Hydrogeologic Atlas of Aquifers in Indiana ______
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Reference 130 Page 1 I FER l.J.S. GEOtOGIGAL. .. • . ~ SUAVE¥« . • • Water-Resources. tnvestlgattons. Report. 92..,4142. Prepared In cooperation with the .. fNDIANA DEPAR"FMENT of NATURAL RESOURCE$, GfVISION of.WATEH INDIANA. DEPARTMENT. .of ENVIRONMENTAL futANAGEM~NJ:. · . SOUTH FEET 900 Reference 130 Page 2 water availability. A series of reports by the U.S. (Watkins and Jordan, 1962), and Owen County availability maps have been completed for the entire Geological Survey describes the ground-water (Watkins and Jordan, 1963); the authors published state oflndiana by Bechert and Heckard ( 1966) and resources of five counties within the northern part of well logs, delineated which lithologies were aquifers, Clark (1980). the basin: Madison (Lapham, 1981), Delaware and evaluated ground-water availability. Other (Arihood and Lapham, 1982), Hamilton and Tipton reports published by the Indiana Department of (Arihood, 1982), and Randolph (Lapham and Natural Resources, Division of Water, for Clay and Physiography Arihood, 1984). The: authors of these studies Vigo Counties (Cable and others, 1971) and Greene The topographic relief across the White River and Sullivan Counties (Cable and Robison, 1973) examined the hydrogeology of the White River basin basin is about 7 50 ft. The highest point, about refined the work done previously in those counties within each respective county and modeled expected 1,200 ft above sea level, is in Randolph County in the and expanded the research to include data on water yields given a variety of pumping schemes, geohy eastern part of the basin. The lowest point, about quality. A report by Barnhart and Middleman (1990) drologic characteristics of the aquifers, and locations 450ft above sea level, is in Gibson County in the detailed the hydrogeology and ground-water quality of induced recharge. southernmost part of the basin. of Gibson County. A report by Wangsness and Other studies that focused on northern counties others (1981) summarized available hydrologic data The basin lies within five physiographic units in the basin include reports on the hydrogeology of for an area that includes the lower half of the White as defined by Malott (1922) and later refined by River basin downstream from Gosport, Ind. (fig. 54). WHITE RIVER BASIN Delaware County (Hoggatt and others, 1968), Schneider (1966) (fig. 55). The northern half of the Madison County (Wayne, 1975), Marion County The report includes surface-water, ground-water, and basin is in the Tipton Till Plain. This plain of low water -quality information. A Master's thesis by By Mary E. Hoover and James M. Durbin (Herring, 1976), and Hamilton County (Gillies, relief is composed of thick glacial deposits that 1976). The study by Gillies (1976) included Thomas (1980) detailed the aquifer potential and obscure the underlying bedrock topography. The modeling of an aquifer system adjacent to the White characteristics of the Mansfield Formation within Norman Upland, of which only a small part of the Clay County. General Description River near Carmel, Ind., and evaluation of the effects northernmost extent is within the basin, is charac of continued and increased production from the terized by narrow, flat-topped divides and deep V A ground-water study that describes the hydro aquifer. Studies of the outwash aquifer along the shaped valleys; local relief is typically 125 to 250 ft . The White River basin spans nearly the entire geology of the entire White River basin was done by White River in Marion County (Meyer and others, The Norman Upland is well drained by a strongly width of south-central Indiana. The basin, as defined Nyman and Pettijohn (1971). The report is a brief developed dendritic stream pattern. The Mitchell in this report, includes the areas from the headwaters 1975; Smith, 1983) focused on the characteristics of description of the important aquifers in the basin, and Plain in the White River basin, which in most places of the White River in Randolph County to the con the aquifer and modeling of the hydrology and water includes information on well yields and potential is less than 7 mi wide, occupies a narrow strip in the fluence with the Wabash River in Knox County, but availability for Indianapolis. The outwash aquifer yields, ground-water quality, and ground-water does not include the basin of the East Fork White along the White River in Johnson and Morgan discharge to the major streams in the basin. A major central part of the basin. The Mitchell Plain is a River (fig. 1). The White River basin encompasses Counties was studied by Bailey and Imbrigiotta study by the U.S. Geological Survey is currently westward-sloping plain composed of limestones. The 2 5,603 mi in 27 counties and includes all or large (1982) to estimate the geometry and hydraulic (1991-97) being done for the White and East Fork limestones are subject to karst development and they parts ofthe following counties: Boone, Clay, Davies, characteristics of the aquifer