Secretariat of the Pacific Community

FIELD REPORT No. 29

on

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON SMALL-SCALE BAITFISHING TRIALS AND COURSE PRESENTATION TO THE NATIONAL COLLEGE, AND FAD EXPERIMENTS TO THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ASSISTING IN , PAPUA

12 September to 7 December 2005

by

William Sokimi Fisheries Development Officer

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Noumea, New Caledonia 2006 © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2006

All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. The SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided the SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission.

This field report forms part of a series compiled by the Fisheries Development Section of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community’s Coastal Fisheries Programme. These reports have been produced as a record of individual project activities and country assignments, from materials held within the Section, with the aim of making this valuable information readily accessible. Each report in this series has been compiled within the Fisheries Development Section to a technical standard acceptable for release into the public arena.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community BP D5 98848 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia

Tel: (687) 26 20 00 Fax: (687) 26 38 18 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.spc.int/coastfish

Prepared at Secretariat of the Pacific Community headquarters Noumea, New Caledonia, 2006

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Secretariat of the Pacific Community acknowledges with gratitude the cooperation and assistance extended to the Fisheries Development Officer by the National Fisheries College (NFC) staff and staff of the Coastal Fisheries Management Development Project (CFMDP) during his term in Kavieng.

SPC would like to acknowledge the following people for their direct assistance to the project: Mr John Kasu, NFA Corporate Manager; Mr Tatek Buraik, Principal of NFC; Mr John Adani, acting Deputy Principal of NFC; Mr Julius Onkau, NFC, Certificate in Operations (CFO) tutor and training vessel skipper; Mr Charles Nemil, CFO tutor; Mr Bibia Mai, CFO tutor; and Mr George Yowai, NFC- CFO Engineer assistant.

SPC would also like to extend special gratitude to Mr Samol Kanawi, NFC Masterfisherman; Mr Peter Watt, CFMDP Community Fisheries Adviser; Mr Kaius Mai, NFC-CFO Fishing Technician; and Mr Malakai Komai; NFC-CFO Fishing Technical assistant/FTV Leilani crew; for assisting the Fisheries Development Officer in constructing FADs and the nets for baitfishing, and for the teamwork and assistance in deploying the FADs and carrying out the baitfishing exercises.

iii SUMMARY

The National Fisheries College (NFC), through the National Fisheries Authority (NFA) of , requested technical assistance from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) to assist the Coastal Fishing Operations (CFO) staff of the NFC implement and assess the development of the first Operations 3 (CFO3) course that was taught at the college. NFA also requested SPC to assist in the experiment of small-scale bait catching methods using nets for possible development in the future. At the same time, the Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project (CFMDP), requested SPC’s assistance to implement an inshore FAD awareness and development programme for the coastal communities of New Ireland. The SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer, William Sokimi, was assigned to Kavieng in Papua New Guinea to assist with these assignments, which were conducted simultaneously at times.

While working with the NFC’s CFO staff to implement the CFO3 course, it was observed that the operations management procedures were not being implemented as recommended following the AusAID NFC Strengthening Project. Some of the regulations were altered or by-passed by several of the college’s key staff to accommodate personal ideals leading to low staff moral and gradual deterioration of the college’s management system and organisational structure. In addition, several strategic positions essential for the efficiency of college operations were filled with temporary (acting) staff that were not trained or had experience in that position. Fortunately though, a confirmed appointment was made for the Principal’s position and this stabilised the situation tremendously. Other recommendations are made in the report in regard to the planning and operation of the different courses.

The work with CFMDP involved rigging five low cost FADs; site surveys using basic materials and simple techniques that can be used by the coastal fishers; deployment of the FADs in inshore areas recommended by the fishing communities; demonstrating fishing methods associated with FADs; and advising the villages on how to maintain their FADs. Two weeks after the first FADs were deployed at Lavongai and Tioputuk, word was that the FADs had already aggregated large schools of and the village fishermen were experiencing better catches. A week later villages close to the other FADs sent in similar reports. A month later the Ngoto (Kunevulit) FAD was vandalised but still intact and with a large school of fish aggregated in the area, while the Nanovaul FAD was gone. This FAD had been removed by one of the villagers overseeing the FAD.

During this project, two methods were trialed, the Bouke-ami and the type lift net, which used light attraction during moonless nights to enhance catches. Thirteen sets were carried out over four nights; 10 Bouke-ami sets over three nights and 3 Basnig sets in one night. The baiting trials proved that there was good potential for further development. After the initially training the crew over four sets during the first trial, all sets after that resulted in approximately 200 kg scoops with the potential to net more given more training and practise. Only 50 kg were taken each time for the participant’s domestic use and the rest released. Bait species identified during the baiting trials made close comparisons with sardinella (Sardinella lemuru, Sardinella melanura, Amblygaster sirm), anchovy (Thryssa mystax, Stolephorus waitei, Encrasicholina punctifer, Encrasicholina devisi), cardinal (Apogon fragilis), scad (Selar crumenophthalmus), silversides (Hypoatherina barnesi) and sprats (Spratelloides lewisi).

v RÉSUMÉ

L’Institut d’études halieutiques (NFC), par le truchement du Service national des pêches de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, a demandé l’assistance technique de la Communauté du Pacifique (CPS) afin d’aider le personnel de la section des Opérations de pêche côtière (CFO) de l’Institut à organiser et évaluer le premier cours sur les opérations de pêche commerciale, niveau 3 (CFO3), dispensé à l’Institut. Le Service national des pêches a également sollicité la CPS afin de tester des méthodes de capture artisanale de poissons-appâts à l’aide de filets, pour un éventuel développement futur. Par la même occasion, les responsables du Projet de gestion et de développement de la pêche côtière (CFMDP) ont demandé le soutien de la CPS pour la mise en œuvre d’un programme d’information et de développement de dispositifs côtiers de concentration du poisson (DCP) s’adressant aux communautés côtières de la Nouvelle-Irlande. William Sokimi, Chargé du développement de la pêche à la CPS, a été affecté à Kavieng en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée pour mener à bien ces projets, conduits simultanément.

C’est en travaillant avec le personnel de la section CFO de l’Institut d’études halieutiques sur la mise en place de la formation CFO3 que l’on a remarqué que les procédures de gestion des opérations n’ont pas été appliquées comme le recommande le Projet de soutien de l’Institut d’études halieutiques, financé par l’AusAID. Certaines règles ont été remaniées ou contournées par plusieurs membres éminents de l’Institut pour satisfaire des convictions personnelles, engendrant ainsi une dégradation du climat social et une détérioration progressive du système de gestion de l’Institut et de sa structure interne. Par ailleurs, plusieurs postes stratégiques essentiels à la bonne conduite des opérations de l’Institut ont été attribués à du personnel temporaire, sans formation et non-expérimenté. Heureusement, une personne compétente a cependant été nommée au poste de Directeur, ce qui a permis de réduire considérablement les tensions. D’autres recommandations sont formulées dans le rapport à propos du calendrier et du fonctionnement des différentes formations.

Les travaux effectués dans le cadre du Projet étaient les suivants : mise en place de cinq DCP peu onéreux ; réalisation d’études de site à l’aide de matériaux et de techniques simples, utilisables par les pêcheurs côtiers ; mouillage de DCP dans des zones côtières sur les conseils des communautés de pêcheurs : démonstration de méthodes de pêche autour de DCP et conseils prodigués aux villageois sur l’entretien de leurs DCP. Deux semaines après le mouillage des premiers DCP au large de Lavongai et de Tioputuk, on signale la présence de grands bancs de poissons, et les pêcheurs de ces villages enregistraient de meilleures prises. La semaine suivante, les villages proches des autres DCP faisaient des observations similaires. Un mois plus tard, le DCP de Ngoto (Kunevulit), qui avait été vandalisé mais qui était resté intact, attirait un grand banc de poissons dans la zone, alors que celui de Nanovaul avait disparu. Ce dernier avait été enlevé par un des villageois chargé de surveiller.

Au cours de ce projet, deux méthodes de pêche au carrelet ont été testées : la technique bouke- ami et la technique basnig, qui utilisent des sources lumineuses durant les nuits sans lune afin d’accroître le nombre de prises. En quatre nuits, treize calées ont été réalisées : dix avec le filet de type bouke-ami, en trois nuits, et trois avec le filet de type basnig, en une nuit. Les essais de capture des appâts ont révélé un fort potentiel de développement. Lors du premier essai, l’équipage a reçu une formation initiale en quatre calées. Les calées suivantes ont ensuite permis de remonter 200 kg environ, ce qui laisse à penser que les participants augmenteront leurs prises au fur et à mesure de leur perfectionnement. À chaque fois, seuls 50 kg ont été ramenés à terre et distribués aux participants, et le reste rejeté à la mer. Les espèces d’appâts identifiées durant ces essais étaient proches des suivantes : sardinelle (Sardinella lemuru,

vii Sardinella melanura, Amblygaster sirm), anchois (Thryssa mystax, Stolephorus waitei, Encrasicholina punctifer, Encrasicholina devisi), cardinal (Apogon fragilis), chinchard (Selar crumenophthalmus), capucette (Hypoatherina barnesi) et sprat (Spratelloides lewisi).

viii CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1

1.1 Papua New Guinea 1

1.2 Papua New Guinea fisheries 2

1.3 3

1.4 National Fisheries College 3

1.4.1 Background 3 1.4.2 NFC courses 4 1.4.3 NFC facilities, plant, fishermen’s wharf and facility upgrade 4

1.5 Community Fisheries Management Development Project (CFMDP) 5

1.6 Initiation of the SPC/CFMDP/NFC project and objectives 6

2. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 7

2.1 General 7

2.2 Certificate in Fishing Operations 3 (CFO3) course 7

2.2.1 Background 7 2.2.2 CFO3 preparations and earlier recommendations 7 2.2.3 CFO3 implementation difficulties 8

2.3 CFO course moderation 9

2.4 EU – Integrated Fishing Group Training (IFGT) course 10

2.4.1 Background 10 2.4.2 Implementation of the IFGT course 10

2.5 EU-Masterfisherman’s course 11

2.5.1 Background 11 2.5.2 Implementation of the Masterfisherman’s course 11 2.5.3 Course objectives 12

2.6 Fish aggregation device (FAD) rigging, FAD site survey and FAD deployment 13

2.6.1 Construction of raft/floating section 13 2.6.2 Rigging the mooring section 14 2.6.3 FAD site survey 14 2.6.4 Deploying the FADs 15 2.6.5 FAD results 16

ix 2.7 Bait fishing methods using light attraction and lift nets 17

2.7.1 Lights used during the baiting trials 18 2.7.2 Bouke-ami lift net construction 19 2.7.3 Bouke-ami lift net trials 20 2.7.4 Bouke-ami baiting operation 20 2.7.5 Basnig lift net construction 23 2.7.6 Basnig type lift net trials 24

3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 25

3.1 Deterioration of NFC’s operations management structure 25

3.2 CFO3 course 26

3.3 College and courses moderation 27

3.3.1 Process for crew certification and recognition 27 3.3.2 Preparation of course materials 27 3.3.3 Assessments 27 3.3.4 Resources required for an improved delivery of the CFO3 course 29 3.3.5 Professional Development for NFC staff 29

3.4 Inshore FADs 30

3.5 Baitfishing methods 30

4. RECOMMENDATIONS 30

5. REFERENCES 32

APPENDICES

A. Participants attending the different courses during the project 35

B. Site survey data for each location surveyed 37

x 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea makes up the eastern half of New Guinea Island and has a total area of approximately 462,243 km2 with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 3,120,000 km2. The boundaries are located between latitudes 01° to 12° South and longitudes 141° to 158° East (SOPAC, 2005). The country gained its independence from Australian-administered UN trusteeship on 16 September 1975, and adopted a constitutional monarchy type of government system with parliamentary democracy. A July 2005 estimate puts the population at approximately 5,545,268 (CIA – The World Factbook, 2005).

Papua New Guinea (Figure 1) consists of 20 provinces that include numerous smaller islands and atolls. The provinces are Bougainville, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, , Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital District, New Ireland, Northern, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, and West New Britain. The western part of New Guinea is the Indonesian governed territory of Irian Jaya.

140 E 145 E 150 E155E 160 E

Nukuoro

Federated State of Micronesia

Kapingamarangl PAPUA NEW GUINEA 0 Indonesia

Admiralty Islands New Ireland

Bismark A rchip Lihir elag

5 S Buka Bougainville New Britain Solomon Islands Choiseul Shortland Islands Santa Isabel New Georgia Malait a

Honiara D'Entrecasteaux Islands Guadalcanal 10 S Torres Strait Louisiade Makira Archipelago Bellon a Rennell

Australia

15 S

Figure 1: Map of Papua New Guinea showing the Declared Fishing Zone

Papua New Guinea experiences a generally tropical climate in which December to March is the wet season (NW monsoon) and March to October is generally dry (SE monsoon); although occasional rain falls throughout the year. The country’s terrain is predominantly mountainous with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills, and is situated along the Pacific “Ring of Fire” which subjects the country to frequent and occasionally catastrophic earthquakes, mudslides, tsunamis, and volcanic activity.

