Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture 10: 76-90 ( 2015)

The Need for Premium Agri- for the Disaster-Affected Areas of Leyte, Philippines

Dora Fe H. Bernardo1*, Oscar B. Zamora2 and Lucille Elna P. de Guzman2

1 Institute ofBiological Sciences, College ofArts and Sciences, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines 2 Crop Science Cluster, College ofAgriculture, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines

On 8 November 2013, Super Typhoon Yolanda (internationally, “Haiyan”), a category-five typhoon, traversed the central Philippines. It was reportedly the strongest recorded storm ever to hit land, with winds over 300 km h-1 and storm surges over 4 m around coastal towns ofthe central Philippines. Total losses fromthe storm were PHP 571.1 billion (USD 12.9 billion); the estimate for Leyte Province was PHP 9.4 billion. In Leyte, the typhoon almost totally destroyed most crops, boats and gear, infrastructure, seaweed farms, mangroves, onshore facilities, and markets. The Leyte Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan was initiated to restore the economic and social conditions ofthe people in Leyte to at least pre-typhoon levels, and to establish greater disaster resiliency. However, to simply re- establish pre-typhoon conditions would be a missed opportunity. The tragedy should be used to foster sustainable and climate-resilient agri-fisheries in the province of Leyte. The typhoon calamity demonstrated that the current practice ofmono-cropping (or monoculture) is unsustainable and not resilient to climate change. Agriculture systems that are small-scale and labor-intensive, with diverse crop strategies that consider on-farm, farm-related, and off-farm food and income generation should be developed. Fisherfolk and coastal communities need holistic programs that ensure destroyed areas are sustainably rebuilt with a long-term perspective. Premium fisheries programs should develop the capacity of fisherfolk to diversify their income sources. The focus should be on the link between nutrition and agri- fisheries to improve nutrition. This would involve incorporating crops with various nutritional values, crop duration, seasonality, and resilience to the changing climate into farms, home and school gardens. Successful post-disaster recovery will require an effective partnership with the local people. To be sustainable, the local people must take ownership ofthe development project; this requires knowledge and sensitivity to local cultures, beliefs, and practices.

Key words: rehabilitation and recovery, Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), sustainable agri-fisheries

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beyond, to the northern part ofPalawan (Fig. 1). The Introduction typhoon was one ofthe strongest storms ever recorded On 8 November 2013, Super Typhoon Yolanda with wind speeds ofmore than 300 km h -1 and storm (internationally referred to as “Haiyan”), a category- surges ofover 4 m. The storm surge around the coastal five super typhoon, cut a swath of destruction across towns ofEastern and Western Samar and Leyte led to the central part of the Philippines, severely affecting severe loss oflifeand massive damage to private and areas in Eastern, Central, and Western Visayas and public assets. The disaster-modelling firm, Kinetic

Received: October 16, 2014, Accepted: February 23, 2015 * Corresponding author: Institute ofBiological Sciences, College ofArts and Sciences, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines. Mobile: +63-922-819-3020; Tel/Fax: +63-049-536-2893, E-mail: [email protected] Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 77

Fig. 1. Map showing 100-km-wide storm track of Typhoon Yolanda through the Philippines in November 2013 (Source: NEDA, 2013).

Analysis Corporation, estimated that the devastation Action, 2009). will cost USD 13-18 billion (Rodrigues, 2013). The The official report of the Leyte Provincial Planning typhoon’s destruction is likely to erase recent eco- and Development Office (Leyte EconoMICS, 2014) nomic growth, pushing the 40% ofthe country’s popu- indicates that there were 399,473 families, with lation that live on less than USD 2 d-1 further into 1,900,810 persons, directly affected by Super Typhoon poverty. Yolanda. The official number of casualties is 4,744, In response to the devastation, the Philippine with 16,996 injured and 1,484 still listed as missing. government, working in close cooperation with local The total damage incurred from Super Typhoon and international development partners, rapidly Yolanda, based on initial damage reports ofboth the mounted an unprecedented humanitarian effort to provincial local government and the various muni- deliver reliefto more than fourmillion people dis- cipalities, was estimated at PHP 9.41 billion. The bulk placed by the typhoon. The Philippine government’s ofthe damage (96.5% or PHP 9.08 billion) was as strategic plan for reconstructing the economy and follows: infrastructure (bridges, roads, power lines, livelihood in all affected areas (NEDA, 2013), shows etc.), PHP 5.09 billion; agriculture, PHP 3.37 billion; that 9 ofthe country’s 17 administrative regions were houses/dwellings, PHP 504.29 million; environment, affected by the typhoon; this includes 12, 122 PHP 118.2 million. The remaining 3.5% (PHP 327.69 barangays in 44 provinces, 591 municipalities and 57 million) included damage to infrastructure facilities cities (NDRRMC, 2013). funded by the provincial government (3.0%, PHP The Province ofLeyte, one ofthe hardest hit by 283.42 million), and to hospital equipment (0.5%, PHP Super Typhoon Yolanda, had a poverty incidence of 44.27 million). 40.5% in 2006; it was ranked number 31 among the 81 As of 13 March 2014, the Office of Civil Defense, provinces in the country in terms ofpoverty (NEDA, Regional Office No. 8, reported that the total damages 2011). It is also physically vulnerable to typhoons, and losses in the Province ofLeyte were valued at PHP flooding, and rainfall-induced erosion (Fig. 2) (Planet 74.97 billion (Leyte EconoMICs, 2014). Ofthis, 67.9 78 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2)

