Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 15(4), October 2016, pp. 546-552

Antimalarial medicinal plants used by Gumuz people of Woreda, Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State,

Solomon Asnake1, Tilahun Teklehaymanot2*, Ariaya Hymete3, Berhanu Erko2 & Mirutse Giday2 1Medicine and Health Science Collage, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 2*Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *E-mail: [email protected]

Received 31 December 2015, revised 27 January 2016

The traditional knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants has been the basis for drugs that are currently in use to treat malaria. Thus, the objective of this study was to document Gumuz people’s traditional knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants and related diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six Kebeles of Mandura Woreda between March and August 2013 and 184 informants were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, guided field walks, and market surveys. A statistical test, Relative Frequency of Citation, (RFC) and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated. In this study, 38 species belonging to 33 genera and 28 families were documented. The traditional knowledge among informants varies with age (p < 0.05). The majority of plants were from family Fabaceae. Root (46.3%), decoction (57.6%) and oral (97.8%) was the main plant part, method of preparation and administration route, respectively. Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. (0.73) had the highest RFC. Pappea capensis and Momordica foetida Schumach. had the highest fidelity levels. A few numbers (12%) of antimalarial medicinal plants were sold on local markets. This study generated a baseline data for antimalarial plants, from an area with stable and year-round malaria transmission, for further pharmacological analysis.

Keywords: Malaria, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotany, Gumuz people, Ethiopia

IPC Int. Cl.8: A01D 20/46, A61K 36/00

Malaria is a life-threatening acute febrile illness with the improvement of health facilities in the transmitted by the bite of a female infective mosquito; rural areas although the frequent appearance of symptoms usually appear within 10 - 15 days. In drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium to existing Ethiopia, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity antimalarial drugs makes it complex2. and mortality; accounting for 17% of outpatient visits, In Ethiopia, the people living in areas with a heavy 15% of health facility admissions and 29% of in- burden of malaria and with the low level of patient deaths. About 75% of the land below 2000 m development have a comprehensive knowledge about above sea level is malarious. Most of the malaria the antimalarial medicinal plants but the transference transmission occurs between September and of traditional knowledge from generation to December after the main rainy season; some also generation is verbal, and as a result, there is a danger occur after the minor rainy season from April to May of losing it. Despite this, little documentation has in some lowland areas of the country. The intensity of been made3-5. Thus, the objective of this study is to transmission varies due to differences in altitude, document the antimalarial medicinal plants used by rainfall and population movement; however, it is the Gumuz people in Mandura Woreda (District), stable and year-round in the western lowlands and Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia. river basin areas of Gambella and Benishangul- Gumuz Regional States. Plasmodium falciparum Methodology accounts for 65-75% of infections while P. vivax Study area accounts for 25-35%. P. ovale and P. malariae are Mandura is one of the 20 Woredas of Benishangul- rare1. The control of malaria in Ethiopia has increased Gumuz Regional State in North West Ethiopia. —————— Gilgel-Beles is a capital of Mandura Woreda. It is 0 *Corresponding author about 550 km from Addis Ababa: 11 19'59.47'' ASNAKE et al.: ANTIMALARIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY GUMUZ PEOPLE OF MANDURA WOREDA, ETHIOPIA 547

