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Journal of Critical Reviews SOCIAL CONDITIONS of SHINASHA TRIALS in NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA

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Journal of Critical Reviews SOCIAL CONDITIONS of SHINASHA TRIALS in NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SHINASHA TRIALS IN NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA 1Abebe Ano Alula, 2Arjun Rao Kuthadi (Ph.D.) 1Ph.D. candidate in Department of History, College of Social Sciences and Art Osmania University, Hyderabad, India 2Professor of History ,Supervisor, Department of History, College of Social Sciences and Art Osmania University, Hyderabad, India Received: 24.03.2020 Revised: 14.04.2020 Accepted: 22.05.2020 Abstract This article is primarily concerned to explore the social conditions of the Shinasha community in northwestern Ethiopia. Shinasha is some of the Indigenous groups with Ca. 60,587 population in Ethiopia, Africa continent, who are living Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, near the Sudanese borderland. They have different social practices that distinguish them from others. They were part of the historical Gonga people who once lived on edges of the River Abay. Where were the early places of settlement of the Shinasha? What were the Social conditions, social changes and continuity in the Shinasha community? I address these questions by historically juxtaposing with social conditions and its dynamics with my interviews with the key informants and observations of changes in conditions of the Shinasha. This study highlights the geographic and background of the study area. The study tries to focus on the early settlement of the Shinasha and their conquest under imperial rule. It attempted to analyze the social organization of the Shinasha society. The significance of the paper is contributed to the understanding of the Social conditions and social changes and continuity of the Shinasha community in the historical outline. The social history of the Shinasha is the least studied themes in Ethiopian historiography. A profound historical reconstruction of Shinasha social conditions may show a comprehensive and objective experience of the people of northwestern Ethiopia. The study is also reduced confusion and misinterpretations of the experiences of the Shinasha community. The method used contains the interviewing key informants to support the existing sources. Their witnesses were cautiously crosschecked and analysed through qualitative methods. Keywords: Shinasha, Social Conditions, early settlement, Social change, Benishangul Gumuz Region. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.108 INTRODUCTION the Omotic language speaking people originated their name Background of the Study area from their place on both sides of the Omo River positioned The main focus of this article is to deal with social conditions of entirely in south-western and northwestern Ethiopia (Bahru the Shinasha tribe in northwestern Ethiopia. The Shinasha is Zewde, 2002, P.1). some of the marginal ethnic groups with Ca. 60,587 population in Ethiopia (C.S.A., 2007, 73) and their language family belongs to Ethiopia is a multicultural country with enormous multiplicity the Gonga language speaking ethnic groups like Kafa, Sheka, and to be found in the East Africa. The country has about Bosha and Anfillo in southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Their eighty-five ethnolinguistic groups. As has been mentioned language is one of the recorded antique linguistic groups in earlier, the languages spoken in the country are divided into northwestern Ethiopia. Recently, the people live mostly in the four linguistic families, Omotic, Semitic, Cushitic and Nilo- Administrative zone of Metekel, Asosa as well as various parts of Saharan (Abebe, 2010, P. 2). the country especially in western and northeastern Wollega and in some localities of the former province of Gojjam and Gondar In the northwestern portion of Ethiopia, in present State of (Abebe Ano, 2010, P.2). However; most of them were already Benishangul-Gumuz region, there are other ethnic groups such as assimilated by the local people. Shinasha, Gumuz, Berta, Mao, and Komo are considered as indigenous ethnic groups to the region (BGRSRC, 2002). To Ethiopia is a combination of nations, nationalities and people understand, the social characteristics of the Shinasha community communicate a variety of vernaculars, faiths and traditional and its dynamics in the region, it is important to highlight the practices. With regarding language, Linguists have divided historical and geographic settings of the area. these languages of the people into four languages, three of them finding a common ancestry to a parent language called Northwestern Ethiopia, State of Benishangul Gumuz region, is the Proto-Afro-Asiatic (Africa Facts, 2018). It is this language is research area located