Fig. 2. Vulnerability to floods, typhoons and erosion in the Province of Leyte, Philippines, for set- tlements and other land-uses (crops, mangrove, and forests). (Planet Action, 2009)

%, or PHP 50.91 billion, was the total from damage, informants in the fisheries sector from many typhoon- and 32.1%, or PHP 24.06 billion, represents the total affected areas in the province while working for an from losses. international non-governmental organization (NGO). According to the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Documentation was done through non-structured in- (PDNA) of the Office of the Civil Defense, the death terviews of key informants; focus group discussions total from Super Typhoon Yolanda has reached 6,268, (FGD), and actual observations ofthe typhoon- with a vast majority concentrated in the province of affected areas and people. Secondary agri-fisheries Leyte. The Human Recovery Needs Assessment re- and nutrition data were also gathered. Primary and ports an increase in the incidence ofpoverty in the secondary information were collated and summarized, affected areas, with fisherfolk and farming households and data validation was conducted among key in- suffering total destruction of their livelihoods. formants. This paper aims to determine the need for appro- Leyte Province, Philippines: Conditions priate and sustainable agri- projects in devel- before Super Typhoon Yolanda opment efforts with regard to rehabilitation program especially after a devastating natural disaster like The Province ofLeyte in the Philippines is one of typhoon among other calamities. six provinces in Region VIII or the Eastern Visayas. It is bounded by the Province ofBiliran to the north, the Methods San Juanico Strait and the island ofSamar to the east, Among the areas hardest hit by the typhoon was the the Visayan and Ormoc Seas to the west, and the Province ofLeyte. The senior author, who is a native Province ofSouthern Leyte to the south. It has a total ofthis province, has an established link with the land area of571,280 ha. The province has a total Provincial Planning and Development Office and has population of1,782,638 (NSO, 2012), including visited and gathered first-hand information from key 914,052 males and 868,626 females. Of the total Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 79 surfacearea of725,810 ha, 31.5% ofLeyte Island is industrial lime, phosphatic fertilizer, refined copper, covered with closed forest, 31.6% with perennial soft drinks, and bentonites (Leyte EconoMICs, 2013). crops, 16% with annual crops, and the rest is pastures, Major agricultural crops have been contributing to shrubs, or barren land (REIS, 2009) (Table 1). the growth ofthe local economy in the province. Rice Leyte has fertile land, mineral and aquatic resources is widely grown in relatively flat coastal areas; rice and a large labor force. It therefore has good potential cultivation is one ofthe major economic activities. for agricultural, fisheries, and industrial development However, rice production is beset by the high cost of (Sicat, 2014). During the 1960s and until the mid- production inputs. Despite this constraint, Leyte, the 1980s, Leyte was an economic leader among the province that bore the full brunt of the typhoon, is a Visayan provinces. This was in part due to strong category II rice-producing province, meaning that it political connections. This good luck changed after has more than 100,000 ha ofland available forrice 1986, the time ofthe “people power revolution”, when cultivation (IRRI, 2013). Between 2000 and 2009, former President Marcos was deposed. Leyte remains Leyte posted the third biggest increase in rice pro- part ofthe country’s economic chain ofstrength. Its duction among all provinces, only behind the tradi- geothermal resources have been tapped, producing tional rice granary provinces ofNueva Ecija and Iloilo. electricity for the national electric grid. Its rice (Oryza It had the highest average annual growth rate in terms sativa), coconut (Cocos nucifera), abaca (Musa ofyield per hectare. textilis), and other produce have contributed toward Fisheries profile raising the national economic status. The province ofLeyte has a total of44 cities/ Before Super Typhoon Yolanda, poverty was municipalities, 30 ofwhich are coastal. The major worsening in Leyte Province (Sicat, 2014). While the fishing grounds of the province are Leyte Gulf, San nation’s overall economic situation had been im- Juanico Strait, Ormoc Bay, Camotes Sea, Visayan Sea, proving on average, the region’s poverty rate worsened Biliran Strait, Carigara Bay, and San Pedro Bay (Fig. from 2006 to 2012. In 2006, it was the 7th poorest out 3). There are 94 boats using trawl of17 regions, with 41.5% ofpeople in poverty; in nets, Danish seines, ring nets, and bag nets. With a 2012, the poverty rate rose to 45.2%, making it the local fish demand of 47.89 t, municipal fish production second poorest region in the country. is 303 t comprising 31 fish species. Mariculture pro- Agriculture profile duction was estimated at 7.6 t, with six processing The agriculture, fisheries, and forestry sectors plants for dried seaweeds, canned , pickled contributed 19.9% to the provincial economy. The in- crab meat, and frozen octopus, abalone, shrimp, and dustrial sector, which contributed 11. 3%, includes carpet shell (Ruditapes philippinarum). large-scale corporations engaged in the processing of The province is gifted with abundant freshwater sugar and molasses, copra, copra oil and pellets, resources. However, these resources are used only for