N latitude and 36025'00.66'' E longitude. It is one of the Mandura Woreda local administrators and the malarious Woredas. The , a community leaders. Prior to the interview, informed family of Nilo-Saharan languages, is commonly used consent was obtained from the study participants. in the Woreda6. In Mandura Woreda, there is one non-governmental clinic and 21 health posts. Malaria Results and discussion is the first among the 10 top diseases in the Woreda Traditional knowledge of the Gumuz people in Mandura followed by upper respiratory tract infection, Woreda pneumonia, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and parasitic, A total of 184 informants participated in this study: urinary tract, skin, ear and eye infections7. 81 were females, and 103 were males. The mean number of plants reported by female (5.28±0.27) was Ethnobotanical data collection greater than males (4.54±0.32) though the difference An ethnobotanical cross-sectional study was was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This shows conducted between March and August 2013 in that females, in developing areas, are providers of 6 malarious Kebeles of Mandura Woreda that were sustenance and healthcare for their families as women selected using purposive sampling: Photo-Manjare, in the study area are more responsible for the Dwanze-Baguna, Aesetsa, Gubash, Mandura and well-being of their children than males9. The mean Aededa. Prior to administration of the questionnaire, number of antimalarial medicinal plants reported by an informed consent of the respondents was obtained the older (> 40 yrs) informants (6.12±0.21) was after enlightening them about the importance of the greater than that was reported by the younger study. Ethnobotanical data were collected using (3.03±0.39) ones, and the difference was statistically semi-structured questionnaire as well as through significant (P < 0.05). This could be because of 8 observation and guided field walks . The interview neglect to traditional knowledge by the young was conducted in Gumuz language with the help of a generation due to the influence of modernization. This native translator. Open local markets in the 6 Kebeles is a threat to the transference of knowledge of were surveyed, and data on the marketability of traditional medicine in the study area, and similar antimalarial plants were collected. results are documented by studies conducted in Ethiopia10,11 and Africa12,13. Moreover, the mean Voucher specimen collection and identification Voucher specimens of the reported antimalarial number of medicinal plants reported by the illiterate medicinal plants were collected and identified with (5.00±0.23) was greater than reported by the literate taxonomic keys and by comparing, those with (4.38±0.52) though the difference was not statistically already identified herbarium specimens, and voucher significant (P > 0.05). This was related to the level of specimens were deposited at National Herbarium of education of informants and the inclination not to use Addis Ababa University. traditional medicinal plants as remedies in the treatment of malaria and related illness by the literate Data analysis indicating that the knowledge passed throughout The collected data were organized, and frequencies generations is at risk of being lost14,15. were summarized in tables and percentages were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Antimalarial medicinal plants used by Gumuz people in ANOVA (α = 0.05) was used to compare the level of Mandura Woreda indigenous knowledge by sex, age and education The informants reported 38 antimalarial medicinal level. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC = Fc/N), plant species belonging to 33 genera and 28 families. Fidelity level (FL (%) = (Ip/Iu) × 100) and Preference Among the reported medicinal plants, Family Ranking was calculated. Fabaceae was represented by five species and Combretaceae by three species. The informants Ethical consideration and informed consent reported that the antimalarial medicinal plants were The Institutional Review Board of Aklilu Lemma also used to treat sickness such as fever, vomiting, Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University common cold, liver disease, tiredness, cough, reviewed and approved the study. The purpose of the headache and loss of appetite (Table 1). Antimalarial study was explained thoroughly to Mandura Woreda medicinal plants commonly used by Gumuz people local administrators and community leaders. were comparable with those in other parts of Ethiopia Permission to conduct the study was obtained from and Africa. in Benishangul-Gumuz

548 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2016

Table 1—Antimalarial medicinal plants of Gumuz people in Mandura Woreda, Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia, 2013 Scientific name; Local name; Habit Method of preparation Route Parts used Main ailments RFC Voucher Family treated number Acanthus polystachyus Delile; shrub homogenization oral root malaria, 0.02 MAN 33 Jawkala; Acanthaceae leaf vomiting Albizia malacophylla (A. Rich.) tree decoction oral leaf malaria, 0.54 MAN 07 Walp. ; Ansusa; Fabaceae bark Allium sativum L.; Sika; herb chewing oral root malaria, loose of 0.10 MAN 38 Alliaceae leaf appetite, headache Carica papaya L.; Papayo; tree homogenization oral root, seed, malaria, liver 0.06 MAN 31 Caricaceae leaf disease Carissa spinarum L.; Etula; shrub chewing oral root malaria, 0.05 MAN 03 Apocynaceae fruit vomiting Cassia arereh Del.; Adengwa; shrub chewing oral root malaria, 0.02 MAN 06 Fabaceae leaf common cold Cassia sp.; Abdenges; Fabaceae herb steam bath whole body leaf malaria, <0.02 MAN 29 common cold, tiredness Cissampelos mucronata A. climber homogenization oral root malaria, 0.02 MAN 27 Rich; Dyachwo; leaf vomiting Menispermaceae Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.; shrub squeezing oral fruit malaria, 0.04 MAN 23 Lomewa; Rutaceae vomiting, common cold, fever Clematis simensis Fresen.; herb homogenization oral root malaria, liver <0.02 MAN 32 Bikaja; Ranunculaceae twig disease, cough Clematis sp.; Jabeja; climber squeezing oral twig malaria, liver <0.02 MAN 17 Ranunculaceae disease Clerodendrum umbellatum shrub chewing oral root malaria, loose of <0.02 MAN 26 Poir.; Sachedezh; Lamiaceae leaf appetite Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt; shrub decoction oral root malaria, liver 0.04 MAN 36 Argisisa; Cucurbitaceae twigs disease Combretum collinum Fresen.; shrub decoction oral root malaria, <0.02 MAN 20 Abebatsai; Combretaceae leaf common cold Combretum sp.; Jakwa; shrub decoction oral root malaria, diarrhea <0.02 MAN 11 Combretaceae leaf Corchorus olitorius L.; Kakma; herb decoction oral aerial malaria, diarrhea 0.65 MAN 37 Tiliaceae leaf Cordia africana Lam.; Banja; tree homogenization oral leaf malaria, 0.06 MAN 05 Boraginaceae bark Croton macrostachyus Del.; tree decoction oral leaf malaria 0.03 MAN 14 Barowa; Euphorbiaceae bark Ficus sycomorus L.; Fuka; tree chewing oral bark malaria, liver <0.02 MAN 28 Moraceae leaf disease Lannea fruticosa (A. Rich.) shrub decoction oral root malaria, diarrhea 0.02 MAN 18 Engl.; Yadetsa; Anacardiaceae twig Mangifera indica L.; Mangowa tree homogenization oral bark malaria, diarrhea 0.05 MAN 19 ; Anacardiaceae Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) shrub decoction oral root malaria, 0.02 MAN 13 Exell; Tisha; Celastraceae headache (Contd.) ASNAKE et al.: ANTIMALARIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY GUMUZ PEOPLE OF MANDURA WOREDA, ETHIOPIA 549

