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Final Project Pauline UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ETHNICITY AND NATION BUILDING: SOUTH SUDAN MALOK PAULINE ADHONG REG NO: R51/62628/2011 Presented to; Supervisor: Dr. Anita Kiamba A Research Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts at the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies in the University of Nairobi 2013 DECLARATION I declare that the research on Ethnicity and Nation Building: South Sudan is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Student Signature ____________________________ Date _________________ Pauline Adhong Malok Reg. No: R51/68682/2011 Supervisor Signature ___________________________ Date ______________________ Dr. Anita Kiamba University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION To my husband Simon Akuei Deng and family who stood by me during the period that I was working on this project. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project would not have been possible without the input of the following people to whom I am deeply indebted. First, I acknowledge my university supervisor Dr. Anita Kiamba who gave me the focus and direction on how to go on about the project. I also acknowledge the entire staff at Embassy of Republic of South Sudan in Nairobi, Juba University Library and Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library staff at the University of Nairobi for taking time out of their busy schedule to give me the information that I needed. Without their support, I would not have reached this far. I also thank my kids, friends and workmates who had to put up with my absence during the entire MA Diplomacy study and research project period. I was not able to be with them all the time and their encouragement has finally seen me achieve one of my dreams. Finally, I thank the Almighty God for the life and strength He gave me. His protection has seen me through the turbulent times. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3.1 General Objective .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification of the Study ........................................................................................................ 17 1.6 Hypotheses for the Study ........................................................................................................ 18 1.7 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................... 19 1.8 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 21 1.8.1 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 21 1.8.2 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................................. 22 1.8.3 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 23 1.9 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER TWO ETHNICITY, NATION BUILDING AND INDEPENDENT SOUTH SUDAN 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 25 v 2.2 The New South and the Rise of a Nation ................................................................................ 28 2.3 History as National Identity .................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Liberation Struggle against the North and South Sudan Nation building .............................. 37 2.5 South Sudan Cultural Diversity and Nationhood ................................................................... 40 2.6 The “Land of Cush” and Nation Building in South Sudan ..................................................... 43 2.7 Language diversity and nation building in South Sudan ........................................................ 45 2.8 Government Role in Nation Building in South Sudan ........................................................... 47 2.9 Tribalism and Nation Building in South Sudan ...................................................................... 52 CHAPTER THREE THE CURRENT STATE OF SOUTH SUDAN 3.1 An overview of the history of Sudan ...................................................................................... 59 3.1.1 The First Civil War .............................................................................................................. 62 3.1.2 The Second Civil War .......................................................................................................... 63 3.1.3 The Darfur Crisis ................................................................................................................. 64 3.1.4 Major Ethnic Groups in Sudan ............................................................................................ 67 Table 3.1 Main Sudanese Ethnic Groups ...................................................................................... 69 3.2 South Sudan’s History of Resistance ...................................................................................... 70 3.3 Independent South Sudan ....................................................................................................... 74 3.4 Ethnic Diversity in South Sudan ............................................................................................. 77 3.5 Language Diversity in South Sudan ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 3.1: Map of Republic of Sudan and Republic of South Sudan (World atlas 2011) .......... 83 CHAPTER FOUR AN EVALUATION OF ETHNICITY AND NATION BUILDING IN SOUTH SUDAN 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 84 vi 4.1 The Extent To Which Ethnicity Has Been Entrenched Among The Communities In South Sudan............................................................................................................................................. 84 4.2 How Ethnic Affiliation Determine The Allocation Of Job Opportunities In The Government Institutions In South Sudan ........................................................................................................... 89 4.3The Extent To Which Ethnic Conflicts Among Communities In South Sudan Has Derailed Nation Building ............................................................................................................................. 95 4.4The Efforts By The Government In Turning South Sudan Cultural Diversities Into National Assets To Achieve Nation Building ............................................................................................. 98 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 102 5.2 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 103 5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 104 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 107 vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.1 Main Sudanese Ethnic Groups…… ..…………………………………………………66 Figure 3.1 : Map of Republic of Sudan and Republic of South Sudan (World atlas 2011) ..........79 viii ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS AMIS - Africa Mission in Sudan AU - African Union CPA – Comprehensive Peace Agreement GOSS – Government of Southern Sudan JEM - Justice and Equality Movement MDG – Millennium Development Goals ROSS - The Republic of South Sudan ROSSLA - Republic
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