Table 1. Land-cover distribution in Leyte, Philippines

Land cover type Area (ha) Percent cover (%) Closed forest 228,665.33 31.5 Mangrove forest 6,567.31 0.9 Shrubs 53,957.19 7.4 Barren land 5,133.39 0.7 Annual crops 117,022.72 16.1 Perennial crops 229,610.37 31.6 Pastures 71,979.91 9.9 Roads, settlements, rivers 12,873.98 1.7 Total 725,810.19 100

Source: REIS, 2009 80 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2) agricultural and domestic consumption; unused water below the national average in immunization coverage, flows downstream to the sea. Hence, there is very high skilled birth attendance, and access to skilled prenatal potential for backyard fishpond culture, although this care, while exhibiting some ofthe worst health out- is not yet popular because ofthe ready supply of comes, including a higher than average incidence of marine fishes in the market. Leyte has a total of only diarrhea and fever among children (NEDA, 2013). 1539.27 ha of fishpond area. However, the demand for The Provincial Nutrition Cluster Partners ofLeyte a cheap source ofprotein is increasing; tilapia have screened a total 57,291 children and detected 188 (Oreochromis niloticus) at the desirable size of3 -5 cases ofsevere acute malnutrition and 1,161 cases of fish to a kilogram demands a price as high as PHP moderate acute malnutrition after the typhoon (Table 80.00 kg-1. However, there are currently only 163.5 2). In the absence ofprovincial data on the nutritional ha of backyard tilapia fishponds involving 1,325 fish status of6- to 12-year-old children, the regional data farmers. (Table 3) were used and compared with data for the Nutrition profile National Capital Region (NCR) with Metro Manila as Malnutrition and under-nutrition are common its capital city. On one hand, protein energy malnu- among the majority ofschool-aged children in the trition, particularly as evidenced in under-weight Philippines. The 2008 National Nutrition Survey of children and stunting, but not wasting, was higher in the Food and Nutrition Research Institute ofthe De- Eastern visayas compared to the NCR means. On the partment ofScience and Technology ofthe Philippines other hand, anaemia was less prevalent than the NCR found that out of every 100 school children aged 6-10 means, but mild iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) years, 26 were underweight, 33 were under-height, were higher among children in Region VIII. and 2 were overweight (FNRI-DOST, 2010). From Vulnerability of Leyte to climate 2005 to 2008, there was a notable increase in the change and other disasters proportion ofunderweight (22.8% to 25.6%) and under-height (32.2% to 33.1%) school children. The The province ofLeyte, which sits within the ty- poor nutrition responsible for these conditions inhibit phoon belt along the eastern seaboard ofthe Philip- cognitive development ofchildren and consequently pines, is physically vulnerable to typhoons, flooding lead to poor health and poor performance in school. In (21% oftotal land area) and rainfall-inducederosion 2000, the Journal ofthe American Dietetic Association (50% oftotal land area) (Fig. 2). The latest version of reported that inadequate nutrition, particularly the low the Business Risk Assessment and the Management of intake ofprotein and iron, impacts negatively on Climate Impacts (WWF, 2013) assessed the climate- intelligence and academic performance in children change preparedness ofTacloban City, Leyte. This attending school. Children who meet their daily nutri- assessment, based on 20 years ofdata, showed that tional requirements perform better in school (Fordham, climate change is taking a toll on the city’s major 2002). sources ofeconomic growth. Climate change causes According to the “World Declaration on Education extreme droughts, stronger storms, rising sea level, for All”, poor health and nutrition are crucial un- aggravated flooding, and landslides. Leyte has 24 derlying factors for low school enrolment, absentee- seaports, two ofwhich, located in the cities of ism, poor classroom performance, and early dropouts Tacloban and Ormoc, are considered national ports. (UNESCO, 2014). In the Philippines, learning and These ports are ofmajor economic concern, because school performance are compromised by ill health, the ports and the entire are vulnerable hunger, and under-nutrition, which affect a significant to sea-level rise and ocean acidification, both of which proportion ofschool-aged children. are effects of climate change (Ranada, 2013). The Province ofLeyte is the largest province in the The same study (WWF, 2013) also reported that Eastern Visayas region; it comprises 25.5% ofthe Tacloban’s weather is getting “wetter”, as demon- region’s total land area of22,427.60 km 2. Pre-disaster strated by the sharp rise in its average annual rainfall, data also show that the regions affected by Super from 1,853 mm in 1998 to 4,768 mm in 2011. Cy- Typhoon Yolanda have high rates ofmalnutrition. clones were also getting stronger in the five years from Eastern Visayas, for example, had the second highest 2009 to 2014 (Sarmiento, 2014). This does not bode rate ofchild mortality in the Philippines. It ranks well for a city susceptible to heavy flooding and Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 81

Table 2. Nutritional status and interventions in the Province of Leyte, Philippines (updated 5 February 2014)

Nutrition information and intervention Count

Children screened 57,291

Children with severe acute malnutrition 188 Children with moderate acute malnutrition 1,161

Children admitted to inpatient treatment program 23 Children admitted to outpatient treatment program 127

Children received blanket supplementary feeding program with high 36,172 energy biscuits and ready-to-use supplementary foods

Children received targeted supplementary feeding program 397 Pregnant and lactating women screened 3,928 Pregnant and lactating women with moderate acute malnutrition 122

Mother- and-child friendly spaces established 21

Pregnant and lactating women counseled 7,142

Source: Napari, 2014.