Although Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, the development of these resources is hampered by harsh terrain and high infrastructure costs. Agriculture provides for 85 per cent of subsistence livelihood while 72 per cent of the export earnings come from mineral deposits such as oil, copper and gold (CIA – The World Factbook, 2005).

1 The Papua New Guineans can be categorised into five ethnic groups of Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian and Polynesian. These are comprised of people from the north of the main island, the Papuans from the south, Highlanders, and Islanders. There is a diverse cultural difference across the country with approximately 715 indigenous languages. Although English is the official language, Melanesian Pidgin is the main spoken language (CIA – The World Factbook, 2005).

1.2 Papua New Guinea fisheries

Papua New Guinea’s fisheries involves the participation of artisanal fishers, small-scale commercial fishers, medium-scale domestic prawn and tuna longline operators as well as the large international purse seine tuna fleets that supply tuna to the canneries in PNG and abroad. Papua New Guinea has a large EEZ that has great potential for fisheries development. The countries extensive coastlines and inshore waters have an abundance of natural fisheries resources ranging from estuarine and inland water species to reef fish, deep-water demersal species and coastal/offshore pelagic species. The fisheries include inland river fisheries, , coastal beche-de-mer, reef fisheries, prawn trawl, deep-bottom fisheries and the offshore tuna fisheries (NFA, 2006).

The tuna industry is the largest of PNG’s commercial fisheries activities and includes both the domestic tuna industry development as well as the foreign access arrangements for distant water fishing nations (DWFNs). The main revenue from the tuna fisheries activities comes from access fees paid by the DWFNs, while other sources include license fees from other operators such as those engaged in the domestic tuna longline and prawn trawl fleet; aid assistance from donor countries; and penalty charges collected from prosecutions for breach of fisheries regulations covered under the Fisheries Management Act (NFA, 2006).

Resource development and management are key factors in progressing sustainable fisheries practices. In acknowledgement of this, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community has, over the years, provided technical assistance to PNG through several projects. In the late 1970s and 1980s SPC assisted PNG through the Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project (DSFDP), focused on developing the deep-water snapper resource in the country. The first stage involved assessment work of on the outer reef slopes. The project was carried out in the west of New Britain Island in the to Cape Gloucester area in 1979 (Fusimalohi and Crossland, 1980). Deep-water snapper were refined with the introduction of basic modern fishing gears and materials. The second DSFDP project was conducted in 1982 in Port Moresby, Samarai and Manus and was a continuation of the work done in West New Britain (Chapman and Fusimalohi, 1998). The third DSFDP project involved trials with deep-water snapper fishing techniques, for tuna and other pelagic species and deploying two fish aggregating devices (FADs) off in the East Sepik Province. This was conducted in the West New Britain, Manus and Sepik Provinces in 1984 (Chapman 1998). The final DSFDP project involved the development and promotion of small-scale artisanal deep-water bottom fishing. Assistance was given to the National Fisheries College (NFC) in Kavieng, New Ireland, to train students in rigging deep-water bottom fishing gear. The project was implemented over six months in the Oro Bay area of Northern Province and Rabaul in the East New Britain Province in 1988 (Wellington and Cusack, 1998).

In order to keep abreast of the growth in the region’s community fisheries development and the commercial , the DSFDP section was renamed the Capture Section of SPC in the 1990s, then later in 2000, the Fisheries Development Section. In 1992, assistance was provided to the Fisheries Department in Port Moresby, with two FAD sites surveyed and a FAD deployed 5 nm SSW of Daugo Island (Beverly and Cusack, 1993). From 1992 to 1994, a tuna fishing, handling, and marketing project was undertaken in East New Britain and the Duke of York Islands to develop and encourage local entrepreneurs to export top grade tuna to the sashimi markets in Japan and the US (Beverly and Chapman, 1996). Technical assistance was again provided in 1998/99 to the National Fisheries College in Kavieng to teach the practical fishing module of the Fishing Cadet Course (Watt, 1999). In 2001, assistance was provided to the newly formed New Ireland Commercial Fishing Association (NICFA) to introduce different small-scale offshore fishing techniques to members of the association using

2 NFC’s facilities and staff backup (Sokimi and Chapman, 2001). In 2002, technical assistance was provided to the National Fisheries College on implementing and activating a ‘Certificate in Small Fishing Operations (SFO) Course’ (Sokimi and Chapman, 2002); this was strengthened in late 2004 with a short term follow-up to review the Small Fishing Operations (SFO) Course as the base course for a similar EU-RCFDP Integrated Fishing Group Training (IFGT) Course targeted at familiarising loan recipients to settle quickly into their fishing operations. In early 2005 SPC again provided technical assistance to the NFC to prepare the CFO3 Master (Fishing) course modules, delivery outlines, timetable, study guide, session plans, and course resources list (Sokimi and Chapman, 2005).

1.3 New Ireland Province

New Ireland Province has a total land area of approximately 9600 km2 and is located north of New Britain forming part of the . The island groups lie between one and five degrees south of the equator and constitute Mussau — Emirau (St. Mathias), 16 islands; Lavongai (New Hanover) and east islands, 9 islands; Tabar, 6 islands, Lihir, 5 islands; Tanga, 11 islands and Fendi (Anir), 3 islands. The group consists of 149 islands spread over 230,000 km2 of sea (Figure 2).

St. Matthias Group Mussau Island Nai Palakau

Emirau Island

Tench Island

Ysabel Channel

Bangatang Island 2 S C Matanalem East Island B is Tabut m Tabar Islands Umbukul Taskul Kavieng a Simberi Island rc k New Hanover Ungat Mangai A rc Tatau Island h Bagatere Lakuramaipu Mapu e Selapiu Island la Fissoa g Laefu o Lihir Islands Baudissin Island Dyaul Konos Island Malom Londolovit Tembin Lihir Group Lavalai Silom Lihir Island Lambu Kanam Malekolan Islands Malendok Island Lelet Plateau Kinogogo Tanga Islands Kokola Namatanai

New Ireland Ulaputu Rebehen Samo Feni Islands Palambong Danfu 4 S Duke of York Island Rabaul S Suralil t Rei Ambitle Island

G Sum Sum

Lassul e Pinipel Island Balangot Keravat o 2399 m r g Watpi Morukon Nissan Island

0 25 50 East e

s Tanamalit New Britain Maliom km C Green Islands h

Merai a Bakop Alio C St George n n e

150 E 152 E l 154 E

Figure 2: Map of New Ireland

The province has an approximate population of 100,000 people, of which the vast majority live in small rural villages scattered along the coast and interior of the islands. New Ireland languages are of the Austronesian structure except for the Kuot language. Around twenty languages are spoken throughout the New Ireland Province, with the number of dialects and sub-dialects totalling around 45. The main island is 320 km long and less than 10 km across. The central mountainous spine is very steep and rugged with Lambel, the highest peak, reaching 2150 m (Wikipedia-the free encyclopaedia, 2005).

1.4 National Fisheries College

1.4.1 Background

The National Fisheries College (NFC) is a division of Papua New Guinea’s NFA. The college is located approximately 3 km from the New Ireland capital town, Kavieng, along the Bluminsky highway. NFC was established in 1977 through financial assistance from the Japanese Government, to provide a trained workforce for the domestic pole-and-line industry that was prominent at the time. The industry

3 gradually declined and ceased operations in 1981 due to restricted access to baiting resources and falling fish prices.

Since then, up until the end of 1996, NFC offered a two-year Certificate in Tropical Fisheries (CTF) course to provide training for Fisheries Extension Officers and fisheries sector generalists. However, with increased development of the domestic offshore commercial fishing operations the course did not serve industry needs since graduates were required to undergo further training for a career at sea. Several reviews made by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1989, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1990, and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 1992 and 1993 recommended that the college implement appropriate courses to meet the immediate needs of the fishing industry (Watt, 1999). This resulted in the NFC developing a Fishing Cadet Course to fulfil the manning requirements of the industry, while complying with competency standards made mandatory by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) under the 1995 STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping) Convention.

In 1995, NFA requested an organisational review of the NFC as part of the restructuring process of the Authority. The NFC restructuring process got underway in October 1999 and was facilitated by an AusAID team under the AusAID funded National Fisheries College Strengthening Project (NFCSP). The AusAID team worked with NFC staff to strengthen the college’s organisational and administrative system and to plan and implement new courses relevant to the demands of the commercial fishing industry.

1.4.2 NFC courses

The courses currently offered by the NFC are the Certificate in Fishing Operations (CFO) Courses I & II, developed to train crew to work as deckhands and watchkeepers on commercial fishing vessels in the industry; the Post Harvest Operations (PHO) Courses I & II, to train personnel in industry-based hygienic processing skills; and a range of short programmes to cover seamanship, boat handling, basic navigation, sea safety, fishing operations, onboard handling and processing, resource management, and small fishing operations management. The College also runs several national and provincial programmes that cover Small-scale Fishing Operations (SFO), Observer Course, Fisheries Officer Training Course, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Course, Vocational Teachers Course––DoVET, and a Fisheries Business Course. The college is also charged with running an Integrated Fishing Group Training Course (IFGT) and a Masterfisherman’s (MF) Course for the European Union––Rural Coastal Fisheries Development Project (EU–RCFDP), to train fishermen engaged in the project to operate and manage their vessels efficiently and safely, and to lead the rural communities in sustainable fisheries development.

The Certificate in Fishing Operations III and Post Harvest Operations III courses were scheduled for implementation in 2005. These courses are the highest-grade levels for courses offered along the CFO and PHO streams and require a higher level of commitment and input by the students, since the qualifications obtained on successful completion of the courses will enable the participant to hold an offshore skippers licence or first management level in industrial post harvest operations.

1.4.3 NFC facilities, fish processing plant, fishermen’s wharf and facility upgrade

The college is fully prepared to board up to 60 students in hostel and dormitory accommodation. Staff and their families are also provided accommodation in single unit, three bedroom dwellings on campus and there are also two, three bedroom guesthouses for visiting consultants or visiting NFA officers. The main campus has a range of facilities such as a recreation room, training rooms, spacious classrooms, a radio training room, safety and fire fighting training room, library, conference, and administration facilities. Additional to the infrastructure on the main campus area, NFC administers Ral Island and south of Nago Island; both properties belong to NFA. The college also has a waterfront site at Bagail that is outfitted with two training vessels (FTV Leilani and FTV Kavulik), four fibreglass Yamaha boats with accompanying outboard engines, a slipway, wharf, workshop, and fishing gear shed. A new

4 processing plant, freezer storage and blast freezing facility, ice making machinery, and a fishing wharf facility was constructed on the previous Kavieng NFA office area, immediately adjoining the NFC waterfront site. The infrastructure was installed to cater for commercial and artisanal fishers to facilitate the development of commercial fishing in New Ireland. It was constructed under a joint project between AusAID and ADB and completed in January 2004. The fishing wharf has two berths, one for larger ocean going vessels and the other for smaller close offshore vessels. Both berths have areas for refuelling and filling fresh water (NFC, 2005).

The fish processing plant (Figure 3) was leased in April 2004 to Ailan Seafood Limited (ASL) PNG, which is a joint venture arrangement between Emirau Marine Products (EMP) and Ailan Seafood Limited New Zealand (ASLNZ). A third arrangement of the joint venture was made with MAPS Tuna Ltd of to provide tuna longline boats to supply tuna for the tuna loin export markets.

Figure 3: New fish processing plant

However, the partnership fell apart around January 2005 reducing Kavieng’s tuna export potential. The processing plant continues to operate under an interim arrangement with Emirau Marine Products even though the lease had expired in June 2005. EMP Ltd deals mainly in local sales and exports of marine products such as Beche-de-mer (genus Holothuria), mud crabs (Scylla serrata), lobsters (genus Enoplometopus), coconut crabs (Birgus latro), deep-bottom fish species, and reef fish. Local fishers associated with the EU-funded Rural Coastal Fisheries Development Programme (RCFDP) supply the marine products to EMP Ltd. The products are processed, blast frozen then shipped by freezer containers to export markets.

1.5 Community Fisheries Management Development Project (CFMDP)

Papua New Guinea has diverse coastal fisheries communities spread out sporadically along the coastline of the main island, as well as the coasts of the outer islands. This diversity of coastal settlements and the varsity of the country complicate assessment of fisheries resources and restricts amassing and distribution of information that contribute to the promotion of sustainable fisheries development and management.

