RPi 36 V/olume 9 Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) Public Disclosure Authorized

Resettlement Action Plan

Assosa - Guba Road Project Public Disclosure Authorized

Final Report

SCANNE Dte FLEL,QPYRaC ccLONa ACC8SSi;r l Public Disclosure Authorized NF iS older March 2004

Carl Transport Bro als Department Carl Public Disclosure Authorized IntelligentBro 6^ Solutions FILE tt Carl Bro 46 International Development Agency Intelligent Solutons 181 8th Street r 5 n ms nrl I Water &Environment Washington DC 20433 rl - - . l Industryd&uMarine USA.s 04 ,gnC d IT& Telecommunicaton Management

Attn: Mr. John Riverson - Building Lead Highway Engineer Transportation AFTTR Energy Addis Ababa Agrculture Ethiopia

05 March 2004 Job No. 80.1959. 06 Letter No. IDA -41 1

Ref.: Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan

Dear Sir,

As per ERA's letter of February 27, 2004 regarding the finalization of the RAP Report, we have the pleasure in submitting two (2) copies of the Draft Final Report for your pe- rusal.

Yours faithfully, ; carl3 ercr > r ,1-fS olt t itan l * 15,

Y, _ ^ Henrik M. Jeppesen Project Manager

SCANNED FILE COPY

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..:s.)inet/Drawer/Folder/Sub10oder.

TransQrtation F e3 Con 6

Tran.sportafi o nCons~ultinq Fnqineers Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Distribution List

DISTRIBUTION LIST

Sent to: Number of Copies

Ethiopian Roads Authority P.O. Box 1770 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 4 Tel: (251-1) 15 66 03 Fax: (251-1) 51 48 66 Telex 21180 Att.: Ato Zaid Woldegabriel

International Development Agency 1818H Street 2 Washington DC. 20433 U.S.A. Fax: (202) 473-8326

Nordic Development Fund P.O. Box 185 2 FIN-000171 Helsinki Finland Fax: +358-9-622 1491 Telex: 124704 nib fi

Carl Bro a/s Granskoven 8 2600 Glostrup Denmark Tel: +45 43 96 80 11 Fax: +45 43 96 85 80 AUt.: Jan Lorange Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary

1 INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Background 14 1.2 Objectives of the Study 14 1.3 Study Approach and Methodology 15 1.3.1 Meetings with ERA EMB 15 1.3.2 Data Collection and Review 15 1.3.3 Field Work 15 1.3.4 Compensation Characteristics 16 1.3.5 Environmental Protection and Management 16 1.3.6 GIS Mapping 17 1.4 Report Structure 17 1.5 Study Team Composition 17

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROAD 20

3 POLICY, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK OF RESETTLEMENT 22 3.1 Policy Framework 22 3.2 Legal Framework 24 3.2.1 Right of Way 25 3.2.2 Compensation 25 3.2.3 Dispute Settlement Procedures 28 3.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework 28 3.3.1 Ministry of Finance and Economic Development 29 3.3.2 Ethiopian Roads Authority 29 3.3.3 The Environmental Protection Authority 30 3.3.4 Benishangul Gumuz Regional Government 30 3.3.5 Intemational and Non Governmental Organizations 31

4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS 32 4.1 Demographic Profile within the Project Area 32 4.2 Characteristics of the Project Affected Households 34 4.2.1 Household Size 34 4.2.2 Occupations of the PAPs 35 4.2.3 Gender and Age Structure 35 4.2.4 Ethnicity and Religion 36 4.2.5 Migratory Status 37 4.2.6 Income and Expenditure 37 4.2.7 Education Levels 39 4.2.8 Health Status 40 4.3 Categories of Impacts 40 4.4 Vulnerable Groups 41 4.5 Relocation Options 42 4.6 Social Impacts of Relocation 44 Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Table of Contents

5 CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PAPS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 46

6 ELIGIBILITY 48

7 METHODS OF VALUATION OF AFFECTED ASSETS 50 7.1 Bases for Valuation 50 7.2 Compensation for Loss of Annual Crops 51 7.3 Compensation For Loss Of Perennial Crops 53 7.4 Compensation for Loss of Structures 54

8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 57 8.1 Institutions Involved 57 8.2 Implementation of the RAP 57 8.3 Delivery of Entitlements 58

9 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR THE RAP 59 9.1 Preliminary Activities 59 9.1.1 Formation of Resettlement Implementation Committee 59 9.1.2 Awareness Creation 59 9.2 RAP Implementation Activities 59 9.2.1 Right of Way Survey 59 9.2.2 Identification of Land for Resettlement 59 9.2.3 Payment of Compensation 60 9.2.4 Land Preparation 60 9.2.5 Construction of New Houses 60 9.2.6 Monitoring Activities 60 9.3 RAP Implementation Schedule 60

10 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 63 10.1 Background 63 10.2 Anticipated Environmental Impacts due to the RAP 63 10.3 Environmental Protection and Management Considerations 64

11 GRIEVANCE REDRESS 65

12 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 68 12.1 Performance Monitoring of the RAP 68 12.2 Impact Monitoring of the RAP 69

13 IMPLEMENTATION COSTS FOR THE RAP 70 Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Table of Contents

MAPS Map 1: Topographical Map of the Project Road Map 2: General Map Showing Location of Project Road Map 3: Location of Affected Households and Assets Map 4: Possible Relocation Sites

ANNEXES: Annex 1 List of Documents Consulted Annex 2 Survey Forms Annex 3 Socio-Economic Profile of PAPs Annex 4 Impact by Category of PAPs Annex 5 List of Vulnerable PAPs Annex 6 Resettlement Options for PAPs Annex 7 Methods of Valuation of Affected Assets Annex 8 PAP Compensation Summary Annex 9 Description of the Biological Environment of the Project Area Annex 10 Minutes of Meetings with Local Authorities Annex 11 Minutes of Meetings with PAPs Annex 12 Photographs of the Project Road Annex 13 List of Persons Contacted Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Acronyms

ACRONYMS

AAC - Arbitration Appraisement Committee ADLI - Agricultural Development Led Industrialization BGRNS - Benishangul Gumuz Regional National State CSE - Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia EMSB - Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EPA - Environmental Protection Authority EPE - Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ERA - Ethiopian Roads Authority FDRE - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GC - Grievance Committee GCRC - Gross Current Replacement Cost MoFED - Ministry of Finance and Economic Development NGO - Non Governmental Organizations PAP(s) - Project Affected Person(s) RAP - Resettlement Action Plan RBDPP - Regional Bureau of Disaster Prevention and Preparedness RBOA - Regional Bureau of Agriculture RBTIUD - Regional Bureau of Trade Industry& Urban Development RFSO - Resettlement and Food Security Office RIC - Resettlement Implementation Committee ROW - Right of Way RoWB - Right of Way Branch RRA - Rural Roads Authority RSDP - Road Sector Development Program UNHCR - United Nations High Commission for Refugees WB - World Bank .. r "'X' _ ' -' .

Kornsoah '

Awele Ber Village -s - Guba * . . . r *t -i*\ ~~'r~ - Yarena Village

Project Resettlement Action Plan Projectno. batt Carl Bro as Assosa -0ubaRoad Pnqe 80.1959.00 31.01.2004 Transport Department OrFwtle Topographical Map of the . Mcprwing no. Projc Road 1:500.000 Ma 0 Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The project road from Assosa to Guba (Mankush) is 221 kilometres long. It is located in Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State (BGNRS) in western Ethiopia. Construction of the road to gravel standard is considered to have a crucial role in developing and integrating the regional economy, as the road represents a potentially important inter-regional link, serving presently inaccessible districts and interconnecting the Western and North-Western Corridors. This is depicted in Map 1, Topographical Map for the Project Road.

As part of a maintenance programme, construction of the section of the project road from Assosa (Km 0) to Sherkole (Km 84) was undertaken by the Regional Govemment. The section from Assosa to Komosha was identified as requiring only maintenance works, while actual works commenced on the section from Komosha to Sherkole at the beginning of 2002. SATCON is constructing the road from Komosha to Sherkole (50 km) and the road will be fully open to traffic by mid 2004. Therefore, due to the ongoing construction up to Sherkole, the section of road considered for this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Assosa-Guba Road Project extends from the junction of Sherkole Town (Km 84) up to Mankush Town (Km 221), a total of 137 km.

The section of the project road from Sherkole to the Abay River is currently a rough track and is presently impassable for motor vehicles at all times. Other sections of the road are closed in the wet season. The project includes the construction of a 355 m long crossing of the Abay River (Blue Nile) about 50 km south of Mankush (refer Map 2 Location of Project Road).

The Feasibility Study and EIA for the Assosa-Guba Road was carried out in 2001. Detailed design and preparation of tender documentation for this road were prepared in March 2003. As the road construction will be financed by the World Bank, through the RSDPSP, a requirement for funding such works, is that a proper RAP is established for the project (refer Map 2 Location of Project Road).

The objective of this study is therefore to prepare a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Assosa-Guba Road Project, so that the adverse social impacts of the road construction operations can be minimized.

Legal Framework

A number of policy legal instruments govern issues pertaining to compensation and resettlement. Among the most important is the Constitution of Ethiopia, which has provisions regarding land tenure, expropriation, compensation, public consultation, gender and environmental issues. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) aims to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole.

Other legal documents pertinent to this RAP are:

* The Ethiopian Civil Code; * The Federal Rural Land Administration Proclamation (Proclamation No. 89/1997); * The Ethiopian Roads Authority Re-establishment Proclamation No. 80/1997; * the Environmental Protection Re-establishment Proclamation No. 295/2002; Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Executive Summary

. The Regional Proclamation No. 12/1999 for the establishment of the Benishangual Gumuz Regional National State Rural Roads Authority; . Regional Proclamation No.2/2000, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State A Regulation to Provide For the Allotment and Lease Holding of Urban Land.

In addition, the World Bank's OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement sets out the framework for compensation and resettlement requirements for Bank-funded investment projects. ERA's Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework provides and explains the basis for the legal framework of the compensation as applicable in Ethiopia.

Potential Social Impacts

The PAP survey revealed that in total 60 households (totalling 376 persons) would be affected along the project road from Sherkole to Mankush Town. Of the affected households between Sherkole and Mankush, 43 are rural (this is the area) and 17 are urban.

The table below shows the distribution of the affected PAP households for each section of road.

Table I - Project Affected Households Road Section Rural HH Urban Total PAP Total Persons HH Households Affected Sherkole to Abay 36 0 36 255 Crossing Abay Crossing to 7 0 7 22 Mankush Town Mankush Town 0 17 17 99 Total 43 177 60 376 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

The majority of persons affected reside between Sherkole and the Abay Crossing, a distance of about 80 km. The urban PAPs are all located in Mankush Town, which is the only urban area under consideration for the RAP. The ROW for the last 2 km of the road up to the Mankush-Alamhal Road roundabout has been reduced to 20 m in order to minimize the number of affected people.

The residences of 18 PAPs will be affected (with and without other assets). One PAPs fence only will be affected and for 4 PAPs only trees will be affected. A total of 4 businesses will be affected, all within Mankush Town. Finally, 38 farms will be affected, of which 30 are purely farms (refer Map 3). w

Table 2 - PAPs Affected Property by Category and Lo tion Distance

Farmers from Partially Fully Number Tree & Residenco Residence Residence Business Business Business Residence Residence Residence I INO Woreda Association Assosa Affected Affected of PAPs Farms lesiden Tree Fence fence &fence &Farm &tree &fence &tree tree &fen tree &fenc farm &tree farm &fenc Total 1_ S herko be 4 3 0_ 3 01 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 Sherkole Belmio 88 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 Sierkole Tumetabe 89 4 0 4 0 _0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 -4 Sherkole Abenere 94 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

|5 Sherkole Kolehu 95 1 0 1 _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F- SherkolefAbale _ 196 8 0 8 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8o 7YSherkole jAwelibego 117 11 4 15 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 15 |8 Sherkole IPapararo 164 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 herkole-AbayCrossing 31 5 36 2 2 1 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 o0 0 3 1 36

9 Guba Yarenja 165 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I lOGuba Behojar 185 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 !1G1G,iba Mankush 210 5 0 5- a ° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 bayCrossing-Mankush 7 o 7 _ -o0 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0 0 0 0 0 7 l2fGuba jMankush_ 221 TI if7 _ 17Y7- ==2-3 1 [31 O 1 2[ 1[ 1 21 [ _ 17 - Totl [ - I- 551 51 691_ 3 _ 4J 43 1 =_ 3 1- _4 37 27 -T-f - - 21 3[ - 1j_ 60 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Executive Summary

The extent to which the PAPs are affected is depicted in the table below. Only 5 PAP households (24 persons) will be fully affected by the road project, all of whom reside between Sherkole and Abay Crossing. However, for all persons whose structures are even partially affected full compensation has been considered.

Table 3 - Extent to which PAP Assets are Affected Road Section Sherkole to Abay Abay Crossing Mankush Town Affected Crossing to Mankush Total Assets Partially Fully Partial Fully Partially Fully Partially Fully Affected Affected Affected Affected Affected Affected Affected Affected Residences 1 1 0 0 2 0 3 1 Farms 21 2 7 0 0 0 28 2 Businesses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 only Tree(s) only 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 Fence only 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Residence + 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 farm Residence + 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 tree Residence + 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 fence Residence + 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 farm+ tree Residence + 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 farm + fence Residence + 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 fence + tree Business + 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 fence Business + 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 tree Business + 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 tree + fence Tree(s) + 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 fence Total PAPs 31 5 7 0 17 0 55 5 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

A total of 4.0125 ha of farmland, 812 sq m of buildings and structures, and 336.25 m of fencing will be affected. In addition, 53 fruit trees and permanent crops will be affected.

Compensation

From Sherkole to Mankush Town, a total of 60 PAPs will be affected. A compensation package to cover houses, business establishments, farms, fence and trees of the PAPs has been estimated at Birr 565,750. This has been summarized in the table below. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Executive Summary

Table 4 - PAP Compensatio Package Road Section Compensation Compensation Replacement Income Trees Total for Crops for Structures Cost for Restoration (Birr) Compensation (Birr) (Birr) Structures (Birr) (Birr) @ 30% (Birr) Sherkole to 39,695 12,737 3,821 0 1,375 57,627 Abav Crossing Abay Crossing 3,332 0 0 0 3,332 to Mankush Town ______Mankush Town 0 360,547 108,164 17,730 18,35C 504,791 Total 43,027 373,283 111,985 17,730 19,725 565,750 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

Implementation and Monitoring

Implementation of the RAP will broadly involve the following activities:

* Formation of the Resettlement Implementation Committees * Awareness creation * Right of Way survey * Identification of land for resettlement * Payment of compensation * Land preparation * Construction of new houses and structures * Monitoring.

It is recommended that for internal monitoring purposes, performance monitoring is undertaken through which the physical progress of the RAP can be measured. Indicators would include the number of meetings held with the PAPs, the number of complaints lodged; the number of compensation payments made, the number of houses/structures constructed, the number of PAPs relocated and the number of vulnerable people assisted.

Impact monitoring should be done through an extemal evaluation, which will assess the effectiveness of the RAP and its implementation with respect to meeting the needs of the PAPs. The evaluation will assess, inter alia, the appropriateness of: the relocation sites, the implementation schedule; the grievance mechanism; and mechanisms for assisting vulnerable groups.

The Resettlement Implementation Committee will take on the responsibility for the coordination, management and monitoring of the practical day-to-day implementation of the resettlement activities, including the disbursement of compensation, while ERA's Right of Way Branch will be in charge of monitoring the entire resettlement process.

Cost for the RAP

The total cost for the implementation and monitoring of the Resettlement Action Plan has been estimated at a total of Birr 930,475. A summary is presented in Table 5 below. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan Executive Summary

Table 5 - Summary of Costs for RAP Item Total Cost ______Birr) Compensation for Annual Crops 43,027 Compensation for Structures 502,998 Compensation for Fruit Trees and Permanent Crops 19,725 Monitoring 150,000 Sub-Total 715,750

Contingencies @ 30% 214,725

Grand Total 930,475

For proper and smooth implementation of the road construction, it is imperative that all compensation wilt be effected prior to the start of road construction works. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan I/ Introduction

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Assosa-Guba Road is located in Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State (BGNRS) in westem Ethiopia, approximately 680 kilometres from Addis Ababa. The road represents a potentially important link between Assosa in the south and Guba (Mankush) to the north. Construction of the road is considered to have a crucial role in developing and integrating the regional economy. It is believed that the road will provide access to support the development of large-scale rainfed agriculture in the Abay River valley, and possibly to hitherto untapped mining areas.

In June 2003, Carl Bro a/s were approached by ERA to carry out consultancy services for the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) for the Assosa-Guba and Babile-Fik Roads. These services (covering both the Assosa-Guba and Babile-Fik Roads) form Addendum No. 3 to the Contract for Consultancy Services for the Feasibility Study, EIA and Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Documentation Preparation of the Assosa-Guba Road, between ERA and Carl Bro a/s. In late August 2003 the Consultant was informed by ERA that his proposal had been accepted. Contract Ner,otiations followed, and the Letter of Commencement from ERA was signed on 10 October 2003.

This Final Report presents the Resettlement Action Plan for the Assosa-Guba Road Project.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The Assosa-Guba Road Project will involve the acquisition of land for the road corridor and the road reserve. This will necessitate the displacement of people, and involuntary resettlement of some of the project beneficiaries. These are very serious socio-economic and environmental impacts, and may lead to loss of land and crops, dismantlement of production systems, disintegration of the social fabric and loss of social values, propagation of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) and HIV/AIDS, soil erosion and water use conflicts.

The objective of this study is therefore to prepare a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Assosa-Guba Road Project, so that the adverse social impacts of the road construction operations can be minimized.

The RAP identifies those persons along the road who will be displaced as a result of the construction of the road, and those persons who will have to relinquish their land for the purposes of the road. It provides a socio-economic profile on the PAPs, and gives the cost of resettlement (including the resettlement activities as required by the World Bank's OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement) as well as the cost of land that may have to be acquired for the road, bearing in mind that in Ethiopia, all the land is owned by the Government.

The RAP is required to be prepared in accordance with the legal framework of the Federal Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank's Operational Policy OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement). Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan I 1 Introduction

1.3 Study Approach and Methodology

An overview of activities undertaken for the RAP are briefly described below. The team actually mobilised on 24th September 2003, while formal authority to proceed with the project was received through a letter from ERA on 101h October 2003.

1.3.1 Meetings with ERA EMB

Throughout the study, a number of meetings were held with ERA's Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch in the Planning and Programming Division.

Of relevance here was the establishment of the section of the road to be studied, where it was decided that the section of the project road from Assosa to Sherkole would not be considered here as construction had already commenced. Consequently this study covers only the section from Sherkole to Guba (Mankush) (refer Minutes of Meeting dated 13th October 2003, between ERA and Carl Bro a/s).

1.3.2 Data Collection and Review

National legal documents, the principle environmental policy guidelines and standards were reviewed with respect to any recent changes and their implications for the study road. Reference has also been made to a number of policy documents and guidelines on environmental impact assessment, social impact assessment, and resettlement action plans, from ERA, the Environmental Protection Authority, and the World Bank. The study team reviewed baseline data collected during the Feasibility and EIA Studies carried out by Carl Bro a/s in 2001, to re-familiarise itself with the characteristics of the zones of influence of the study road, particularly in respect of the definition of the zones of influence; existing land use and agricultural activities; and demographic, socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the area served. Information relevant to legal, administrative and institutional issues pertaining to the resettlement process was gathered from the Regional and Zonal authorities in Assosa and Metekel. Numerous ordinance survey, thematic and topographical maps were also referred to. Documents reviewed and referred to are presented in Annex 1.

1.3.3 Field Work

Preparation for field work involved the preparation of survey instruments, and their translation into Amharic. These comprised a PAP socio-economic survey form and a land/property assessment form (see Annex 2). Enumerators were identified and trained. The land survey team were advised on how to assess properties that would be affected by the road corridor and the road reserve, and to collect GPS coordinates for all the affected properties.

Field work commenced on 3 0th September 2003. Meetings were held with the local authorities between 3rd and 20th October in Assosa, Sherkole, and Guba. During this time the study team also conducted surveys along the project road. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan I 1 Introduction

1.3.3.1 Land Surveys

The first survey to assess land and property affected by the proposed project road was

carried out from 4 th to 24t October. The purpose of this survey was to establish which properties (land and buildings) lay within the project road's right of way. A second trip was made to the project area in order to reconfirm the exact number of PAPs affected and the types of properties affected. In addition, during this second field survey, the survey team identified sites for the relocation of the PAPs, and obtained an estimation of the total cost of the RAP.

1.3.3.2 PAP Socio-Economic Survey

The comprehensive PAP socio-economic survey was also conducted from 4 th to 24t" October, 2003. The socio-economic survey was carried out in tandem with the land/property assessment, so that as soon as an affected property was identified by the surveyors, the enumerators were able to conduct the socio-economic survey on that household. A total of 60 households will be affected. A socio-economic profile of the PAPs has been prepared.

1.3.3.3 Consultations with the Public and Local Authorities

Simultaneously with the PAP Socio-Economic Survey, the Consultant conducted consultations with affected communities along the road, as well as with the relevant local authorities, in accordance with guidelines developed for consultations with the local authorities and the public. The consultations were conducted at the zone, woreda and kebele levels. Minutes and details from the consultations with the local administrations and the PAPs have been recorded (refer Annexes 10 and 11).