Table 3. Prevalence of protein energy malnutrition, anaemia, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD) among 6- to 12-year-old children in the Philippines. Source: FNRI-DOST, 2008

Protein energy malnutrition a Under- Stunting Wasting Anaemia IDD b Region -1 VADD weight (%) (%) (%) (ug L ) (%)

National 25.6 33.1 6.1 19.8 132 11.1 NCRc 20.0 23.1 6.1 19.1 202 Eastern Visayas 31.6 44.7 5.6 17.7 83-mild a Based on median urinary iodine excretion b No regional data because VADD is not a public health problem among school-aged children c NCR, National Capital Region

landslides (Fig. 2). Floods will submerge its low- city’s large population, high level ofurbanization, lying wetlands, while landslides can obliterate its location, and unprotected coastal areas. upland villages. Moreover, sea-level rise due to the Rehabilitation projects following melting ofthe ice caps could eventually submerge the Super Typhoon Yolanda port. Tacloban’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean, a major source oftropical storms, exposes its port and National government plan fishermen to extreme weather events like storms. The Philippine government has completed a com- Super Typhoon Yolanda brought storm surges that prehensive rehabilitation and recovery plan called destroyed the port and crippled the fishing industry. “Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda” (NEDA, Tacloban’s unique vulnerability results in part from the 2013) that covers four basic recovery sectors with a 82 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2)

Fig. 4. Financial requirements of the Typhoon Yolanda rehabilitation and recovery plan.