The CFMDP was implemented by the NFA to facilitate the development and coordination of sustainable fishing activities in coastal communities throughout the country beginning at several pilot management areas in four of PNG’s coastal provinces. The project, funded by the NFA through a US$10 million concessionary loan from the Asian Development Bank, concentrates on five main areas of activity and works directly with national, provincial and local fisheries administrations, seafood industry, NGO’s, and village communities. The CFMDP project activities were initially implemented in New Ireland Province, as NFA had support facilities and some necessary infrastructure already in place. The project has now branched out to in the , Lae in the and in the Western Province, with other provinces marked for eventual development. The activities include infrastructure advancement, fisheries assessment and monitoring, strengthening information flows, community based fisheries management, and institutional strengthening.

In providing for infrastructure development the CFMDP targeted the improvement of existing structures or the installation of necessary structures in areas that have an urgent need for them. These include wharves, jetties, and fish freezing and storage facilities that should provide the means for local fishers to land, store, and market hygienically processed catch.

5 Fisheries assessment and monitoring is an essential component of sustainable development. The CFMDP implemented a one-year programme of sampling fish landings to provide data to determine resources that are economically or socially important and to identify resources that may require special consideration or management attention. This was supplemented with a baseline socioeconomic survey to establish the economic role of fisheries and the fisheries communities approach to the exploitation of fisheries resources, conservation and management.

Information distribution and sharing is another important component in the development of sustainable fishing practises. The wide distribution of the coastal fisheries communities around PNG makes this a challenging issue that is important to address in order to keep the communities updated with the latest in community fisheries development news as well as provide the medium for these communities to express fisheries concerns and advertise progress. The CFMDP has included an information component that develops appropriate information products and delivery systems to communities. This includes a variety of information materials ranging from comic books, posters, video documentary-dramas, and weekly radio talks that cover topics on HIV/AIDS and seafarers; over fishing; safety at sea; the importance of mangroves to both people and the marine resources; and the negative impacts of dynamite fishing and using poisonous plants (NFA, 2005).

1.6 Initiation of the SPC/CFMDP/NFC project and objectives

During the AusAID-funded National Fisheries College Strengthening Project, progressive follow-up development strategies were recommended for implementation after the AusAID team handed over full operations to the NFC staff. The CFO3 course was one of the courses recommended for implementation at an opportune time after the projected ended. Also, keeping in line with customer service policies, NFC was requested to carry out a Masterfisherman’s course and two Integrated Fishing Group Training (IFGT) courses sponsored by the EU-RCFDP. Since two of these courses were at the initial implementation stage, the Fisheries Development Section of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community was officially requested to advise and assist the NFC staff in conducting these courses and carry out baitfishing trials using small-craft ‘Bouke-ami’ net and ‘Basnig’ net.

NFC’s request coincided with a request from CFMDP for an SPC-Fisheries Development Officer to assist with the construction and deployment of inshore FADs in selected rural management areas in the New Ireland Province; mainly areas close to Kavieng.

Following the official request, a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) was established between SPC and NFA to clearly set out the roles and responsibilities of both parties. The following objectives were outlined in the MoA:

• Assist with the implementation of the first Commercial Fishing Operations 3 (CFO3) course to be delivered at the National Fisheries College; • Refine the materials and fine tune the CFO3 course design based on its first delivery; • Assess other courses being run at the National Fisheries College at the time and make suggestions for their improvement if needed; • Conduct (FAD) based baitfishing trials using a range of small-scale fishing techniques in selected areas of New Ireland Province, in conjunction with the Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project; and • Assess the suitability and viable use of the different small-scale baitfishing methods trialed.

SPC Fisheries Development Officer, William Sokimi, was assigned to undertake the project with NFC and the CFMDP. The Fisheries Development Officer spent 14 weeks in PNG conducting the NFC courses and baitfishing trials in Kavieng, and deploying inshore FADs at Lavongai and Tioputuk in the New Hanover group; Nanovaul and Ngoto (Kunevulit) in the Tigak group; and Panachais on the New Ireland West Coast.

6 2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

2.1 General

In the 14 weeks from mid September to early December 2005, assistance was given to the NFC to implement a CFO3 course. Several other programmes were scheduled for implementation concurrent with the CFO3 course, so the Fisheries Development Officer was requested to assist with these courses as well, which includes two EU-IFGT courses and an EU-Masterfisherman’s course. Baiting assignments using ‘Bouke-ami’ and ‘Basnig’ type methods were also undertaken as part of the NFC fishing methods enhancement exercise for community development.

Work with the CFMDP involved constructing five FADs from locally available bamboo stems and deploying these in five CFMDP fisheries management areas after carrying out FAD site surveys to determine a suitable deployment site.

Several schedule changes to individual programmes and a shortage of staff at NFC made programme implementation challenging. However, the Fisheries Development Officer and the NFC-CFO staff managed to work out a system to deal with the workload, and at the same time, achieve the results and objectives for each task. The work was good experience for all involved and will serve the CFO staff well in their future endeavours in conducting courses at NFC.

2.2 Certificate in Fishing Operations 3 (CFO3) course

2.2.1 Background

The CFO3 deck course was implemented by NFC to train qualified skippers for the fishing industry, to keep abreast of industrial development manning requirements. The implementation of the course at this stage was in compliance with the recommendations of the AusAID funded NFC Strengthening Project. The course is the college’s most advanced stage of the vessel operators programme and is focussed on equipping students with the skills required to command a fishing vessel up to 40 m in length in PNG waters. The CFO3 programme has two stand alone components to address ship masters qualifications and ship engineer’s qualifications. At this stage only the CFO3 deck officer’s course was conducted since the college did not have marine engineer tutors to carry out the CFO3 engineers’ equivalent. Seven participants were selected from the fishing industry to attend the CFO3 course (Appendix A).

The NFC currently has accredited competency based CFO1 and CFO2 courses that are focussed on skill development for qualified deckhands leading to watchkeeping, navigation and vessel operations. These two courses are targeted at training the fishermen to understand and gain experiences in the developing stages of seamanship onboard offshore commercial fishing vessels leading to Bosun (deck boss/deck foreman) level. The CFO3 course is the progressive step for fishermen engaged in offshore commercial fishing who have been through the CFO1 and CFO2 courses and have sufficient industrial experience on offshore commercial fishing vessels. In complying with the PNG Department of Trade requirements, the SPC Class 5 Master and Class 5 Engineers modules were selected as the base modules to achieve the Certificate of Competency requirements for CFO3 qualifications. An additional fishing gear methods and technology module was included to achieve the offshore commercial fisheries training objectives.

The SPC Class 5 Master and Engineers modules are approved by the IMO’s 1995 Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention. The PNG Department of Transport is currently the country’s monitory body for maritime affairs.

2.2.2 CFO3 preparations and earlier recommendations

In April 2005, during the preparatory stages of the CFO3 course, the National Fisheries College contracted SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer on a short-term assignment (3 weeks) to work on the

7 CFO3 programme outline and schedules. This was completed on time and forwarded through the appropriate councils for approval and accreditation. Recommendations were made to ensure that the appropriate requirements were in place when the implementation date came around, but several disruptions at the college involving the change of college principal, the removal of several tutors on disciplinary grounds, and the reshuffling of the remaining staff, resulted in some of the important recommendations not being carried out by the time the starting date arrived.

It was earlier recommended that NFC liaise with the PNG Maritime College to provide a qualified tutor to lead NFC’s CFO3 tutors in delivering the course. This tutor should have previous experience in delivering the SPC Master Class 5 modules and have previous experience in preparing course materials. Recommendations were made that all the necessary course infrastructure be in place before any final arrangements were made to bring the students over to commence the course. These included course schedules and lesson plans, modules and learners guides for students, teaching and assessment guides for tutors, resource materials for each module, assessment strategies and record keeping details, course moderating plans, and auditing guidelines.

2.2.3 CFO3 implementation difficulties

When the SPC Fisheries Development Officer arrived in Kavieng, arrangements for bringing the students over and accommodating them were already finalised and the college’s commitments to the students and their adoptive companies were sealed. However, no tutor had been contracted from the Maritime College to lead the course; the course delivery and students materials had not been processed and prepared; and the tutors’ delivery programme had not been finalised. None of the recommendations had been carried out except for the arrangements to have the students on campus before the commencement date. There was also a shortage of CFO staff to carry out the CFO3 course simultaneously with the other programmes that the college was committed to run. Some of the college staff seemed to be at loose ends and not sure of their roles in the colleges’ operational structure.

Given this situation, the CFO staff were called together and briefed on the urgency of the situation. A plan of action was agreed on to complete the final arrangements so that the CFO3 course could be implemented and roles were identified for each staff. Although it was already too late to reach an agreement with the Maritime College for one of their experienced staff to assist in delivering the CFO3 course, a tutor with Class 3 Master qualifications was sought. This was not as easy as planned as most of the reputable qualified Masters were committed to shipping companies and could not take 12 weeks off to be attached to NFC. Fortunately, however, a tutor was found, but delays in finalising travel arrangements had him arrive at the college three weeks after the course had started.

Because most of the preparatory stages had not been accomplished earlier, it was decided to delay the course starting date from 12 to 26 September. This was just as well because contrary to expectations several of the students travel plans had not been finalised and two of them were still out at sea. The extended time gave the college breathing space to complete the remaining arrangements and have a better organised scenario for the course. Several tasks were accomplished.

The students’ eligibility and travel arrangements were finalised; course materials which included learner’s guides, teacher’s guides, assessment guides, course schedule and session plans were printed out and compiled into folders for the individual students and tutors; resource materials for the individual subjects were organised; assessment and activity materials were compiled; and tutors were delegated particular subjects for delivery and given their official assignments for the rest of the courses that were to be run by the college over the next three months.

To compound the difficulties faced in successfully implementing the CFO3 course, the college’s training vessel, FTV Leilani, had developed gear box and shaft spline problems and the vessel was under review to be sold. The college was advised to repair the vessel first before they sell it, and to at least have a confirmed purchasing budget and a new vessel identified before they proceed with the sale. Acquiring a new vessel can be more complicated than expected and the saying ‘A bird in the hand is

8 worth two in the bush’ sometimes proves more advisory than not. The advice for repairing FTV Leilani was later put into effect but the repairs would not be completed in time to cover the fishing trip planned for the CFO3 course. Arrangements were made to charter a suitable fishing vessel of similar size for the exercise.

All the problems faced at the beginning of the course were eventually overcome and the tutors settled into the routine of delivering the modules as effectively as they could so that the students could understand the subjects that they were required to study. The participants were subjected to a continuous and intensive programme over 12 weeks. A commercial fishing trip was undertaken in the last week of the course in which the students were responsible for preparing the vessel according to a Safe Operation Plan (SOP) and while on the trip put into practice what was learnt over the previous 11 weeks.

2.3 CFO course moderation

In following up on recommendations made during the AusAID strengthening project, a moderation exercise on all CFO courses was carried out by an independent consultant to provide advise on the current strategies that were being implemented and to suggest areas to be improved. Mr. Grant Carnie of the Australian Fisheries Academy was appointed to carry out the moderation exercise that was conducted over five working days and concluded in a half day workshop in which he outlined the findings of the moderation and made recommendations for the sustainability and continued authenticity of the CFO courses.

SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer worked with Mr Carnie to achieve the results of the moderation exercise by identifying current restrictions faced by the CFO staff in carrying out the CFO courses. The Fisheries Development Officer also clarified the operations procedures currently used by the CFO staff and coordinated the NFC-CFO staff to produce the information required for the assessments.

Five main areas were categorised for the moderation exercise. These include the process for crew certification and recognition, preparation of course materials, assessments, resources required for an improved delivery of the CFO3 course, and professional development for the NFC-CFO staff. These topics are covered later in the discussion and conclusion section.

Several minor inconsistencies and areas of concern were identified for the three CFO courses, but these were easily remedied. However, there are areas that should be improved on to enhance the quality of the current courses. Some of the major areas of concern before the moderation exercise were the suitability of the SPC Master Class 5 modules as the base modules for the CFO3 course; qualifications of the present staff to deliver the course; the proficiency of the staff’s module delivery methods; consistency of assessment methods; authenticating documentation of seaman’s eligibility to attend the course; and recognition of the CFO3 course by the DoT as the approved medium for commercial fishermen to obtain qualifications as offshore skippers.

It was assessed that the SPC Master Class 5 modules were appropriate for the CFO3 course because the CFO3 qualification permits the bearer to command an offshore fishing vessel up to 40 m in length. The responsibilities for commanding ships of these sizes require an appropriately trained skipper for safety at sea compliance and insurance purposes. It was initially thought the module contents were slightly advanced for a first skippers qualification, but the level of responsibility required of the skipper justifies the need to use the SPC Master Class 5 modules for the course.

The delivery of the Master Class 5 modules requires tutors to have an equivalent qualification or higher grade qualifications. The CFO staff held amongst them a NZ Offshore Master, two PNG Class 4 Masters, and PNG Class 4 Mate qualifications. These were adequate for delivering the CFO3 modules, but since this was the first time that the course was run at the college, the staff needed to re-familiarise themselves with the subjects contained in the modules. They were encouraged to carry out their presentations confidently to get their message across as clearly and concisely as possible so that the students had the best chance of absorbing and understanding the lessons delivered.