1.3.4 Compensation Characteristics

Criteria for the eligibility of displaced persons were established, and potential PAPs were confirmed by the local authorities. A methodology for valuing losses was developed, so that the land and/or property to be acquired for the purposes of the road (including crops and trees) could be classified and valued. Replacement costs have been categorised separately for houses, structures, crops, trees and other assets. Sites for relocation and resettlement were identified. The institutional and technical arrangements for identifying and preparing relocation sites have been established. Packages for compensation for the affected persons were developed, and an implementation schedule for compensation and relocation has been drawn up. All compensation activities and activities related to other forms of assistance that may be necessary have been costed. A plan for monitoring and evaluation of the compensation package has also been drawn up, and performance indicators identified.

1.3.5 Environmental Protection and Management

The environmental impacts of the proposed resettlement have been assessed. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan I / Introduction

1.3.6 GIS Mapping

1.3.6.1 Spatial mapping of Socio-Economic Data

GIS maps have been prepared to depict detailed socio-economic information, such as possible settlement patterns, relocation sites, and sensitive habitats along the project road. These maps have been used in the RAP to enhance the socio-economic data provided therein.

1.4 Report Structure

The contents of this report are indicated in the Table of Contents at the beginning of this document, and therefore will not be elaborated upon here.

Annexes are also provided at the end of this report to support the findings of this study, and to provide additional data which are deemed to be too cumbersome to include in the main text of the report.

1.5 Study Team Composition

The composition of the Study Team, their respective roles in the project, as well as a brief description of their experience is presented below.

Arundhati Willetts - Team Leader and Sociologist

Mrs. Willetts has over nineteen years experience in social and environmental impact assessment, sociological issues and environmental conservation, in rural and urban settings in Eastern and Southern Africa and India. She has assessed environmental impacts of existing and proposed road, rural and urban water supplies, infrastructure and industrial projects addressing environmental protection, sustainable production, and made recommendations for the inclusion of specific environmental and social considerations into the design and implementation stages of the projects.

Sociological and gender oriented assignments that she has carried out have included social impact assessments (as part of EIAs), resettlement action plans, gender action plans related to road sector activities, where responsibilities have involved coordination of social studies, development of survey instruments, selection of enumerators, conducting surveys, and data analysis.

Her other experience covers project monitoring and evaluation, coordination of integrated and multi-disciplinary projects, preparation of tender documents, project proposals and company presentations, operations and logistics, and client liaison.

Mrs. Willetts has been the Team Leader on this study, responsible for developing and refining survey instruments for the socio-economic and land assessment surveys, collating and analysing survey data, preparation of socio-economic profile of the project affected persons, quality control and compilation of all the reports. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan 1 / Introduction

Dawit Gebremedhin - Economist

Dawit Gebremedhin has extensive experience in transport planning and transport economy in Eastern and Western Africa. His experiences as Transport Consultant are supplemented with many years of work in transport corporations in Ethiopia at various levels. He gained experience in transport management and logistics while working in the Ethiopian Freight Transport Corporation.

Transport related studies that he has been involved in include the Feasibility of the Assosa-Guba Road, Babile-Fik and the Seven Roads, the preparation and conducting of Transport Management and Training Program for a Trucking Association; Feasibility Study for establishing a Road Construction Company and an Engineering Consulting Service. Feasibility Study for the establishment of Bulk transport Service; Feasibility Study for establishing a Chartered Flight Air Service; a study on how a Public Transport Association could finance the importation of spare parts from Stabex Fund for its Associates. He has participated in traffic survey analyses and has conducted various feasibility studies pertaining to investment in other sectors of the economy. His specializations are feasibility studies, investment appraisals and transport costing.

For this study, Mr. Gebremedhin has been responsible for the refining of survey instruments, implementation of sociological and land assessment surveys, verification of data, consultations with PAPs and local authorities, compilation of policy, legal, institutional and administrative framework, developing, applying methods of valuation and analysing data in order to determine compensation and resettlement costs.

Henrik M. Jeppesen - Civil Engineer

Mr. Jeppesen has been the project manager of various large road projects and studies, involving all feasibility and design disciplines such as: topographic survey, soils and materials investigations, hydrological and hydraulic investigations, pavement inspections, geometric design, pavement design, structural design, preparation of tender documents and environmental impact assessment. His experience extends to both rural roads and expressways in a number of countries. During these projects he has obtained a general understanding of the problems related to each discipline.

Mr. Jeppesen has been responsible for the implementation of CAD design systems and subsequent training of staff in the use of this tool in Portugal, Nicaragua and Denmark. The subject of Mr. Jeppesen's Master Thesis was the HDM Illi Road Deterioration Model, and he thereby acquired a good knowledge of this sub model, a knowledge which Mr. Jeppesen has had the opportunity to put to use several times during feasibility and axle load studies.

Mr. Jeppesen has been providing inputs regarding the road alignment, carriageway details, and other aspects of civil engineering. In addition, he has been in charge of project coordination, logistical facilitation and support, as well as client liaison.

Michael Jepsen - GIS Specialist

Mr. Michael Jepsen is a Highway Engineer well conversant with modern highway and railway design methods, i.e. computer aided design (CAD). He has extensive experience in the application of the Intergraph CAD environment (MicroStation 95/SE/J, InRoads 7.2/8-0/8.1) and AutoCAD (13/14/2000) for geometrical design of highways. Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan I / Introduction

Mr. Jepsen has also extensive experience within visualizing, communication, Internet, plotting, Web design, development and testing of CAD programs. Presently he is participating in development of RIDS, (Road Intersection Design System) and testing of CAD programs used in Carl Bro (MicroStation J, Bentley Select CAD 8.2 Beta, Eagle Point a.m.). Mr. Jepsen is also teaching/supporting internal users in Carl Bro, in using MicroStation and AutoCAD.

Mr. Jepsen is involved in a number of Danish urban road projects, mainly doing design of junctions, roundabouts, preparation of tender documentation and construction supervision.

Since 2000 Mr. Jepsen has also been Team Leader/Highway Engineer responsible for preparation of engineering design and tender documents for a road project in Denmark.

For this study, he was responsible for the production of digitized maps for social and economic characteristics of the project road corridor. Assosa - Guba Road Project 21 Description of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Road

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROAD

The Assosa - Guba road project is located in the Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State (BGNRS) in the western part of Ethiopia, approximately 650 kilometres from Addis Ababa. The road represents a potentially important inter-regional link, serving presently inaccessible districts and interconnecting the Western and North- Western Corridors. Construction of the road is considered to have a crucial role in developing and integrating the regional economy. The area served is relatively undeveloped, but is believed to have important potential for agriculture and possibly mining.

Map 1 shows the topography along the project road, while the location of the road is illustrated in Map 2.

The project road is 221 kilometres long of which about a third is presently impassable for motor vehicles at all times, while some other sections are closed in the wet season. The project includes the construction of a 355 m long crossing of the Blue Nile (Abay) River about 50 km south of Guba.

The project road has been divided into 5 main links as follows:

Table 2.1 - Main Links of the Project Road Link Section of Road Chainage Length ______(km) (km) Link 1 Assosa - Komosha Junction 0 - 37 37

Link 2 Komosha Junction - Sherkole 37 - 87 50 Link 3 Sherkole - Blue Nile 87 - 169 82

Link 4 Blue Nile - Guba Junction 169 - 210 41 Link 5 Guba Junction - Guba (Mankush) town 210 - 221 11

Construction of the section of the project road from Assosa (Km 0) to Sherkole (Km 84) was undertaken by the Regional Government as part of a maintenance programme. The section from Assosa to Komosha was identified as requiring only maintenance works, while actual works commenced on the section from Komosha to Sherkole at the beginning of 2002. SATCON is constructing the road (to RR 50 standard) from Komosha -Sherkole ( 50 km) and the road will be fully open to traffic by mid 2004. The SATCON construction contract extends to the town of Gizen, on the Ethiopia-Sudan border. The Assosa-Guba Road branches off to the east from the Komosha - Gizen Road at Sherkole. Due to the ongoing construction up to Sherkole, the project area for the RAP for the Assosa-Guba Road Project extends from the junction of Sherkole Town up to Mankush Town. Hence the relevant links for this study are Links 3, 4 and 5.

The central section of the project between Sherkole and the Abay (Blue Nile) crossing (Link 3) is difficult to access, particularly in the rainy season. The alignment partly follows a now overgrown track, partly used as a footpath by the local population. The track is reported to have been used during the Italian occupation, and more recently during the Derg period by military vehicles. The route follows a generally northeasterly orientation across rolling to flat terrain, with elevations sloping down towards the Abay. Assosa - Guba Road Project 2 / Description of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Road

Link 4 of the project road begins at the Abay (the Blue Nile) close to the village of Yarenja, joining a dry-weather track of about 12 km length ( which was cleared by UNHCR to serve a refugee camp close to Yarenja). This connects (Yarenja Jn) with the existing regional road, which branches south from the main Guba-Chagni trunk road at a point (Guba Jn) 9.3 km east of Mankush town and extends about 64 km to Bambudi on the Sudanese border. Land use along the road is predominantly bush with only scattered patches of cultivation.

The final 11 km trunk road section (Link 5) is a 7metre wide laterite gravel road running through relatively flat agricultural land with an easy alignment. The link ends in Mankush town (Guba). Assosa - Guba Road Project 3/ Policy, Legal, Institutional and &- Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

_ 3 POLICY, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK OF RESETTLEMENT

3.1 Policy Framework

Policy provides basic directions and objectives for national and regional development. Since 1991, Ethiopia has been following a long-term strategy of "Agricultural Development -Led industrialization" (ADLI), whereby the development of agriculture is viewed as an important vehicle for industrialization, as a source of market base, raw - materials and capital accumulation. Following the ADLI strategy, the Government has launched several sector programs and projects. These include multi-year sector development programs for roads (Road Sector Development Program), education, - health, energy, as well as projects for agriculture and rural development.

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation 1/1995 _ of August 21s' 1995 is the supreme law in the country. Article 9.1 of the Constitution states that any law, customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a public official, which contravenes this [Constitution] shall not be effective.

The Constitution has provisions regarding land tenure, expropriation, compensation, public consultation, gender and environmental issues. The pertinent provisions of the Constitution on these issues are discussed below.

Regarding land tenure, Article 40.3 of the Constitution states that the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the state and in the peoples of Ethiopia. It also states that land is the common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Thus rural and urban dwellers have only usufruct right over land. A usufruct right gives the user of the land the right to use the land and collect the benefit of the fruits of his labour employed on the land.

The Constitution, Articles 40.4 and 40.5 give Ethiopian peasants and pastoralists the right to obtain free land for cultivation and grazing with out payment and guarantee the protection against eviction from their possession. The detailed implementation of this provision is to be specified by subsequent laws.

According to Article 40.7 of the Constitution every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. The immovable property and the permanent improvements refer to the agricultural products grown on the land and the temporary and permanent structures built. This right includes the right to alienate, to bequeath, and where the right of use expires, to remove his property, transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. The particulars of this Article are also to be determined by subsequent laws.

Article 40.1 of the Constitution states, "Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of private property". Article 40.2 defines private property as "any tangible or intangible product, which has value and is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of an individual citizen, associations which enjoy judicial personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstance, by communities specifically empowered by law to own property in common".

Article 40.8 of the Constitution states that without prejudice to the right of private property, the Government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to the payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the vatue of the Assosa - Guba Road Project 3 / Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

property.

Article 44.2 of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance. The last sentence of the Article gives provision for resettlement. Thus individuals affected due to the state programme (the construction of the Assosa Guba Road project in this case) are entitled to compensation for lost land, in addition to compensation for other properties on the land.

Individuals do not own land and land cannot be sold, mortgaged or any other form of transfer of ownership. Thus for the land user, the land has no market value. But as per this Article, the landholder is entitled to be resettled to another plot of land, equivalent to that lost through expropriation and also adequate state assistance. These provisions of the Constitution are the policy framework for the resettlementrehabilitation program envisaged due to the construction of the Assosa Guba Road.

The Constitution assures the right of the public to consultation. Article 43.2 of the Constitution states, "Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community". Thus the Constitution provides the framework for public consultation which would be necessary at the various stages of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), namely in the explaining the proposed RAP at the beginning of this study, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and grievance redressing.

Regarding gender, Article 35.6 of the Constitution states, 'Women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interest of women". Article 35.7 also states, 'Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property". The Constitution has explained clearly the provision with respect to gender issues and this provisions has significant importance in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, grievance redressing etc. of the RAP.

According to Article 44.1 and 92.1 of the Constitution, all persons have the right to clean and healthy environment and the Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment. Article 92.2 further states that the design and implementation of programmes and projects of development shall not damage or destroy the environment. Thus the Constitution has stated the pertinent provisions to be considered with respect to environmental issues in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the RAP.

In fact Article 92.3 discusses the right of the public for consultation regarding environment. The Article states that people have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly.

Thus the Constitution has provisions that are needed for the implementation of the RAP, to be carried out due to the construction of the Assosa-Guba Road Project.

The formulation of Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) was undertaken by the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), in conjunction with the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation and the World Conservation Union, in three phases from 1989 to 1998. Phase I of the CSE focused on the identification of key Assosa - Guba Road Project 3/ Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

environmental and development issues. During Phase II, a policy, the institutional framework and an action plan were developed. The third phase involved the finalisation and implementation of Regional state action plans and development programmes, focussing on capacity building within the Regions.

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) is the outcome of Phase II of the CSE. The overall goal of the policy is "to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". EPE incorporates sectoral as well as cross-sectoral policies and was approved by the Council of Ministers of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in April 1997.

3.2 Legal Framework

Following the provisions of the Constitution, various legal depositions have been enacted. Previous legal / proclamations which are consistent with the provisions of the Constitution have continued to be effective. The various legal depositions pertinent to resettlement and rehabilitation are discussed under this section.

Although Articles 40.4 and 40.5 of the Constitution guarantee the Ethiopian peasants and pastoralists the right to obtain free land, detailed implementation is to be specified by law. Article 52.2 of the Constitution states that Regional Governments are empowered to administer land and other natural resources in accordance with Federal laws. The Federal Government has promulgated the Federal Rural Land Administration Proclamation (Proclamation No. 89/1997) on 7th July 1997 based on the principle that land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to another means of exchange. Accordingly regional councils administer rural land and enact law on land administration.

Article 6 of the Proclamation states that a land administration law enacted by Regional Council shall ensure free assignment of holding rights both to peasants and nomads, without differentiation of the sexes; as well as secure against eviction and displacement from holdings on any grounds other than total or partial distribution of holdings, effected pursuant to decision by the Regional Council. The Proclamation grants the right for regional Governments to determine the rate and collect land use fees.

The Benshangual Gumuz Regional Council has not yet enacted land administration and utilization law based on the Federal Land Administration and Utilization Proclamation No. 89/1997. But the Region has enacted two proclamations, which would be discussed later in this section, that have relevance to the resettlement issues in the Region.

The following sections present the legal depositions pertinent to the right-of-way (ROW), compensation, and resolving disputes. Assosa - Guba Road Project 31 Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

3.2.1 Right of Way

ERA was re-established by the Ethiopian Roads Authority Re-establishment Proclamation No. 80/1997. The Proclamation defines the objectives of the Authority as: * to develop and administer highways, * to ensure the standard of road construction, and * to create a proper condition on which the road network is co-ordinately promoted.

Relevant provisions of the Proclamation to the RAP are stated under Articles 6.17 and 6.18. According to Article 6.17, ERA has the right to determine the extent of land required for its activities in the adjacency as well as surroundings of highways, and the conditions of use of such land by others. Thus the Proclamation does not explicitly determine the Right of Way (ROW), but ERA exercises a ROW of 30 m.

According to the Ethiopian Civil Code Article 1445, property belonging to the state or other administrative bodies shall be deemed to form part of the public domain. Article 1446 includes roads and streets, owned by the state or other administrative bodies as part of public domain. But this provision does not indude the total ROW, the highway and adjacency as well as surroundings of highways.

Thus according to Article 1457, no property forming part of the public domain may be occupied by a private person except with the authorization of the competent authorities. But since the 30 m ROW (the adjacency as well as surroundings of highways) is not stated in the law, ERA has been paying compensation to those who have encroached onto the 30 m ROW. Once ERA has enacted the limit of the ROW legally, the 30 mts ROW will be part of the public domain.

Thus according to the Civil Code prior authorization by the concemed authorities (in this case, ERA) will be required for any activity in the limit of the ROW. The authorization shall specify the time granted, dues and the nature of works to be done.

According to the Civil Code Article 1459, the competent authorities may at any time order the destruction of any work or the cessation of any activity, which impairs the existence or purpose of the property forming part of the public domain. Any concession granted or authorization given may in such case be revoked and nothing shall affect the right of the person to whom such concession or authorization was granted to claim compensation. This procedure would be applicable to the ROW if and when ERA legalizes the ROW to be 30 m.

3.2.2 Compensation

Article 44.2 of the Constitution states that all persons who have been affected as a result of state programs have the right to be compensated. Further the 1960 Civil Code of Ethiopia has provision for compensation. Article 1470 states that the owner, bare owner and usufructuary of an expropriated immovable and any person who benefits by a servitude on such immovable shall, within one month from having been served with the expropriation order, inform the competent authorities of the amount of compensation they claim.

Further Article 1474 states that the amount of compensation or the value of land shall be equal to the amount of actual damage caused by expropriation. Assosa - Guba Road Project 3 / Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

According to Article 6.18 of Proclamation 80/1997 of the re-establishment of ERA, the Authority has the power to use, free of charge, land and such other resources and quarry substances required for the purpose of construction and maintenance of highways, camps, storage of equipment and other required services, provided it pays compensation in accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses. As stated above as per the Constitution Article 40.8, the Government, in this case ERA, has the right to take land by paying the proper compensation.

The legal basis for paying compensation is stated in the Civil Code Article 1460. The competent authorities (in this case ERA) can expropriate the ROW land for public purpose by paying compensation.

Article 1461 defines expropriation proceedings as proceedings whereby the competent authorities compel an owner to surrender the ownership of an immovable required by such authorities for public proposes. The expropriation may be used for acquiring or extinguishing a right of usufruct.

Expropriation proceedings may be used to enable the public to benefit by the increase in the value of land arising from works done in the public interest (Article 1464). Article 1466 also refers to determining land subject to expropriation. Accordingly, when a project has been declared to serve public interest, the competent authorities shall determine which immovable requires to be expropriated to enable the carrying out of the project.

Regarding public consultation, the Civil Code Article 1465 states that where a public inquiry appears to be necessary, the declaration of public utility shall not be made until the public interest has been consulted. Further Article 1466 states that owners, bare owners and usufructuaries shall be personally notified of the contemplated expropriation and they shall be required to express within a reasonable time, fixed by the authorities, their views on the necessity of such expropriation.

The project, which renders expropriation, shall first be declared to serve the public interest by the competent authorities (Article 1463).

Moreover, Article 1450 grants the competent authorities (ERA in this case), by way of expropriation proceedings, the right to obtain the land necessary for the creation of roads or streets. Such authorities (ERA) by way of alignment proceedings, may widen or straighten existing roads or streets. If the alignment is in unbuilt land, such land shall forthwith be incorporated to public ways (Article 1451). According to Article 1452, if the alignment is on built land, such land shall be charged with a servitude to draw back. Servitude gives the right of way to someone over the property of another. In the case of road construction, the competent authorities have the right of way over the property of another. Accordingly the Civil Code states relevant provisions for the compensation of property, in our case, using the area for road construction or ROW.

ERA's Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework provides and explains the basis for the legal framework of the compensation. ERA's strategy, as stated in the Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework, stresses that PAPs should be compensated for loss of their properties at replacement cost by establishing expropriation and compensation committees for each local Government (Woreda) affected. ERA also allocates a yearly budget for expropriations and compensations expected during project implementation. In the list of measures to be taken, the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) requires that the resettlement plan should provide prompt and effective compensation at full replacement cost for losses of assets attributable directly to the project. Assosa - Guba Road Project 3/ Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

Article 1478 of the Civil Code states that the competent authorities may not take possession of an expropriated immovable until they have paid the amount of compensation fixed. In line with the Civil Code, the Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework of ERA also stipulates that payment of compensation will be effected ahead of commencement of civil works. The same view has been reflected in the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.12, (Involuntary Resettlement) which states that taking of land and related assets may take place only after compensation has been paid.

As stated under Articles 1474 -1476 of the Civil Code, in considering the amount of compensation:

* the value of the land that may be given to replace the expropriated land shall be equal to the amount of the actual damage caused by expropriation

* the increase of value arising from the construction of public works must be taken into account;

* any building or improvement made after the service of the expropriation order for the purpose of obtaining a great amount of compensation shall not be taken into consideration.

In fact the last point mentioned above is consistent with the establishing of a "cut-off' date, whereby further construction or expansion after that date would not be compensated. Both ERA's Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy framework and the World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 have the same view on establishing a cut-off date after which eligibility for compensation will be terminated. Thus persons who encroach onto the project area after the cut-off date will not be considered for compensation.

The Region has promulgated Proclamation No. 12/1999 to provide for the establishment of the Benishangual Gumuz Regional National State Rural Roads Authority. The Proclamation has the same provisions for rural roads as the proclamation of ERA (Article 6.17 and 6.18 of Proclamation 80/1997).