18.680 billion The rehabilitation and recovery plan, which was consultative and participatory, addresses concerns such as climate-change adaptation, environment, gender- sensitive needs and equality, and disaster preparedness Fig. 3. Major fishing grounds of Leyte, Philippines. for future hazards. It incorporates the following docu- ments from official organizations: ● The strategic framework, called the Recovery total budget ofabout PHP 170.7 billion (Fig. 4). The Assistance on Yolanda, (RAY), released by the sector-level damage and loss assessments are based on National Economic and Development Authority the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin in December 2013 with estimated rehabilitation America and the Carribean’s (ECLAC, 2003) Hand- costs at around PHP 360.9 billion (USD 8.17 book for Estimating the Socioeconomic and Environ- billion) mental Effects of Disasters, an internationally rec- ● The PDNA vetted by the Office of Civil Defence ognized post-disaster assessment methodology ● The local rehabilitation and recovery plans (Balisacan, 2013). Based on this methodology, the ● The cluster action plans total damage and loss from Super Typhoon Yolanda The plan adheres to the internationally recognized was initially estimated at PHP 571.1 billion. This “build back better” principle for disaster-hit areas and includes physical assets and reductions in production, adopts a “bottom-up” approach to rehabilitation to sales and income, as well as the value ofincreased avoid too much bureaucracy. This means doing operating costs resulting from the disaster. rehabilitation on a per-province basis, instead ofall at In the UN-ECLAC methodology, “damage” is once on a national scale. defined as the total or partial destruction of physical Leyte provincial rehabilitation, reconstruction, and assets. “Loss”, on the other hand, is the change in development plan economic flows, referring to loss of incomes, revenues The Provincial Government ofLeyte has finalized or operational costs. “Needs” refers to the overall the Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Development recovery and reconstruction requirements for the Plan (Leyte EconoMICs, 2014) to meet the goal of public and private sectors in the short and medium rehabilitation and recovery in line with the national term. The UN-ECLAC methodology yielded the government’s strategic (RAY) plan aimed at recon- following estimates on the impact of Super Typhoon structing the economy and livelihood in all affected Yolanda on agriculture at the national level (Balisacan, areas ofLeyte. The main objectives ofLeyte Econo- 2013): MICs are to restore the economic and social condi- ● Damage and loss: PHP 62.11 billion tions ofthe people to at least pre-typhoon levels, and to ● Investment requirements for recovery and recon- establish a higher level ofdisaster resiliency in all struction ofagriculture including crops, live- affected areas in the province. The plan includes stock, and fisheries: PHP 18.70 billion sectors e.g., investments in infrastructure and utilities, ● Estimated recovery and reconstruction: PHP housing, health facilities and services, livelihood Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 83 assistance in agriculture and marginal sectors, employ- billion for the recovery and rehabilitation of the ment opportunities, and support to social welfare Province ofLeyte. However, rehabilitation that aims services and the environment (Leyte EconoMICs, only to restore pre-catastrophe conditions misses the 2014). whole point. The funding in the provincial Rehabilitation, Re- The combined Eastern Visayas is the second poorest construction, and Development Plan for 2014-2016 region in the Philippines with 45.2% poverty; almost goes mainly to infrastructure (41%), resettlement double the national average of25.2% as of2012 (28%), the environment (19%), and social services (NSO, 2012). Ifthis region was in such dire straits (7%). Agriculture and fisheries account for only 3% even before Super Typhoon Yolanda, and is even ofthe total budget (PHP 715 million), while livelihood worse now and will be in the coming years, then what receives only 1% (PHP 310 million). Sectoral devel- this region needs is a development strategy within a opment strategies for agriculture include the imple- sustainable agriculture framework anchored on achiev- mentation ofsustainable and resilient rural-based live- ing food security and alleviating poverty; adapting to lihood recovery projects to support the farmers and and mitigating the effects of climate change while fisherfolk. critical resources such as water, energy, and land be- The PDNA details short-, medium- and long-term come increasingly scarce. Sustainable agriculture strategies for the rehabilitation of agriculture. Short- simultaneously increases production and income, term strategies call for cash-for-work schemes, distri- adapts to climate change and reduces greenhouse gas bution ofcoconut seedlings, rice and corn seeds, emissions, while balancing crop, livestock, fisheries vegetables and tubers, distribution offarminputs such and agroforestry systems, increasing resource use as fertilizers, tools and machinery, construction of efficiency (including land and water), protecting the poultry facilities, and restocking of animal livestock. environment, and maintaining ecosystem services Medium-term strategies include rehabilitation ofpost- (NAS, 2010). harvest facilities, coconut replanting, and intercropp- Premium Agriculture ing. Long-term strategies include disaster risk and Super Typhoon Yolanda almost totally destroyed reduction management planning, and research and most ofthe crops in Leyte, especially in the eastern development ofdrought- and flood-resistantrice vari- part (Kirk, 2013). A total of170,000 t ofrice was eties. destroyed from 38,000 ha that were ready for har- National government agencies such as the Depart- vesting and another 117,000 ha were lost that were ment ofAgriculture (DA) Bureau ofFisheries and already planted but not yet grown. Note that Leyte Aquatic Resources (BFAR) allotted PHP 36 million to farmers are resource poor, cultivating an average of provide oyster farm implements, cages, and seed 0.8 ha, 70% ofwhich was destroyed. The worst-hit oysters; PHP 18 million for seaweed farming materials areas ofEastern Visayas accounted for69% oftotal such as rope and floaters; and PHP 62 million for damage at PHP 4.73 billion. The province ofLeyte rehabilitation ofmariculture parks. Leyte has 2,516 ha alone accumulated PHP 2.22 billion in losses, about ofpotential mariculture areas. International NGOs are halfofwhich represents ruined palay (unhusked rice) also involved; for example the Japan International (Domingo, 2013). Data gathered by the DA shows Cooperation Agency in construction ofa new hospital that, in the aftermath of the typhoon, around 100,000 building and rehabilitation ofthe Leyte Marine Bio- farmers need to be provided with seeds and fertilizer. toxins Testing Center, and the German Development The typhoon also severely damaged coastal areas, such Cooperation for livelihood support and coastal re- as in the municipality ofPalo and the city ofTacloban, source assessment. where 49% ofthe mangroves died and 57% were defoliated, respectively (Fig. 5) (DENR-ERDB, 2014). The Sustainable Development Imperative Coconuts and bananas (Musa sp.) are commonly for the Development of Leyte planted on sloping land. Leyte is the highest coconut- There are many programs that are being imple- producing province in Region VIII in terms ofarea mented for the recovery and rehabilitation of areas (208,337 ha), number ofcoconut trees (22 million), affected by Typhoon Yolanda; the national govern- and number ofnuts produced (672 million). Before ment alone has allocated a total budget ofPHP 22 the destruction by Super Typhoon Yolanda, coconut 84 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2) was a strongly performing industry; it is considered a scale, highly specialized, capital- and external input- current strength but will need strategies and intensive should be avoided. These industrial agri- interventions to be globally competitive with other culture systems destabilize the natural resource base, palm-oil products. Coconut farming suffered the most contribute to loss ofbiodiversity, contribute to green- damage ofall agricultural crops fromSuper Typhoon house gas emissions, and have high potential to irrepa- Yolanda. Farmers typically had on average about 80 rably damage the environment, compromising the local or so coconut trees, but these fell by the thousands as a capacity to produce food in the future. Instead, small- result ofthe storm (Kirk, 2013). Twisted and uprooted scale, labor-intensive production systems with diverse coconut trees lined the roads which are still littered livelihood strategies that consider on-farm, farm- with debris, and hillsides were covered with coconut related and off-farm food and income generation trees that looked like broken matchsticks (Fig. 5). interventions for long-term sustainability should be Facilities for processing coconuts and producing copra, developed, promoted and implemented. one ofthe major products ofTacloban ̶a trading A case in point is coconut, the sector most adversely city̶are almost entirely gone. affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda in Leyte. The The immediate response ofthe DA and local and Philippines is a major supplier ofcoconuts in the world international NGOs to assist the farmers and fisherfolk market, and the coconut industry in Leyte is one of was to provide cash subsidies or distribute equipment, the biggest producers ofcoconut products in the Phil- boats, nets, fertilizer and other farm tools, as well as ippines. Paradoxically, coconut farmers are among the seedlings ofshort-duration crops (e.g., rice, corn, root poorest rural people in the Philippines; 6 out of10 crops, vegetables). This direct assistance enabled coconut farmers are living in poverty. While the farmers to till their lands and plant crops within a immediate response ofthe DA Philippine Coconut month after Super Typhoon Yolanda (Villegas, 2013). Authority ofdistributing seedlings ofhigh-yielding Considering the pre-Typhoon Yolanda agriculture varieties for replanting is noteworthy, replanting situation in Leyte, interventions that promote and im- coconuts alone will result in the farmers remaining plement agriculture production systems that are large- poor. Pabuayon et al. (2009) reported that this is