9 2.4 EU–Integrated Fishing Group Training (IFGT) course

2.4.1 Background

To facilitate the development of rural coastal fisheries in PNG the NFA identified the enhancement of small-scale deep-bottom and offshore commercial fisheries as a means of subsidising the income of rural coastal villagers. In acknowledgement of this, the EU provided focussed aid assistance to set up a project with the objective to improve the welfare of the rural coastal population by training them in the harvesting and marketing of their commercial marine resources through the installation of the necessary infrastructure and promotion of private sector development initiatives.

The project covers activities that provide fiscal assistance in the form of a credit assistance loan scheme issued under set criteria to provide the fishermen with fishing vessels and fishing gear. Private sector partners were installed to provide an outlet for the fishermen’s catch and to provide the backup requirements and infrastructure to enable the fishermen to carry out their fishing operations. These include proper offloading and berthing facilities, access to fuel bunkering and fresh water intake, approved processing and marine products storage facilities, ice making facilities, and market access.

The EU project management requested NFC’s assistance to run a streamlined programme to assist the recipients settle into viable and sustainable fishing operations immediately after acquiring their fishing assets. The college’s two weeks Small Fishing Operations (SFO) course was recommended for this purpose, but the EU management preferred a programme with more fishing time and less shore time, focussing more on a hands-on approach in lieu of the standard SFO delivery. The EU management wanted a programme that would ‘kick start’ their loans recipients while they get to know how to handle their new vessels and learn new fishing methods. In other words the fishing trips carried out during the programme had to be profitable and based on the actual commitment that the would be facing down the line. The SFO course, however, emphasised safe boat operations using SOP’s; safety and gears checklists; on board hygiene and proper handling of catch; basic post harvest knowledge; operations, maintenance and trouble shooting propulsion system––outboard engine or small diesel engines; keeping log records of catches and fishing areas; and basic small fishing business management principles.

In November/December 2004, NFC requested assistance from SPC’s Fisheries Development section to develop a course to address the requirements of the EU–RCFDP and SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer was delegated to carry out this assignment (Sokimi and Chapman, 2005). The Fisheries Development Officer prepared a course content and schedule that met with the approval of the EU–RCFDP management, and the NFC-CFO staff were trained on how to implement the course when they were required.

Given the regional situation where Pacific Island nations spend huge sums on search and rescue operations involving missing small craft, the EU management were advised that it would be prudent to implement the SFO course as part of their programme. A compromise was arrived at to cover all the SFO requirements then have an additional week to carry out extra fishing operations. During the vessel preparatory stages, the loans recipients would be coached on how to set up their vessels for the upcoming fishing operations, how to maintain and operate their vessels efficiently, prepare the fishing equipment included in the loans package, and know the purpose of every item issued to them under the loan scheme.

2.4.2 Implementation of the IFGT course

The NFC was tasked to conduct two IFGT courses in the last quarter of 2005; one was for delivery in Port Moresby, to train loan recipient fishermen in the Central Province area, and the other in Kavieng, New Ireland Province to train five loan recipients (Appendix A) from Pelegila village on Tingwon Island.

10 SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer worked with the NFC-CFO staff to organize the implementation of the course in both locations. The IFGT course in Port Moresby was conducted by a three-man team from NFC, while SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer worked with the college’s Masterfisherman to conduct the IFGT course in Kavieng, which was carried out concurrent with the EU–Masterfisherman’s course, but included an extra week to continue with a full fishing trip involving only the IFGT team. This was to enable the IFGT team to earn some starting capital for future operations.

At the beginning of the course the participants were issued with the inboard fishing dory and the fishing gears covered under the loans scheme. The IFGT fishermen were then made to account for the gear they received then briefed on the different components and its’ uses. The fishermen were trained to set up their fishing vessels for maximum efficiency and comfort during fishing operations.

2.5 EU–Masterfisherman’s course

2.5.1 Background

The transition of artisanal fishers to semi-commercial or full commercial small scale fishing operations is gradually taking hold in most rural sectors of the Pacific region. Globalisation of trading activities has precipitated rural fishers to actively participate in small fishing businesses focussed on sustainable commercial fishing practises that would help them maintain their daily household requirements.

The transition from totally subsistence fishing to subsistence commercial fishing activities may seem a natural crossover, but the reality of operating safe and sustainable fishing operations requires better understanding of the intricacies involved. Records have shown a perturbing number of fishers losing their lives and property due to negligence and ignorance of operating safe small craft fishing operations. A great number of small fishing businesses have shown inconsistent success rates and most have therefore resulted in failed operations and bankruptcy.

In larger commercial fishing activities, uncontrolled harvest of the resources have resulted in rapid depletion of the stocks requiring prompt action by the region’s national fisheries authorities to implement policies to regulate the harvest of all commercial fisheries stocks. It is therefore important to develop local fishers to understand all facets of the commercial that they are engaged in so that their fishing business may operate profitably with due regard to safety aspects and environment issues that contribute to sustainable fisheries development at rural community level, congruent to national development. It is hoped that the training of fishermen to be Masterfisherman leaders at community level will enhance the success rate of small-scale fishing operations.

SPC’s Fisheries Development Officer liaised with the NFC-CFO staff to produce the course contents and schedule for the EU–Masterfisherman’s course.

2.5.2 Implementation of the Masterfisherman’s course

The groups of fishermen who were the initial loan recipients at the inauguration of the EU–RCFDP project were selected as prime candidates for the first EU–Masterfisherman course, since these fishermen had improved their fishing operations and developed their own fishing experiences using the vessels and fishing gears issued under the loans scheme. The EU–RCFDP management team thought it would be a strategic move to train this pool of fishermen to a Masterfisherman level, where they can assist and oversee the performance of all new and recurrent EU loan recipients in sustainable and viable fishing operations with concentrated effort on productivity through the enhancement of fishing skills and development of leadership qualities. The course was intended to train fishermen to carry out leadership roles to coordinate the efforts of other EU–RCFDP fishermen in their area in the development of rural commercial fishing operations. With these trained leaders in place it is hoped that safe, sustainable, consistent and profitable fishing operations could be developed further in the rural commercial fisheries sectors.

11 The course was targeted at fishermen of all literacy levels and was presented mainly through picture/caption delivery of paper materials, the use of videos, slides, and power-point presentations. The participants were expected to have completed the EU–IFGT course, or the SFO (Small Fishing Operations) 1 & 2 and/or a sea safety course. They should also be managers of their own fishing venture.

NFC’s Masterfisherman worked with the SPC Fisheries Development Officer to train seven participants from four EU–RCFDP development areas to achieve the objectives of the course. The participants consisted of two each from Port Moresby, Lae and Madang, and one from New Hanover in New Ireland province (Appendix A). The programme was conducted over 15 days of continuous and intensive work preparing and carrying out actual commercial fishing trips targeted at culminating in a profitable catch. The core subjects concentrated on basic navigation (including basic chart work); practical use of vessel electronics (advanced use of GPS, echo sounder and VHF); fishing skills that involved advanced training in various fishing methods; safety knowledge; fish quality control; and fishing business management. At the end of the course the trainees were expected to perform Masterfisherman roles in their RCFDP area with detailed knowledge of fishing gear components, fishing gear construction methods, appropriate methods for fishing around FADs including mid-water fishing techniques, deep-bottom fishing methods, night fishing methods using light attraction, and bait fishing methods using nets (Bouke-ami and Basnig designs).

The participants were assessed periodically during the course on all subjects covered to date and a final assessment was carried out based on practical activities where the participant was reviewed as competent or not yet competent on all topics.

2.5.3 Course objectives

By the end of the course the participants should be able to instruct groups of small craft fishermen in small fishing operations placing emphasis on:

– safe boat operations;

– sea safety to do with a recognised Sea Safety Certificate course such as first aid, fire fighting, survival at sea, etc.;

– knowledge of fishing gears and equipment, effective fishing methods to be used around FAD’s, deep-bottom fishing and night fishing methods, net and bait fishing methods;

– the importance of hygiene in and around the workplace and personal hygiene;

– onboard handling and preservation of fish in general;

– handling and preservation of sashimi grade tuna;

– offloading and fish transfer procedures;

– understanding of post-harvest processes;

– marketing the catch and marketing strategies;

– navigation (including some basic chart work);

– vessel electronics (advanced use of GPS, echo sounder and VHF);

– business management of small fishing operations; and

– business management and financial record keeping.

12 2.6 Fish aggregation device (FAD) rigging, FAD site survey and FAD deployment

Part of the CFMDP management strategies is to encourage rural participation in sustainable fishing practises to maintain fish stocks in coastal areas around the country. Since most of the coastal villagers predominantly fish for reef fish, there is an impending need to provide an alternative fish source to alleviate pressure on the reef stocks. Shallow water inshore FADs were identified as a possible means to facilitate this process by periodically diverting the fishermen’s catch efforts to pelagic species, thus giving the reef species a chance to recuperate.

2.6.1 Construction of raft/floating section

The SPC Fisheries Development Officer rigged five FADs at NFC’s waterfront shed with the assistance of the CFMDP management adviser, the college’s Masterfisherman, a fishing technician, and a technical assistant. The concept behind the construction of these FADs was to make it as simple and affordable as possible so that the coastal communities can maintain and construct more FADs of their own. The FADs were constructed from locally grown bamboo stems cut to 4 m lengths and bound with tarred 6 mm Kurolon rope. Each FAD consisted of four of these bamboo pieces (Figure 4). Tires were used as part of the raft binding process, and as the strongpoint for connecting the mooring section since these were durable and could sustain the tremendous stresses applied to the raft by the weather elements. Three of the rafts mooring connectors were wheelbarrow tires and two were larger car tires. Bamboos of adequate maturity were chosen for the rafts. These were slowly cured over an open fire to get rid of Figure 4: Constructing FAD rafts using locally insects and to strengthen the bamboo. available material

Although the FAD designs were meant to be as low cost as possible, it was decided to include chain and other accessories such as swivels and shackles in the CFMDP FAD moorings. The coastal communities where the FADs were deployed were advised that they could do without the accessories if they could not afford them, or if the accessories were not available. However, if the accessories were included the FAD may have an extended life span in the water.

In constructing the floating section, the main consideration was to ensure that the bamboos were bound together tightly so that they would not break apart when mooring stresses were applied to the raft. The bamboos were first fitted through a tire then bound in a cross binding method with tarred Kurolon rope, where the bamboos on opposite sides were bound together first to lock the opposite sides in. Once the opposite sides were tightly locked in, a final set of lashing was applied to encompass the four bamboos on the outside (Figure 5). Three sets of lashings were spaced evenly along the full length of the raft for distribution of binding strength. The tires were positioned and securely lashed in the fore part of the raft so that when current acts on the raft, the bow will face into the current allowing the rest of the raft to angle streamlined down-current creating less friction or drag and reducing stress on the mooring.

Figure 5: Completed FAD rafts ready for deployment

13 2.6.2 Rigging the mooring section

Polypropylene rope was used as the mooring lines for the FADs at Lavongai, Kunevulit (Ngoto) and Panachais, while at Tioputuk and Nanovaul 3.0 mm monofilament mainline was used. Engine blocks, caterpillar tracks and heavy scrap engine parts (Figure 6) weighing between 80 to 120 kg were used for the FAD anchors.

On the floating section for all FADs, 3 m of 8 mm galvanised chain was connected through the tire bight and shackled to itself immediately on the outside of the bight to hold the bamboo raft, while the end of the top chain was shackled onto a swivel and to the top end of the mooring rope. Twenty five percent scope was added onto the mooring rope or monofilament line to give sufficient room for the FAD to move with the rising and falling tide as well as to give adequate mooring angle with the seabed in order to keep the flotation device above the surface of the water when the current is running.

At the anchor end, 3 m of 8 mm galvanised chain was looped through strongpoint openings in the engine parts and shackled to itself (Figure 6) while the other end was shackled to a swivel and the bottom end of the mooring rope.

Figure 6: Connecting up the engine block anchors with 8 mm galvanised chain

A 1.5 litre pressure float tested to 200 m was connected at 30 m from the end of the chain at the anchor end. Since the polypropylene rope did not have sufficient buoyancy to lift the anchor chain clear off the bottom, the float was used to keep the polypropylene or the monofilament mooring from getting fouled on bottom coral heads by lifting the chain clear of the bottom and allowing the polypropylene rope or monofilament line to settle at a level higher than any bottom pinnacles or corals. At Nanovaul the float was connected 5 m from the chain at the anchor end because the mooring depth was shallower than the other areas.