At the Regional level, according to Article 19 of Proclamation No. 12 / 1999, the lawful possessor of land will be provided with replacement land and will be compensated in accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses. It further states that if the victim of eviction is a farmer and replacement land is not available at that time, without prejudice to the right of the farmer to posses land whenever available, an eviction compensation must be paid whether or not there was a crop on the land, of not more than L ] years income which the farmer would have received using the land had he not been evicted. Even though the number of years of compensation is not specified in the Proclamation, the compensation framework is in line with the Federal laws and regulations.

Likewise in urban areas (applicable to Sherkole and Mankush), as per Article 8 of Regulation No.2/2000, (Benishangul Gumuz Regional State A Regulation to Provide For the Allotment and Lease Holding of Urban Land), urban land holding can be terminated if the land is required for public use. Thus the amount of compensation paid for the holding shall be at the market value at the time of request.

The procedure and issue of land titles and registration are not institutionalised in Sherkole and Guba Woredas through which the project road traverses. Thus the Kebele elected officials are the best source of information in the RAP, with respect to ownership (land titles and registration). Assosa - Guba Road Project 3 t Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

3.2.3 Dispute Settlement Procedures

According to the Civil Code, in the case of dispute on the amount of compensation between the competent authorities and the owner of the expropriated immovable, an arbitration appraisement committee shall fix the amount. Article 1473 does not mention about the composition of the members of the committee, except stating, "... committee shall comprise such members".

If the interested party or the competent authorities do not agree on the decision of the arbitration appraisement committee according to Article 1477, appeal could be made within three months from the decision of the committee.

In line with the Civil Code, the Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework of ERA also explains the procedure for handling grievances. Thus grievances are first preferred to be settled amicably whenever possible in the presence of elders, local administration representatives or any influential persons in the locality. If the PAPs are not satisfied with what has been proposed by the amicable means, then the litigation is settled by the Local Govemments courts. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 also requires the establishment of appropriate and acceptable grievance mechanisms for the PAPs.

ERA's Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework discusses compensation procedures, methods of valuation, consultation and grievances procedures, in line with the Constitution and the Civil Code.

The Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework also states that the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has committed itself to abide by the involuntary resettlement policy of the World Bank (WB) and both parties (FDRE & WB), agree on the fact that development projects should not be realized at the expense of the people affected by the projects.

3.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of National / Regional Self Government (January 1992), and Proclamation to Define the Powers and Duties of the Central and Regional Executive Organs of the Transitional Govemment of Ethiopia (January 1993) provide the primary, overarching framework of the federal structure of the Government. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) comprises the Federal and the state members. The Government is structured at Federal, Regional, Zone and Woreda levels in that order. Proclamation To Provide For The Establishment of National / Regional Self Governments provides a basic administrative hierarchy with the details of the structure of Woreda administration, powers and duties of the Woreda administration, Woreda council, the Woreda executive committee etc.

The institutions involved in the implementation of the RAP include the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, ERA, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and Regional Government (Benishangul Gumuz Regional National States). At the Region level, those involved will be the Resettlement and Food Security Office (RFSO), the Rural Roads Authority (RRA), regional, zonal and woreda level local administrations. Assosa - Guba Road Project 3/ Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

3.3.1 Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) is the responsible ministry for the disbursement of the allotted budget for the resettlement. ERA submits its annual budget including the allotment for the resettlement, which would then be ratified by the House of the Peoples' Representatives.

3.3.2 Ethiopian Roads Authority

ERA was established under the Ministry of Infrastructure. Its objectives are to develop and administer highways, and to ensure the standards of road construction, and to create a proper condition on which the road net work is co-ordinately promoted. Recognizing the importance of the improvement of the country's road network as a major prerequisite for the growth and development of the national economy, the Government has issued a ten-year Road Sector Development Program (RSDP). RSDP envisages the improvement of the condition of the existing road network by an extensive programme of rehabilitation, upgrading and expansion of the rural road network. ERA is responsible for the administration of the RSDP.

The main powers and duties of the Authority as stated in the Proclamation 80/1997 include: * initiating of policies and laws relating to roads; * determining design standards of roads; * classifying and designate the national road network; * constructing and maintaining highways; a determining the extent of land required for its activities in the adjacency as well as surrounding of highways and; * using materials for the construction and maintenance of highways by paying compensation.

The following four divisions within ERA have various responsibilities with regard to the planning and implementation of RAPs.

i. Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch

The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch (EMSB), which is under the Planning & Programming Division, is responsible for the carrying out of the environmental impact assessment and the social impact assessment of roads. It is accountable for planning and monitoring of the identification and mitigation of adverse social and environmental impacts.

ii. The Right of Way Branch

The Right of Way Branch (RoWB), which is under the Legal & Protection of Right of Roads Division, is responsible for the implementation of the expropriation and compensation activities. It is accountable for registration of PAPs, establishment of compensation committees, assessment and establishment of compensation rates, payment of compensation and settlement of claims and disputes.

iii. Finance Division

The Finance Division processes the estimated compensation amount by the Right of Way Branch, using the budget and disbursement procedure of the Authority. Assosa - Guba Road Project 3 1Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

iv. Civil Contract Administration Division

The Civil Contract Administration Division effects the payment of the compensation to the PAPs.

3.3.3 The Environmental Protection Authority

In response to the requirement of the Constitution, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) that was established under Proclamation No.9/1995, was re- established under Proclamation No. 295/2002. The objective of the Authority is to formulate policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a sustainable manner that will enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment, and to ensure the effectiveness of the process of their implementation.

According to this Proclamation, each national regional state shall establish an independent regional environmental agency or designate an existing agency, based on the Environmental Policy and Conversation Strategy, ensuring public participation in the decision making process.

3.3.4 Benishangul Gumuz Regional Government

In the implementation of the RAP, various Regional, Zonal and Woreda Government bodies of Benishangual Gumuz will be involved. The main ones are the Resettlement and Food Security Office (RFSO), Rural Roads Authority (RRA), Assosa and Metekel Zones, Sherkole and Guba Woredas.

According to the Proclamation for the Restructuring of the Executive Organ, Powers & Duties of the Benishangul Gumuz Region, the Resettlement and Food Security Office has been established, under the Rural Development Coordination Office. The main activity of the RFSO is to prepare a strategy and programs for villagization (willing settlement) and food security, and coordinate the implementation of the program through the various bureaus. As per the RFSO program, a study of willing villagization was conducted in Kamasha Zone and Mao Komo Special Woreda in March 2003. The program was expected to be implemented in November 2003. The plan provides for resettlement of the regional farming population in a voluntary basis in order to allow more efficient delivery of basic services. Resettled farmers will be encouraged to adopt ox ploughs. It is also planned to continue the study in Assosa and Metekel Zones.

As per the Constitution, Regional Govemments have the power to establish a state administration that best advances self-Government. Accordingly, the Region is in the process of establishing the Regional Environmental Authority. The Amharic version of the Draft Proclamation has.similar provisions like Proclamation 295 / 2002 of the Federal Government, except that it puts emphasis on regional issues. The Region has also established various sector bureaus including the Rural Roads Authority.

The RRA of Benishangul Gumuz Region has the responsibility for the planning, construction and maintenance of rural and community roads. The main objective of the RRA is to develop and manage rural roads and to create a proper condition for direct participation of the people in the construction and maintenance of community roads. The RRA will play an important role in the implementation the RAP, in close cooperation with the local administration and ERA. Assosa - Guba Road Project 3/ Policy, Legal, Institutional and Resettlement Action Plan Administrative Framework of Resettlement

The Woreda is the basic administrative unit of the national/regional Government and is governed by a Woreda Council. Among the duties of the Woreda Council are to " oversee the social services and economic development of the Woreda, approve plans and programs and supervise their implementation". Thus the implementation of the RAP, which would be followed by the construction of the project road, would help the economic development of the Woreda. Accordingly, the Woreda Council would play an important role in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation and grievance redressing procedures of the RAP.

The existing rural structure below Woreda level is the cooperative, Kebele and village in that order. A village is a geographical grouping of rural dwellers in a given area whose members are engaged either in agricultural and/or non-agricultural activities. The Kebele (Peasant / Farmers Association) is the lowest level of the administrative structure. The Kebele officials know their area in great detail. They will play an important role in the implementation of the RAP since they know the status of holding of land in their area. The farmers associations' elected officials along the project road will play an important role in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation and grievance redressing of the RAP in their respective Kebeles.

3.3.5 International and Non Governmental Organizations

The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) is involved in handling the Sudanese refugees in the Region. It has two camps near Komosha (Assosa Zone) and Yarenja (Metekel Zone). About seven Non Govemmental Organizations (NGO) are also working with UNHCR. There are another ten NGOs in the Region involved in various humanitarian and development assistance. But these are not involved in resettlement issues in the Region involving Ethiopian nationals. The only NGO involved along the project road is Oxfam UK Assosa Branch, which is involved in development activities (education, credit, clean water and HIV /AID awareness) in Menge Woreda. In general there are no intemational organizations or NGO involved in resettlement activities in the Region. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS

As part of this assignment, a social survey, as well as a land assessment survey, were conducted of the project affected people, in order to provide baseline data for the preparation the Resettlement Action Plan for the project road (refer Section 1.3). In this section, a social profile of the project affected persons is provided. During the social survey, every effort was made to interview the household heads. In some cases this was not possible, so the wife of the household head or a family member were interviewed instead. The raw survey data is attached in Annex 3, which lists the names of all the PAPs and information relevant to each PAP household.

The reader is reminded that the RAP for the Assosa-Guba Road covers only that section from Sherkole (Km 84) to Mankush (Km 221); thus the project area for the RAP therefore effectively begins at Sherkole and ends in Mankush town.

During the Feasibility and EIA studies conducted for the Assosa-Guba Road in 2001, a detailed socio-economic profile was constructed of the entire project road. Data collected during the RAP survey has been compared with that from the social profile where relevant. The socio-economic profile for the entire Assosa-Guba Road is also presented in Annex 3, in order to provide a more detailed understanding of the social setting within the Region.

4.1 Demographic Profile within the Project Area

In order to establish the population that would be impacted by the Assosa-Guba Road Project (whether positively or adversely), three levels of the zone of influence (ZOI) of the road were defined:

Direct: the area most likely to be subject to direct impact from the road; this has been broadly defined as a maximum 15 km radius in flat/rolling terrain, representing the greatest distance people are likely to be able to travel on foot or by donkey and return the same or next day. For the central sections of the road, the entire area between the Sudanese border and the Abay River is assumed to be part of the direct zone of influence.

Indirect: adjacent areas, beyond a 15 km radius, from which present or prospective motorised traffic using the study road may derive: this includes the area of Kurmuk including adjacent area of Sherkole, the Dabus valley (eastem Menge/Assosa and Komosha) and part of Guba.

Regional: a wider geographical area in which the road could lead to new or expanded interaction in economic activity and associated transport movements as a result of changes in the road network. This area effectively encompasses most of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region as well as neighbouring areas of Oromiya, Amhara and Gambella Regions.

The direct influence area of the whole of the Assosa-Guba Road is estimated to have a total land area of some 5,450 square kilometres, encompassing substantial parts of the administrative woredas of Assosa, Komosha, Menge and Sherkole, within Assosa zone to the south and west of the Abay; and part of Guba woreda, within Metekel zone, north of the Abay. The direct zone of influence thus represents about 11% of the total area of BGNRS- Assosa - Guba Road Project 4 / Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

The indirect area possibly covers a further 4,400 square kilometres (9% of the Region), comprising Kurmuk including adjacent areas of Sherkole, Dabus, parts of Menge, Assosa and Komosha and Guba woredas.

For the purposes of this ReseUtlement Action Plan, the direct zone of influence is relevant, and more specifically this is confined to Links 3, 4 and 5 as described in Chapter 2.

Estimates of the population for 2000 based on the 1994 census (see Annex 3) indicate provisionally that there are some 15,000 people within the direct zone of influence between Sherkole and Guba, including about 1,000 in the terminal town of Mankush (Guba). The indirect influence areas account for about a further 7,000 people. The population is overwhelmingly rural, apart from in Mankush Town.

Table 4.1 - Estimates of Zone of Influence Population 2000 Woreda Link 3 Link 4 Link 5 Total Sherkole 9,036 Guba 3,432 1,768 5,200 Mankush 960 960 tow n ______Sub-total 9,036 3.432 2,728 15,196 Direct ZOI

Indirect ZOI Kurmuk and 5,588 5,588 Sherkole Guba _ _ 1,428 1,428

Total 14,624 3,432 4,156 22,212 Source: Feasibility Study for the Assosa-Guba Road Project, 2001

The project road from Sherkole to Mankush serves very few people. At Sherkole the population density is approximately 7 people/sq km. The population living in northem Sherkole, south of the Abay, is estimated to be less than 500 giving, a density well below 1 person/sq km. Between the Abay and Mankush town, the population density is about 150-200 persons/km.

Growth rates derived from the 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, indicate that annual natural growth rates of rural populations in the Region would decelerate from 2.4% between 2000 and 2005 to 1.7% between 2020 and 2025. Urban growth rates were estimated at just under 2 percentage points higher. As a result the total population of the zone of influence is projected to almost double from its present estimated level by the year 2030. (Annex 3 contains a more detailed analysis of these projections).

Table 4.2 - Pop lation Pra ections in the Direct ZOI by Road Link Link From - To Woreda Popn Population Projections No. 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 3 Sherkole- Blue Nile Sherkole 7,424 9,036 10,174 11,343 12,584 13,827 15,042 16,205 4 & 5 Blue Nile - Guba Guba 4,485 5,200 5,856 6,529 7,244 7,959 8,659 9,328 Mankush 729 960 1,191 1,470 1,806 2,197 2,647 3,175 - ~~~~~~~~~~town TOTAL 5,214 6,160 7,047 7,999 9,050 10.156 11,306 12,503

TOTAL ZOI 12,638 15,196 17,221 19,342 21,634 23,983 26,348 28,706 Source: Feasibility Study for the Assosa-Guba Road Project, 2001 Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

These projections exclude provision for inward migration from other Regions. The population estimates also exclude temporary populations of Sudanese refugees located in camps near Guba. These camps generate a significant amount of economic activity and traffic associated with the supply of food and basic necessities. The Yarenja Refugee Camp is located at Yarenja on the Abay about 50 km from Guba. It was set up in April 2001 to accommodate refugees transferred from the older camps at Alamahal and Bamza near Bambudi in the border, in line with UNHCR policy to establish camps at least 50 km away from the border. The two camps housed 11,600 refugees in June 2000.

4.2 Characteristics of the Project Affected Households

The PAP survey revealed that in total 60 households (totalling 376 persons) would be affected along the project road from Sherkole to Mankush Town. Of the 60 households, one is actually an institution: a mosque where only 4 trees will need to be removed, and where one person was interviewed as the representative of the mosque. This person has therefore been considered as the 60t PAP.

Of the affected households, 43 are rural and 17 are urban. The urban PAPs are all located in Mankush Town, which is the only urban area under consideration for the RAP. The ROW for the last 2 km of the road up to the Mankush-Alamhal Road roundabout has been reduced to 20 m in order to minimize the number of affected people.

The location of affected households and assets is depicted in Map 3 (Maps 3.1 - 3.9).

The table below shows the distribution of the affected PAP households for each section of road.

Table 4.3 - Project Affected Households Road Section Rural HH Urban HH Total PAP Total Persons Households Affected Sherkole to Abay 36 0 36 255 Crossing Abay Crossing to 7 0 7 22 Mankush Town Mankush Town 0 17 17 99 Total 43 17 60 376 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

It can be seen that the majority of persons affected reside between Sherkole and the Abay Crossing, a distance of about 80 km. In terms of density however, 99 people will be affected over a distance of 2 km in Mankush town.

4.2.1 Household Size

Household sizes of the PAPs varied from 1 to 18 persons per household. On average the PAP family size was 6.3 persons. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Table 4.4 - Household Size Road Section Range of Average household size household size Sherkole to Abay Crossing 1 - 18 7.1 Abay Crossing to Mankush 2 - 5 3.1 Town Mankush Town 1- 17 5.8 Project Road 6.3 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.2 Occupations of the PAPs

Agriculture is the principal economic activity within the RAP project area. The main farming system from Sherkole to just over the Abay Crossing is subsistence-oriented farming (Berta and Gumuz). Further north up to the Mankush-Chagni Road Junction, lowland mixed agriculture is practised mainly by settlers (predominantly Amhara) and there is also a limited amount of commercial farming. Hence it is not surprising that the majority of the PAPs were farmers. In the urban area of Mankush however, other occupations also become prevalent: government employment and shop keeping. Many of the PAPs interviewed in Mankush were housewives.

The table below shows the occupations of the PAPs for the different road sections.

Table 4.5 - Occupations of the PAPs Interviewed Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Occupation Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total % Government 2 0 1 3 5.0 Worker Shopkeeper 1 0 2 3 5.0 Farmer 28 6 7 41 68.3 Housewife 4 0 6 10 16.7 Driver 0 1 0 1 1.7 Student 1 0 1 2 3.3 Total 36 7 17 60 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.3 Gender and Age Structure

Of the 60 people interviewed for the PAP survey, 41 were men (68%). In all 19 women were interviewed. In 11 cases, the male household heads were not available for the interviews, so their wives (and in one case a mother) were interviewed instead. The remaining 8 were women heads of households. Section 4.4 elaborates upon the vulnerable groups among the PAPs.

Table 4.6 illustrates the gender distribution of PAPs interviewed. The structure of the PAP families (including PAPs interviewed) is presented in Table 4.7 below. The total number of persons affected by the road project is 376, of which about 27% are girls and 29% boys. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4 1Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Table 4.6 - Gender of PAPs Interviewed Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Gender Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total % Males 26 6 9 41 68.3 Females 10 1 8 19 31.7 Total 36 7 17 60 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

Table 4.7 - Structure of PAP Families Road Section Sherkole to Abay Mankush Family Structure Abay Crossing Crossing to Town Total % Mankush Girls (0 - 14 years) 76 5 20 101 26.9 Women ( Ž15 years) 45 5 26 76 20.2 Boys (0 - 14 years) 80 4 26 110 29.3 Men( Žl5years) 54 8 27 89 23.6 Total 255 22 99 376 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

The ages of the PAPs interviewed ranged from 18 to 80 years. The average age of the respondents was 38.3 years. The table below gives the structure of the PAP families.

Table 4.8 - Age Distribution of PAPs Interviewed Road Section Sherkole to Abay Mankush Age Abay Crossing to Town Total % Distribution Crossing Mankush 18 - 30 years 8 2 6 16 26.7 31 - 45 years 18 5 8 31 51.7 46 - 60 years 8 0 3 11 18.3 Ž61 ears 2 0 0 2 3.3 Total 36 7 17 60 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.4 Ethnicity and Religion

Traditionally, the section of the project road from Sherkole to the Abay River is inhabited by the Berta peoples. Across the Abay, the Gumuz is the prevalent tribe. Further north, towards Mankush, there has been considerable in-migration by the Amharas from the neighbouring regions. This distribution is more or less reflected in the ethnicity of the PAPs interviewed, as presented in Table 4.9 below. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Table 4.9 - Ethnicity Road Section Sherkole to Abay Mankush Ethnic Abay Crossing to Town Total ° Group Crossing Mankush Berta 35 0 0 35 58.3 Gumuz 1 3 0 4 6.6 Amhara 0 4 14 18 30.0 Tigre 0 0 1 1 1.7 Arab 0 0 1 1 1.7 Agew 0 0 1 1 1.7 Total 36 7 17 60 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

The majority of the PAPs were Muslims (82%), while the remainder were Christians. All the PAPs between Sherkole and the Abay Crossing, and all but two between the Abay Crossing and Mankush, were Muslim. In Mankush Town, the distribution of Muslims and Christians was almost even.

Table 4.10 - Reli ious Backgrounds of the PAPs Road Section Sherkole to Abay Mankush Religion Abay Crossing to Town Total % Crossing Mankush Muslim 36 5 8 49 81.7 Christian 0 2 9 11 19.3 Total 36 7 17 60 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.5 Migratory Status

The migratory status of the PAPs essentially confirms their ethnicity. Between Sherkole and the Abay River, all the PAPs were from Berta tribes - that is they had always lived in this area. Beyond the Abay River up to Mankush, the distribution between migrants and Gumuz people is almost even, while in Mankush Town, as expected for urban areas, most of the PAPs were migrants from outside Benishangul- Gumuz Region.

Table 4.11 - Migratory Status of PAPs Road Section Always Region Outside Here Region Sherkole to Abay 36 0 0 36 Crossing Abay Crossing to 3 2 2 7 Mankush Town Mankush Town 1 4 12 17 Total 40 6 14 60 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.6 Income and Expenditure

During the PAP survey, the interviewees were asked to give an indication of their income and expenditure. While this information was collected, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed as people will often not reveal their true earnings. Nevertheless, the data Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

collected will give a basis for comparison of income levels of the PAPs for monitoring purposes.

The main source of income for the PAPs was agriculture. A few PAP households (mainly in Mankush Town) supplemented their income through the sale of livestock products. One household also panned for gold but his household income indicates that receipts from gold panning were not significant. A couple of others were involved in the sale of charcoal, but exact figures earned were not available. Most PAPs within the higher income categories either worked for the Government or had their own businesses. Among the lowest income groups were widows and a student.