Fig. 5. Damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in Leyte, Philippines. Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 85 because coconut farmers have limited participation in storm surge, leaving fishermen and women without the coconut distribution chain; they remain at the income (Tran, 2014). The majority ofthose reliant on lowest level ofthe chain and sell only raw materials. the sea and mangroves to earn a living also face The other requirements reported as necessary to possible relocation far from the sea because of a alleviate the conditions ofcoconut farmersinclude government law banning the building ofhomes within those related to their inadequacy in capital, technical 40 m from the coastline. Moreover, the fishing indus- and entrepreneurial skills, equipment and tools, and try suffered because stocks of fish in protected areas market access and information. Specific measures were lost. Also, the industry has to cope with the loss could involve making credit accessible to farmers, ofuntold hundreds ofsmall fishingboats as well as providing training on product processing and quality docks and processing facilities. It should be noted that improvement, and linking the products with favorable even without Yolanda’s devastation, fisherfolk are the markets. Furthermore, coconuts to the farmers of most economically vulnerable sector in the country Leyte mean a lot more than copra; there are other (Ranada, 2013). coconut-related products such as “tuba” (natural The BFAR is implementing the fishery rehabili- coconut wine), virgin coconut oil, coco sugar, coco tation component called “AHON” (which is a local nectar, coco coir, and activated carbon that could be a term for “to rise”) in coordination with local govern- source ofincome. Hence, there is a need to support ment units, the private sector and the surviving fisher- farm enterprise and entrepreneurial development to folk (PTV News, 2014). Among the activities of increase the capacity for local value-adding activities. BFAR are repair and construction ofdamaged bancas Although there are other more profitable high-value (traditional outrigger fishing canoes), provision of crops that could be planted aside from coconut, e.g., fishing gear and seaweed-farm implements, and the coffee (Coffea sp.), cacao (Theobroma cacao), fruit distribution of fish fingerlings. A total of 11,356 boats trees, and vegetables, among others, the farmers are were repaired or constructed; repair or construction of already very familiar with coconut trees, which are another 12,661 boats is ongoing. adapted to their province. Hence, coconut should To help the fisherfolk, the DA plans to distribute remain the primary agricultural commodity in Leyte. 1,300 boats and 4,000 nets to fishermen who survived However, the coconut replanting program should be Yolanda but lost their boats. However, it was reported carried out with a coconut-based farming system in by Mallari (2013) that close to 150,000 fisherfolk mind, such as a productive multi-storey cropping sys- need to be provided with fishing boats and gear. A tem as developed in Cavite and Batangas, two local NGO (Pamalakaya) working with fisherfolk in provinces in Region IV-A (de Guzman et al., 2014). the region contends that this response is not sufficient For this to be implemented, locally adapted, quality because there were close to 100,000 fishermen who planting material for high value crops (e.g., fruit trees, lost their boats when Yolanda struck in Eastern coffee, cacao, cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Visayas and other areas. The 1,300 fishing boats that abaca, black pepper (Piper nigrum) should be made the DA planned to distribute were sufficient for only available to the farmers to complement the traditional one in Tacloban City, one of the three coconut farming system. Leyte has high potential for cities in Leyte. pili (Canarium ovatum) production. There is strong In addition to the distribution ofboats, around 2,000 and growing demand for pili nuts and oil, and the tree sets offishinggear have already been distributed in is extremely resistant to high winds. Abaca and Region 6 (Western Visayas), and other sets offishing banana also offer excellent intercropping options. gear that will go with the repaired and constructed Premium Fisheries boats are currently being procured. A total of857 sets Fisheries, one ofthe main livelihoods in Leyte, were ofseaweed-farmimplements have already been dis- devastated by Super Typhoon Yolanda. The storm tributed to affected seaweed farms (PTV News, 2014). destroyed everything from fishing boats and gear to BFAR’s National Payao Program is notable. Although aquaculture facilities, small-scale seaweed farms, on- not fishing gear perse, “” (fish aggregation de- shore facilities, and markets (FAO, vices) attract and concentrate fish, making them more 2014). An estimated 30, 000 boats were affected, easily caught by fishermen. The device mainly aggre- including 10,000 lost or destroyed by the typhoon’s gates adult pelagic species and could be a way to 86 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2) transfer fishing pressure away from coral reefs and posed ofcommittees or groups in the program other sensitive areas where there is already excessive with specific mandates or tasks, e.g. agriculture, fishing pressure. health and nutrition, infrastructure, etc. Developing the capacity of fisherfolk to diversify Against this backdrop, there is an opportunity for the their income sources is critical to enabling fishing development and implementation ofa post-Typhoon communities to recover from disasters such as Super Yolanda nutrition-sensitive agri-fisheries program Typhoon Yolanda. This was clearly shown in the key (NSAP). Nutrition-sensitive agri-fisheries aim to nar- informant interviews (KII) with the fisheries tech- row the gap between available and accessible food nicians of the Municipal Agriculture Office and in the needed for a healthy and balanced diet for all people by FGD with the fisherfolk associations. These inter- explicitly incorporating nutrition objectives into agri- views and discussions were conducted in seven coastal culture and addressing food and nutrition security in municipalities facing Leyte Gulf that are members of both food production and utilization, including health, the Alliance ofLocal Fishery and Aquatic Resources educational, economic, and social aspects. In Leyte, Management and Development Councils (Box 1). the focus should be on using agri-fisheries to improve Nutrition-sensitive agri-fisheries nutrition. Super Typhoon Yolanda highlighted underlying An NSAP looks at agri-fisheries with a specific challenges in a province already showing higher mal- “nutrition lens”. It highlights the nutrition-related nutrition rates than the country’s national average aspects ofagriculture and the entire foodsystem, i.e., (Table 3). According to the national nutrition cluster, how can agri-fisheries and the food system deliver up to 12,000 children are believed to be suffering from better nutritional products that can be better utilized, severe acute malnutrition, and more than 100,000 preg- particularly by undernourished and micro-nutrient de- nant and lactating women are at risk ofmalnutrition ficient people. Overall, this requires a paradigm shift and micronutrient deficiencies in Typhoon Yolanda- from producing large quantities of food to supplying affected areas (UNICEF, 2014). One in two children nutrients. aged 6-11 months already suffered from anemia before In practical terms for Leyte, agri-fisheries could be the disaster, as did 43% ofpregnant women and nearly used to improve nutrition through an NSAP. In simple one in three lactating women. terms, this would involve incorporating crops with The overall objective ofthe provincial government various nutritional values, crop duration, seasonality, in addressing the nutrition problem is to help reduce and resilience to the changing climate. The following the risk ofexcessive mortality and morbidity among are examples ofvegetables crops that should be children aged 0-5 years by maintaining the nutritional planted on farms, in homes, and school gardens to status ofvulnerable groups at pre-crisis levels. The address nutritional problems: provincial government, in collaboration with 22 local ● Early-maturing vegetables that can be harvested and international NGOs and agencies, has come up within 2-4 months after planting such as tomato with the following strategies and key activities (Solanum lycopersicum), pechay (Brassica (Napari, 2014): rapa), or sweet corn (Zea mays); 1. Promotion & protection ofInfantand Young ● Semi-annual vegetables that mature at 6-9 Child Feeding in Emergencies (IFE Core months such as winged bean (Psophocarpus Group, 2007) as a lifesaving child survival tetragonolobus), bitter gourd (Momordica intervention; charantia), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), or 2. Prevention and management ofacute malnu- ginger (Zingiber officinale); trition and micronutrient deficiencies among ● Annual vegetables such as lima bean (Phaseolus vulnerable groups, including boys and girls lunatus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), upland under 5 years ofage, pregnant and lactating ‘kangkong’ (Ipomoea aquatica), or ‘alugbati’ women, and older persons; (Basella alba); and 3. Nutrition assessment and information manage- ● Permanent crops such as papaya (Carica ment; and papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus), sugar- 4. Strengthening cluster-coordination capacity fo- cane (Saccharum officinarum), yam beans cusing on the sub-national level which is com- (Pachyrhizus erosus), malunggay (Moringa Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 87

