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ELECTROFISHING: EXPLORING the SAFETYRANGEOFELECTRICPULSES for MARINESPECIES and ITSPOTENTIAL FORFURTHER INNOVATION Approved by EAEVE

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ELECTROFISHING: EXPLORING the SAFETYRANGEOFELECTRICPULSES for MARINESPECIES and ITSPOTENTIAL FORFURTHER INNOVATION Approved by EAEVE FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ELECTROFISHING: EXPLORING THE SAFETYRANGEOFELECTRICPULSES EXPLORING ELECTROFISHING: FOR MARINE SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER INNOVATION FORFURTHER AND ITSPOTENTIAL FOR MARINESPECIES approved by EAEVE ELECTROFISHING: EXPLORING THE SAFETY RANGE OF ELECTRIC PULSES FOR MARINE SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER INNOVATION MAARTEN SOETAERT MAARTEN MAARTEN SOETAERT Electrofishing: exploring the safety range of electric pulses for marine species and its potential for further innovation. Dutch translation of title: ‘Elektrisch vissen: het verkennen van de veilige grenzen van elektrische pulsen voor mariene dieren en zijn potentieel voor verdere innovatie.’ Cover: Dover sole swimming in sinusoidal pulse by Joke Vermeiren Printed: University Press, Zelzate, Belgium 2015, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases The author and the promotors give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any materials contained in this work should be obtained from the author. 2015 ir. Maarten Soetaert ELECTROFISHING: EXPLORING THE SAFETY RANGE OF ELECTRICAL PULSES FOR MARINE SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER INNOVATION ELEKTRISCH VISSEN: HET VERKENNEN VAN DE VEILIGE GRENZEN VAN ELEKTRISCHEPULSEN VOOR MARIENE DIEREN EN ZIJN POTENTIEEL VOOR VERDERE INNOVATIE Promotors: Prof. dr. Koen Chiers Prof. dr. Annemie Decostere Dr. ir. Hans Polet Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Veterinary Sciences (PhD) Onderzoek gefinancierd door het agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT) Research funded by the agency for Innovation by Science and Technology Promotor: Prof. Dr. Koen Chiers Ghent University, Belgium Co-Promotor: Prof. Dr. Annemie Decostere Ghent University, Belgium Co-Promotor: Dr. ir. Hans Polet Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Member of the examination and reading board: Bart Verschueren Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Prof. Dr. Katleen Hermans Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Dr. Adriaan Rijnsdorp Wageningen University, The Netherlands Dr. Jan Vanaverbeke Ghent University, Belgium Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium Prof. Dr. Magda Vincx Ghent University, Belgium Pim Visser VisNed, The Netherlands We don’t see things as they are, we see them as we are. Babylonian Talmud CONTENTS ABBREVIATION INDEX ...................................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 MARINE ELECTRIC FISHING: A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE FISHING TECHNIQUE WARRANTING FURTHER EXPLORATION ......................... 13 CHAPTER 2 AIMS AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ............................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3 DETERMINING THE SAFETY RANGE FOR TWO BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES: BROWN SHRIMP AND RAGWORM ........................... 63 CHAPTER 4 IMPACT OF REPETITIVE EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC PULSES ON BROWN SHRIMP .................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 5 SIDE-EFFECTS OF ELECTROTRAWLING: EXPLORING THE SAFE OPERATING SPACE FOR DOVER SOLE AND ATLANTIC COD .............. 99 CHAPTER 6 SENSITIVITY OF COD TO ELECTRIC PULSES: AN INTRIGUING PHENOMENON REMAINING UNRAVELLED ............................................ 125 CHAPTER 7 EFFECT OF ELECTROTRAWLS’ ELECTRIC CRAMP PULSE ON EUROPEAN SEA BASS ....................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 8 REDUCING BYCATCH IN BEAM TRAWLS AND ELECTROTRAWLS WITH (ELECTRIFIED) BENTHOS RELEASE PANELS ........................... 163 CHAPTER 9 GENERAL DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 189 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 213 SUMMARY & SAMENVATTING .................................................................................................. 239 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 255 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - DANKWOORD .............................................................................. 