and to establish the White River basins as part of the National Water form numerous sinkholes into which some streams Delaware, Greene, Hamilton, Hendricks, Knox, nature and extent of the hydraulic connection Quality Assessment Program. The study will assess "disappear". The karst development in the White Madison, Marion, Monroe, Morgan, Owen, Putnam, between surface and subsurface hydrology. Watkins the water quality of the surface- and ground-water River basin is not as extensive as karst development Randolph, and Tipton. Principal cities within the (1965) appraised the ground-water resources and resources of the White and East Fork White River further south in the State. The Crawford Upland is a basin are Anderson, Greencastle, Indianapolis, effects of a proposed reservoir on the hydrology of basins (Jacques and Crawford, 1991). westward-sloping plateau developed in interbedded Linton, Martinsville, Muncie, Spencer, Washington, the Big Walnut Creek watershed in parts of Putnam, sandstones, shales, and limestones capped by resistant and Winchester (fig. 54). Hendricks, and Boone Counties. In addition to written reports, various ground sandstones. Differential erosion in this region has water-availability maps have been published. The created a deeply dissected upland in which local relief Another series of reports published by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division is as much as several hundred feet. The Crawford Previous Studies Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of of Water, has published maps that delineate major Upland is about 25 mi wide and is adjacent to, and Water, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological aquifers along with recorded and potential well yields west of the Mitchell Plain. The Wabash Lowland is Because a large proportion of Indiana's popu Survey, describes the ground-water resources of a in the following counties: Morgan (Heckard, 1965), the southernmost physiographic unit in the basin. lation resides within the White River basin, many number of southwestern Indiana counties within the Johnson (Uhl, 1966), Madison (Steen, 1970), This unit is a broad lowland underlain by nonresistant studies have been completed on ground water and White River basin. Studies were done in Greene Hamilton (Herring, 1971), Marion (Herring, 1974), siltstones and shales, which have been eroded by characteristics of the aquifers that control ground- County (Watkins and Jordan, 1961), Clay County and Boone (Steen and others, 1977). Ground water repeated glaciations into a subdued landscape. White River Basin 113 Reference 130 Page 3 I'! \I·' / \l ! \ ii' I i ' Base from U.S. Geological Survey • State Base Map, 1:500,000,1974 Figure. 54. Location of section lines and wells plotted in the White River basin. I I ! i 114 Hydrogeologic Atlas of Aquifers in Indiana ________________________ _.. Reference 130 Page 4 EXPLANATION - • •- WATER-MANAGEMENT-BASIN BOUNDARY TRACE OF HYDROGEOLOGIC SECTION (Sections shown in figure 58.) WATER-SUPPLY WELL e TEST HOLE SCALE 1:500,000 0 5 10 15 20 25 MILES 0 5 10 15 20 25 KILOMETERS White River Basin 115 Reference 130 Page 5 Surface-Water Hydrology The White River provides the major drainage within the basin; average discharges of the river are 208 ft3/s near Muncie in Delaware County and 11,850 ft3/s near Petersburg in Pike County (Arvin, 1989). Several large tributary drainage basins are within the White River basin (fig. 54). The Eel River tributary, in the southwestern part of the basin, has 2 the largest drainage area (830 mi ) of any tributary to the White River in the White River basin. Other tributaries whose drainage areas are greater than Physiographic units from 2 Schneider, 1966, fig. 14. 100 mi include Fall Creek, Eagle Creek, Big Walnut Morainal areas from Gray, Creek, White Lick Creek, Mill Creek, Pipe Creek, 1989 and Cicero Creek. These tributaries are perennial streams and, depending upon climatic and aquifer EXPLANATION conditions, are either recharge sources or discharge outlets for ground water. TIPTON TILL PLAIN D A number of streams have been artificially NORMAN UPLAND dammed to form water-supply reservoirs. Principal D reservoirs include Morse, Geist, Eagle Creek, Cagles N MITCHELL PLAIN Mill, and Prairie Creek Reservoirs. i CRAWFORD UPLAND Geology WABASH LOWLAND D Bedrock Deposits AREA OF MORAINAL The White River basin overlies two major TOPOGRAPHY structural features known as the Illinois Basin and the Cincinnati Arch (fig. 4). Bedrock strikes north SCALE 1:1,000,000 WATER- MANAGEMENT -BASIN northwest, generally dipping gently to the southwest 0 5 10 15 20 25 MILES BOUNDARY into the Illinois Basin; however, in the northeastern 0 5 10 15 20 25 KILOMETERS part of the basin where the Cincinnati Arch is present, bedrock dips northward toward the Michigan Basin, as shown in sections 8C-8C', 8D-8D' and 8E-8E' (fig. 58). Successively younger rocks are exposed in the basin from east to west (fig. 56). Rocks of Ordo vician age are exposed on top of the Cincinnati Arch I in the northeastern part of the basin (fig.