................................... 20 2.2 Smuggling, Trafficking and Criminal Offences Linked to these Phenomena ......... 22 2.3 Indicators of Child Trafficking ................................................................................ 24 2.4 Theoretical Underpinnings: Factors Contributing to the Trafficking in Persons in West Africa...................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Migratory and Trafficking Patterns: the Case of West Africa ................................. 28 2.6 Trafficking Routes.................................................................................................... 30 2.6.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.6.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 32 2.6.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 33 2.7 Measuring the Problem ............................................................................................ 34 2.8 Summary and Conclusions....................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 Research Instruments, Methodology and Samples .............................................. 37 3.1 Research Instruments ............................................................................................... 37 3.2 Survey Methodology................................................................................................ 39 3.2.1 Selection of Research Teams.............................................................................................. 39 3.2.2 The Training Seminar ........................................................................................................ 39 3.2.3 Data Collection and Time Frame....................................................................................... 39 3.3. Difficulties in Obtaining Data on Trafficking in Human Beings............................. 40 3.4 Experiences and Problems Encountered in Data Collection by the Research Teams ......................................................................................................................... 40 3.5 Quality of Data......................................................................................................... 41 3.6 Samples .................................................................................................................... 41 3.6.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 42 3.6.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 43 3.6.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 45 3.6.4 The total sample ................................................................................................................. 45 3.7 Summary and Conclusions....................................................................................... 46 Chapter 4 The Nature of Trafficking in Human Beings in Benin, Nigeria and Togo .......... 48 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 48 3 4.2 The Victims.............................................................................................................. 48 4.2.1 Age ..................................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.2 Gender................................................................................................................................49 4.2.3 Family size and constitution............................................................................................... 51 4.3 Recruitment Practices............................................................................................... 51 4.4 Areas of Recruitment ............................................................................................... 52 4.4.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 52 4.2.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 53 4.2.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 53 4.3 Exploitation .............................................................................................................. 53 4.4 Criminals: Individual Traffickers and Criminal Networks ...................................... 54 4.4.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 55 4.4.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.4 Total sample of traffickers.................................................................................................. 59 4.5 Arrest and Convictions............................................................................................. 59 4.5.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 59 4.5.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 60 4.5.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 61 4.6 Statistics ................................................................................................................... 63 4.7 Summary and Conclusions....................................................................................... 65 Chapter 5 Legislative Responses .......................................................................................... 67 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 67 5.2 Legislation................................................................................................................ 67 5.2.1 Benin .................................................................................................................................. 67 5.2.2 Nigeria ............................................................................................................................... 68 5.2.3 Togo ................................................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements ..................................................................... 72 5.3.1 Bilateral agreements .......................................................................................................... 72 5.3.2 Multilateral agreements ..................................................................................................... 73 5.4 Regional Initiatives .................................................................................................