265 CURRICULUM VITAE & BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 271 1 Abbreviation index ABBREVIATION INDEX 3 Abbreviation index A Amplitude (in Volts [V] or Volts per meter [V m-1]) maximum/minimum potential difference on the electrodes. AC Alternating Current type of electric current in which the direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles. BRP Benthos Release Panel dc Duty Cycle (in percentage, [%]) percentage of the time during which current is running: dc = F x D DC Direct Current type of electric current which flows consistently in one direction DPFE Days Post First Exposure D pulse Duration (in microseconds, [µs]) the duration of a single pulse E Electric field strength (in Volts per meter, [V m-1]) the voltage drop per unit of distance in the water F Frequency (in Hertz, [Hz]) the number of pulses per second FEMM Finite Element Method Magnetics a software packet solving 2D problems in magnetics and electrostatics I electric current (in Ampère, [A]) the amount of electrons (in coulomb) that moves per second ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ILVO Belgian Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research L exposure Length or time (in seconds, [s]) the time period during which the animal was exposed 4 Abbreviation index MLS Minimum Landing Size the species specific minimum length to be landed and sold MMA MelanoMacrophage Aggregates aggregates of macrophage-like pigmented cells P electric Power (in Watt, [W]) the rate at which electric energy is transferred: P = U x I PAC Pulsed Alternating Current pulses in which the direction of electrons switches one time resulting in a pulse shape with a positive and negative part in each pulse PBC Pulsed Bipolar Current pulses which alternatingly switch from direction of flow resulting in alternating positive and negative pulse shapes separated in time PDC Pulsed Direct Current PE PolyEthylene S pulse Shape the shape of a single pulse, e.g. exponential, square, quarter-sinus… T pulse Type indicates the polarity of the electric pulses, e.g. PAC, PBC or PDC TAC Total Allowable Catch maximum quantity of a certain fish species that fishermen are allowed to catch and land U potential difference (in Volts, [V]) the difference in potention on two elctrodes or the amplitude of the pulse VMS Vessel Monitoring System This software tracks the speed and location of commercial ships. 5 6 PREFACE 7 Preface The term ‘electrofishing’ has been used since the 1950’s to appoint a frequently used sampling technique for fish in freshwater whereby electric energy is passed into the water. In case direct current (DC) is used, fish intercepting this energy will show forced swimming toward the source of electricity, which is called galvano-taxis. This is believed to be a result of direct stimulation of the central and autonomic nervous system which control the fish’s voluntary and involuntary reactions. When approaching the anode, fish will in succession show quivering or pseudo-forced swimming, narcosis and tetany. The unconscious fish will rise to the water surface, enabling an easy catch and handling (for species determination, weighing and measuring of the fish). In case alternating current (AC) is used, fish will not show galvano-taxis, but show immediate immobilization through narcosis and tetanus which has the disadvantage that the fish may be at unreachable depth or distance from the boat. Both types of current may be periodically interrupted (pulsed) in water to cope with increasing power demands (Snyder, 2003a). As reviewed by Snyder (2003a), freshwater electrofishing is a very effective sampling method but it has the disadvantage that it may inflict harm to fish. Salmoninae are known to be susceptible to spinal injuries, associated haemorrhages, whereas it can be lethal for burbot and sculpins under some conditions. Freshwater electrofishing is also reported to result in cardiac arrests, long behavioural and physiological recovery times and doubtful effects on early life stages. Unfortunately, many questions remain unanswered, the interpretation of some results is often difficult to understand or questionable and a lot of variation and contradictions are reported. This is not surprising since application of electric pulses comprises many different factors: electrode shape and set-up, different pulse parameters used, differences in conductivity, temperature and surrounding medium, size of the animal, species-dependent reactions and side-effects,… Moreover, electrofishing involves a very dynamic and complex mix of physics, physiology and behaviour which remain poorly understood, despite the considerable amount of research that has been performed. 8 Preface In recent years, electricity is also used in seawater to increase the catch efficiency for certain species. For these applications, fish are exposed for less than 2 seconds to multiple short pulses. Depending
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