Table 1—Antimalarial medicinal plants of Gumuz people in Mandura Woreda, Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia, 2013 (Contd.) Scientific name; Local name; Habit Method of preparation Route Parts used Main ailments RFC Voucher Family treated number Melia azedarach L.; Mima; tree homogenization oral twig malaria, 0.14 MAN 25 Meliaceae leaf liver disease Merremia kentrocaulos climber homogenization oral root cough, common <0.02 MAN 02 (C. B. Cl.) Rendle; Japija; leaf cold, fever Convolvulaceae Momordica foetida Schumach.; climber decoction oral aerial malaria, 0.60 MAN 35 Badea; Cucurbitaceae leaf liver disease Pappea capensis Eckl. & oral bark malaria, 0.73 Zeyh.; Durba; Sapindaceae tree decoction tiredness MAN 15 Rhynchosia elegans A. Rich.; herb homogenization oral root malaria, <0.02 MAN 09 Jemha; Fabaceae leaf common cold, fever Saba comorensis (Bojer) herb homogenization oral root malaria, diarrhea <0.02 MAN 21 Pichon; Kuhaye; Apocynaceae leaf Securidaca longepedunculata climber homogenization oral leaf malaria, <0.02 MAN 10 Fresen.; Tegoniday; root headache, liver Polygalaceae disease Solanum dasyphyllum shrub chewing oral root malaria, 0.02 MAN 12 Schumach. and Thonn.; leaf tiredness, loose Ankwaja; Solanaceae of appetite Solanum incanum L.; Abkewa; shrub decoction oral root malaria, <0.02 MAN 30 Solanaceae leaf headache common cold, fever Stereospermum kunthianum shrub decoction oral bark headache <0.02 MAN 34 Cham.; Zana; Bignoniaceae leaf vomiting Tapinanthus globiferus (A. shrub homogenization oral root malaria, <0.02 MAN 04 Rich.) Tiegh.; Daruka; twig headache Loranthaceae Terminalia schimperiana shrub decoction oral bark malaria, liver 0.65 MAN 08 Hochst.; Begoha; leaf disease Combretaceae Vernonia amygdalina Del.; shrub homogenization oral leaf malaria, liver 0.27 MAN 24 Afeququa; Asteraceae twig disease Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.; climber concoction oral root malaria, diarrhea 0.03 MAN 01 Dadika; Fabaceae leaf Ziziphus hamur Engl.; Serhay; shrub homogenization oral aerial malaria, 0.03 MAN 22 Rhamnaceae twigs vomiting, loose of appetite Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) shrub homogenization oral bark malaria, diarrhea 0.02 MAN 16 Desf; Kunga; Rhamnaceae