Table 4.12 shows the annual income ranges of the PAPs. The majority of PAPs (47%) earned between Birr 2,001 and 6000 per year, while 25% earned between Birr 6,001 and 13,000 per year. This percentage is fairly consistent with findings from the Household Survey conducted for the Feasibility and EIA Studies for the Assosa-Guba Road Project (2001) , and also with the results of the Revised Report on the 1995/96 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey (1998). Four PAPs can be categorized as being very poor. The PAP survey indicates that 20% of the PAPs earned more than Birr 13,000 per year, mainly those residing between Sherkole and the Abay Crossing. This appears to be exaggerated, given the subsistence levels at which they are purported to live, and the distances to major markets.

Table 4.12 - Income Ranges of PAP Households Road Section g2000 2001-6000 6001 - 13000 >13000 Birr Birr Birr Birr

Sherkole to Abay 2 16 7 10 Crossing* Abay Crossing to 0 4 3 0 Mankush Town Mankush Town 2 8 5 2

Project Road 4 28 15 12

Source: Survey Results, November 2003 *The PAP representing the affected institution has not been included here.

The average income for the PAPs along the project road was estimated at Birr 9,595 as shown in the table below.

Table 4.13 - Inco e and Expenditure for PAP Households Road Section Income Average Expenditure Average Income Range Expenditure (Birr ) (Birr) Sherkole to Abay 800 - 34,340 10,530 800 - 33,144 10,243 Crossing Abay Crossing to 2,260-11,900 5,984 1,310- 10,338 5,318 Mankush Town Mankush Town 960 - 35,520 9,157 960 - 20,800 8,085

Project Road 800 - 35,520 9,595 800 - 33,144 9,037

Source: Survey Results, November 2003

A comparison of expenditure against income indicates that the PAP households have few savings. This is to be expected in most rural and lesser urban areas in Ethiopia. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4 I Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

4.2.7 Education Levels

Most of the PAPs interviewed had no education. Education levels of the PAPs in Mankush Town were noticeably higher than other sections of the road, where about 60% of respondents had some level of education, as seen from Table 4.14. The same pattem is reflected among other members of the PAP families (see Table 4.15 below). This can largely be attributed to the poor education facilities in the less developed areas of the Region, particularly between Sherkole and Mankush, while some education facilities are available in Mankush Town.

Table 4.14 - Education Levels of PAPs Interviewed Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Education Levels Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total % None 27 4 7 38 64.4 Primary 7 2 6 15 25.4 Secondary 1 0 1 2 3.4 Religious 0 0 2 2 3.4 Literacy 0 1 1 2 3.4 Total 35* 7 17 59 100.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 * The PAP representing the affected institution has not been included here.

Table 4.15 - Education Levels of Other PAP Household Members Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Education Levels Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total %

Women ( 215 years) 35 4 18 57 100.0 No Education 33 4 15 52 91.2 Primary 2 0 2 4 7.0 Secondary 0 0 1 1 1.8 Higher Education 0 0 0 0 0.0 Religious 0 0 0 0 0.0 Literacy 0 0 0 0 0.0

Men ( ;15 years) 28 2 18 48 100.0 No Education 21 2 15 38 79.2 Primary 7 0 2 9 18.7 Secondary 0 0 0 0 0.0 Higher Education 0 0 1 1 2.1 Religious 0 0 0 0 0.0 Literacy 0 0 0 0 0.0 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

The results of the PAP survey also indicated that school attendance among PAP children was low. Income levels did not appear to have a direct bearing on school attendance; rather this was influenced by access to/availability of educational facilities. Between Sherkole and Abay Crossing only 22% of girls and 30% of boys attended school; however, in Mankush Town, attendance for both boys and girls among PAP children was as high as 65%. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4 / Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Table 4.16 - PAP Children at School Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush PAP Families Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total %

Girls (0 -14 years) 76 5 20 101 100.0 No. at School 17 2 13 32 31.7

Boys (0 -14 years) 80 4 26 110 100.0 No. at School 24 2 17 43 39.1 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

4.2.8 Health Status

Every PAP household reported malaria as being the primary illness suffered by the family during the month prior to the survey. Diarrhoea and stomach problems were the next most prevalent illness. This is consistent with the main causes of morbidity reported in the Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State (undated), as well as with the Household Survey conducted for the Feasibility and EIA Studies for the Assosa-Guba Road Project in 2001.

4.3 Categories of Impacts

The PAPs have been categorized according to the type of assets affected, viz: Residences Farms * Businesses * Trees *- Fences

Apart from farms, in most cases the assets affected were a combination of one or two of these assets.

Table 4.17 - Summary of Affected Assets along Project Road Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Town Affected Assets Abay Crossing to Mankush Total Residences 2 0 2 4 Farms 23 7 0 30 Businesses only 0 0 0 0 Tree(s) only 1 0 3 4 Fence only 0 0 1 1 Residence + farm 4 0 0 4 Residence + tree 2 0 1 3 Residence + fence 0 0 1 1 Residence + farm + tree 3 0 0 3 Residence + farm + fence 1 0 0 Residence + fence + tree 0 0 2 2 Business + fence 0 0 2 2 Business + tree 0 0 1 1 Business + tree + fence 0 0 1 1 Tree(s) + fence 0 0 3 3 Total PAPs 36 7 _ 17 60 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

The residences of 18 PAPs will be affected (with and without other assets). One PAP's fence only will be affected and for 4 PAP's only trees will be affected. A total of 4 businesses will be affected, all within Mankush Town. Finally, 38 farms will be affected, of which 30 are purely farms.

A total of 4.0125 ha of farmland will be affected, 3.72 ha between Sherkole and the Abay Crossing, and 0.2925 ha between Abay Crossing and Mankush. There is no farmland in Mankush Town. Buildings and structures totalling 812 sq m will have to be compensated for, of which 367.4 sq m are in the section from Sherkole to Abay Crossing and the remaining 444.6 in Mankush Town. 66 m and 270.25 m of fencing will be destroyed between Sherkole and Abay Crossing and in Mankush Town respectively, totalling 336.25 m of fencing in all.

The extent to which the PAPs are affected is depicted in Table 4.18 below. If "fully affected" is considered as being that 100% of the property is affected, then only 5 PAP households (24 persons) will be fully affected by the road project, all residing between Sherkole and Abay Crossing. However, in real terms, if more than half of an asset is affected, it should be regarded as being fully affected. For example if 60% or more of a compound has to be destroyed for the purposes of the road or its right of way, then the remaining 40% of the property is in effect worthless. In this case 60% had been fixed arbitrarily, as there are no sound guidelines as to where the limit for worth: worthless should be drawn. If this argument is upheld, then a total of 13 PAP households (69 persons) would be fully affected, again all located between Sherkole and Abay Crossing.

Table 4.18 - Extent to which PAP Assets are Affected Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Town Affected Assets Abay Crossing to Mankush Total

Assuming % affected area as is Partially Affected HH 31 7 17 55 Fully Affected HH 5 0 0 5

Assuming 2 60% affected area is equivalent to fully affected Partially Affected HH 23 7 17 47 Fully Affected HH 13 0 0 13 Total PAPs 36 7 17 60 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

Details of the extent of impacts on the PAPs have been tabulated in Annex 4 and are also illustrated in Map 3 (Maps 3.1 - 3.9).

4.4 Vulnerable Groups

Vulnerable groups are defined as being the elderly, single mothers, widows or female heads of households, the elderly and the physically and mentally challenged. These persons are generally expected to suffer more upheaval as a result of the road project, on account of their disadvantaged position in society.

In all, 10 vulnerable PAPs were identified, 9 of whom were women, and one was a man. The man and one woman were 70 and 80 years of age, respectively. Of the Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

rest of the vulnerable PAPs, 6 were widows, whose ages ranged from 28 to 50 years. Two women were household heads, but it was not clear whether they were single mothers or widows.

Only one woman requested to be moved to a developed area. One woman preferred monetary compensation, while all the other vulnerable PAPs wanted to rebuild their structures on their existing plots with the compensation money they received.

Throughout the implementation process, the vulnerable groups should be accorded special attention. They may need more assistance during land clearing and while constructing their new houses. Some of the vulnerable PAPs may require assistance in caring for their children, fetching water or firewood, or feeding their families, while they are involved in resettlement activities. Others may request assistance in ploughing and planting their fields. The provision of any assistance sought by the vulnerable PAPs must be organized by the Resettlement Implementation Committee together with the woreda administrations.

An outline of their social and economic characteristics of these vulnerable PAPs are presented in Annex 5; in addition, in the raw data sheets from the PAP survey in Annex 3, their specific data have been shaded to distinguish them from the other PAPs.

4.5 Relocation Options

During the PAP survey, respondents were asked a number of questions regarding their preferred options for and during relocation.

Five PAP households were identified as being fully affected. Of these, 3 wanted to be relocated on their existing plots of land, and two requested monetary compensation only. With the application of the 60% affected rate criterion, 13 PAP households would be fully affected: 4 wanted only monetary compensation, while the remainder wanted to move to another area within their existing plot of land.

Most of the PAPs (46) preferred receive compensation and would relocate to another place on their existing plot of land. Eight persons wanted monetary compensation only, 5 in Sherkole and 3 in Mankush. Two of those in Sherkole were Government employees, two would be 100% affected and the fifth had 49% of his property affected. In Mankush Town of those requesting cash compensation only, one PAP had a business that was partially (16%) affected, the second PAP's trees and fence were affected, and the third PAP had only trees that would be affected. As mentioned above, one PAP represented an institution along the Sherkole-Abay Crossing section of the road where only 4 trees would have to be removed. It is expected that the institution would accept monetary compensation for those trees.

One PAP in between Sherkole and Abay Crossing wanted to be moved to a nearby site, while 4 PAPs wanted to be relocated to a developed area. There appeared to be some confusion regarding the latter, as the survey form intended to establish whether the PAPs would like to move to urban or other settled areas. However, the PAPs interpreted "developed" as being an area that was already cleared.

In all only 5 PAPs requested to be moved to a nearby site or to a cleared piece of land, but none of these households are fully affected, even if the 60% affected rate criterion is applied. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Table 4.19 - Type of Resettlementl Compensation Option Preferred Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Total Abay to Mankush Town Crossing Compensation only 5 0 3 8 Resettlement on existing 25 7 14 46 land _ _ _ _ Resettlement to nearby 1 0 0 1 site Resettlement in a 4 0 0 4 developed area Total 35* 7 17 59 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 * The PAP representing the affected institution has not been included here.

The PAPs were also asked when they would prefer to be relocated. The overwhelming majority preferred the summer time, while 8 PAPs were agreeable to move anytime or when requested.

Table 4.20 - Preferred Timing for Relocation Road Section Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total Summer 34 5 12 51 Any time 1 2 5 8 Total 35* 7 17 59 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 * The PAP representing the affected institution has not been included here.

With regard to forms of assistance, between Sherkole and Abay Crossing, the majority (71%) of PAPs wanted help in tending/preparing their farms. Between Abay Crossing and Mankush, all the PAPs wanted help in land preparation, while in Mankush Town all the PAPs requested assistance in acquiring construction materials (as none of the latter had affected farmland). This is illustrated in the table below.

Table 4.21 - Requests for Assistance Road Section Forms of Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush Town Assistance Abay Crossing to Mankush Total Acquisition of 9 0 17 26 construction materials Tending to the 26 7 0 33 farm- ._.. Total 35* 7 17 59 Source: Survey Results, November 2003 * The PAP representing the affected institution has not been included here.

Most people were of the opinion that ERA could not be of assistance to them, apart from 4 PAPs (all residing between Sherkole and Abay Crossing) who sought employment during the construction of the road.

Most PAPs within the road section from Sherkole to Abay Crossing requested assistance from the local administration in relation to clearing and preparation of new land or uncleared areas of their existing plots, and during the relocation process. Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

Some of the PAPs in Mankush wanted the local administration to be involved in the payment of compensation for affected property/assets.

PAP responses to options for relocation are presented in Annex 6. Maps 4.1 - 4.5 indicate relocation sites as discussed with the local authorities and the PAPs.

4.6 Social Impacts of Relocation

In general the social impacts due to relocation/resettlement are expected to be small, as the extent of relocation and consequent upheaval is small. Only 5 PAP households are fully affected; and if the 60% affected rate criterion is applied this number rises to 13 PAP households.

As mentioned above, the predominant agricultural systems within the project area (Sherkole to Mankush) are shifting cultivation and lowland mixed farming, based on rain fed cultivation. The Berta and Gumuz tribes practice shifting cultivation. Typically, this involves clearing of irregular plots at some distance from the village by cutting and burning off trees, bushes and shrubs prior to tilling with the hoe. Plots are cultivated for one or two years, then left to recover to woodland fallow for five or more years. The size of land holding is about 3-5 ha, but the capacity to cultivate is governed mainly by availability of family labour. Thus where purely farmland is fully affected, the move to a new plot of land would not be a new phenomenon (this will be the case for 3 of the 5 fully affected PAPs, and 4 of the 60% affected PAPs).

Most of the PAPs in the rural areas of the project road (ie. from Sherkole to Mankush) were concerned that there was not enough 'developed land". As explained above, by this they meant cleared land. Their fear was that they would spend a lot of time clearing new land.

The majority of PAPs (78%) wanted to move to another area within their existing plot of land. They only requested monetary compensation and assistance in acquiring construction materials and/or in tending to/preparing their farms. Thus the social fabric of these people will not be affected, as they will remain within their kebeles and communities.

There are vast tracts of undeveloped land available all along the project road. Thus for those PAPs who have to relocate completely, possible relocation sites close to existing residences and/or businesses have been identified (see Maps 4.1 - 4.5). These sites are less than 500 m from the existing residences/businesses, so again there would be minimal social upheaval, although there may be a location disadvantage, particularly for business enterprises in Mankush Town. In the case of the latter, this disadvantage would however be redeemed over time, as Mankush Town begins to grow and the new locations are absorbed into the hub, and it is likely then that the properties on these new plots will have as good a value as those currently in the centre.

In Mankush Town, economic hardship during the relocation phase was also cited as a problem by the PAPs. This is dealt with in the calculation of the compensation amount. Similarly, for those PAPs for whom loss of income from fruit trees was a concern, this has been included in the calculation of compensation amount.

Along the project road from Sherkole to Mankush Town, there are no infrastructure services, such as electricity, water supplies or sewage systems. In Mankush Town, electric power is produced by one person with a generator, who sells it to various Assosa - Guba Road Project 4/ Socio-Economic Profile of the Resettlement Action Plan Project Affected Persons

individuals and establishments. Water is obtained from wells or streams, and is delivered by bowsers or tankers to various establishments. Sanitation facilities comprise pit latrines and soakaway pits. In the rest of the project area, there is no electricity, water is obtained from rivers and streams, and there are no sanitation facilities. Hence the project road will not affect any of these basic infrastructure needs. Assosa - Guba Road Project 5 I Consultations with the PAPs Resettlement Action Plan and Local Authorities

5 CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PAPS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES

The Consultant carried out consultations with the PAPs and local authorities during the field survey. The Consultant also collected information from the PAPs through a house to house survey, using the two questionnaires prepared for that purpose. These questionnaires (attached as Annex 2) were used to collect detailed information about the livelihood of PAPs, income, social issues, types of properties affected, and cost estimates for compensation.

Consultations with PAPs and the local authorities were conducted at the following locations along the project road:

Table 5.1 Consultations Undertaken during the Study Consultations with Consultations with PAPs Administration Assosa Zone Almubebe Farmers Association Shekole Woreda Tumetabie Farmers Association Tumetabie Farmers Kolehu Farmers Association Association Abale Farmers Association Abienerie Farmers Awelibego Farmers Association Association Papararo Farmers Association Kolehu Farmers Association Mankush Farmers Association Abale Farmers Association Mankush Kebele Association Metekel Zone Yarenja Farmers Association Mankush Woreda I

The minutes of the above meetings were recorded in Amharic. Copies of the minutes, signed and sealed by the concerned authorities are attached in Annexes 10 and 11. At all these places the Consultant began by visiting the local authorities office and briefing them on the purpose of the assignment. The local authorities were then requested to assign their representative to accompany the team in the identification of the PAPs and to facilitate the completion of the two survey questionnaires. After completion of the survey questionnaires, the meetings with the local authorities and PAPs were conducted.

The purpose of the discussions was to:

explain and submit the list of the PAPs identified by the Consultant in the presence of their representative; establish and inform the PAPs and local authorities of the cut-off date, which was set as the final completion date of the census; * to obtain the commitment of the local authorities to prohibit any further development in the ROW after the cut-off date; * ensure the availability of land for relocation and to provide the same to the PAPs when implementation of the program materializes; provide the PAPs with all possible assistance in the resettlement effort (e.g. reconstruction of houses and clearance of farmland); provide special assistance and support to PAPs who are elderly and female headed households, that is the vulnerable groups; and assist in the implementation of the resettlement process and in solving any grievances the PAPs may have. Assosa - Guba Road Project 5/ Consultations with the PAPs Resettlement Action Plan and Local Authorities

The outcome of the discussions with the local authorities was that they:

* accepted the list of the PAPs as being the only persons affected by the construction of the road; * agreed to prohibit and deter newcomers from erecting property or carrying out any activity within the ROW after the established cut-off date; * agreed to provide land for the relocation of PAPs whose properties will be affected; * agreed to monitor the PAPs in the reconstruction of structures and preparation of farmland with the compensation money they receive; * agreed to assist and support elderly and female headed households PAPs in the restoration of their livelihood to the previous condition; * agreed to assist in the implementation of the resettlement and solving the grievance of the PAPs.

These consultations are considered to have paved the way to facilitate the smooth implementation of the resettlement process, as the PAPs have been informed of the impending road project and how it will affect them, and the local authorities have committed themselves to be involved in the resettlement process. Assosa - Guba Road Project 6/ Eligibility Resettlement Action Plan

6 ELIGIBILITY

The World Bank defines three groups of people as displaced persons eligible for compensation, viz. those who have formal legal rights to land; those who do not have formal legal right at the time when the census begins but have claim to such land or assets; and those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.

As discussed in Chapter 3, in Ethiopia, all land is the 'common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia" and cannot be sold or exchanged (refer The Constitution, Proclamation 1/1995 of August 21st 1991). Thus no individual can own land, in the true sense of the word. Rural and urban dwellers have only usufruct right over land - that is they can use the land and benefit from the fruits of the land. But in the context of eligibility, persons occupying, cultivating or residing on a piece of land are considered to be "owners" of the land.

Thus the basis of establishing persons and properties affected is the Right of Way, and the criterion for compensation in the case of the project road essentially applies to any property (farm, house, fence, tree) in the ROW corridor at the time of the census.

In Mankush town to the end of the project road (Mankush Almahal roundabout), the existing road has a width of 6 m, and shoulders of about 1.5 m on both sides. In Mankush town, the width of the ROW has bearing on the number of households affected and requiring compensation. If a 30 m ROW is adhered to within the town, the number of affected households is 46 (amounting to roughly a quarter of the town's population). However, if a 20 m ROW is considered, then only 17 households will be affected. This includes those people whose fences, trees, compound and houses fall within the ROW.

During discussions with ERA in November 2003, it was agreed to reduce the ROW to 20 meters as a means of reducing the number of affected persons by nearly 33%. This is in line with the World Bank Operational Policies (WB OP) 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement Policy Objectives, which recommends that resettlement must "...be avoided where feasible, or minimised, exploring all viable altemative project designs".

Using these ROW limits and based on information from the detailed design of the road (which gives the coordinates of the road alignment), the Consultant has identified all the PAPs that have property in the ROW corridors.

As the project road traverses the most remote areas of the Region, any form of legal documentation proving "ownership" or inhabitation was not available. In practice, between Sherkole up to the town of Mankush, any person (specifically the Berta and Gumuz) can settle, develop and/or cultivate any plot of land which is not "owned"- or being used by another person. But in Mankush town itself, a permit must be obtained from the Woreda administration to own land.

Individuals own all the affected houses and there are no Kebele houses for rent along the project road, even in Mankush town. Thus the issue of eligibility with respect to Kebele houses is not applicable here.

In the process of identifying those eligible for compensation, the Consultant has worked closely with the local authorities along the project road. A list of the PAPs Assosa - Guba Road Project 6/ Eligibility Resettlement Action Plan

is presented in Annexes 3 and 4. The Consultant conducted public consultations with the PAPs, as well as the local authorities (refer Chapter 5). Copies of the minutes, together with the list of the PAPs have been given to the respective woredas. The Amharic version of the signed minutes have been attached in Annexes 10 and 11.

The cut-off date in the case of Assosa - Guba road project was November 18th 2003, which was the final date of completion of the census and asset inventory of persons affected by the project. Thus after the cut-off date, any persons newly occupying the ROW are not entitled to compensation for their fixed assets (houses, crops, trees and fences).

A summary of the PAPs by road section is presented in Table 6.1 below.

Table 6.1 - PAPs by Road Section and Occupation Urban No. Road Section Farmers Dwellers Total PAP 1 Sherkole - Abay Crossing 36 0 36 2 Abay Crossing - Mankush Town 7 0 7 3 Mankush Town 17 17 _ Total 43 17 60 Source: Survey Results

As seen from Table 6.1 above, the majority of the PAPs are farmers. Of the total affected farmers, only 5 households fall completely in the ROW limit whereas the remaining are partially affected. This number will rise to 13, if the criterion for requiring relocation is set at 60 % or more of the property / farm being affected. Assosa - Guba Road Project 7/ Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

7 METHODS OF VALUATION OF AFFECTED ASSETS

7.1 Bases for Valuation

All affected properties in urban and rural areas within the Right of Way (ROW) are eligible for compensation. The project road affects 43 rural and 17 urban dwellers; in total, 60 households are affected. In the urban areas of Mankush town, residences, business facilities (mainly shops) and fences are affected. The road affects 43 farmers, their farms, permanent trees and other property. The affected land and / or property to be acquired for the purposes of the road (including crops and trees) have been classified and valued.