on the Ethio-Sudanese boundary and in spoken in Ethiopia but also other languages, spoken in the which the mainstream of the Shinasha established there for northern half of Africa and southwestern Asia (Ibid). Epochs. Thus, the State is some of the nine Federal Regions of Ethiopia situated in portions of the nation. It shares boundaries The main linguistic groups of the Proto-Afro-Asiatic family in the northern and northeastern with the Amhara region, in the spoken in Ethiopia are known as Omotic, Cushitic and Semitic east with Oromia region, in the south, with the Gambella region super language families. From these languages, Omotic and and the west with the Republic of Sudan (Girma W/Mariam Abe, Cushitic languages are the most ancient languages in the 2000, PP.1-20). We shall see below. Ethiopian region. The other group of languages goes to an independent language family known as Nilo-Saharan. The Nilo- Map of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state showing the Saharans are situated in the western margins of Ethiopia while locations of the districts Journal of critical reviews 544 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SHINASHA TRIALS IN NORTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA Source: https://www.google.com/ The history and physical uniqueness of the research area is a concern, the current State of Benishangul-Gumuz Region, was Research specific goals residence to numerous indigenous sets, demonstrating their The specific goals of the study are- exclusive culture and customs. The State was multi-dialectal. Shinasha, Berta, Gumuz, Mao, Komo languages were spoken in • To address early settlement patterns of the Shinasha tribe the region. But later other languages such as Amhara, Oromo, and Conquest under Imperial rule, and Agaw languages introduced to the region by the speakers at • To look at undergoing social conditions, social changes and various periods. The State has a amusing heritage, culture and continuity in the Shinasha community, history since antiquity. This civilization pleased condition is • To draw the attention of researchers to the study of reflected in the region's language, dialect, customs and culture, Ethiopian history from borders perspectives. These issues lifestyles, habits, choices and preferences, aspirations and so on. have not been treated well until recently. Therefore, an in- The knowledge and wisdom, innovation, human social, arts and depth study of these people, are generally important in cultural forms greatly developed and attained distinctive expanding our horizon of knowledge on the social history of character in the region for the centuries (Elders key informants the people in the region in general and Shinasha in interview results). particular. Generally, however, without the people’s aspirations, the Bela Shangul region and Metekel areas were made an integral part of Research Questions the administrative provinces of Ethiopia during the imperial To deal with this particular topic and other issues, we have the regime since 1898 A.D. It was annexed under Imperial rule following key research questions. through force i.e. military conquest. As a result, the People of the • Where were the early places of settlement of the Shinasha? Bela Shangul region had to wage so many struggles to achieve a • What were the Social conditions, social changes and self-rule State of Benishangul Gumuz region. Because of its continuity in the Shinasha community? geographic specificity, many people desired to have a separate State of Benishangul Gumuz region. However, it achieved since The Significance of the Study the 1990s became realistic. In the process, many people left their To this point, no contribution has been through to clarify the lives for the region and become scapegoats are in the State of social history of the Shinasha tribe during successive imperial Benishangul Gumuz region emerged as the ninth state of the rules and the military regime in Ethiopia. The consequences of Ethiopian Federation. The day of its emergence i.e. 1992 become these different regimes on the daily life of the people have not a red-letter day in the records of Benishangul Gumuz region been properly treated in the region. Besides these, the successive history (Ibid). regimes in Ethiopia also did not promote the writings of minority ethnic groups like Shinasha. A profound historical reconstruction As an essential part of the Federal state, the State of Benishangul of Shinasha social condition may show an objective experience of Gumuz region had always maintained its distinct character in the people of northwestern Ethiopia. Therefore, exploration of terms of social conditions. In the region, society was the social condition of the people under the study would fill in characterized as a multi-cultural society within all nations of some of the gaps and provide a true picture of the Shinasha
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