2.6.3 FAD site survey

A sea bottom survey was conducted at each FAD site to determine the depth and the slope of the bottom. The positions and depths of the soundings at each site are at Appendix B. In all locations the villagers were shown how to use a simple sounding line (Figure 7) and a hand-held GPS to carry out the surveys. A 200 m x 80 kg test monofilament line was loop knotted every 10 m and wound onto a hand-reel while three 60 g oval lead sinkers were attached to the loose end of the line. Figure 7: Sounding line used for FAD site surveys

At the beginning of each site survey, fishermen from the villages were asked to identify close offshore locations that fish schools regularly frequent. The depths were then manually taken at these sites using the leaded monofilament line and the GPS position noted. A sketch was drawn after the soundings were recorded to depict the general lay of the ground, and if this was found to be appropriate, the most suitable coordinates were selected and marked as the position for deploying the FAD.

In all instances, suitable FAD bottoms were located during the first set of surveys. All five locations had gentle drop-offs with a suitable central area to plumb the FAD allowing for drift and current action. Six to nine soundings were taken at each site.

14 2.6.4 Deploying the FADs

The FAD at Lavongai was deployed by having a canoe holding the FAD in the approximate position that was required for deploying the anchor. The polypropylene mooring rope was then paid out in a circular run towards the shallower part of the bottom slope until the vessel arrived back at the position for deploying the anchor. By this time the canoe and FAD had drifted slightly off the mark but not enough to compromise the anchor positioning. The canoe men were then told to paddle clear and the anchor was pushed overboard.

Since the depth at the site was only 120 m, little stress was put on the mooring rope and the flotation device because the floating polypropylene mooring rope skimmed the surface while the anchor was on its way down. The anchor did not take long to reach the bottom and settled close to where it was plumbed.

However, the second deployment at Tioputuk was different; 3.0 mm monofilament line was used in the mooring section. It was difficult to pay out the monofilament line while trying to deploy the FAD in a circular movement since the line sunk below the surface and created a drag and also threatened to get caught on the propeller. Since the deployment had already commenced, the line was paid out as the vessel drifted downwind then the vessel motored back into the wind slacking off the remainder of the line until the deployment site was reached and the anchor deployed. A short time later the FAD went on a short submarine trip before re-surfacing and settling approximately in the exact spot chosen for the settling position (Figure 8). Even though the FAD dive gave the flotation device a real test it put undue stress on the mooring system and probably on the flotation section as well since it was not known how deep the device had gone. Close inspection of the bamboo’s after the FAD had settled did not reveal any defects and the device did not seem Figure 8: Deployed FAD ready to to be any worse for wear. aggregate fish

The rest of the deployments went almost to the same pattern with the polypropylene rope mooring systems settling without a show while the monofilament mooring system gave the flotation device a diving run before settling in position. Table 1 summarises the costs of the fixed components used in FAD rigging, while Table 2 summarises the position, depth and total cost for each of the five FADs deployed.

Table 1: Cost of fixed components used for the rigging of the CFMDP FADs

Price per unit Total price Item Amount used (Kina) (Kina) 8 mm galvanised chain 6 m 28.27 169.62 8 mm galvanised shackles 6 3.82 22.92 8 mm Bs 464 galvanised thimble 2 8.18 16.36 #38 gm polished lead swivel 2 6.27 12.54 Used tarred Kurolon rope 200 m free free 1.5 litre pressure float 5 free free Damaged engine components 5 units free free Total cost for fixed components - - 221.44

15 Table 2: Position, depth and total cost including mooring line for each FAD site

Area Position Mooring type Site Length Cost per Cost of Costs Total deployed depth of rope metre rope used from cost of (m) used (Kina) (Kina) Table 1 FAD (m) Lavongai 02° 39.8'S 8 mm 120 150 0.84 126 221.44 347.44 polypropylene 150° 16.4'E rope

Tioputuk 3.0 mm 122 153 free free 221.44 221.44 02° 40.6'S monofilament 150° 11.6'E

Nanovaul 3.0 mm 22 30 free free 221.44 221.44 02° 41.5'S monofilament 150° 38.3'E

Kunevulit 8 mm 81 110 0.84 92.4 221.44 313.84 02° 44.7'S 150° 40.3 E polypropylene ' rope Panachais 8 mm 121 152 0.84 127.68 221.44 349.12 02° 57.3'S polypropylene 151° 14.5'E rope

2.6.5 FAD results

Two weeks after the FADs were deployed at Lavongai and Tioputuk reports started coming in that baitfish were aggregating around the FADs and pelagic fish were already being caught from the vicinity. These included skipjack tuna, frigate mackerel, , bigeye scads, sailfish, marlin, wahoo and mahi mahi. A week later villagers from Panachais met with the SPC Fisheries Development Officer and the college Masterfisherman suggesting that someone from the CFO section go to their village to show them the different fishing methods that can be used around FADs. The FAD deployed off their village was already aggregating baitfish, tuna and pelagic fish close to the shore that they did not want to miss out on capitalising on catching these resources. The college Masterfisherman suggested that he would visit the village a week before the end of the CFO3 course since he would be free at this time, meanwhile several FAD fishing methods were demonstrated to the villagers for them to proceed with while waiting for the college Masterfisherman.

The FAD at Ngoto (Kunevulit) was visited a month after deployment and already a large school of fish was circling the area and baitfish were evident around the FAD. However, just about all the tarred Kurolon rope that bound the FAD had been removed and the bamboos were held Figure 9: Ngoto FAD – before (neatly together only with the wheelbarrow tire (Figure 9). bound) (top); after (only tire and a bit of tarred Kurolon left to hold the raft The Ngoto (Kunevulit) FAD is one of two FADs deployed together) (bottom) for the people of Nanovaul who are the traditional fishing ground owners of the area. While the Ngoto (Kunevulit)

16 FAD was vandalised for the rope that bound the bamboos, the other FAD deployed off the main Nanovaul village was removed completely for any useful components that the vandal may need for his personal use. FAD vandalism is one of the main problems in the rural areas. Even though community awareness was carried out with almost all the villagers present, this did not prevent one of their own members from vandalising the FAD and deprive the rest of the genuine fishermen a better platform to catch pelagics and relieve pressure off the reef stocks. The vandal responsible for the removal of the FAD was known to the villagers and was present at the onsite awareness programme that was carried out. He was middle aged and an active member of community functions but was not a regular fisherman and was more reliant on handouts rather than do the village chores like everyone else.

This situation or similar scenarios can be found in almost every rural community and despite efforts to encourage the installation of FADs for the benefit of the community and carrying out community awareness programmes other measures need to be implemented to ensure that the FADs remain in position long enough to benefit the community it was installed for. The use of natural materials or unattractive gear is a solution but this lessens the chances of keeping the FAD moored long enough to aggregate fish. Mooring rope and binding gear with sufficient strength is an essential component of FAD construction.

2.7 Bait fishing methods using light attraction and lift nets

Two baiting methods were trialed during the project. These were based on the ‘Bouke-ami’ (Stick-held) lift net and the ‘Basnig’ lift net technique. The trials were intended to be part of the CFMDP assignment but, due to time constraints, it could not be done during this period and was allocated to be carried out during the EU–IFGT and the EU–Masterfisherman’s course.

The concept of the bait netting trials was to give the local fishers an alternative fishing method that can be done at a subsistence or commercial level as an alternate income generating activity as well as provide additional sustenance for the household. The baiting methods are adopted from Japan and the Philippines and while the ‘Basnig’ system has not been done at an exposable level in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) region; ‘Bouke-ami’ bait fishing which was introduced by Japanese fishermen, was common in the pole-and-line industry, although this was mainly carried out on bigger vessels of 18 m or more.

Using lights to attract fish is not a new concept to most fishing communities in the WCPO region, but the use of lights with lift nets to enhance catches for commercial purposes is still fairly new to most rural fishing communities. Kerosene and spirit pressure lamps are common to most islands in the Pacific region and these are mostly used to attract scads, small baitfish and larger pelagic species to the vicinity illuminated by the light. The traditional fishers mainly target larger pelagic species, jig for scads and occasionally squid, but leave the sardines and smaller bait species such as anchovies and sprats, alone. In some locations around the region, fisher’s use gillnets and throw nets to snare garfish, sardines, herrings, scads and flying fish. Gillnets are randomly set in areas known to have the target species. They are left to soak for a period before being hauled back on board then re-set again. This method mostly results in grazed fish since the fish have to be pried from the net meshes.

The lift net methods were chosen for the project to give rural fishers additional skills to produce live bait or whole bait for value-added products should the occasion require. The sizes of target species can be selective depending on the mesh size used and these methods can be worked off small vessels. The targeted fish species are potential longline bait as well as good food fish. These include; sardines (such as Sardinella lemuru), scads (such as Selar crumenophthalmus, Selar boops and Alepes mate), garfish, and hairback herring (Nematalosa come). Smaller species that can be caught using light attraction and lift nets include several species of anchovies, sprats, and other herrings and sardines. For domestic purposes these smaller fish species make good food supplements and can be cooked as fish balls, deep fried, or soup seasoning, so as additional domestic sustenance these species have potential. They may become a potential subsistence or commercial product if a value-added commodity can be identified for it.

17 2.7.1 Lights used during the baiting trials

During the project the principles applied to attracting baitfish was based on the ‘Bouke-ami’ baiting methods for the pole-and-line industry, partially active in some of the larger islands of the region in the 1970s to mid 1990s. However, the ‘Bouke-ami’ method of catching live bait for the industry can be modified to catch certain species that can be of subsistence or commercial value.

One of the challenges during the baitfishing trials was to step down the lift net techniques to be used to smaller boats such as the 5.5 to 7.5 m open Yamaha fibreglass boats using battery powered overhead and underwater lights, or similar light attraction methods that are affordable, obtainable and easily maintained in rural coastal communities. In major ‘Bouke-ami’ operations, AC 110 volt electric lights are used with lighting power from 500 to 1000 watts. This is efficient in aggregating baitfish, but the method is not practical for rural coastal fishers that can barely afford continuous supply of kerosene for their own kerosene lamps at home. To produce 1000 watts illumination will require at least a 2 Kw portable AC generator; sufficient fuel to run the generator; proper cables and fittings for the lights; a light dimmer; a transformer to step down the voltage to a safer operational voltage; and sufficient space on board to safely run the generator and carry out the baiting operations as well. On larger industrial fishing vessels the use of AC electric power of 110 to 240 volts can be safely used for underwater and overhead lights since the equipment that are used in these types of operations are constructed under industrial guidelines and certified for safe usage. If rural fishers develop their operations proficiently well to justify advancing into generated electrical power then the safety guidelines for using higher powered equipment should be noted and adhered to. However, the focus of this project was to simplify the light attraction method to be used safely off small craft.

Initially it was planned to first use AC electrical power to operate high powered lights to draw fish to the baiting area. It was intended to use the high powered lights to gauge the bait aggregating potential and to observe the type of bait that can be caught using lights. Once the potential and capabilities were assessed and the types of species noted, the light attraction and baiting methods were to be adapted to small craft operations using battery powered lights. The NFC fishing gears store was equipped with specialised 110 volt overhead lamps, underwater lights, dimmer switches, and extension cables that were designed for ‘Bouke-ami’ baitfishing. An AC generator was ordered for the operation but since AC electrical power in PNG is mainly 220/240 volts, a ‘step-down’ power converter/transformer was also ordered to reduce the 220/240 volts to 110/120 volts, so that the lighting and dimming equipment could be used. However, only the AC generator was made available by the end of the project while the ‘step-down’ converter/transformer did not arrive. This was probably a blessing in disguise since working with AC power on small craft can be risky especially with everyone constantly touching water one way or another. AC voltage is unforgiving near water especially on small crafts and would be safer if the equipment used were 12 volts DC powered by a generator with an AC to DC converter.

When the AC electrical components did not arrive at the time to implement the baitfishing trials, the battery equipment that was previously ordered for the project, was used. This consisted of two Coleman 5312-700A 8D Retro Spiral-Tube overhead lanterns that are weather resistant and can be operated for 14 hours using 8 D cell batteries or a fully charged 12 volt rechargeable battery (Figure 10a). The lamps were purchased with an extension lead that had a car socket fitting at the power input end to run the light using the vessels 12 volt power. As an overhead lamp these lights are bright and illuminate a large area. The lamps were raised in positions that had an all-around view to draw fish towards the anchored vessel and the underwater lights. A third lamp was kept on board as a standby light and as an inboard working light when the rest of the brighter lights were turned off. This was a Coleman 5375-750A 9 watt fluorescent U tube table lantern (Figure 10b), which was weather resistant and powered by a rechargeable internal battery with an extension lead that can be plugged into a 12 V socket with a car fitting. Two 12 volt/100 watt underwater lights, a 50 watt prawn/bait underwater light and a 20 watt prawn/bait underwater light were also part of the light attraction gear (Figure 10c).