oleifera), banana, or citrus (Citrus sp.). events. It is therefore not surprising that the Phil- To address specific nutritional problems such as ippines is ranked the world’s third most disaster-prone protein energy malnutrition, anaemia, iodine deficien- country in the World Risk Index (Mucke, 2012) with cy, and vitamin A deficiency, the following crops are an index of28%, out-ranked only by the two island recommended: states ofVanuatu and Tonga. ● For protein: winged bean, mungbean (Vigna The country’s vulnerability was best shown through radiate), soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna the devastation ofLeyte Province, by the Super unguiculata), lima beans, string bean (Vigna Typhoon Yolanda. The devastation to life, physical unguiculata sesquipedalis), jute mallow assets, property and infrastructure, livelihoods, agri- (Corchorus olitorius), high protein corn fisheries, and the environment was enormous, re- (“quality protein maize”, QPM) quiring world-wide support from all sectors for relief, ● For carbohydrates: cassava (Manihot esculenta), rehabilitation, recovery and post-disaster reconst- sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), taro (Colocasia ruction. After relief operations, the focus should be esculenta), yam (Dioscorea esculenta), ubi long-term development using a sustainable develop- ● For iodine: onion (Allium cepa), okra ment framework. (Abelmoschus esculentus) According to the National Academy ofSciences Report “Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Conclusions and Recommendations the 21st Century” (NAS, 2010) development pro- The Philippines, because it is an archipelagic coun- grams, to be considered sustainable, should be eval- try and its proximity to the sea, is particularly exposed uated on the basis ofprogress towards fourgoals: (1) to natural hazards such as cyclones, flooding, rainfall- producing enough to satisfy human needs; (2) en- induced erosion, sea-level rise, and extreme weather hancing environmental quality and protecting the na-

Box 1. Summary of Outcomes from Key Informant Interview with the Fisheries Technicians of the Municipal Agriculture Office and focus group discussions with the fisherfolk associations conducted by the senior author (Bernardo, D.F.H. in 2014).

