hpghpg hpg HumanitarianHumanitarian Humanitarian PolicyPolicy Group Group Policy Group City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan Juba case study Ellen Martin and Irina Mosel January 2011 About the authors Ellen Martin is a Research Officer at the Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Irina Mosel is a project coordinator at Saferworld, Juba, Southern Sudan. The research team Nixon Tongun James, Juba University Ladu Morris Emmanuel, South Sudan Law Society William Ongoro Peter, Independent Fidensia Poni Charles, CES Ministry of Gender John Taban Charles, UNDP Betty Namadi Christopher, NRC Vita Florence Choro, NRC Jojo Christine Lusos, NRC Roda Allison Dokolo, UNHCR Acknowledgements ODI would like to thank the wide range of individuals and organisations that assisted and supported this study. First and foremost our thanks extend to the many people who gave generously of their time to participate in focus group discussions in Juba. We would also like to thank all the key informants who gave their time to be interviewed. Special thanks are due to NRC, Monica Sanchez Bermudez (UNDP) and UNHCR for supporting the study through seconding staff members. We are particularly grateful to UNDP for the logistical support provided to the study. ODI would also like to extend its thanks to the many people who contributed in numerous ways to the study including through research support, the provision of documents and materials and comments on earlier drafts. Particular thanks are due to Sorcha O’Callaghan (British Red Cross), Cherry Leonardi (Durham University) and Mireille Girard (UNHCR). Finally, thanks to colleagues in the Humanitarian Policy Group at ODI who provided comments and support to the study, and particularly Matthew Foley for his expert editing of the paper. ODI gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to this study. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect DFID’s official policies. Humanitarian Policy Group Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel: +44(0) 20 7922 0300 Fax: +44(0) 20 7922 0399 Website: www.odi.org.uk/hpg Email: [email protected] Contents Acronyms/abbrevatons iii Chapter 1 Introducton 1 1.1 Study details and methodology 1 Chapter 2 Hstory, drvers and patterns of urbansaton 3 2.1 Context and history 3 2.2 Drivers of urbanisation 4 2.3 Settlement patterns 5 Chapter 3 Polcy context 7 3.1 ‘Taking towns to the people’ 7 3.2 Priority spending areas and financing trends 7 3.3 The South Sudan Growth Strategy 8 3.4 The Local Government Act 9 3.5 Pre-referendum priorities 9 Chapter 4 Governance and leadershp n Juba 11 4.1 Local leadership 11 Chapter 5 The urban economy and lvelhoods 13 5.1 Promoting pro-poor growth within the context of rapid urbanisation 13 5.2 Private sector investment in Juba 13 5.3 Urban livelihoods 14 5.4 Wage rates and living costs 15 5.5 Strategies to support livelihoods and employment 16 Chapter 6 Land and housng 17 6.1 Policy environment 17 6.2 Urban planning 17 6.3 Planning for returnees 19 6.4 Access to land 19 Chapter 7 Infrastructure, servces and the envronment 23 7.1 The link between land, infrastructure and services 23 7.2 Education 24 7.3 Health services 25 7.4 Water and sanitation 26 7.5 Deforestation 27 Chapter 8 The socal consequences of urbansaton and urban vulnerablty 29 8.1 Integration 29 8.2 Culture, gender roles and social norms 29 8.3 Protection and insecurity 30 8.4 Security provision 30 8.5 ‘Gangs’ 30 Chapter 9 Conclusons and recommendatons 33 9.1 Recommendations 33 References 35 HPG Commissioned Report HPG CommIssIoned RePort Fgure 1: map of Juba City limits: Juba case study HPG CommIssIoned RePort Acronyms/abbrevatons BRAC Bangladesh Rural Cooperative BsF Basic Services Fund Ces Central Equatoria State CHF Cooperative Housing Foundation CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CPPG Cholera Prevention and Preparedness Group ddR Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration dFId Department for International Development FAo Food and Agriculture Organisation Gos Government of Sudan Goss Government of Southern Sudan ICss Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan IdP internally displaced person Iom International Organisation for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JIU Joint Integrated Units LGA Local Government Act LRA Lord’s Resistance Army Lse London School of Economics and Political Science mdTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund mHLPU Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Infrastructure moFeP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning moH Ministry of Health moPI Ministry of Physical Infrastructure msF Médecins Sans Frontières msI Marie Stopes International nGo non-governmental organisation