For most of the project road, a ROW of 30 m has been adhered to; however, in Mankush town this has been reduced to 20 m in order to minimize the number of people affected.

Of the total households affected, 36 households lie within the road corridor from Sherkole to the Blue Nile (Abay) crossing. From the Blue Nile crossing to Guba (Mankush), 24 households (7 rural and 17 urban) are affected. Mankush is a small town in a remote part of the country, having a population of about 1000 people (960 people according to estimates for the year 2000). In the urban area of Mankush, the road affects residences and business facilities (mainly shops).

Further to discussions with the concerned local authorities it has been established that due to the scattered nature of settlement along the project road, and the abundance of land in the project area, it is unlikely that persons will be displaced due to land to be acquired for access roads, dumping of spoil, temporary or permanent borrow and quarry sites, and the contractors camps, is unlikely. In fact the borrow and quarry sites identified at the detailed design stage are located in unsettled areas. Thus the need for relocation or compensation is precluded.

No deviations will be necessary for the section of the project road from Sherkole to the Blue Nile Crossing. Between the Blue Nile and Mankush, it has not been possible to identify the possible PAPs resulting from to the land required for deviations at this stage. However, deviations will be routed so as not to affect any structures or property (including grave sites). Where people are affected due to temporary access or deviations, compensation will be paid for the forgone benefits for the duration of the impact, and the area taken for temporary access will be rehabilitated and returned to the occupier of the land after the construction (or detour service) is complete.

During consultations with the public and the local authorities, it was revealed that there is plenty of land available between Sherkole and Mankush for the purposes of relocation and resettlement. The Consultant has obtained confirmation to that effect from the Assosa, Metekel Zones and the Woredas through which the road traverses. (refer: minutes of meetings with the local authorities - Annex 10). Land for land compensation will be used, and the PAPs will be given an equivalent amount of land. While for the property (structure or farm) on affected land, cash compensation will be given.

The project road traverses remote woredas of the Region, and no public sector properties telephone poles, power poles and water pipes exist.

Replacement costs are categorised separately for houses and other assets. The basis of payment is the market value of the buildings, trees, crops and fence. In addition, compensation will be paid in conformance with the local law, and other measures that Assosa - Guba Road Project 71 Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

may be necessary to ascertain loss of assets.

The methods for compensation of crops (including perennial crops), houses (residences and businesses) and fences discussed below.

7.2 Compensation for Loss of Annual Crops

The project road passes mainly through the lowland areas (kolla), between 500 and 1500 metres elevation, characterised by high temperatures (over 27 degrees) and low rainfall (less than 450 mm). Agriculture is overwhelmingly the main economic activity along the project road, except in the small rural town of Mankush.

The agricultural systems of most relevance to the project area (Sherkole to Mankush town) include shifting cultivation and lowland mixed farming, based on rain fed cultivation. The native populations (Gumuz, Berta, and Shinasha) predominantly practice shifting cultivation, based on use of the hoe. Typically, shifting cultivation involves clearing of irregular plots at some distance from the village by cutting and burning off bushes and shrubs prior to tilling with the hoe. The farmers supplement seasonal food deficits by some dependence on gathering of wild forest products and hunting. Lowland mixed agriculture is practiced mainly by settlers from other parts of Ethiopia. Commercial agriculture is also practiced on a very limited scale. Settler and commercial farming is practised around Mankush and the Mankush - Chagnie road junction

In the case of shifting cultivation, farm plots are cultivated for one or two years and then left idle for several years to be covered with woodland fallow. The land is cleared during the dry months (January - March), set fire in April and ploughing starts as soon as it rains. The prevailing rainfall pattem is unimodal with a wet season from April/May to October/November. The agricultural products grown along the project road (mainly from Sherkole to Mankush) are sorghum, ladies fingers, sesame, maize, soya beans, groundnut and pumpkin. Livestock rearing is very limited in these areas because of tsetse fly infestation.

In determining the valuation method to be used for the compensation for the crops of the PAPs, the Consultant has collected information from the PAPs, Regional Bureau of Agriculture (RBOA), Regional Bureau Disaster Preventions and Preparedness (RBDPP) and other relevant regional offices. The following procedures and assumptions have been used for the valuation method:

Details of the types of crop growing on the land have been collected from the PAPs during the survey, using the Land Assessment Questionnaire (survey questionnaire 11) and from actual observations during the field trip to the project area. From the survey, it has been recorded that farmers cultivate up to four different types of crops on their plot of land.

Information on the yield per hectare for the identified crops has been collected from the RBOA and from officials from Guba Woreda.

Information on the proportion of land use and combination of crops growing along the project road has been collected from RBOA and from officials from Guba Woreda.

Even though the major market of the Region is located in Assosa, most woredas have their own smaller markets. The smaller markets are almost fully monetised and information on the market price of the crops has been collected from the RBOA and RBDPP. The highest monthly market price, collected from the Regional and Woreda Assosa - Guba Road Project 7 ! Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

Disaster Prevention & Preparedness Offices has been used in this valuation.

Input costs for the production of the crop have been collected from the RBOA, and Woredas, and the Final Feasibility Study for the Assosa Guba Road Project (Carl Bro a/s, 2001).

The farmers along the project road do not use modem inputs like fertilizer and pesticide. The major cost of farming is the labour input for the preparation of the land weeding and harvesting.

The following table summarizes the information considered in developing the valuation method.

Table 7.1 - Farmers Net Annual Income Per Hectare Gross Input Net Land prop Net _ Yield Price output cost output ortion in Income / No Crop Qt/ha Birr/ Qt Birr/ ha Birr/ha Birr/ ha % per ha per ha 1 Sorghum 12 100 1200 265 935 61 570.35 2 Ladies finger 10 240 2400 415 1985 0.5 9.925 3 Sesame 6 450 2700 646 2054 11 225.94 4 Maize 11 80 880 266 614 23 141.22 5 Haricot bean 10 250 2500 588 1912 1 19.12 6 Groundnut 8 425 3400 638 2762 3 82.86 7 Pumpkin 42 30 1260 275 985 0.5 4.925 I Total I_I I 100 1054.34 Source: RBOA, Guba Woreda officials & Feasibility Study for the Assosa Guba Road Projeci

The net income per hectare has been used in the computation of the compensation amount for the PAPs. Discussions with concerned officials at Regional, Zonal and Woreda levels indicate that the Region has no previous experience of paying compensation for such types of resettlement programs. From ERA's experience on other projects and in view of the remoteness of the area, compensation for ten years lost crop has been considered as reasonable. This payment would assist the farmers to maintain their livelihood at their current levels, (i.e. before being affected by the project). The land preparation cost has also been taken into account for compensation.

Details for the valuation of crops are presented in Annex 7, while Table 7.2 below summarises the total compensation to be paid for crops.

Table 7.2 - Total Compensation for Crops Area of farm Total crop No. of Farmers land affected compensation No. Road Section affected (sq m) (Birr) 1 Sherkole - Abay Crossing 36 37,200 39,695.00 2 Abay Crossing - Mankush 7 2,925 3,332.00 = TTotal 43 40,125.00 43,027.00 Source: Survey Results Assosa - Guba Road Project 7/ Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

7.3 Compensation For Loss Of Perennial Crops

The Region has extensive forest and bush cover, especially between Sherkole to Abay Crossing and from Abay Crossing to the Mankush-Chagni Road junction. The Consultant has recorded all the perennial crops (fruits and permanent trees) that will be affected due to the construction of the project road. The following table shows the different types of perennial crops affected, according to the various road sections.

Table 7.3 -Affected Perennial Crops by Type and Road Section - [Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush No Name of Tree Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total 1Mango 0 0 13 13 2 Lalobe 3 0 0 3 3Koshim 2 0 0 2 4 Yegoma zaf 1 0 0 1 5 Giishta 0 0 1 1 6 Neem 0 0 11 11 7 Incense 0 0 11 11 8 Wanza 2 0 1 3 9Sassa 0 0 3 3 10 Birbira 0 0 2 2 11iShola 2 0 0 2 12 Chakma 0 0 1 1 Total 10 O 43 53 Source: Survey Results

In order to compute the annual income that the PAPs derive from perennial crops, the present value of delayed annuity method is applied. Thus the present value of the stream of incomes that could be earned over the entire life of the perennial crops is considered. Since payment has to be effected to the PAPs before the commencement of the construction of the project road, all the annuity payments are discounted to the present value using a 10% discount rate.

In determining the valuation method, information has been collected from the RBOA, PAPs and officials from Guba Woreda. The following procedures have been adopted:

* The age of the affected trees range from two to more than ten years. For ease of computation and consistency all the trees for which compensation is necessary are assumed to be at seedling stage.

* For the different types of trees, the age to bear fruit or production, the amount it yields and the economic age have been considered.

* The PAP is to be compensated for the benefit that the tree would provide during its whole economic life.

.- The local market value of the tree and the fruit along the project road has also been considered in the computation.

* The input cost or the residue value of the tree at the end of its economic year is not deducted from the total output or benefit since they are insignificant.

Detailed valuation calculations for trees is presented in Annex 7, while Table 7.4 summarises the compensation costs for perennial crops. Assosa - Guba Road Project 7/ Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

Table 7.4 - Compensation Estimate for Perennial Crops No. of trees Cost of a Total No Name of Tree affected tree (Birr) Cost (Birr) 1 Mango 13 596.62 7,756.06 2 Lalobe 3 231.95 695.85 3 Koshim 2 47.60 95.20 4 Yegoma zaf 1 270.07 270.07 5 Giishta 1 138.88 138.88 6 Neem 11 101.71 1,118.81 7 Incense 11 807.71 8,884.81 8 Wanza 3 62,57 187.71 9 Sassa 3 61.03 183.09 10 Birbira 2 62.3 124.60 11 Shola 2 94.11 188.22 12 Chakma 1 81.37 81.37 ____ Total 53 19,724.67 Source: Surey Results, RBOA, PAPs & Guba Woreda Agriculture E

7.4 Compensation for Loss of Structures

According to ERA's, Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy Framework, Gross Current Replacement Cost (GCRC) is the basis for the valuation of houses. GCRC is defined as 'the estimated cost of erecting a building as new having the same gross external area as that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of land'. The valuation process considers the use of "compensation value" for affected properties.

As per the Policy Framework, compensation value is defined as "the amount to be paid to the leaseholder which is calculated as an amount which is above the gross current replacement cost, including the costs for the inconvenience caused to the leaseholders by relocation, and to enable the same leaseholders to build slightly better houses than what they currently occupy."

Thus PAPs will be compensated for loss of assets at replacement cost, given opportunities to share project benefits, and be assisted in case of relocation or resettlement. The aim is to improve, or at least sustain, living conditions prior to project operation or resettlement.

In arriving at the compensation value for loss of houses, the replacement amount for residences is calculated to be sufficient to build a new house with the same material and having the same area (dimensions). In addition a replacement (or disturbance) allowance of 30% will be included to cover costs for the PAPs inconvenience of moving to the new location, property damages during transfer, loss of access to public and social services, and for the location advantage they lose.

For business establishments affected due to the project, the replacement of the structure of the same material and size, 30% replacement (disturbance) allowance, and additional compensation for income restoration will be paid. This additional income restoration amount is calculated by estimating the business establishment's monthly income (collected from the PAPs) and from discussions with the relevant local authorities. The monthly income of the establishment, that is the lost income due to the relocation, will be paid to the PAPs for the duration of the construction of another facility Consultation with the concerned authorities revealed that once compensation is paid, facilities could be built within 3 months. Thus 3 months lost income has been considered in the valuation. Assosa - Guba Road Project 7 / Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

In cases where a house is affected partially, the replacement cost is calculated for the whole area of the house. Partial replacement would not be sufficient for the PAP to continue or sustain his living condition prior to the project operations or resettlement.

In estimating the replacement cost, depreciation of the residence or the business establishment has not been deducted. The current construction material cost has been taken into account. In the calculation, similar type of construction material is assumed to be used. It is also considered that the PAPs will re-use materials from the demolished houses. The quality of the replaced houses would be the same as for the original houses.

The Consultant has collected information on construction cost along the project road Woredas from the Regional Bureau of Trade, Industry and Urban Development (RBTIUD) and local authorities in Guba Woreda. The PAPs had also been asked (in the Land Assessment Survey questionnaire) to indicate the value of the house / structure / fence that will be affected. Thus the current market unit rates of constructing houses of thatched and corrugated roofs have been estimated.

The unit cost of construction varies from woreda to woreda. Most of the fences affected were constructed of bamboo. The unit construction cost in the two woredas (Sherkole and Guba) through which the road traverses is as follows:

Table 7.5 - Unit Cost for Replacement of Structure by Type and Woreda No. Woreda Type of Structure Purpose of the Structure Birr 1 Sherkole Thatched Roof House / m2 Residence 30.00 3 Bamboo fence per meter Fence 8.00 4 Guba Thatched Roof House / m2 Residence 30.00 5 Corrigated roof wood and mud house I m2 Business/Residence 660.00 6 Bamboo fence per meter Fence 8.00 7 Wood fence per meter Fence 72.00 Source: Bureau of Trade, Industry and Urban Development, PAP and Guba Local Authorities

The above rates have been used to compute the compensation amount of the affected structures (residence and business establishments).

The survey results reveal that 44 structures (thatched and corrugated roof houses) and 336 m of fence are affected between Sherkole and Mankush town (Mankush Alamhal roundabout). The breakdown by road section is presented in the following table.

Table 7.6 - Affected Structures (Residence, Business & Fence) House type and area in sq.m No. of Thatched roof ICorrigated roof Total Fence No. Road Section PAPs Number 1Area Numbe Area Numbe Area length in m 1 Sherkole - Abay Crossing 36 24 407 0 0 24 407 66 2 Abay Crossing - Mankush 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Mankush Town 17 3 29 17 537 20 566 270.25 Total 60 27 436. 17 537 44 973 336.25 Source: Survey Results

The above table assumes a ROW in Mankush town of 20 meters. As mentioned in Chapter 6, there are no Kebele houses on government buildings along the project road; all the affected houses have been built by individuals. Thus the issue related to Kp.hlp. hoi iqpC in i rhnn nnan ic not n Assosa - Guba Road Project 7 I Methods of Valuation of Resettlement Action Plan Affected Assets

From the figures derived above, the replacement compensation and income restoration costs for structures affected (with a 20 m ROW in Mankush town) are summarized as follows:

Table 7.7 - Replacement & Compensation Cost For Affected Structures Replacement cost Replacement cost Compensation Income Total No Road Section (Birr) for houses (Birr) for fences cost (Birr) restoration Birr I Sherkole - Abay Crossing 12,209 528 3821 0 16558 2 Abay Crossing - Mankush 0 0 0 0 0 3 Mankush Town 355,585 4,962 108164 17,730 486441 !Total 367,794 5,490 111985 17730 502,999 Source Survey Results, BOTIUD and PAPs

Details of the compensation amounts for each PAP can be found in Annex 8. Assosa - Guba Road Project 8/ Institutional Arrangements Resettlement Action Plan

8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

8.1 Institutions Involved

A range of institutions will be involved in the implementation of the RAP for the Assosa-Guba Road, particularly the following:

At national level:

* Ministry of Finance and Economic Development * Ethiopian Roads Authority (Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch, Right of Way Branch, Finance Division, Civil Contract Administration Division) * Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority * The Benishangul-Gumuz Regional National State

At regional level:

* Resettlement and Food Security Office * Rural Roads Authority * Zonal administrations * Woreda administrations.

The responsibilities and mandates of these institutions have been discussed in Section 3.3 of this report.

The Ethiopian Roads Authority is the implementing agency of the RSDPSP, and it is therefore also the implementing agency for all resettlement and rehabilitation operations to do with road construction projects. While ERA will be the lead agency for the implementation of the RAP, its operational procedures will link closely with those prescribed by EPA and the World Bank.

Although there are a number of local or international NGOs present in the Region, they are mainly involved with the resettlement of non-Ethiopian refugees. They would be not able to assist in the resettlement of PAPs for this road project. Moreover, the nature of resettlement in the case of this road is relatively small in scale, and can be sufficiently managed by the local authorities.

8.2 Implementation of the RAP

A Resettlement Implementation Committee (RIC) must be set up in each woreda where the PAPs reside. In view of the small number of PAP households that will be affected, it is recommended that in all two RICs should be set up: one for Sherkole Woreda that will cover the section of road from Sherkole to the Abay Crossing, and one for Guba Woreda for the section of road from Abay Crossing to Mankush, including Mankush Town. Each committee should be composed of the ERA Right of Way agent, one representative from the local administration (woreda), two representatives from the PAPs (preferably those having leadership roles within their communities, and of which one should be a woman), and other stakeholders (eg. representatives from the RRA, the kebele administration, and a representative from the community who has no formal leadership role). It is important that women are well represented in these committees. The head of this committee should be the representative from the Woreda Administration and should report to ERA's Right of Assosa - Guba Road Project 8 / Institutional Arrangements Resettlement Action Plan

Way Branch, through the RRA representative where feasible.

The Resettlement Implementation Committee will take on the responsibility for the coordination, management and monitoring of the practical day-to-day implementation of the resettlement activities, including the disbursement of compensation.

Due to the relatively small number of people (60 households in all) who will be affected along the road, and the remoteness of some of the affected properties along, it is recommended that the number of committees involved in the resettlement process be restricted. Thus it is felt that there is no need to have a separate committee to deal with compensation issues, and another to deal with other aspects of RAP implementation.

The Right of Way Branch in ERA will be in charge of monitoring the entire resettlement process. Therefore, through their agents who will be members of the RICs, they will be able to coordinate, inspect and supervise. The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA will supervise the monitoring of the RAP process.

8.3 Delivery of Entitlements

The World Bank maintains that the responsibility for resettlement lies with the borrower. Each year ERA allocates a budget for expropriation and compensation which may be required as a result of the construction/rehabilitation of their road network.

During the PAP survey, the names and details pertaining to all the project affected households were documented. The list of PAPs was confirmed by the relevant woreda authorities. Discussions were also held with the relevant woreda authorities in order to ensure their participation during the relocation process. The focus of the consultations has been elaborated upon in Chapter 5; in essence the local authorities are instrumental in ensuring the smooth implementation of the RAP. Their signed and stamped commitment in the implementation of the RAP process is appended in Annex 10.

ERA has a standard procedure for effecting compensation payments. The compensation rate and amount will be recalculated by ERA's Legal Division (Right of Way Branch) together with the RIC. The payment will be effected jointly by ERA's Finance Division and the Contract Administration Division.

Compensation may be paid in cash directly to the individual PAPs. Payments will be made to each PAP in the presence of the RIC, and the PAP's spouse. Assosa - Guba Road Project 9 / Implementation Process for the RAP Resettlement Action Plan

9 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR THE RAP

9.1 Preliminary Activities

9.1.1 Formation of Resettlement Implementation Committee

One of the first activities will be to form the Resettlement Implementation Committees within each of the woredas within the RAP project area. Its composition and role have been discussed in Chapter 8. This committee will be responsible for the smooth implementation of the RAP.

9.1.2 Awareness Creation

During the PAP Survey and the Land Assessment Survey conducted for this RAP between October and November 2003, consultations were held with the local administrations as well as the project affected persons (see Chapter 5, and Annexes 10 and 11). Thus the Consultant has already begun the sensitization/awareness creation process amongst the PAPs and their communities.

In addition, the Resettlement Implementation Committee will have to conduct further discussions with the affected persons, as well as the community as whole, when the ROW agent visits the project area to reaffirm the properties that will be affected, and recalculates the compensation amounts (see Section 9.2.1 below). Special attention should be given to women in the sensitisation exercise, as they are often excluded from such processes, despite their pivotal role in the households.

9.2 RAP Implementation Activities

9.2.1 Right of Way Survey

The Right of Way Branch agent will conduct a detailed survey which will determine the exact number and type of properties that would be affected by the road project. Detailed drawings will be produced depicting the sites of the affected properties, and these will be submitted to ERA for consideration and approval.

The RoWB agent must then reconfirm the compensation rates with the RIC and Woreda Administration.

In addition, the RoWB agent must reconfirm the identified relocation sites together with the Woreda Administration.

9.2.2 Identification of Land for Resettlement

There is an abundance of available land along the project road, and as such, no legal formalities or procedures exist for acquiring land, particularly for the Berta and Gumuz people. The PAPs can be allocated land immediately. An individual can identify an area of land that is not occupied by another person, clear that area, and then claim the land as theirs. This will take about 1-2 weeks. Assosa - Guba Road Project 9 1 Implementation Process for the RAP Resettlement Action Plan

However, in Mankush town individuals must obtain permits to acquire land. Settlement within the town is scattered and there is ample unoccupied land, particularly further away from the center of town. Discussions with the PAPs confirmed the same. The Woreda administration has confirmed that there will not be any problem in providing replacement plots to PAPs. The authorities confirmed that they would avail land within a week.

At this stage, the Consultant has only identified the possible options for the relocation of PAPs in Awelibego, Abale, Papararo and Mankush. These locations have been depicted in Map 4 (Maps 4.1 - 4.5). The Woreda authorities will have to reconfirm these as relocation sites together with the RoWB agent.