18 12V x 100W 30 g sinker underwater light

12V x 50W & 20W prawn bait light

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 10: (a) Coleman 5312-700A 8D Retro Spiral-Tube overhead lanterns; (b) Coleman 5375-750A 9 watt fluorescent U tube rechargeable table lantern (middle); c) 12 volts x 100 watts underwater light & 50 watt/20 watt prawn/bait light

All lights were powered by a fully charged 12 volt 100 amp/hour battery that was constantly charged by the fishing vessels running engines. Several Electralume underwater lights tested to 800 m and powered by 2 AA Alka-batteries were tried during the baiting exercises but these lights were not bright enough to keep the bait aggregated when the brighter lights were turned off.

Using battery powered lights require a bit of knowledge on how the battery system works; the optimum number of lights to be operated off a battery to last through a baiting operation, and how long a battery can last. Disregarding technicalities such as cable length or cable size and such, a simple approximate formula to find out how long a light will run off a battery is to divide the batteries amp-hour rating by the average load in amps. So, a 100 amp-hour battery with an average 8 amp load should last approximately 12 hours. The amp load drawn by a light bulb is ‘total wattage’ divided by voltage. So if you are using a 100 watts light powered by a 12 volt battery then the light will draw around 8 amps. A battery’s fully discharged level is at 10.5 volts so a battery with a 100 amp-hour rating will carry an 8 amp load for 12 hours before dropping to 10.5 volts, at which point the battery needs to be recharged again.

Ideally, a battery charger should be used to keep batteries charged up while baiting operations are underway if not the fisherman has to time his baiting operation so that bait will be aggregated and the baiting operation executed within the charged lifespan of the battery. If an inboard diesel engine is used to power the fishing vessel then the engine should be kept running so that the alternator can keep up the charge. The battery charger’s total amp output should be more than what the lights are drawing in order for the batteries to remain fully charged; if not, they will eventually run down.

2.7.2 Bouke-ami lift net construction

Bouke-ami nets used in baiting operations for the pole- and-line industry are normally constructed from 6 to 10 mm mesh size Cremona or Kyokurin net so that all bait species and sizes can be caught for live bait . Cremona is a material made from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibre while Kyokurin is made from mixed yarns of Saran fibre and Nylon. The Bouke-ami net used during the baiting trials on this project was constructed from 30 mm green cotton knotless netting (Figure 11) to target the larger bait species such as sardines, scads and garfish. It would have been preferable to use a Figure 11: Construction of the Bouke-ami net

19 smaller meshed net of 20 to 25 mm to avoid baitfish getting gilled on the meshes, but because of time constraints a 30 mm net roll that required little cutting was used for the trials.

The laid out net was rectangular with a full net 6.2 m size of 16.25 by 12.2 m (542 x 407 meshes). The surround edges of the net were roped with 10 mm white nylon rope (Figure 12) and the width was down-sized from 12.2 to 6.20 m to 21 net floats along top edge of net match the length of the net boat. This was done by gathering the full 12.2 m width onto a 7 m 6 smaller net floats rope leaving the outstanding rope pieces for on side of net tying the net to a floating bamboo. The length m 5 2 of the net was left at 16.25 m. With this . 6 construction a ‘bag’ could be formed when the 1 net was used. A mix of 21 net floats and 150 mm diametre trawl floats were spaced out along the outboard floating section of the net 10 mm nylon rope while six smaller net floats were strung on each of the two outboard sides up to half way Lead sinkers from the outboard bamboo floaters. Forty six lead sinkers with a combined weight of 8 kg were spaced out evenly along the bottom edge 30 m of the net and 4 x 30 m x 8 mm tarred Kurolon hauling hauling ropes were attached and spaced out ropes evenly along the same edge (Figure 12).

2.7.3 Bouke-ami lift net trials Figure 12: Layout of the Bouke-ami net before connecting to the bamboos A daylight Bouke-ami trial was carried out to make adjustments to the net and to determine other factors that need to be considered before a proper night time operation was undertaken (Figure 13). Floats were included on the net because it was initially intended to use it also as a ‘one stick’ dip-net, but during the trials it was determined that the dip-net version would have to be done at another time since several components would have to be perfected before it can be used from a 7 m craft. It was difficult to position the boat and settle the net when the current was at odds with the wind even though the anchor was fixed amidships. An extra boom forward and aft of the vessel to keep the net open would have been an advantage, but time would have to be taken to set the vessel up for this so it was decided to do the Bouke-ami method instead. The daylight trial on the Bouke-ami method was carried out successfully and required only a few adjustments.

Three Bouke-ami night operations were carried out with college staff and participants from the IFGT and the Masterfisherman courses; the first operation was Figure 13: Bouke-ami daylight trial to train the crew on how to carry out the operation, while the second and third night operations were to practise the exercise and to achieve catch results. This involved the use of lights to attract baitfish and how to set the nets to achieve optimum results regardless of when the current was running or almost stationary.

During the first night trial, four sets were made and each time the major school of baitfish escaped capture except for a bucketful. However, an abundance of baitfish aggregated around the lights in a 1 short time. It took only 1 /2 hours to aggregate sufficient baitfish for the operation. The lights were set at around 1800 hours, just before dusk, and by 1930 hours, large schools of baitfish were aggregated 20 around the lights. During the second and third sets the participants had perfected their newly acquired skills and the baiting exercises were carried out successfully. Three sets were carried out on each occasion and on each set the potential to catch 200 kg plus of bait were evident. Only around 50 kg were taken ashore on each occasion to be identified and distributed for the participants and staffs domestic use while the rest of the bait was released unharmed.

Bait species identified after the hauls made close comparisons with sardinella (Sardinella lemuru, Sardinella melanura, Amblygaster sirm), anchovy (Thryssa mystax, Stolephorus waitei, Encrasicholina punctifer, Encrasicholina devisi), cardinal (Apogon fragilis), scad (Selar crumenophthalmus), silversides (Hypoatherina barnesi) and sprats (Spratelloides lewisi).

2.7.4 Bouke-ami baiting operation

The baiting operation began by selecting a suitable baiting ground for the target baitfish; sardines and scads. In all three baiting exercise, the depth of water was between 20 and 25 m. The bottom consisted of coral, sand and mud. Depths deeper than the length of the net should be chosen for Bouke-ami baiting so that there would be less chances of the net getting snagged. Two vessels were used in the operation since ten participants were involved in each exercise. The EU-dory used for the IFGT and Masterfisherman courses was used as a ‘mother’ or ‘resource’ vessel to carry all the accessories; an open ‘Yamaha’ banana boat was used as the net boat. Normally, only six men would be needed for the operation and only a single boat was required, but it would be good to have a second vessel as a resource vessel.

On arrival at the baiting ground the resource vessel was anchored and the net boat moored aft. The nets and bamboo formation were made ready (Figure 14a) and the bait lights were set and turned on (Figure 14b). This included the 12 volt x 100 watt underwater light, a 40 watt waterproof prawn spotlight and the two overhead Coleman lamps (Figures 15). Once the lights and the nets were set up the crew were given a final briefing on the procedures required for the baiting operation. Constant checks were carried out to gauge the amount of bait accumulating around the vessel. An underwater viewing bait glass was used for this.

Figure 14: a) Preparing the Bouke-ami net before sunset (top); b) setting up the lights for bait aggregation (bottom)

Figure 15: Vessel at anchor with lights out to aggregate baitfish in initial bait aggregating position

21 When sufficient bait had aggregated around the vessel the crew were called on standby and the baiting crew were transferred to the net boat. The mooring rope was shifted to amidships of the starboard side of the net boat so that the vessel had the current on its starboard beam. The attraction lights were then shifted to the net boat and kept off to the starboard side while the Bouke-ami net was set (Figure 16a). In order to keep the rectangle formation intact, two cross spring lines were attached from the fore and aft of the net boat to the two extreme ends of the bamboo floater. As the bamboo side poles were pushed out the tension on these lines were taken up to keep the formation intact (Figure 16b).

Once the net had settled in the water the lights were slowly shifted from the starboard side, around the stern of the vessel and into the centre between the net boat and the floating bamboo section of the hanging net (Figure 16c). This was done by suspending the underwater light 1 m underwater from a long overhead bamboo and connecting the waterproof prawn spotlight immediately above the underwater light. After gauging that the bait had followed the light in, the 100 watt underwater light was then turned off and the 40 watt overhead prawn spotlight kept beamed to a spot in the baiting centre. The signal to haul up the net was then given after assessing that the bait had adjusted to the change in lights and were settled in a rotation around the light. The participants were told to heave the nets as fast as they could and to close up the sides as soon as they could to prevent the bait from escaping (Figure 16d). The crew were told to avoid creating knocking sounds while carrying out this procedure to avoid spooking the bait from its rotation around the light beam.

Current

a) Move mooring rope to starboard side of the net boat and transfer lights to the net boat

b) Set the Bouke-ami net down current and control the bamboo formation with the spring ropes

c) Transfer attraction lights from the starboard side to the port side of the net boat

d) Net closed with baitfish entrapped procedure to avoid spooking the bait from its rotation around the light beam

Figure 16

22 Two main species were caught during the Bouke-ami exercises. These were scads (Selar crumenophthelmus) and sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) (Figure 17). A lot of other smaller bait species were aggregated by the light but these were allowed to go free because of the 30 mm net mesh size. Sardinella bait was easier to trap than the scads probably because the participants still needed more practise in hauling the net back in.

Figure 17: Sardinella bait caught during the Bouke-ami exercise

The procedure for carrying out Bouke-ami baiting is simple but has to be done with diligence and precision once the bait has been led into the centre of the capture area. Observance of current movement and strength is very important. In Kavieng, the tide pattern varies considerably throughout the year. At times there are the normal four tides in 24 hours but at certain times of the year there are only two tides; which was the case experienced during the baiting exercise. Ideally, Bouke-ami operations should be carried out when the tide strength is at its lowest; that is usually when the rising tide has reached its maximum and when dead low tide occurs. During this time there is a 5 to 15 minutes window on low current strength, which is ideal to set and haul the nets since there is less force acting on the nets. This makes it easier for the crew to haul and while hauling the net it will come up with a proper bag in the centre thus lessening the chances of spooking the baitfish. With the current running, the net will tend to come up shallow and be visible before the bait can be trapped.

Baiting can be done while the current is running but the fishers will have to develop skills to set and haul nets during these times. The procedure is simple but needs to be correctly applied or the bait will escape before the net is closed. The reason for tying the anchor rope amidships on the starboard side is so that when the net is set it will sail down current while the hauling lines check the extremity to which it unfurls. A capable person should be selected to manage the anchor rope. When hauling with a running current, the anchor man should slack the anchor rope evenly to allow the vessel to move down current while the net is being hauled up. This reduces the tension on the hauling lines and also allows the net to come up immediately beneath the vessel with a bag formed between the vessel and floating bamboo. The anchor man needs to observe carefully how much slack he lets out and time it with the pull on the hauling lines. Slacking too fast will cause the vessel to overrun the net while slacking too slow will cause the net to come up shallow and put a lot of tension on the hauling lines.

2.7.5 Basnig lift net construction

The Basnig type lift net was constructed from a 10.1 x 10.1 m Cremona 6 mm mesh net previously kept in NFC’s net loft. The net was modified to have a bag shape so that while hauling, the centre of the net would not spook bait by showing itself prematurely. A separate roll of Cremona 6 mm net was used for the additional pieces to modify the net.

The 10.1 x 10.1 m square net was used as the base for the Basnig net construction while four 6 x 10.1 m pieces were stitched on to each side of the square base piece (Figure 18a). The adjacent corner edges of the extension pieces were seamed to form the depth and bag shape (Figure 18b). A 12 mm black

23 polypropylene rope was stitched around the upper rim of the net to reinforce the area to 6 m deal with the hauling stresses Hauling ropes (Figure 18b). The centre of the bag base was lined with 20 x 100 g sinkers stitched onto a 10.1 m centre seam and spaced evenly across. Four Kurolon ropes were attached to the four m .1 0 corners of the net to act as 1 hauling lines and two additional ropes were attached to the 10.1 m centre of the hauling sides to Figure 18: a) Formation of ease the workload when hauling Basnig net bag (top); 6 m the nets up (Figure 18b). b) the completed net (right)

2.7.6 Basnig type lift net trial

The Basnig lift net technique is best carried out from large canoes with outriggers or by joining two boats together in a catamaran formation using strong bamboo poles and cross spring lines to keep the boats in formation (Figure 19).

Figure 19: Fishing with a Basnig net

Although the operation requires two boats or a canoe/outrigger formation, the operation is similar to Bouke-ami. During the baiting exercise the net, connecting bamboos, lights and half the fishing crew were transported to the fishing ground in one of the open banana boats (Figure 20), while the second vessel carried the second half of the crew for the hauling process. Since the objective of the exercise was to demonstrate the fishing method, all the participants were included. An EU-RCFDP dory was used as a resource vessel and also to carry the remainder of the participants.