Region utilize more frequently antimalarial plants Uganda, most frequently use antimalarial plants are belonging to the families Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, and the families of Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Meliaceae11; the Somali people of Shinile district in Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae13. Moreover, the Somali Region of Ethiopia use antimalarial plants concoction of different plant parts of Acanthus belonging to the families Cucurbitaceae, polystachyus Delile, Allium sativum L., Carica Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae4; Similarly, in Benin, papaya L., Carissa spinarum L., Citrus limon L., people utilize antimalarial plants of the families Cordia Africana Lam., Croton macrostachyus Del., Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell, Melia azedarach Cucurbitaceae for the treatment of malaria12. In L., Momordica foetida, Pappea capensis, Securidaca 550 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2016

longepedunculata Fresen., Solanum dasyphyllum and fruit (2.4 %), and 1%. Most of the remedies Schumach. & Thonn., Solanum incanum L., (71%) were prepared from freshly harvested plants, Stereospermum kunthianum Cham., Terminalia and 10 % were prepared from either fresh or dry parts. schimperiana Hochst., Vernonia amygdalina Del. and The rest (18.9%) that were not available during the Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. are used to treat dry season, they were collected during the wet season malaria and headache, fever, muscle spasm and and were properly stored and used in the dry season. excessive sweating that are considered as the primary Harvesting root part of a medicinal plant for symptoms of malaria as well as insecticidal and preparations of remedies was also reported by studies repellent to the vector in Ethiopia, and other parts of conducted in Ethiopia20,21, Zimbabwe22 & Kenya18. malarious areas of Africa3-5,12,13. Allium sativum and Utilization of root may affect the plant and could be a Pappea capensis have immunomodulatory threat to the survival of antimalarial medicinal plants properties16. The repetitive utilization of these in the study area. Preference of fresh plant parts for antimalarial plants by different communities more remedy preparation might be associated with the likely indicates that these antimalarial medicinal relative abundance of the medicinal plant species plants possess biologically active ingredient, which during the dry season. It could also be related to an can possibly be a source of leading molecules for the attempt not to lose the volatile substances, which preparation of antimalarial drugs. could disappear when plants wilt or dry23.

Habitats and growth forms of antimalarial medicinal plants Antimalarial remedy preparation and route of administration The majority (83.3%) of the reported antimalarial Parts of the antimalarial medicinal plants used for a medicinal plants was harvested from the wild, and remedy preparation were ground using local pestle 17.7% was cultivated ones. A sizeable number (39%) and mortar made of wood. The remedies were of antimalarial medicinal plants were collected from prepared from a single medicinal plant species, and the forest, 29.3% from roadsides, 12.2% from the the majority was prepared by decoction (57.6%) home garden, 12.2% from farmland and 4.9% from followed by homogenization (26.1%), chewing riversides. Most of the medicinal plants were (9.8%), concoction (3.8%), and squeezing (2.7%). collected from the wild since Gumuz people usually Route of administered was mainly orally. The utilize plants in wild habitat as a source of food and antimalarial remedies had no side effect, and no medicine16. This is inconsistent with other studies antidote was used but in some cases, they utilized conducted in other parts of Ethiopia3-5,18 and African Bordeae (local beer) as an additive. This finding is in countries13,18,19. Therefore, conserving the natural agreement with studies conducted in some part of vegetation in the study area will be vital to increase Ethiopia20,21 and in another part of Africa12,13,18. the sustainable supply of medicinal plants. The largest number of antimalarial medicinal plants in Relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level and Preference ranking of antimalarial medicinal plants the study area were shrubs (48.8%) followed by trees Among the reported antimalarial plants, the most (19.5%), herbs (17%) and climbers (12.2 %). Herbs frequently cited species were Pappea capensis (0.73), have a higher proportion of abundance in followed by Terminalia schimperiana (0.65), Benishangul-Gumuz area16 though shrubs were Corchorus olitorius L. (0.65), Momordica foetida mainly used plant forms for remedy preparation. (0.60), and Albizia malacophylla (A. Rich.) Walp. Similarly, studies conducted in other parts of (0.54) while 55% of antimalarial medicinal plants Ethiopia3-5,17 and Kenya18 documented the common were reported by less than five informants (Table 1). usage of shrubs in the preparation of remedies. In These antimalarial plants are documented in more contrary, Teklehaymanot & Giday20 and Giday et al.21 than four ethnobotanical studies, which indicate their reported the major use of herbs for the preparation of role as traditional medicine in the treatment of remedies. 5 malaria . The medicinal plants with the fidelity value