9.2.3 Payment of Compensation

Once the RoWB agent has determined the compensation amount due, the Resettlement Implementation Committee will disburse the payments to the PAPs. Payment of compensation will take approximately 4 weeks for the entire road from Sherkole to Mankush Town. Payments must also be made before the physical construction works begin.

9.2.4 Land Preparation

In general, between Sherkole and Mankush, land clearance will take a maximum of two weeks per hectare, on account of the bush and woodland that is required to be cleared. Buming and ground preparation will take another two weeks.

So, in total the process of identification, clearing and land preparation will take a maximum of one month per hectare.

Clearing the grass and bush will take a week as there is considerably less vegetation around the town. Thus within a period of two weeks, a plot of land would be ready for the PAPs to settle on within Mankush town.

9.2.5 Construction of New Houses

Once land has been allocated and the area cleared, construction of the new houses and structures can begin. This is expected to take 2-3 months.

9.2.6 Monitoring Activities

Monitoring will have to be undertaken during the entire resettlement process, as well as after it. Monitoring means and responsibilities have been discussed in detail in Chapter 12.

9.3 RAP Implementation Schedule

The resettlement process will have to be done in conjunction with the road project cycle. The main resettlement activities, including identification of land, land clearing, payment of compensation and construction of new houses/structures is expected to take approximately 7 months. Assosa - Guba Road Project 91 Implementation Process for the RAP Resettlement Action Plan

Figure 9.1 provides an implementation schedule for the RAP. It also indicates activities to be undertaken during the road project cycle. The schedule assumes that there are no budgetary constraints, and that input and any additional support required for the various activities is provided in a timely manner.

The PAPs emphasized that they preferred the resettlement process to take place in the summer (ie. not during the rains). This has been taken into consideration in the implementation schedule.

Provision may need to be made for religious festivals such as Timkat and Ramadhan. This has not been indicated in the schedule. Figure 9.1 -Implementation Schedule for Resettlement Action Plan

No . Action 2004 2005 2006 2007 J F M A J I s 10 D J F IM A IM IJNDJ A MJYJ A S-O N I 1 Preliminary RAP Activities -1 .1 Formadion of Resettlement Implementation Commitees… 1.2 Awareness Creation

2 RAP Implementation _ 2.1 Right of Way Survey _ _ _

_____ confirm relocation sites ______- confirm comprnsaton rates 2.2 Identificabon of land for resettlement _ _ 2.3 Payment of corn nsation 2 4 Land Properabon 2.5 Construction of new houseststructures . _ _ _ _ PAPs move into new houses/structures

2 6 Monitoring of-RAP ______- i a a… I a a 1 I a _ 5 a _a I I p _ I I aI a

3 Road Construction Actvities _ _ _ _ 3.1 Tender and awgard of supervision contrac _ _ _ _… 3.2 Tender and award of constructon contract . .. 3.3 MobiUisation of Contractor 3.4 Constructon works 3.5 Site clearance and inspecton 3.6 Certfication of completon of works Assosa - Guba Road Project 10/ Environmental Protection and Resettlement Action Plan Management

10 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

10.1 Background

An Environmental Impact Assessment study was conducted for the entire Assosa- Guba Road in 2001 (Carl Bro a/s, 2001). As part of the EIA, a biological survey was conducted in order to assess the impacts on flora and fauna presented by four possible alternatives for the road alignment. The results of the biological study supported the selection of Alternative IV, which was also consistent with the preferred engineering alignment. The Study provides a detailed environmental management and monitoring plans which will have to be implemented during construction and operation of the project road.

In this chapter, the environmental impacts due to the implementation of the RAP are considered.

10.2 Anticipated Environmental Impacts due to the RAP

Discussions with the woreda administration confirmed the availability of land for the purposes of resettlement. The boundaries of the possible relocation areas are indicated on Maps 4.1 to 4.5. These will have to be approved again by the local woreda authorities once the relocation process begins. It can be seen that the possible relocation sites are very close to the original PAP sites. The sites are presently uncleared plots of land. However, 46 PAP households of the total 60 affected households requested that they be compensated monetarily, but would move to another place on their existing plot. Of the remainder, 9 wanted only monetary compensation, and 5 wanted to move to a new plot. Thus the level of relocation/resettlement required for this project is very small, and consequently the amount of land required for the resettlement process is also small.

Within the RAP project area the PAPs do not have access to proper infrastructure services (ie. electricity, water supplies or sewage systems). Between Sherkole and Mankush, water is obtained from rivers and streams. In addition, there are no proper sanitation facilities. Mankush Town has a population of about 1000 people. The town has no power (except that supplied by a private individual between 7 pm and 10 pm), no water supply nor sanitation facilities. In terms of the urban environment, therefore, the situation is extremely basic.

The main environmental impact due to the implementation of the RAP would therefore be linked to the clearing of trees, bushes and shrubs. For the section of road from Sherkole to the Abay Crossing, shifting cultivation is practiced, and so at one time or another, the proposed areas for resettlement would be cleared by the local people for agricultural purposes anyway. Currently this is being done with little regard for the rare floral species that are found in that area. The biological survey undertaken for the EIA Study for the Assosa Guba Road indicates that there are a number of floral species occurring along this section that are unique to Ethiopia and the Region (see Annex 9).

North of the Abay Crossing, mixed rainfed arable farming is practiced. The vegetation here is dominated by Adansonia digitata (Baobab tree), and spreads through much of Amhara Region too. The threat to species of conservation value is therefore less serious in this area, but still exists. Assosa - Guba Road Project 10 1Environmental Protection and Resettlement Action Plan Management

The urban area of Mankush Town has seen more activity in terms of bush clearing. Here the clearing of land is unlikely to threaten any rare plant species.

Soil erosion could result from clearing activities, especially where gradients are >4%. However the relocation sites identified are generally flat, and erosion is not expected to be a major issue.

None of the possible relocation sites are located less than 100 m from streams or other sources of potable water. Thus contamination of water sources is also unlikely to occur.

10.3 Environmental Protection and Management Considerations

The following considerations must be taken into account during the relocation process:

* Relocation sites should not be located in riparian land. a Relocation sites should not be located on land with gradients greater than 4% in order to minimize soil erosion. * During the clearing and preparation of land, care must be taken to avoid the following plant species which are considered to be unique: - Zygotritonia praecox - Crinum subcemum - Gladiolus daleni - Merremia gallabatenis The local populations will generally recognize most of the plant species occurring in their areas, but may need to be told of species having global importance. Any such species must be transplanted. * All local trees must be preserved unless there is good reason to cut them down for the purposes of relocation. * Only the land that is required solely for the purposes of resettlement should be cleared. * All cleared land must be planted as soon as possible to minimize soil erosion. . Wherever possible, soil conservation methods (such as terracing) should be employed. The Bureau of Agriculture representatives at woreda level should be involved in this activity. * The PAPs that are resettled should be provided with appropriate sanitation facilities, in this case pit latrines. The latrines must be located at least 50 m from any water source. & During the dismantling of the present structures, and after construction of new structures, all construction debris should be carefully disposed of, at a dump specified by the local authorities. Under no circumstances should building debris be thrown into streams or rivers or any other water bodies. Assosa - Guba Road Project 11 / Grievance Redress Resettlement Action Plan

11 GRIEVANCE REDRESS

There will always be individuals who are not satisfied with their compensation package or the resettlement process, or who may feel that they were eligible for compensation. It is imperative to settle these issues as early as possible in order that the resettlement process can be efficiently and punctually completed, and it is therefore necessary to set up systems to address such grievances.

The best means of addressing any complaints or claims is through dialogue. Thus when a PAP has a grievance, he/she will first discuss the issue with the Resettlement Implementation Committee. If the RIC is not able to pacify the PAP, the complaint should be passed on to the Grievance Committee. The Grievance Committee will comprise of one representative from the woreda administration, one representative from the PAPs, and one elderly person (leader) from the PAP's community. In order that this committee is independent, the members should not be members of the RIC.

If further arbitration is necessary, this will be conducted by an Arbitration Appraisement Committee (AAC). The AAC should be comprised of a member of the zonal administration, the RRA and an elderly community leader.

If still no consensus is reached, then legal recourse may be taken. However, once the matter is taken to the courts of law, it may take years to settle, and the aggrieved PAP may lose out in the end, even if he/she succeeds in court. Thus the Resettlement Implementation Committee should try resolutely to solve the complaint at the very initial stages. The legal framework for redressing grievances is explained in Section 3.2.3.

The following steps should be followed in order to achieve consensus for any grievance related to any aspect of the project:

1. The grievance should be filed by the affected person to the RIC. The grievance note should be written, signed and dated by the aggrieved person.

2. The RIC should respond within 15 days. Thus any meetings and discussions to be held with the aggrieved person should be conducted within this time frame. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, then other experts may need to be brought in to revalue the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this case, the aggrieved person must be notified that his/her complaint is being considered.

3. If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome of the meetings/discussions with the RIC, then the matter should be passed on to the Grievance Committee.

4. The Grievance Committee will then attempt to resolve the problem within 15 days of the complaint being lodged with them, again through dialogue and negotiation. If no agreement is reached at this stage, then the complaint is taken to the Arbitration Appraisement Committee.

5. The Arbitration Appraisement Committee will embark on further negotiations with the aggrieved PAP. If the PAP does not agree on the decision of the arbitration appraisement committee then he/she may appeal to the Zonal courts of law of within three months from the decision of the committee. Assosa - Guba Road Project 11 /Grievance Redress Resettlement Action Plan

The grievance redress process is shown in Figure 11.1.

All aggrieved persons should be exempt from all legal and administrative fees incurred during the grievance redress procedures. pure 11.1: Grievance Redress Flow Chart Carl BroC2 InWent Solutios

PIAP

PAP PAP

RIC - Resttlment Imphmentatlon C:ommi t LPteedPP (3C - Orfrven* Committee\} MC - ArbitrutioP Appralm.nt CommitteeAppeaw | Assosa - Guba Road Project 12 / Monitoring and Evaluation Resettlement Action Plan

12 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring is an important activity in terms of assessing the effectiveness of the RAP implementation, including the physical progress of resettlement and rehabilitation activities, the disbursement of compensation monies, and the effectiveness of the public consultation process.

In this case, two types of monitoring are recommended:

i. performance monitoring through which the physical progress of the RAP can be measured; ii. impact monitoring, which assesses the effectiveness of the RAP and its implementation with respect to meeting the needs of the PAPs.

12.1 Performance Monitoring of the RAP Performance monitoring will have to be carried out as an internal management function. In this case the Resettlement Implementation Committee will play a major role. The participation of the affected people in performance monitoring is also necessary. The PAPs will elect their representative to participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the RAP. They should also be involved in the identification of indicators for monitoring purposes.

Cash compensation will be paid directly to the PAPs. The Resettlement Implementation Committee will monitor the rebuilding process and will be responsible for ensuring that the PAPs are using the compensation fund for rebuilding the affected structures or property.

A simple means of conducting performance monitoring is by measuring progress against a list of required actions and milestones. For example, each month the RIC should document the following indicators:

. The number of meetings held with the PAPs, content of the discussions meetings, and agreements reached. * Grievance redress: the number of complaints lodged, how many complaints are being addressed, how many have been resolved and how the grievance redress mechanism is functioning; . The number of compensation payments made, and the number of pending payments; * The number of houses/structures constructed, and the number pending; * The number of PAPs relocated to their new houses/structures, and the number that still have to be relocated; * The number of vulnerable people assisted, the kind of assistance sought and how it was given.

The RIC will need to present monthly reports to the Right of Way Branch and to the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch at ERA. In addition, the Regional Bureau for Planning and Economic Development should be availed of the monthly reports. Assosa - Guba Road Project 121 Monitoring and Evaluation Resettlement Action Plan

12.2 Impact Monitoring of the RAP

It is recommended that an evaluation, commissioned by ERA, is conducted by an independent third party to assess compliance of the outcome of the RAP with the involuntary resettlement policy, in other words, to determine the overall impact of the RAP. The key objective of the external evaluation will be to determine whether efforts to restore the living standards of the affected population have been properly executed. The evaluation will also verify the results of performance monitoring, and identify adjustments to the RAP if required.

The evaluation will assess, inter alia: * The appropriateness of the relocation sites; * The appropriateness of the implementation schedule; * The appropriateness of the grievance mechanism; * Mechanisms for assisting vulnerable groups.

During the external evaluation, a social survey will have to be conducted. The baseline information collected on the socio-economic conditions of the affected population at the beginning of the project (before displacement) will be compared with that collected during the evaluation. Thus, any adverse or beneficial socio- economic impacts due to the resettlement process (and also due to the road project) may be determined, such as the impact on income levels, school attendance, health status, changes in land use, changes in occupation pattems, changes in settlement patterns, etc.

The PAPs will have to be actively involved in impact monitoring, particularly in the identification of indicators. Participatory meetings with the PAPs will be necessary. The cooperation of the RIC is also crucial during these evaluations.

Impact monitoring should be first carried out approximately 3 months after the PAPs have been relocated, and thereafter annually for a period of at least 2 years. At the end of each evaluation, a report should be submitted to the Right of Way Branch and to the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch at ERA.

A budget of Birr 150,000 has been provided for extemal monitoring in the RAP implementation costs (see Chapter 13). Costs for internal monitoring are accommodated within the contingency amount in the budget. Assosa - Guba Road Project 13 / Implementation Costs Resettlement Action Plan for the RAP

13 IMPLEMENTATION COSTS FOR THE RAP

The PAP census undertaken by the Consultant has been used as the baseline information for budget resources. Compensation is to be paid by ERA. The Finance, Contract Administration, Legal and Right-of-Way and Planning & Programming Division of ERA handle the implementation of the compensation payments.

As discussed in Chapter 4, most of the PAPs indicated that they preferred to stay on their existing site by rebuilding their houses in the remaining areas of land, rather than relocating to other places, so that they would not lose the location advantage that they had (ie. being near the road). As land is not a problem in the Region, especially in Sherkole and Guba Woredas, the new locations to be provided for the PAPs will not have a major location disadvantage, as compared with the present locations. In addition discussions with the concerned local authorities revealed that those PAPs who want to retain the remaining portion of their affected land would be entitled to do so. In fact those PAPs who have been affected partially (residence and business) will be entitled for full structure replacement and compensation for the inconvenience.

For those PAPs whose residences have been fully affected, new plots of land will be provided for rebuilding their houses (equivalent in size to their original ones). In addition they will also be entitled to full structure replacement and compensation for the inconvenience created. Likewise for PAPs whose business structures are fully affected, new plots of land will be provided with full structure replacement, compensation for inconvenience and adequate compensation to replace lost income.

From Sherkole to Mankush town, a total of 60 PAPs will be affected. A compensation package to cover houses, business establishments, farms, fence and trees of the PAPs has been estimated at a total of Birr 565,750. This is summarized in Table 13.1 below, while details of this payment are presented in Annex 8.

Table 13.1 - PAP Co pensation Pa kage Road Section Compensation Compensation Replacement Income Trees Total for crops for Structures Cost for Restoration (Birr) Compensation (Birr) (Birr) Structures (Birr) (Birr) @ 30% (Birr) Sherkole to Abay 39,695 12,737 3,821 0 1,375 57,627 Crossing Abay Crossing to 3,332 0 0 0 0 3,332 Mankush Town I _I_I Mankush Town 0 360,547 108,1r4 17,730 18,350 504,791 Total 43,027 373,283 111,985 17,730 19,725 565,750 Source: Survey Results, November 2003

There will also be some costs associated with monitoring and evaluation. Costs for internal monitoring of the RAP have been included in the 30% contingency amount in the RAP budget (see Table 13.2 below). An additional cost has been allowed for external monitoring.

The scattered nature of settlement along the project road and the abundance of unused land indicates that no persons will be affected due to land to be acquired for access roads, spoil dumps and deviations. In the event that PAPs do arise due to these factors, such expenses would be covered by the 30% contingency allowance that has been included to cover unforeseen compensation payment requests during the implementation of the project. Assosa - Guba Road Project 13 1 Implementation Costs Resettlement Action Plan for the RAP

The total cost for the implementation and monitoring of the Resettlement Action Plan has been estimated at Birr 930,475. A summary is presented in Table 13.2 below.

Table 13.2 - Summary of Costs for RAP Item Total Cost (Birr) Compensation for Annual Crops 43,027 Compensation for Structures 502,998 Compensation for Fruit Trees and Permanent Crops 19,725 Monitoring 150,000 Sub-Total 715,750

Contingencies @ 30% 214,725

Grand Total 930,475

For proper and smooth implementation of the road construction project, it is imperative that all compensation be effected prior to the start of road construction works. n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

wCO x z z Annex 1: List of Documents Consulted

March 2004 Annex 1: LIST OF DOCUMENTS CONSULTED

Benishangul Gumuz Regional State; A Regulation To Provide For The Allotment And lease Holding Of Urban Land, Regulation No. 212000, 5th year No. 2, Assosa, May 2000.

Benishangul Gumuz Regional State; Resettlement Action Plan Of Benishanqul Gumuz National Regional Government, Komash Zone First Phase Reseftlement Study Report, (Amharic Version), Assosa, June 1999.

Benishangul Gumuz Regional State; The Revised 2002 Constitution of Benishanqul Gumuz Regional Government, Amharic version, Assosa, December 2002

Carl Bro a/s and Dana Consult Plc, Final Environmental Impact Assessment. Assosa-Guba Road Proiect. Ethiopian Roads Authority, Addis Ababa, November 2001.

Carl Bro a/s and Dana Consult Plc, Final Feasibility Study, Assosa-Guba Road Proiect, Ethiopian Roads Authority, Addis Ababa, November 2001.

Carl Bro a/s and Dana Consult Plc, Land Acwuisition Renort and Land Acquisition Drawinas, Assosa- Guba Road Proiect, Ethiopian Roads Authority, Addis Ababa, April 2003.

Environmental Protection Authority; EIA Guidelines for Transport Sector Proiects, EIA Sectoral Guideline Vol. IV, Addis Ababa, 1997

Environmental Protection Authority; Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document. , Addis Ababa, 2000.

Environmental Protection Authority; Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, , Addis Ababa, April 1997.

Ethiopian Roads Authority; Resettlementl Rehabilitation Policy Framework, , Addis Ababa, February 2002.

Ethiopian Roads Authority; Road Sector Development Program: 1997-2007. Second Draft Final Report, Addis Ababa, January 1996.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; A Proclamation Provided For The Establishment Of Environmental Protection Organs, Proclamation No. 295/2002, Negart Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 315' of October 2002

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; A Proclamation To Provide For The Establishment Of The Benishanqual Gumuz Regional National State Environmental Protection Authority, (Draft Amharic Version), Assosa.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; A Proclamation To Provide For The Establishment Of The Benshagual Gumuz Regional National State Rural Roads Authority, Proclamation No. 12/1999,

Lissane Hig Gazeta, 4 th year No.1, Assosa, 11lh of February 1999. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; A Proclamation To Provide For The Re-establishment Of The Ethiopian Roads Authority, Proclamation No. 80/1997, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 5 th June 1997.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; A Proclamation To Provide For The Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritaqe, Proclamation No. 209/2000, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 27'" June 2000.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, Proclamaiton No. 1695 of 1960, Negarit Gazeta Gazette Extraordinary, 19th year No. 2, Addis Ababa, 5th May 1960.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; National / Regional Self Govemment Establishment, Proclamation No. 7/1992, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 14th January 1992.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Powers and Duties of the Central and Regional Executive Organs of the Transitional Government of EthioDia, Proclamation No. 41/1992, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 20' January 1993.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Rural Land Administration Proclamation of the Federal Government of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 89/1997, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 7t July 1997.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; The Conservation Stratecqv of Ethiopia: Vol l-V: Secretariat for the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority in collaboration with Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, Addis Ababa, April 1996.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1 995, Negarit Gazetta, Addis Ababa, 21t August 1995.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;Proclamation For The Restructurnga Of The Executive Organ, Powers and Duties Of The Benishanqul Gumuz Region, (Amharic Version), Assosa, September 2002.

International Finance Corporation, Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan, IFC Environment and Social Development Department, Washington DC, April 2002.

World Bank; Indigenous Peoples, The World Bank Operational Manual, OD 4.20, Washington DC, September 1991.