Figure 20:Transporting the Basnig net to the baiting ground

24 At the baiting ground one of the banana boats was securely anchored, then the two boats were connected by lashing two 25 m bamboo poles to the fore and aft of each vessel (Figure 21). The catamaran formation was strengthened by connecting cross spring ropes from the fore end of one vessel to the aft end of the other to keep the boats in a rectangular formation. The boats can be left tied up alongside each other until just before baiting time, especially during choppy seas, but on this occasion the sea was calm so the boats were rigged to the baiting formation to show the participants the proper rigging procedures Figure 21: connecting up the two vessels in preparation while there was still daylight. for the baiting exercise

At sunset the bait lights were set and left to aggregate . The light attraction and bait luring procedure is the same as for Bouke-ami and all the same precautions were taken during the baiting operation including consideration of the current strength and direction. The same lights for the Bouke- ami operation were used in the same manner. A 100 watt underwater light and the 40 watt prawn spotlight were lashed to a 15 m bamboo pole with the underwater light submerged about 2 m while the two overhead Coleman lamps were erected in positions with all-around illumination.

When it was determined that sufficient bait had aggregated, the anchor rope was shifted to amidships of the anchored boat so that the outrigger boat would lie down current. The lights were kept to the starboard side of the anchored vessel while the Basnig net was submerged. Ideally, this operation should be carried out while the current is stagnant but during the baiting exercise it was carried out while the current was still running at a slow rate. When the net was submerged at approximately 20 m, the 100 watt underwater light and the 40 watt prawn spotlight were slowly manoeuvred towards the centre of the outrigger formation and the two overhead Coleman lamps were switched off. The remaining lights were left stationary at the centre of the outrigger formation to allow the bait to settle in their rotation around the lights then the underwater light was switched off leaving only the overhead 40 watt prawn spotlight. When it was observed that the bait had settled and reduced its rotation formation to the dimmed lighted area, the crew were given the signal to haul the nets up as fast as they could.

Only one night was allocated for the Basnig lift net baiting operation. Three sets were carried out but this was sufficient to convince the participants that the technique also has potential for catching baitfish on a large scale. More bait species were caught (Figure 22) because smaller size net mesh was used compared to the larger meshed Bouke-ami net. Figure 22: Mixed bait species caught in the Basnig net

3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

3.1 Deterioration of NFC’s operations management structure

The NFC was unfortunate to go through a tumultuous period during the second half of 2005. Fortunately the CFO section was able to implement all the planned programmes for the year despite a shortage of staff and poor preparations for some of the courses. Nevertheless, the college staff and

25 administration should reintroduce measures to ensure that this situation does not occur again. During the AusAID Strengthening Project, an organised college operations structure was implemented to systematically plan and conduct programmes run by the college regardless of frequent staff changes or reasonable disruptions. Somehow, some of the procedures were neglected and in the process of being forgotten altogether. In some instances the system that the procedures were installed to safeguard became ineffectual and open to abuse because the instituted operational measures were not complied with. Because of this, some of the college staff were working fragmentally instead of as a team. The general observation was that the staff seemed to be unsure of their roles in the general scheme of things, mainly because operations were not being run according to the duty descriptions given out for each staff. Record keeping and staff movement plans were either not consulted or followed the way it was planned. The chain of command in the management of college facilities and equipment were continually by-passed or overruled, leaving the staff responsible for the particular item frustrated and disillusioned with his role and responsibilities. If something could not be obtained from a managing staff responsible for that item then the next senior staff was approached for approval. This habitual overriding of the system is starting to create tension among the staff and is leading to a breakdown in college operations procedures.

Attempts are being made to salvage the deteriorating situation but this will have to be accelerated before it reaches a stage where the college will have to go through another strengthening exercise.

Only recently was the Principal’s post confirmed with a permanent Principal. This has stabilised the situation but the college urgently needs to confirm a permanent Deputy Principal and fill out the rest of the vacant staff positions. It is important that an experienced Deputy Principal be selected for the job with good operations management skills to run Fisheries tertiary institutions. The Deputy Principal’s position is a critical position for NFC. The whole college operations depend on having a skilled person in this position; someone who has his fingers on the pulse of the college. The NFC staff urgently need a good operations leader to coordinate their efforts and be consistent with decisions that are affiliated with college regulations and staff duty statements. Clear pathways on college course folders, rules and regulations and operations strategies should be re-established to what was in place during the AusAID Strengthening Project, and editing permission for the original documents be limited to the Principal and NFA Corporate Affairs Manager. During the CFO3 course the pathway to files for the implementation and accreditation of the course was lost in a jumble of pathway files that were known only to a few and even then there was confusion getting there.

3.2 CFO3 course

The CFO3 course was not planned and implemented with the professionalism that should be attributed to courses of this category. Installing the course schedules and programme outline in April for delivery in September was a positive move and is a reasonable time frame for such preparations but without modules and a proper delivery system the timing was too tight to have everything arranged and executed within the same year. It is understandable that the college staff were trying their best to comply with the recommendations from the AusAID Strengthening Project, where the imminent implementation of the CFO3 course was highlighted, but the infrastructure for the course should be well planned, installed and ready for application before the course was advertised to the public.

The NFC-CFO staff need to get together immediately to re-plan the ground work for the CFO3 course paying special attention to reformatting the SPC Master Class 5 modules to suit their application; re- structuring the course schedules and programme outline to coincide with staff movements and the college’s commitments to other courses with serious consideration to implement and assess one module at a time; instate preset papers for Teachers Guides, Learning Guides and Assessment Plans; and organise the allocation of staff for module delivery.

26 3.3 College and courses moderation

The moderation exercise carried out for the CFO courses was effective and very much appreciated by the CFO staff. The exercise gave the staff a clear perspective of what their approach should be when planning, executing, managing and assessing courses at the college. It is also an appropriate medium to gauge staff performances, student prerequisite eligibility, student performance, and course efficacy to industrial development.

There should at least be a CFO course moderation each year, preferably at the end of the year when all courses have finished. The moderation should be carried out by an independent moderator familiar with the input and outcomes of the CFO1, 2 and 3 modules. The moderation should include reviewing samples from each of the CFO courses of high, medium and low marks of written papers to ensure consistency in correct marking, consistent marking, and consistency between lecturers who deliver the same subject. The moderation should also include the review of assessments to see if there are particular questions or tasks that are consistently wrong from a lot of students; this might indicate that the teaching method for that subject needs to be changed or scrutinised for faults.

Given that the college is still in the acclimatisation stages after the AusAID Strengthening Project, the college administration should consider a periodic moderation exercise for the complete college operations taking into consideration the types of courses conducted complementary to industrial development and sustainable fishing practises; staff performance appraisals; appropriateness and maintenance of college vehicles and facilities; student services and campus regulations; ‘on-campus’ social etiquette for college staff and their families; and dedicated teamwork strategies for college staff.

3.3.1 Process for crew certification and recognition

In order to verify crew sea time authentication to attend any of the CFO courses the college needs to maintain a system to keep photocopy records of all items checked for sea-time verification such as log book entries, crew identification book with the appropriate sea-time entries, pre-requisite certificates such as CFO1, CFO2, high school or college certificates, clear passport sized face photo, first aid certificate, fire fighting certificate, etc.

The manual on ‘Fishing Vessel Crew Certification System – Users Guide’ should be updated to reflect the current system agreed to between the PNG DoT and NFA/NFC. The pathway in the ‘Fishing Vessel Crew Certification System – Users Guide’ outlines the function, eligibility and the conditions for issuing a Certificate of competency for each CFO level. The Users Guide states that after the completion of each level, the successful participant should receive from the NFC a Certificate in Fishing Operations for the level studied to prove that the student attended the CFO course at the college. The student should then receive a separate ‘Certificate of Competency’ from the PNG DoT to permit the successful student to carry out the duties for the level achieved within the fishing industry.

However, based on an agreement between the NFC and DoT, the current practise is for the college to issue a CFO certificate that is both representative of the student attending the course at the college and also certifies the successful student ‘competent’ as recognised by the DoT. The concern was that this qualification would not be recognised by institutions around the world as an authentic ‘Certificate of Competency’ if it was not endorsed by the PNG DoT. This was overcome by the DoT giving NFC the authority to endorse the CFO certificates with a recorded DoT sealing Stamp and the proviso ‘Certificate of Competency’ written on the certificates.

3.3.2 Preparation of course materials

The rushed preparation to carry out the last CFO3 course was a good indication that future courses should be properly planned and arranged well before the implementation date. Lesson plans for all subjects should be organised and filed so that if for any reason any lecturer has to step in at the last moment everything would be in place to tutor the subject. The staff were told to revisit all previous

27 preparation work for all the CFO courses and to reorganise the course plans and resource materials. This would give them the exercise to carry out preparatory work for future courses and also the chance to update the CFO course requirements. For each CFO course, the course contents should be studied and updated for compliance with current industrial needs. Each course should be assigned an appropriate tutor who is familiar with the subject or prepared to go through a refresher on the subject before the course begins. Lesson plans and resource materials should then be organised to suit the overall schedules on the college planner so that no two courses conflict with resource materials or with staff movements.

The staff were advised to look at changing all CFO course structure to deliver one subject at a time and have the assessment for each subject at the completion of the subject delivery; before the students take on a new subject. This gives the students the advantage of absorbing the full contents of each subject by being able to concentrate on that subject alone. The lesson plans should be updated to meet this approach and there should be at least two papers for each module. Once the assessment for that subject has been completed, the student can move on to concentrate on something new. This also makes it easier to plan NFC staff movements and course scheduling.

The plan of action for the CFO staff to get underway as soon as possible is to set aside a week for a workshop where they can review and plan each of the three CFO courses. This requires them to identify the course; identify the modules for the course; and appoint a lecturer to tutor one or two of the modules. When each module has an appointed lecturer, the lecturers can depart from the meeting to prepare the lesson plans and resource materials requirements for presentation at the next meeting; meanwhile ideas should be collected on the type of information or resources that the lecturer may have to research and a draft course plan should be laid out for discussion.

After each module has been researched and compiled, each staff has to deliver a presentation of the strategies and resource materials for the subjects assigned to him while the rest of the staff analyse the topic and suggest constructive ideas to refine and finalise the module. The strategies for each module should account for a day by day lesson plan; teaching methods for the theory and practical components of the module; assessment methods for written, oral, practical, case studies, or other methods; and preparation of teachers and students resource requirements. Assessment tools should be prepared and discussed in the same way. Assessments for each subject should be given to one lecturer to prepare a draft then this should be scrutinised by all CFO staff during the workshop.

When the group has reached a satisfactory conclusion to the strategies for each subject the final lesson plans and resource materials should be organised and filed for future use.

3.3.3 Assessments

A review of the training and assessment outline should be carried out to determine how subjects are to be assessed; practical, written, orals, case study or other methods. The assessment should cover all sections of PNG’s Fishing Vessel Regulations for ‘Certificates of Competencies’ and the assessment method should be valid in which the method should be the best way to judge whether a student is competent to hold the qualifications that he studied for. The assessment method should also be reliable, where the person carrying out the assessment is consistent in his assessment methods; fair, where the assessor is fair to the student being assessed and give the person every opportunity to demonstrate they are competent; and flexible, where there is room for change to suit the circumstances under which the assessments are carried out.

It would be preferable to have a different lecturer mark written papers rather than the person who taught the subject; marking sheets with expected answers should be developed for all the written papers so that marking is consistent with all lecturers. Written assessments can be responded to with written answers, multiple choice, or a combination of both. This also applies to practical assessments. A list of tasks should be compiled for the practical assessment and the questions and answers required for the task should be clearly stated for consistency in marking. Assessments should include at least two

28 questions per section from the Fishing Vessel Regulations and at least two written assessment papers for every subject; this covers re-sits. During subject deliveries there should be some trial written papers based on the final exam format so that the students have a chance to ‘practise’ exam papers and build their confidence for the final exam.

A re-sit policy should be implemented taking into account situations such as where a student has a ‘close to pass mark’ in which an oral exam can be undertaken on the weaknesses exposed; when to do a complete re-sit of the exam due to a bad failure; and the number of re-sits permitted before a student must re-do the whole course again. Consideration should also be given to conducting re-sits near to the student’s place of residence or work if the cost of travelling to the college or an appointed DoT examination centre is beyond the means of the student.

3.3.4 Resources required for an improved delivery of the CFO3 course

Several resources were lacking prior to and during the CFO3 course that would have enhanced the delivery of the CFO3 subjects; basic ‘Rules of the road’ or ‘Collision Regulations’ teaching tools were not available for the students to practise with. This included cards, white board ‘stick on’, models, and Rules of the road software for electronic or simulator practise.

The CFO staff should attend to correcting this situation before the next CFO course begins, especially the CFO3 course. Rules of the road awareness should be implemented right at the CFO1 stage. Having the appropriate teaching tools will greatly assist in getting the message across especially for new seafarers to grasp the basics of the Collision Regulations concept. Some of the resource materials have to be ordered from overseas so this should be done as soon as possible, however, there are other important equipment that can be constructed in Kavieng that should immediately be attended to. Chart tables or chart working boards can easily be constructed on-campus and the refurbishing of the Engineering and Practical Seamanship workshop can be carried out with gear on hand.