Parts used and conditions of the antimalarial medicinal plant of 60% and above are shown in Table 2 and 10 of the at the time of preparation. plants had fidelity value of 100% that were used as a The majority of remedies were prepared from root treatment for liver disease, vomiting, common cold, (46.3%), and the rest were prepared from leaf and fever, tiredness, and headache. Pappea capensis and barks (17.1%), aerial part (7.3%), twigs (4.9%), stem Momordica foetida were reported by more informants ASNAKE et al.: ANTIMALARIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY GUMUZ PEOPLE OF MANDURA WOREDA, ETHIOPIA 551

Table 2—Fidelity level value of antimalarial medicinal plants reported against ailments having similar symptoms to malaria; 2013 Scientific name & Local name Ailments treated Ip Iu FL value % Carica papaya; Papayo liver disease 2 2 100.00 Carissa spinarum; Etula anti-vomiting 2 2 100.00 Citrus limon; Lomewa common cold & fever 3 3 100.00 Clerodendrum umbellatum; Sachedezh headache 2 2 100.00 Coccinia grandis; Argisisa liver disease 3 3 100.00 Corchorus olitorius; Kakma diarrhea 5 5 100.00 Ficus sycomorus; Fuka liver disease 3 3 100.00 Pappea capensis; Durba tiredness 10 10 100.00 Terminalia schimperiana; Begoha liver disease 4 4 100.00 Momordica foetida; Badea liver disease 8 9 88.89 Allium sativum; Sika loose of appetite 3 4 75.00 Mangifera indica; Mangowa diarrhea 2 3 66.67 Cassia sp; Abdenges tiredness 2 3 66.00 Vernonia amygdalina; Afeququa liver disease 3 5 60.00 than the rest as a treatment for tiredness and liver most of the antimalarial medicinal plants were not disease. In addition, Pappea capensis ranked first and easily available. According to the informants, 13.7 % followed by Terminalia schimperiana, Corchorus were reported as abundant, 54.5 % as rare and 31.8 % olitorius, Momordica foetida, Albizia malacophylla, as very rare. The main threats were deforestation (52 Vernonia amygdalina, and Croton macrostachyus in %), agricultural expansion (30%), uses as charcoal the preference ranking conducted by the informants. and firewood (13.2 %) and a deficit of rain (4.8 %). The antimalarial medicinal plants with high fidelity Although the Woreda has a high diversity of level are considered as having better healing potential medicinal plants no effort has been made to conserve and possess more natural products: phenolic the plants and associated indigenous knowledge. compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids with Hence, most of the medicinal plants were rare and are antioxidant activities, which can counteract the under serious threat mainly due to deforestation17. oxidative damage induced by the malaria parasite24. Therefore, interventions are required to mitigate the These plants are also used as a treatment for intestinal underlying threats to medicinal plant and to ensure parasites, venereal disease, snakebite, hepatitis, conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal trypanosomosis, and tonsillitis in many parts of plants in the study area. Ethiopia, besides, as a remedy to malaria10,.17,20,21. Conclusion Marketability of antimalarial medicinal plants The Gumuz people, in Mandura Woreda, have A small percent (12%) of antimalarial medicinal comprehensive knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants were sold at open local markets since the plants; it is part of their cultural entity. They have remedies were provided free of charge and had been using these plants for thousands of years since become part of their cultural entities and have similar there is stable and year-round malaria transmission in knowledge25. Few antimalarial plants’ parts were also the area that commonly affects all ages. sold as food items in addition to their medicinal value. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the people is related to These were Mangifera indica, Allium sativum, Citrus sex, age and education level of the informants. The limon, Carica papaya and Corchorus olitorius. This medicinal plants reported by the majority of indicates that the Gumuz people share the traditional informants and with higher RFC and FL are knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants since considered as having higher potency. These plants malaria is a common disease in the region17. Similar may be used in the future to conduct an in-depth findings are also documented elsewhere3-5,17,22,24. Pharmacological investigation.

Conservation of antimalarial medicinal plants Acknowledgement The effort made to conserve medicinal plants either We would like to thank the Mandura Woreda local by the local community or government was little and administrators, community leaders, and local 552 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2016

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