World Bank; Involuntary Resettlement, The World Bank Operational Manual, OP 4.12, Washington DC, December 2001. Annex 2: Surveys Instruments

March 2004 t /u't 7II'r'P I7t -rce1,- 1 of 3 ASSOSA-GUBA ROAD PROJECT PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE SURVEY nfCIlh ltw/.4 A -r) rn/Nt/rn 3 +W

SURVEY FORM PART I Interview No: -r9 -MMI11ILf +5 1: ?FA -rmne. -AV *'PtC: Name of Enumerator: Date: F,#n -fr.+ ht.-fCaD- As":

AX PERSONAL DATA ?'?A ahYw+ +? .h

Al |Name of Respondent osAth e-t'D- r I

A2 ISex of Respondent IMale IFemale ?-fo A-IlTro Fr#: (0.7 ^-) |A3 lAg ears)

!fL+l.*- lhqtv- A4 Positlon of Intervlewee HH head fll,fflh*IFh'ImC wife of HH head qiAL* M-fflhqt rml, In household father of HH head fllh6fl hDt<- h'AQ+ sister of HH head riqA Vf(.+N1F hqtecl- f?-Ah nAaarmfll.telll- aMTl son of HH head ffl.n*In h'meM AE daugher of HH head A.)- AX - ?IL'l-AE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f.n-h'loS- fAr)-;l'J (7rAm-) Yl:C7): brother of HH head fll.+11- Mrla/I 1at7I mother of HH head A? Other (specify): d.I (Yf7AO)

-A5 If Interviewee Is not the household head mAh AakUii- FIt.-e,Aqet il,nAt- [ Please give name of head of household hhflel.rrran,rAr£4,

A6 Residency fme'.f llsi Afi1 House No. fnL)' tT'C A612 Vilage ?m7LM hyr A6/3 Kibele/Farmers Associaon: llAI 704. '7uAc 9-: A6/4 Woreda mA: A615 How long have yOulived here ( iears) A7+ Ao-+ ?.itu -?c A6/6 Where did you live before? Within the & Within the MhAlF Outside hhAtF- Neighbor IlL-IO Another AA +9*5 A.A fV- £r. 711C? |woreda in-flT Region irm-n the Region D-Ir |counry h7C countrv AC Always V-h7.1L lived here nl11.-

Govt worker A7 OccupatIon: Farmner7ol. Shopkeeper 't1A4 Housewdefel.- A-mL, Labourerf+')7 1-.I-1 Teacherh A-hf7C f°V7A Il.t--$ TailorA-tih AA. fnAk h/f)?- Trader Mechanic eVrh%h Carpenter hSt¶ Miller avi:r. ILt- Tea shop 41 IL7- Guard ni'li Driver )I-'C Other (specify)

JAB |Ethnic Group Elerta nIC; Gumuz ?---it |Amhara lOromo |Shinasha |Agew/Awingi IldIC 1Other specify): Mt £7/d IA7'' L'ly l;trj |hirlh/ 1

|AS IReliglon Christian Muslim INone Oler Ispeci IY.-71 -)- I hcfI-tri3rr -o r /rA (.7/di

i HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION AND EDUCATION LEVELS - I'I~~FL+lh"-a~ r+l-,-c4 si.5 B/i Education level of interviewee None Literacy Primary School Secondary School |Technical Training Higher Educlion

if this is the HH head 7r "Ae-l- -Y-UC1 l1 S:C: 2? /r91 _ j7'It ?,: +*7 rA/r fM-a ftt-VBC-- X4M DOther(specifv): IFL+ h'ir,- irn /A4 tl/t)

| No of adult rAX+m hqy PI- crrD7P+ T T B211 |men |n-. |82/2 |Ages of men: vaar)" X.tn B2/3 Education '-)r,ro)C [None Literacy Primary School Secondary School Technical Training Higher Eduction Other - I I ] lr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h~t-v*'liruC-)- level____ lt/5 717air I,rn/cI )-7tC-)- 1' toa Wf r'- 1* .t -l7*VIt-

No of adult /Ah+m AA Irrfr &L-r-F |B3/1women fl,l |B312 |Ages of woomen. rL.M:l At-%' l 83/3 Education 1r+ruC-- lNone |Literacy Prmary School Secondary School TechnicalTraining |HigherEducLion Other

| _ | evel rtrr. | 77W ml4+h +7uC+ l Xt.5 __ ___I:_!XA _ |_7dlZ h| t +*y I-

pB4/1 HotovshNO l'o7t AA+ 1l'l-7 |B4t2_ |Aes of hoy rrrr7I}Rf/ Af+ hNt B5/1 [No.of irls f'ri-) A7.f -I-f- JB4;2 |A,es ofirIs VA--- A h

NB children over the age of 15 are regarded as adults hiS'ti-)- 11Ag. frf- AA* NUh hAP-t )fe4m-#A: 1 Howmanychildreninyourhouseholdgot.o fiul-J A- ; -MliA t6rlimr 4-eurr-1 IL+ q.A,- *h'T<-GUi | |B6 sChoo-BoyYs Gie ft--ruember GBirs tDIA-. a _ _,_ 2 of 3 C: HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES AND INCOME fn F/nfh- HC ; f711. t }r

C1 What is your households montly income arllIhrDCn 7 o Birr lirt Wage Employment h+rC lh'tl XEu'D1 Own business f'ArA h _ Farming hC7i

C2 What other fL+Aut$a Do you ht.LU gnAT HH > IU3 fle'q¶iT activities Is V+Vfa* sell any f+10r1 earn from selling i t.+Hl$t"r7Ii your HHf i.f. rlCS of the niATr 71L produce In Blrr ?nL.e- Involved In Jl4+.A produce r7lA- each month each year C211 Uvestock keeping h-f+ NCq;1- YES/ NO YES / NO hOCc Ih-t

C2/2 Collectin firewood flnAInfht YES INO YES / NO C2V3 iMakinp charcoal hAA h`qhh)A YES INO YES I NO Colection thatch/grass ft.+- hf? tlC C2/4 hab4qlnl YES / NO YES / NO C2/5 Catching wild animals hoD's n17Ey YES / NO YES / NO C2/6 Colectin honey h7n1 hCq:J YES / NO YES / NO C2rr Collcting incense A1t1 halln YES I NO YES / NO C2/8 Panninc for gold tDC h77mIA YES / NO YES I NO C2/9 Fishng h.) linTy't YES/ NO YES I NO h.P I hNet9- WP / hj_Jt_

C3 Does your household exchange (barter) /i77Al/lIP AtoW'T hf7lill I&A+ Instead of using mone ? f%31 AO-Or-1T 'm.n+'A ?0I YES NP| NO AI.lY

D: HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITUF f?IL+"/il K

Di How much did you spend on the follovwing? Expense rDa- t1h-'A4--) * I') rl)A 711111gwiv'eA in Bir lilc Food and other Di/l consumbles Ar79117f AAtAC.+ per month _ _D_ School expenses, D1Q2 uniforms. books A+Y-uC-)- 1l.1' P3.141AnlniS/ alf9' last year IIA/Lr hl-_ _ 01/3 Travel and transport /Im'ltw per month I'llc Agricultural hiputs incl. DI/4 aninal care A7i,-4 A., '7/i44f ihIl+T- mn7-t last Year IloA' ha-- Medcral expenses D0/5 (hospital drugs) A t &1.L(tF'IritAS m3.tjAL+) last year flAdm, h-. __ D1/6 Water ArD1 per month llMnC Fuel (kerosene, firewood, Di/1 charcoal) A)k (7r ,97l' hl0-7 tiAA) per month lilrC D1/8 Other expenses &A-,* at.M'P'F last year 'lALkai h7-_ _

E: HEALTH ISSUES rns' Ml 4*A

Ei What are the main Illnesses suffered by fiLl/HI'hniLIn-A oDCf+ti+l q' rhs h yltr 't'0? In the past month. Please rank according h 1-3 j'/i-).l na. -i-h-i-A T4m- Rank 1-3 YZA I - 3 El/i Malaria n(tI E1/2 Diarrhoea -i-+Y'I E113 Stomach problems firL ).aP. E114 Eye infecbons l'IX.) .".s' E15 Reprtrrblems f.lSLit7C 1E1/6 HIV/AIDS h t IFh / h.Ph El/7 Problems during hS on- ?C f -JrYft *?CVtrlPC El/B Leprosy I'l 'TT E1/9 Other hA

F: RELOCATION OPTIONS 03. A4 (U- eniLC Aq-rr

IF1 |To what extent will your -f.') fiA 7a A.)P' 1 ?n-ltL)- |Parhially IFUllYI be acquired for the road project nl" flA 77qli jfl/i.tO- nhuA U t"r

|F2 |Is the property / land used for |residence |business | residence &o1 CtSr | | |ift-l-lP / "-Li- N.ni'-ys' "-'I','f 117- |business 77It 3 of 3 F3 What s your preferred fC r hLC h'W7d-

No resettlement and no F3It compensation desired ret A 1':- VAh4 1htr hr LA?-t' No resemement desired, F3/2 but compensation to be rDt M p;F)- i.C h.U4J9$ 7T) h) h4f+hA.A ftllttfs ResetUement on existing F3t3 land hv-7 't-fl-) n at? 7wx.c gJs'A- IC?n'i7/ Resettlement to nearby F3/4 site hm71t- 'nA lelre.-) 4A. -AiC fkLA,A-

Resettlement to rrargins F3t5 of developedarea fA47 h t na(L C r,Lf -7tF F3/6 Other (specify) Ali (Pff7e)

F4 |When Is the best time of the year for you to relorcate? |n7SsIP+fr- r+> 7n D.Y 0hMntolC-P f7XAA7 1

FS What sort of assistance tlSL hA- S 6 0nF w11C )r7h0.>+ M'OC? LAe2A.? Acquisition of F511 construction materials ?'7M)t;F h "T7f+ F5/2 Labour for construction f'7iM- tA--f 7'71)-

F5/3 Transport to new housing mDt hAptn - f10-i h7C h7A7ft.' F514 Child care fAX 'Ti.V h7A7tt-+ F5tS TendinCtofarm fhC4 h7A7ia-)- FSt6 None ft ' FS17 Other (specify) M4 (lkV7AA_

Other Support and F6 Assistance t.J4 X2 : AD;1,C1 Can ERA assist you with *?&If'f ")nArK (IMAn"lMmo?e F6t1 the relocation? 7015OlMt.ma AtLJ4AP sTA toj? YES hP NO F6/2 In whch way(s)? Please describe

Can the local administration assist you fhh4(tLp hhlf4.AC fl(tl.? t?LzAP' F6/3 with relocation J& 4A rD,t? YES hP$ NO MAt? F6/4 In which way(s)? Please describe lit?) tts:r'-7 S1itjp r.f<--)-

F7 What do you foresee as being the main problem for you during and after relocation? CM 4-al- f+o)- hf lie-(- t X4 yTq?A- M-tD f-77t.7T-ToFD- T7PCV Y"7AfD Page 1 of 4

ASSOSA-GUBA ROAD RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ?hMe 7-1 uofl. h1) "- LLC uCY' 7-flC LAND/PROPERTYASSESSMENTFORM

SURVEY FORM PART II Interview No: - L9 1ItnnnsY +6 2 ?PYM aumgA anAr +,PC Name of Enumerator: Date of assessment: P.# anm9M'+ h+knzaF ou _9-__ _ _ +___n_ _

Name of interviewee: Village:

Position in HH: Kebele: PiAn AaLaDi nn.+-hn- (D-r jeAmi n,4 +nX? Name of Head of Household: Woreda:

House No: Ethnic: ?fL+ +,PC '(1di1C

GI Location of Plot / House I Structure Affected nl7W'4a)-fi o%-) ol:/ IL+/+*g- f9%7ql+ Gi/l What is the exact location of the plot? Please indicate on a map. (indicate the chainage)

_hh__ 4i fi(J- faoAh'k (707T) hA- -%4;) MPlr4q G1/2 Total size of plot (ha)

m+44_ P(hmA4.4 (%h,+C) G1/3 Size of affected area (ha) nTht-mf maiq4m rP(0 n4.+ (%h,+C)

G2 What is the category of the land:

Clan Communal Leasehold Private other (specify) -flc vO I lA.H flA IA (YfiAb)

G3 Property Characteristics -WZfb 1)-,+ G3/1 Are there any structures on the area of land that YES NO has to be acquired for the purposes of the road? -flau5'1& T$bi' 90h)lf+fi0%14D 0)' 4?, +*9- h?p %9JA90

G3/2 If YES, describe the types of structure: 0 h5 htJ7 g-) V&n7AI- House fL+ Office L(c Hut (tukal) AC (L+ Hote

(+h-A) _r__ A Shed (open sided) School O_ 7MA.1'h' +fiS*7uC4' .4+ Store (enclosed) Grave _____aD.1' Vo"flC 0)'

Shop A'_ _ Place of Worship V%9Ah 0)' Other (specify): &V (g,7m)

G3/3 Describe the quality of the structure: Pemtane,) _ray_ T'empo ____Permanent *'t. Temporary IH. Page 2 of 4

G314 Describe the type of construction: +*a F-t7)10-lf Y+Y\57 Stone J 7______Wood N,)"+ Brick/Hollow block Plastic sheeting T41h)th

Mud and Wattle Other (specify): 6,4' a)£$9" AC AA (?/MW).

G3/5 Describe the roof type of the structure: Vf4*aO. vatl.6 £,e~7 &'g _ Thatch EC ___ cement kha%l corrugated iron -PC-C plastic sheeting T0-th Tiled Ah'4 Asbestos

None ?A9" Other (specify): LA4 (g/iAt6)

G4 Measurements of structure

G4/1 Total area of compound (mi) ? 7f.a) m+44 A4.+ (a%) G4/2 Area of compound affected (m ) pos,.ta P?,7 h4.+ (a%) G4/3 Percentage of total area of compound affected % va1174T 7sfl ?14*n 'nfi (%) G4/4 Unit Value of affected compound (per 1(mz) - _____~ ?a<&.7a '7a. q' (I1"V) G4/5 Total value of affected area of compound (Birr) am+44 A 7( Pn.9T(n nOc) G4/6 Total area of structure (m') V4-1ta-n+44 A4.+ (a%) G4/7 Area of structure affected (mi) V07.1fia)- +*9- h4-7 (-%) G4/8 Percentage of total area affected % -*9f4.+ ns - F t (%) G4/9 Unit Value of affected structure (per /(m') + *9" TP. (n.) G4/10 Total value of affected area of structure (Birr) Mn)44 V'L4&D'-t+*97 T'P (nC)

G5 Occupancy 1'P, I- a o7_ _ _ G5/1 Is the structure occupied by anyone or is it in use? YES NO 4t*- +I'JA cAhA flis9 4 io? ____hp ___ G5/2 Does the occupier own, rent or squat on OWN RENT SQUAT the structure / plot ? ft4-f IL$ AA-. -fl'*an? /lO,4 YA- ?&et t hl.-R,en (.Pr hAl-.+3t

G5/3 If RENTED, from whom is the property KEBELE PRIVATE CLAN rented? 411A Vf7A i 1M' h1# htJ') hhtf j?,7A

G5/4 If PRIVATE, name of individual (if available): f?7A h', I ?f(1flQA-I (" 9A7A

G5/5 Where does the owner normally stay? (Viliage or Kebele name) , V'HIZ-f QA10- xgA?"-i ( ) Page 3 of 4

G5/6 How much rent is paid per month? (Birr) Mhe. 0-m() flc (Qfc)

G5/7 If the structure is used as a shelter for people, how many people live there? +*a- A,-(nt, ?+A,(, htl`W h+ Ame

G6 Cultivated Land .___ 'hC71 da.+ - G6/1 Is any cultivated area within the plot that needs to YES NO be acquired for the purposes of the road? hp A,g^9 frlrtmo r"uaw n;J- AihC?i vPTA Iwc _ _ _ G6/2 If YES, give details hP htF) 71CIle Z7A6 Crop type Affected Av Yield per Price per Total value -IilA ?tM+ area under hectare quintal expected for cultivation (quintals) ',P affected area (ha) h%011i nh-):FJA (birr)

OSPA h'1.q(D(+ h1 0*J h-',4A ?7Ti ~V (ThJC) ('LI1*C) 'C4ff 'PP (flC)

G6/3 Will all or only a part of the cultivated land be PART ALL affected by the road project? RhAtsA -A790 fsl'7Q;-m ALS' Mn+44 Cn)PV flh1-A VNC7i V(XA J0AA?

G7 Uncultivated Land SA-eA -&+ G7/1 Is there any uncultivated or fallow area within the plot that YES NO needs to be acquired for the purposes of the road? hp, Ag&nso MIm V;J-iP

G7/3 What is the size of the affected area (ha) fl'7$1*aTi P?a" a'l4 (1 M.')f (tLh*C) G7/4 What is the unit cost of the affected area (Birr) La7,O' 0* 'PP -77'4 (fnC/LhrtC) 07/5 What is the total value of the affected area (Birr) _ ,n-M-44 a>>P r-m (n-nc) ___ G7/6 Will all or only part of this land be affected by the road project? PART ALL _ n'r

GB Trees ll;;} G8/1 Are there any trees on the affected area that will have to be felled? YES NO Qn7A;1a)i 111ts taMPA7n h6:} MR,>? I hp | hJUR90 GB/2 If YES, please describe the tree species that will be felled: hP h01 VP0%M- "IZT hg ?,71 Tree species Indicate whether of No. to be Value of per Total value of ?"14 oi9,'7 /1(9 economic/ social or felled tree (Birr) trees to be cultural value V'"'L (I* PA7 'P.9 felled (Birr) -f ' h'TOUT/ tir:* M+t9 070114-e MR1f9 n0 lir: 'P, (n -nc) QV4T P+yu

G9 Infrastructure auAtZ A07+ G9/1 Are there any infrastructure or social services on the plot that may be YES NO affected by the acquisition of land for the project road? hXs3.A7' 1117l,nf~ 4fUw M1.1% VaeAZ4 A07+ (D,fY- P070flC T h1A?t-+ aDh6ft +±*qo M- ae,?

G9/2 If YES, please give details below: 7h htf7 VC11e, &?.tk Infrastructure Details Length affected by Value / Cost to affected 7C'I1C road project (m) restore/relocate (Birr) VOl%1,9 aa''j rfrLD ?1 / ?,797 A07+ p<

Power line

Telephone line - &Lg:J 0-1ODC

Water supply/ pipeline yLIA7D)Gc Access road to house/home/shop tDX f.+ / (-+

Hedge (plant spp) AhTC f1-4hA Vh+hA+ hM+

Fence (type)

Other (specify) (S (g?.7M) GUIDELINE FOR CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL AUTHORITIES FOR THE ASSOSA-GUBA ROAD

Village: Woreda:

Kebele: Town:

Date:

NOTE TO FACILITATOR/INTERVIEWER:

This guideline is to be used for consultations to be held with the Local Authorities.

Please take minutes of the meeting as a record. These minutes must be signed and stamped by the Local Authorities (Woreda, Kebele, Village or Town Council) that are present at the meeting. These minutes have to incorporate the commitment of the local authorities on the issues mentioned below.

Please ask all participants to write down their names, their positions, their village/town name, and to sign as per the attached attendance form.

AGENDA

The purpose of this meeting is to inform the local administration, and present details regarding the Resettlement Action Plan proposed for the road from Assosa to Guba. More importantly, the meeting is intended to elicit confirmation from the local authorities in assisting to effectively and efficiently implement the RAP.

The agenda for the meeting is as follows:

1. To obtain written, signed and stamped commitment from the Woreda, Kebele, Village and/or Town Council authorities, as follows: * to assist the Consultant in the identification of PAPs, * to confirm the eligibility of the PAPs * to identify and provide land for the relocation of houses and buildings * to provide assistance to PAPs during the resettlement process * to help in the formation of the Compensation Implementation Committee * to monitor the progress of the Resettlement Action Plan, and in particular the resettled persons.

2. To request the Local Authorities to assist the Consultant in the identification of Project Affected People (PAP). Thereafter the Local Authorities will need to approve the list of PAPs the Consultant will present to them, and confirm the eligibility of the listed PAPs.

3. To inform the Woreda, Kebele, Village and Town Council authorities of the "cut off' date for compensation, which is set as the starting date of the PAP survey conducted by the Consultant. Thereafter, any persons newly residing or conducting business within the right of way will not be eligible for compensation. Thus the above- mentioned authorities must ensure that after the cut off date, the ROW must remain clear of settlement and activity (cultivation, habitation or business) of any description. 4. To ensure that the Woreda and Kebele authorities are aware of their specific responsibilities regarding the monitoring of the compensation and resettlement process, viz: * Where kebele houses are affected, the Kebele administration must ensure that the houses built from the compensation received from ERA are of the same standard, and that the new houses are rented out at the same rate as the previous ones. * Similarly PAPs who receive compensation for their private houses must use that money to construct houses of the same standard as their previous abode. * Special assistance must be provided to vulnerable groups such as the elderly, disabled or female-headed households.

5. To discuss and develop mechanisms for redress of grievances that will be most appropriate for the affected communities.

6. To determine existing social networks and social support systems, that can help persons affected by the project, and ways in which support can be given.

7. To establish prevailing land tenure and transfer systems in the area.

Carl Bro International a/s Consulting Engineers LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

MEETING HELD AT KEBELE, WOREDA

ON (date) AT (time) ---

Name of Participant Residing at Kebele Designation / Signature Responsibility (Confirmation of Attendance) GUIDELINE FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION FOR THE ASSOSA-GUBA ROAD

Village: Woreda:

Kebele: Town:

Date:

NOTE TO FACILITATOR/INTERVIEWER:

This guideline is to be used for consultations to be held with the public.

Please take minutes of the meeting as a record. These minutes must be signed and stamped by the Local Authorities (Woreda, Kebele, Village or Town Council) that are present at the meeting.

Please ask all participants to write down their names, their positions, their village/town name, and to sign as per the attached attendance form.

AGENDA

The purpose of this meeting is to inform the public, and present details regarding the Resettlement Action Plan proposed for the road from Assosa to Guba. More importantly, the meeting is intended to elicit confirmation from the local people in assisting to effectively and efficiently implement the RAP.

The agenda for the meeting is as follows:

1. To inform the public that the Consultant will obtain written, signed and stamped commitment from the Woreda, Kebele, Village and/or Town Council authorities, to participate and assist the Consultant and ERA in the RAP process as follows: * identification of PAPs, * confirmation of eligibility of the PAPs * provision of land for the relocation of houses * provision of assistance to PAPs during the resettlement process * to help in the formation of the Compensation Implementation Committee * monitoring the progress of the resettled persons.