The CFO section should also look to acquiring a multi media projector for their own use instead of relying on the single projector that is being used for all college purposes and consideration should be given to upgrading the navigation, bridge control and ship handling simulator so that it can effectively be used by a class of 15 to 20 students. The current system can be used as the ‘Mother’ control and extended to other stations through additional monitors. A simulator expert should be consulted to upgrade the current system so that the Radar, gauge instruments, ship controls, and position monitoring screens can be viewed simultaneously. The current system is restrictive in that the operator will have to constantly switch from position monitoring screen to bridge controls to keep his vessel on track. In close quarters situations this is a distraction and almost always result in failure. There may possibly be a way around this but someone will have to read the manuals carefully or consult an expert on the system.

3.3.5 Professional Development for NFC staff

Since the major role of NFC is to provide training programmes conducive to national industrial development, the staff of NFC should be kept up to date on current industrial practices. An effective way to achieve this, is to send them out on periodic industrial attachments when the college schedules permit.

The college administration should ensure that their teaching staff have a recommended trainer and assessor training/teaching skills background qualification such as the Australian Certificate IV in Assessment and Workplace Training. A workshop on Report writing will be a good advantage for the staff and contribute to college administrative work.

NFC administration should also consider issuing the CFO staff a CFO3 certificate under conditions recommended by the college administration and approved by the PNG DoT. At present only one of the teaching staff has a NZ Offshore Master Fishing Certificate, the rest have merchant seafaring

29 qualifications. Holding a CFO3 certificate will authenticate the staff to teach fishing modules as well as the ‘Competency’ modules required for seafaring in shipping lanes.

3.4 Inshore FADs

Inshore FADs can play a big role in sustainable rural fisheries development in PNG but strategies have to be thought up to ensure that the FADs remain in place long enough to be productive and give villagers a return that justifies the cost of installing them in the first place. The CFMDP should follow up on the FAD project with the assistance of the NFC- CFO section to deploy and train more villagers in rigging, deploying and maintaining FADs for their communities.

The NFC-CFO Masterfisherman and staff are now familiar with the rigging of the FADs that were deployed during the project and are capable of carrying out the necessary FAD site surveys and deploying the FADs.

3.5 Baitfishing methods

The baitfishing methods carried out during the project has created a good alternative for the rural coastal communities to replenish their protein sustenance and possibly provide a means for earning a living. The NFA, NFC and the CFMDP should seriously consider developing the activity further. Research should be conducted to identify value-added products for the types of species caught during the trials. The sardinella and scad bait are of the ideal size for tuna longlining, and the exploitation of this on a widespread scale can effectively subsidise bait for the tuna longlining industry.

The baiting trials proved that the methods could effectively be used from small vessels so coastal fishing communities can be organised to catch the bait species on a larger scale. However, NFA should consider implementing a management plan before the activity is pursued further. The concept should be researched to determine the viability of such an operation and if there is a good prospect for a baiting project then NFA should carefully plan the implementation of infrastructure to encourage the sustainability of baiting activities.

NFC should carry out exercises to perfect the baiting techniques and also to determine the seasonal pattern of the bait species.

4. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results of the work undertaken and the experience of the Fisheries Development Officer, it is recommended that:

(a) The NFC should reinstate and strictly conform to the college operations system that was effective during the AusAID Strengthening Project that identified a chain of command and the detailed procedures for managing college property and affairs;

(b) The NFC appoint a Deputy Principal with good leadership qualities and who is familiar with fisheries training institution operations;

(c) The NFC should fill all of the vacant positions as soon as possible with appropriately qualified and experiences personnel;

(d) The NFC should reinstate the pathways for the college information system that was previously installed during the AusAID Strengthening Project, and ensure that the system is safeguarded from being tampered with;

(e) The NFC-CFO staff should immediately re-plan and reorganise the CFO3 course according to the guidelines that were recommended during the moderation exercise;

30 (f) The NFC should consider implementing an annual moderation exercise for all its courses;

(g) The NFC should consider a periodical moderation exercise for the whole of the college operations at an appropriate time;

(h) The NFC should maintain a system to keep photocopy records of all records checked for seatime verification for each student that passes through the college;

(i) The ‘Fishing Vessel Crew Certification System – Users Guide’ should be updated to reflect the current situation on issuing certificates as agreed by NFC and DoT;

(j) The CFO staff need to review and assess the work plans for each of the three CFO courses, with individual lecturers/tutors identified to prepare lesson plans and resource materials for specific modules in the course;

(k) Lecturers and tutors need to present the modules they have developed lesson plans and resource materials for to the other lecturers and tutors, to assess and finalise the content for that module;

(l) Once modules are completed to everyone’s satisfaction, master copies of the work plan and resource materials should be organised and filed for future use;

(m) The NFC review its assessment approach for each subject to ensure the assessment method used is fair and equitable for the students;

(n) The NFC looks at assigning a different tutor to do the assessment of students to the one that taught the subject/module;

(o) The NFC develop a policy on how to address re-sits for students failing all or part of the course they have undertaken;

(p) The NFC purchase/develop the necessary materials to cover important areas or topics such as ‘Rules of the Road’ or ‘Collision Regulations’, for the benefit or all students;

(q) The NFC look at making up chart tables or chart working boards, plus refurbish the engineering and practical seamanship workshop;

(r) The NFC look at purchasing or upgrading necessary equipment, such as a multimedia projector, and the navigation, bridge control and ship handling simulator;

(s) The NFC consider sending lecturers and tutors on industrial attachment, when time permits, to keep them in tune with current industry practices;

(t) The NFC look at having the CFO3 lecturers and tutors sitting the exams themselves to become certified at the CFP3 level, thus equipping them better to teach the course;

(u) The NFA, NFC and CFMDP should continue to encourage the installation of inshore FADs in rural fishing communities to relieve pressure on reef stocks;

(v) The NFA, NFC and CFMDP research other community awareness methods that will discourage the vandalising of FADs;

(w) The NFA, NFC and the CFMDP should pursue the baiting exercises in rural communities, while further developing and perfecting the technique; and

31 (x) The NFA, NFC and CFMDP should carry out researches to determine the viability of developing the baiting activities to a commercial scale; identify value-added products for the bait species and consider the implementation of a management plan ahead of developing baiting activities.

5. REFERENCES

Beverly, S. and L. Chapman. 1996. Capture Section report on tuna fisheries development, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Phase I, FAD deployment project (15 November 1992 to 31 May 1993), and Phase II, pilot tuna longline project (1 June 1993 to 15 September 1994). South Pacific Commission, Noumea New Caledonia. 81 p.

Beverly, S. and P. Cusack. 1993. Report of a pilot fish aggregating device (FAD) deployment off Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (27 June to 8 August 1992). South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 29 p.

CIA – The World Factbook 2005 – Papua New Guinea (11 pages) retrieved 05 November 2005 from the web: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pp.html

Chapman, L. 1998. Report on third visit to Papua New Guinea (14 January to 10 July 1994). Capture Section, Unpublished Report No. 20. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 44 p.

Chapman, L. and T. Fusimalohi. 1998. Report on second visit to three locations in Papua New Guinea (23 January to 2 May 1982). Capture Section Unpublished Report No.19. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 23 p.

Fusimalohi, T. and J. Crossland. 1980. Report on the Deep Sea Fisheries Development Project in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea (5 September to 14 December 1979). South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 14 p.

National Fisheries Authority, Papua New Guinea. 2006 (3 pages) retrieved from the web: http://www.fisheries.gov.pg/fisheries_overview.htm and http://www.fisheries.gov.pg/fisheries tuna.htm

Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia – New Ireland – (2 pages) retrieved 10 November 2005 from the web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland

NFC 2005. – General NFC Course and Programme Information pamphlet, 2005. 6 p.

NFA 2005. Papua New Guinea. Managing fisheries for the nation (4 pages) retrieved 17 November 2005 from the web: http://www.fisheries.gov.pg/about_proj_cfmdp.htm

Sokimi, W. and L. Chapman. 2001. Field Report No. 12 on The Fisheries Development Section’s technical assistance to the New Ireland Commercial Fishing Association, Kavieng, Papua New Guinea (20 April to 12 July 2001). Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 63 p.

Sokimi, W. and L. Chapman. 2002. Field Report No. 17 on Technical assistance to the National Fisheries College, Kavieng, Papua New Guinea on implementing and activating the Certificate in Small Fishing Operations Course (10 June to 3 August 2002). Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 33 p.

32 Sokimi, W. and L. Chapman. 2005. Field Report No. 27 on Technical assistance provided to the National Fisheries College to review the Small Fishing Operations (SFO) course (14 November to 10 December 2004). Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 58 p.

SOPAC, 2005 – Papua New Guinea at a Glance, (2 pages) retrieved 8 February 2006 from the web: http://www.sopac.org/tiki/tiki-index.php?page=Papua%20New%20Guinea%20at% 20a%20Glance

Watt, P. 1999. Capture Section Report of assistance to the National Fisheries College, Kavieng, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea (15 June 1998 to 29 January 1999). Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 49 p.

Wellington, P. and P. Cusack. 1998. Report on fourth visit to Papua New Guinea (31 March to 23 September 1988). Capture Section Unpublished Report No. 14. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 37 p.

33 Appendix A

Participants attending the different courses during the project

Participants for the CFO3 course

1. Francis Caspar 2. Gilum Boia 3. Ian Gawia 4. Kiren Amsi 5. Makis Yakapus 6. Roland Kolon 7. Vane Fuwenaya

Participants for the Integrated Fishing Group Training Course

1. Ray Revi – Pelegila Tingwon, Kavieng. 2. Sety Rangai – Pelegila Tingwon, Kavieng. 3. Vaitas Elamias – Pelegila Tingwon, Kavieng. 4. Isaac Rangai – Pelegila Tingwon, Kavieng. 5. Kenneth Maleu – Pelegila Tingwon, Kavieng

Participants for the EU-Masterfisherman Training Course

1. John Baga – Gabagaba Fishing group, Port Moresby. 2. Jerard Baupua – Juvisal Fishing group, Port Moresby. 3. Gabriel Samai – M.A.B, Madang. 4. Jack Ningis – Sello Fishing group, Madang. 5. Wanu Dau – Independent, Lae. 6. Yandisa Yatu – Independent Lae. 7. Tony Kisokau – Sawai Fishing group.

35 Appendix B

Site survey data for each location surveyed

Lavongai FAD site survey

Latitude 'S' Longitude ‘E’ Depth in metres 150° 16.50' 106 02° 39.92' 02° 39.95' 150° 16.41' 154 02° 39.88' 150° 16.46' 123 02° 39.82' 150° 16.40' 90 02° 40.10' 150° 16.50' 162 02° 39.82' 150° 16.44' 120 02° 40.03' 150° 16.43' 198 02° 39.94' 160°16.44' 161 02° 39.88' 150° 16.40' 122

Tioputuk FAD site survey

Latitude ‘S’ Longitude ‘E’ Depth in metres 02° 40.50' 150° 11.67' 56 02° 40.60' 150° 11.67' 122 02° 40.70' 150° 11.67' 155 02° 40.66' 150° 11.77' 146 02° 40.60' 150° 11.77' 130 02° 40.50' 150° 11.77' 72 02° 40.50 150° 11.57' 70 02° 40.60' 150° 11.57' 104 02° 40.70' 150° 11.57' 148

Nanovaul FAD site survey

Latitude ‘S’ Longitude ‘E’ Depth in metres 02° 41.65' 150° 38.41' 21 02° 41.67' 150° 38.37' 11 02° 41.61' 150° 38.36' 26 02° 41.57' 150° 38.36' 22 02° 41.51' 150° 38.32' 17 02° 41.59' 150° 38.17' 12

37 Kunevulit (Ngoto) FAD site survey

Latitude ‘S’ Longitude ‘E’ Depth in metres 02° 44.78' 150° 40.45' 39 02° 44.80' 150° 40.43' 86 02° 44.82' 150° 40.40' 102 02° 44.79' 150° 40.34' 128 02° 44.76' 150° 40.33' 124 02° 44.71' 150° 40.33' 81 02° 44.69' 150° 40.29' 66 02° 44.72' 150° 40.25' 119

Panachais FAD site survey

Latitude ‘S’ Longitude ‘E’ Depth in metres 02° 57.41' 151° 14.61' 170 02° 57.41' 151° 14.57' 180 02° 57.40' 151° 14.53' 173 02° 57.36' 151° 14.53' 130 02° 57.36' 151° 14.57' 121 02° 57.36' 151° 14.61' 133 02° 57.32' 151° 14.61' 5 02° 57.32' 151° 14.57' 32 02° 57.32' 151° 14.53' 27

Selected FAD deployment site

38