nIss National Intelligence and Security Service nPA Norwegian People’s Aid nRC Norwegian Refugee Council oCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs oHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PAdCo Planning and Development Collaborative International Psdn Peace and Security Development Network PHCC Primary Health Care Centre HPG Commissioned Report HPG CommIssIoned RePort PHCU Primary Health Care Unit PsdP Private Sector Development Programme PsI Population Services International seTIdP Sudan Emergency Transport and Infrastructure Development Programme sPLA/m Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement sRRC South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission sUmI Sudan Microfinance Institution UndP United Nations Development Programme UneP United Nations Environment Programme Un-Habtat United Nations Human Settlements Programme UnHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UnICeF United Nations Children’s Fund UnmIs United Nations Mission in Sudan UsAId US Agency for International Development WFP World Food Programme v City limits: Juba case study HPG CommIssIoned RePort Chapter 1 Introducton This case study of urbanisation in Juba is part of a wider study in current government and international engagement with on urbanisation in Sudan, commissioned by the Department urbanisation in Southern Sudan. for International Development (DFID). The study aims to explore the growing phenomenon of urbanisation in the 1.1 study detals and methodology country, focusing in particular on Nyala, Khartoum, Port Sudan and Juba. The overall aims of the study are as follows: The methodology underpinning this study is the Adapted Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (see Annex 1 of the • To deepen understanding of the drivers of urbanisation Synthesis Report). This puts people at the centre of analysis, in different parts of the country, in relation to the broader while also looking at the ways in which institutions, processes economic, political and security context. and policies impact on assets and general wellbeing. • To analyse the consequences of rapid urbanisation, socially, economically (paying particular attention to urban Field work in Juba was carried out by a team of two international livelihoods) and environmentally, and in terms of urban researchers and five Sudanese researchers, over a period of six infrastructure and the provision of services. weeks. Four additional Sudanese researchers joined the team • To assess the implications of rapid urbanisation in terms for shorter periods. Sudanese colleagues came from a variety of the vulnerability of urban populations to future hazards of backgrounds, including Juba University, the South Sudan Law and shocks, as well as development opportunities. Society, the Access to Justice Programme, the State Ministry of • To identify how the international aid community can Gender and Social Welfare and international agencies including best engage with changing settlement patterns in Sudan, UNDP and UNHCR and the NGO Norwegian Refugee Council and the implications for humanitarian and development (NRC). A two-day workshop held in April introduced the partners programming in the future. to the research methodology, including an initial mapping exercise of formal and informal stakeholders. Although both humanitarian and development actors are paying greater attention to urban centres, significant gaps A profiling exercise was carried out to ascertain the specific still exist in understanding drivers of vulnerability in these urban status of different parts of Juba, including economic areas, and the needs of the urban poor, including in Juba. Risk profiles, main population groups and any other specific factors associated with urbanisation – overcrowded living characteristics, such as security threats or environmental conditions in informal or slum settlements, unemployment, concerns. After the initial profiling, a total of nine locations insecure tenure, food insecurity, poor access to services, from a cross-section of urban and peri-urban locations within health risks associated with pollution and poor sanitation, Greater Juba was selected, with an emphasis on obtaining the proliferation of small arms and high levels of crime and a representative sample of Juba’s diverse neighbourhood displacement – are all areas of concern. profiles, settlement patterns and population groups. The nine selected bomas were Gurei, Gudele, Atlabara, Lologo, Gabat, As well as challenges, urbanisation presents significant Tong Ping, Nyokuron, Gumbo and Tokimaan. opportunities. Towns and cities are the engines of national and regional development, even in predominantly agricultural Primary data was collected mainly through focus group