To determine the needs of the community and ensure that assistance provided is addressing their needs, KII with Fisheries Technicians of the Municipal Agriculture Office and FGD with fisherfolk associations were conducted in seven coastal municipalities facing Leyte Gulf, a major fishing ground in the province, that are members of the Alliance of Local Fishery and Aquatic Resources Management and Development Councils.

The top four fishery-based activities identified were mariculture, fishing, aqua-silviculture, and gleaning. Alternative sources of income for fisherfolk included selling of scrap metal, tending a variety store, rice and root-crop farming, working as pedicab drivers and construction workers, and selling of mangrove propagules.

The socio-economic projects identified that need start-up capital and raw materials or inputs are as follows: (a) raising livestock and poultry (hog/piggery, goat, poultry/egg); (b) meat/food processing; (c) fishing, with needs such as fish nets and gear, feeds for milkfish, fishing boats, freezers for post harvest preservation and handling, , repair of tilapia hatchery, and mud-crab culture; and (d) other activities such as reconstruction of day care centers, capacity enhancement training for income generating activities and/or alternative sources of income/livelihood, e.g., rice store, crop planting, and farm machinery that they can use and rent out.

It will be easier to provide financial and technical assistance for production, processing, and marketing (farm to table) once the fisherfolk have a juridical body, willing officers, and interested members who are guided by written by-laws and articles of cooperation, preferably registered by the Cooperative Development Authority as required and stipulated in the Philippine Cooperative Code. 88 J. Dev. Sus. Agr. 10 (2) tural resource base; (3) being profitable; and (4) integrated lowland farming and agroforestry systems. increasing the quality of life for farmers, farm workers, In the Philippines, examples ofbiodiversity-based and society as a whole. Farm systems also must be farming systems are plentiful. At present, indigenous flexible enough to adapt to natural and economic peoples on their swidden farms have numerous species stresses as they strive towards these four goals. and varieties planted at the same time. What appears The tragedy brought about by Super Typhoon to be a chaotic mess ofannuals and perennials is Yolanda could be used as an opportunity to usher in a actually a highly sophisticated mixture ofspecies and new dawn for sustainable agri-fisheries development in varieties that provide food, feed, fuel, medicines, Leyte. Key to all successful approaches in develop- building materials, and cash crops. Growing oflive- ment and maybe more so in post-disaster recovery and stock (including fishes), even in rice fields, adds even building resilience, is the effective partnership and more diversity to the system. In all these examples, democratized engagement ofthe local people. The the message is clear: farmers have developed and local residents, who are integrally linked to the land adapted farming systems that provide stability and and resources and have valuable local knowledge, sustainability ofthe agricultural production system must play central roles in planning, implementing, even under adverse weather conditions, and hence food evaluating and benefitting from agri-fisheries develop- security, through the utilization offunctionaldiversity ment programs and initiatives. Development pro- in their farms and farming systems (Zamora, 1996). grams are most likely to succeed and be sustainable For fisherfolk and coastal communities, what is long afterthe termination ofthe program ifproject needed are holistic programs that, in addition to re- entry points are those that are familiar and acceptable pairing or reconstructing damaged infrastructure and to local people, in contrast to unfamiliar, externally replacement oflost fishinggear, would ensure that imposed strategies and interventions. The develop- destroyed areas are rebuilt in a sustainable way that ment ofa project requires knowledge and sensitivity to addresses the fisherfolk’s long-term future. For the local cultures, beliefs, and practices (Zamora et al., total and long-term sustainable development ofthe 2013). fisherfolk and fishing communities, we subscribe to One ofthe valuable lessons learned fromSuper the following recommendations gathered through con- Typhoon Yolanda is that the current practice of sultations and focus group discussions conducted monocropping (or monoculture) is unsustainable and among fishing communities (Oxfam, 2014). not resilient to climate change. Instead ofmono- ● Assess coastal habitats and their resources; cropping, biodiversity-based farming systems should ● Implement coastal zoning; be promoted. Biologically diverse agricultural sys- ● Create fisherfolk resettlement areas consistent tems, which include underutilized or minor grains, with existing laws to reduce the vulnerabilities pulses, fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, in ad- ofcoastal communities; dition to the common staple crops ofrice and corn, ● Define the scope and process of resource assess- contribute to a balanced diet (Keatinge et al., 2010) ment, which will serve as basis for short and and environmental resilience. Many ofthese alter- long-term plans; native food crops not only diversify agro-ecosystems ● Develop other livelihood opportunities; and rotations; they also increase chances ofcrop ● Establish participatory monitoring and evalua- survival, insulate against the unpredictable price of tion processes, identify and develop fisherfolk food, ensure harvests throughout the year, provide settlement sites, and rehabilitate settlement resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses and produce areas; harvestable yields where major crops may fail, and ● Implement a settlement/resettlement strategy most importantly, they are more adapted to extreme that includes fisherfolk settlements and coastal climatic conditions. These systems are time-tested, zoning; and locally adapted, and resilient to climate change ● Restore marine resources and marine protected (Zamora, 1996; Zamora et al., 2013). For centuries, areas. farming communities worldwide have used crop diver- Acknowledgements sity for food and economic security through a complex array ofhome garden designs, and diversifiedand We acknowledge the Provincial Government of Bernardo et al.: Sustainable Agri-fisheries Program for Disaster Areas 89

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