2. To inform the public that the Local Authorities will be requested to assist the Consultant in the identification of Project Affected People (PAP). Thereafter the Local Authorities will approve the list of PAPs the Consultant will present to them, and confirm the eligibility of the listed PAPs.

3. To inform the public of "cut off' date for compensation, which is set as the starting date of the PAP survey conducted by the Consultant. Thereafter, any persons newly residing or conducting business within the right of way will not be eligible for compensation. Thus the Woreda, Kebele, Village and/or Town Council authorities will ensure that after the cut off date, the ROW remains clear of settlement and activity (cultivation, business or habitation) of any description.

4. To inform the public that the Woreda and Kebele authorities have been made aware of their specific responsibilities regarding the monitoring of the compensation and resettlement process, viz: * Where kebele houses are affected, the Kebele administration must ensure that the houses built from the compensation received from ERA are of the same standard, and that the new houses are rented out at the same rate as the previous ones. * Similarly PAPs who receive compensation for their private houses must use that money to construct houses of the same standard as their previous abode. * Special assistance must be provided to vulnerable groups such as the elderly, disabled or female-headed households.

5. To discuss with the public mechanisms for redress of grievances that will be most appropriate for the affected communities.

6. To discuss with the public existing social networks and social support systems, that can help persons affected by the project, and ways in which support can be given.

Carl Bro International a/s Consulting Engineers LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

MEETING HELD AT VILLAGE KEBELE,

WOREDA, ON (date) AT (time)_

Name of Participant Residing at Kebele Designation/Responsibility Signature or Occupation (Confirmation of Attendance) Annex 3: Socio-Economic Profile of PAPs

March 2004 SOCIO-FCONOOICAASELINE PESONALDAIA ___ HOUSOHOLDCOMPOSITION4ANCOEDUCATION LEVELS

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021032004 101 0,1 lS.- InAlO 0 Annex 3

CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AMONG PAPS ILLNESSES SUFFERED IN THE PAST MONTH (Rank) _

Stormrach Eye Respirato HIV / Pregnancy Final Name of Respondent Malaria Diarrhea problems infections problems AIDS problems Leprosy Other lumbE (Al) (El/1) (El/2) (E1/3) (E1/4) (E1/5) (E1 1/(ElI) (E1/8) (E11/9)

001 Feteh Abdurahim 1 2 3

002 Redwan Mohammned __ _ . _ 221 ___

_003 Adjib Arubu _ . ______

004 Naser Mohammied 1 _._ 2 __ 3 Cold

005 Alirine Mohammed 1 2 i

006 Atalite Mesoud 1 _ _ 2 ______

007 Abdurazak Abulhasen I_ 2 3

008 Aredle.Afudle 1 ___ 2 _ 3 _

D009 Temano Fetera _ _' 2 3

010 Jimma Fudane 1 2 3 Headache

Oil MursaleHamise 1 2

012 Aladi Musa ___ 1 2

013 AgoggAfiyat 1 2 _ . _ _ _ 3 _

014 Milinde Jamese _ 2_

015 EbraNm Aleda 1 2 ____|

016 AtayaFatura 1 2 _ __ _

_017 Ali aAiehai 1 _

018 EbrahimAsheh ' _ 2 __.

019 Mado Edrise _ 1 2 __ __ 3 _ __ __ -

020 Meika Abdelazize _ 2

021 AhmedAteybe 2

022 Zeineb Mustafa 1 ______

023 Abdrahim Abdelah 1

024 Mohammed Nur Abdela _ 1I_ _ 2 3

025 Dawed Dafala 1

026 Jemal Hussen _ 1 _ __

027 Hussen Otome ____ 1 2_

028 Amina Mohammned 1 _. 22_._

029 WordiAshuni _ 1

030 Abdurazak Abdela __=_ _ 1 2 _3

031 Amisa Abdulkadir _ 1

032 Sale Osmael 1 2

033 Fishera Maliko _ 1 _ 2 3

034 RejebAbdela _ __ 1 2

035 Assia Bushiera _ . 1' _ 3 2

036 Belay Abajebo ___ _ 1 2 ILLNESSES SUFFERED IN THE PAST M NTH (Rank)

Stomach Eye Respirato HIV / Pregnancy Final Name of Respondent Malaria Diarrhea problems infections problems AIDS problems Leprosy Other JumbE (Al)(11 E2 E11 (U) (E 1/S) I(E1116) (

037 Mustafa Hassen 1 2

038 Nefesa Musa I

_039 Osman Mustafa 1 __ _ ._ _ __.

040 Hussen Mohammed 1

041 Mohammed Ali _ 1 ______

_042 Esmael Werku 1 2

043 Getachew Ewnetu 1

044 Atkelet Gebru 1

045 Abdi lbrahim 1 ___ _

043 Svaje Mohamrned 1 _.

047 Mulat Ayalw_ _ 1 _ _ _ _ _

048 Fatu Ahmed 1 _ __

049 Mulu Hassen 1 _ _

050 Amsate AJemrayehu _ 1 _ . _ _-

051 Haymanot Alemu 1 _ _ _. . _ _ _-

052 Neterw Tesserna 1 _____ -2___2

053 Fentahun Temesgen 1 _ _ _

054 Semachew Melkamu 1 _ _ 2 Cold

055 Jiibnel Yawnise 1 _._ __

056 Guadu Mohammed 1 __ . _ _ 2

057 Gashaw Seyed 1 2 . _ __

058 Haega Baye 1__ .__ 2

_059 Hawa Kibert __ 1 2 3_

060 Yerienesh Admasu 1 2 Annex 3:

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE ASSOSA-GUBA ROAD

The Socio-Economic Profile presented here is based on data gathered from numerous documents reviewed during the Feasibility and EIA Studies for the Assosa Guba Road (Carl Bro a/s,November 2001). Population and migration data is based primarily on the 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, in particular Volume I Statistical Report and Volume II Analytical Report. Other information has been sourced from the Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State (BOPED), and the Statistical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999 (CSA, November 1999).

In addition, the information in this annex has been supplemented by data from a household survey conducted during the course of the EIA and Feasibility studies in the project's zone of influence (ZOI) in 2001. In all, 580 interviews were conducted in the ZOI, of which 19.5% of respondents were women.

Demographic Structure

The analysis here is based on dejure population, ie the usual population who belong to an area and usually reside there at any given time.

The 1994 Census data indicates that the total population of the Region in 1994 was 460,459 people, of which 92% lived in the rural areas, and only 8% lived in the urban areas.

The ratio of men to women in the Region was almost in balance. However in urban areas of Assosa Zone, the male:female ratio was 53% : 47%, while in Metekel Zone it was 47%: 53%. Kamasha Zone does not have any urban area. The gender distribution described above is similar for the current situation.

Population Density

Table 1 below shows the population and population densities of the Region by zone and woreda for 1994 and projected for 2000. The woredas falling within the Zone of Influence of the project road have been highlighted.

Table 1: Population and Population Density of Benishangul-Gumuz Region by Zone and Woreda (1994 and 2000) Region Zone Woreda Area Popn '94 Popn '94 Popn '94 Density Popn Density 94 lo00 00 sq km Total Urban Rural (Km 2 Total fKm 2 Benishangul-Gumuz 49,289.46 460,459 36,027 424,432 9.34 536,183 10.88 Metekel 26,272.38 201,521 19,607 181,914 7.67 234,662 8.93 Dangur 8,387.19 30,741 3,253 27,488 3.67 35,796 4.27 Guba 3,896 10 7,962 729 7.233 2 04 9,271 2.38 Wonbera 7,134.53 41,686 2,429 39,257 5.84 48,541 6.80 Mandura 1,003.76 22,593 1,448 22,145 22.51 26,308 26.21 Dibate 2,425.32 41,570 2,912 38,658 17.14 48,406 19.96 Region Zone Woreda Area Popn '94 Popn '94 opn '94 ensity Popn Density L4 00o 00 ______sq km Total Urban ural 'Km 2 Total fKm 2 Buien 2,857.97 21,111 3,264 17,847 7.39 24,583 8.60 Pawe Sp 567.51 35,858 5,572 30,286 63.18 41,755 73.58 Assosa 14,166.12 208,155 16,420 191,735 14.69 242,387 17.11 Menge 1.500.63 28,970 185 28,785 19.31 33,734 22 48 Kurmuk 1,434.07 10,614 322 10,292 7.40 12,360 8.62 Assosa 1.991.41 73.954 11.749 62,205 37.14 86.116 43.24 Sherkole 3,204.22 13.989 0 13,989 4.37 16.290 5.08 Bambasi 2,210.16 34,475 4,164 30,311 15.60 40,145 18.16 Oda Godere 1,387.19 22,320 0 22,320 16.09 25,991 18.74 Komesha 645.78 9,762 0 9,762 15.12 11.367 17.50 rongoSW 1,792.66 14,071 0 14,071 7.85 16,385 9.14 Kamashi 8,850.96 50,783 0 50,783 5.74 59,134 6.68 Yaso 2,789.07 7,771 0 7,771 2.79 9,049 3.24 Sirba Abay 1,308.44 9,221 0 9,221 7.05 10,737 8.21 Kamashi 1,622.50 8,335 0 8,335 5.14 9,706 5.98 Agalo Mite 1,519.07 14,190 0 14,190 9.34 16,524 10.88 Belo 1,611.88 11,266 0 11,266 6.99 13,119 8.14

______Jeaonfo yv ______Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Volume I Statistical Report February 1996

Assosa Zone currently has the highest population in the Region at 242,387 persons (according to projections for 2000 based on growth rates and base populations from the 1994 Population Census). The highest urban population is found in Assosa town, followed by Bambasi, Dibate and Debre Zeit in Wonbera Woreda. The highest population densities are found in Pawe Special and Assosa Woreda (73 and 43 people per sq km respectively as per 2000 pop. data). The large gap between the two most densely populated areas may be explained by the fact that Pawe Special was first established as a resettlement area. Within the project road's ZOI, Assosa and Menge are the most densely populated. The least densely populated woredas are Guba, Dangur and Sherkole, with 2, 4 and 5 people per sq km, respectively. Guba and Sherkole both fall within the ZOI.

According to projections for 2000 based on growth rates and the 1994 population census, the population densities of Ethiopia and Benishangul-Gumuz Region are found to be 57.7 and 10.9 persons per sq km respectively. This shows clearly the small population size of the Region when compared with the national average.

It must be noted that the areas of the Region, zones and woredas differ between CSA and Regional documents. The BOPED Regional Profile gives the total land area of the Region as being 50,381 sq km, while the CSA's 1994 Population Census states the Region's area as 48,289 sq km. It also gives a combined area for Sherkole and Komosha Woredas, which differs from the CSA value. However, the total population for both these woredas is consistent. Therefore, in order to calculate population densities for the purposes of this study, figures for area and population from the 1994 Population and Housing Census Results for Benishangul-Gumuz (CSA, February 1996) have been used.

Distribution of Population by Age

Figure 4.1 below illustrates the distribution of population in the Region by age and sex for 1994.

2 Fig 4.1: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex

45000 40000 .

35000 ___

2 30000 ____ * 25000 DMaIe

0 20000 ____- - EFem ale|

15000 r______-______10000 5000

Age Group,

Souree: CSA, The 1994 Populatuon and Housing CensuJs Results for 8enishangul-Gumuz Region., Volume II - ~~~~~~~AnalyticalReport Demographic Indicators and Population Projections

Demographic indicators help to provide insight into the trends in population growth. Indicators such as life expectancy, total fertility and infant mortality rates are often also used for assessing the level of development and level of poverty. The demographic indicators for - ~~~the population projections are provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Demographic Indicators for Population Projections______Indicator 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 2025- 2000( 11 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Total Fertility 6.26 5.63 5.18 4.71 4.23 3.76 3.35

Rate (6.52) ______Male Life 47.55 50.05 |52.55 55.05 57.55 60.05 62.35 Expectancy (50.60) ______Femnale Life 48.55 51.05 53.55 56.05 58.55 61.05 63.55 Expectancy (52.92) ____ Infant Mortality 131 117 104 91 79 . 67 56 Rate- per 1000 (109)

births______Under 5 Mortality 196 173 151 131 112 93 76 Rate (161) per 1000 ______Crude Birth 43.00 40.00 37.20 34.10 31.20 28.30 25.70 Rates per 1000 (44.17) Crude Death 17.30 14.60 12.60 11.0 9.70 8.60 7.70 Rates per 1000 (14.96) ______Rate of Natural 2.70 2.54 2.46 2.31 2.15 1.97 1.80 Inr,rease % (2.92) ____ Growth Rate % 2.790 2.54 2.46 2.31 2.15 1.97 1.80

Urban GR % 4.70 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.00 3.80 3.70

_ (4.38) ______Rural GR % 2.50 2.40 2.20 2.10 1.90 1.70 1.50 ~~~~~(2.74) ______

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3. Wildlife/Fauna

Sherkole to the Abay River

The faunal diversity (apart from the birds) is scarce. Some of the observed ones include: baboons, monkeys and duiker. Turtles were observed in the wetlands.

Five hundred species of birds have been recorded in two years (1999-2001)', which present cover 60% of the bird life recorded in the whole country. Till this recorded, little was known about the bird life in the Region. The figure amply indicates the importance of the vegetation in the area in supporting the diversity of birds. Guba to the Abay River

The faunal diversity observed (except the birds) was not as high as expected. The species that have been observed during the reconnaissance are: the common fox, Bush buck, Eland, Gazelle, Defassa Waterbuck, Duiker, Patas Monkey and Warthog, According to informants from the area: Lions, Leopards and Greater Kudu are also known in the area.

These roughly correspond to the principal tourist areas and many were once officially designated as controlled hunting areas. Discussions with local authorities in BGNRS indicate that hunting is no longer allowed in these areas.

4. Forests

Other than the areas of relatively intensive cultivation that are close to Assosa, and more limited areas around Menge and Guba, the zone of influence is characterized mainly by open, bushed shrub or wooded grassland. The predominant climax vegetation in the central zone is defined as Hyparrthenia Filipendula grassland, with mixed deciduous woodland and savanna to the north and around Gizen and kurmuk. These remain important strands of lowland bamboo.

The predominant land use along the alignment is slash and bum agriculture.

This has been recorded by Mr. Hermann of the Bureau of Agriculture of the Region. Eulophia guineensis, E. caficifolia, Habenaria bracteosa, Habenania zambesina Habenaria aethiopica, Habenaria malacophylla ,Habenaria chirensis, Habenaria chirensis, Habenaria cirrhat, Habenaria vaginata, Platycoryne crocea, Disa hircicomis Rchb.f, Disa scutellifera, Disa aconitoides subsp. goetzeana, Satyrium aethiopicum.

The following wetland spots/sites have been identified during the reconnaissance. These are not directly on the road alignment, but in the vicinity, and should be avoided if changes are to be made on the existing alignment. Wetlands were located:

At about 37 km along Assosa-Guba road (altitude 1390 m, Lat: 100 19.691' N, Long: 340 39.372' E).

Between Ashanshako village (altitude 880 m, Lat: 100 44.735' N, Long: 340 54.467' E) and Awalabegu village (altitude 760 m, Lat: 100 42.938' N, Long: 340 59.000' E) along Assosa-Guba road.

About 8 km from Toiba to Ashanshako village along Assosa-Guba road there is a wet site with black to gray clay soil (altitude 830 m, Lat: 100 41.342' N, Long: 340 51.864' E).

Due consideration need also to be given to some of the big trees in the riverine vegetation such as Breonardia salicina and Hyphene thebaica. There occur mainly at about:

29 km (altitude 1390 m, Lat: 100 19.691' N, Long: 340 39.372' E) 31 km (altitude 1480 m, Lat: 100 17.518' N, Long: 340 37.403' E)

Guba to the Abay River

The new road construction starts as an offshoot from the existing gravel road between Guba and Bumbadi. This road leads towards the Abay. In the reconnaissance survey carried out, the two alternative routes were surveyed, A and B.

The road for Altemative A has already been cleared by the UNHCR and much of the vegetation on the road alignment has been cleared. For both altemative routes, much of the vegetation on both sides of the roads starting from the entrance has been cleared. However, there is more undisturbed vegetation in Alternative B.

The natural vegetation consists of the woodland and the riverine vegetation types. The woodland vegetation in general consists of trees, shrubs and herbs. The tree layer includes Adansonia digitata, Acacia polyacantha, Lonchocarpus, Cordia africana, Piliostigma thonongii, Combretum molle, terminalia brownii, etc. The shrub layer includes Oxythenanthera abyssinbica, Grewia mollis, Gardenia temifolia, and species of Phyllanthus and Vemonia. The Herbaceous and grass layer includes species of Anthericum, Dioscorea, Hypparhenia. A number of unique and rare plants such as Gladiolus daleni and Merremia gallabatenis are found in the general area.

Riverine vegetaion in general consists of trees, shrubs and herbs. The tree layer includes Acacia polyacantha, Lonchocarpus, Cordia africana, Borassus aethipicus, Hyphaeane thebaica, Piliostigma thonongii, Combretum molle, etc. The shrub layer includes Grewia mollis, Gardenia temifolia, Ricinus communis, and species of from the border Region between Ethiopia and Ertrea to western Kefa and the Omo Zone; it is the dominant vegetation in what is now Benshangul-Gumuz and Gambelia Regions, where it occurs at 500-1900 m. At the upper limit it frequently abuts on to Afromontane Moist Evergreen forest. It penetrates into the Ethiopian plateau along the large river valleys.

Riparian and swamp vegetation

This vegetation type consists of at least two physiognomically different types, riverine and riparian forest, and open, almost treeless swamp vegetation. Typical trees in riverine forest are Celtis africana, Ficus sycomorus, Mimusops kummel, Tamarindus indica, Syzygium guineense, Kigelia aethiopum and species of Acacia.

The floristic composition of this vegetation type is dependent on altitude and geographical location. Only a brief summary can be given here. Common tree species in these forests are species of Ficus, Lepisanthes senegalensis, Nuxia oppositifolia, Salix mucronata, Trichilia emetica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Mimusops kummel, Tamarindus indica, Acacia albida, Tamanix nilotica, Breonadia salicifolia, and Phoenix reclinata. There is often a shrub layer, and lianas and vascular epiphytes occur. The ground cover includes grasses, ferns, and a few herbaceous dicotyledons. The swamps are dominated by species of Cyperaceae, grasses and many herbs.

Sherkole to the Abay River

The dominant vegetation on this section consists of woodland, riverine and swamp vegetation.

The woodland vegetation consists of trees: Albizia malacophylia, Combretum collinum, Entada abyssinica, Erythrina abyssinica, Hymenodiction floribundum, Ptercoarpus lucens, Stiychnos innocula, Oxythenantera abyssinica, Terminalia macroptera, Sterospermum kunthianum. The shrub layer includes Clerodendrum myricoides, Grewia mollis, Maytenus sengelensis, etc. The Herbaceous flora is also very rich particularly of monocots.

A number of unique species to Ethiopia and Benshangul were observed. These include: Zygotritonia praecox (known so far only from west Africa), Crinum subcernum (known so far only from southern Tanzania and Zimbabwe). Thus the Region hosts a diversity of unique flora.

The riverine vegetation mainly consists of trees such as Albizia grandibracteata, Syzygium guineense, Breonadia salicina, Sapium ellipticum, Mimuops kummel and Phoenix reclinata at higher altitudes and Hyphaene thebaica and Anogeissus leiocarpa. the shrub layer includes; Maytenus gracilipes, Bridelia micrantha, Grewia ferruginea.

The swamp and wetland vegetation is a very important part contributing to the biodiversity of the area. It consists mainly of sedges, grasses, orchids. The orchid flora is extremely diverse. The orchid flora of Benishangul covers over 30% of the 150 species of orchids in the whole country. This diversity is mainly in the wetlands. Some of the orchid species occurring in the area include: A settlement was seen at about 24 km (altitude 790 m, Lat: 11° 07.239'N, Long: 350 16.837'E) close to Ay Gumba River at about 25 km from the junction; and Yarenja Kebele, at about 50 km from the junction on Alternative IlIl (altitude 630 m, Lat: 110 03.400'N, Long: 350 11.862'E).

The largest settlement was seen at Yarenja Refugee Camp, close to the River Abay, at about 50 km on alternative Altemative IV, (altitude 530 m, Lat: 100 59.430'N, Long: 350 11.227'E). From informal discussion with local informants thousands of refugees are to be settled in the area. This activity clearly hastens vegetation destruction in the area.

2. VegetationlFlora

The biological survey was performed in two parts. The first part covered the area between Sherkole and the Abay River, a distance of approximately 82 km; the second part covered the area between Mankush and Abay River a distance of 50 km. Forty-one sampling plots each, 20x20m quadrant. These sites represent the major vegetation types in the area.

The vegetation of Ethiopia is divided into nine major vegetation types:

* Desert and semi-desert scrubland * Lowland (semi-) evergreen forest * Acacia-Commiphora small-leaved, deciduous woodland * Combretum-Terminalia broad-leaved, deciduous woodland and savanna * Evergreen scrub * Moist evergreen montane forest/ Afromontane rainforest * Dry evergreen montane forest and grassland * Afro-alpine and subafroalpine zone * Riparian/riverine and swamp vegetation

(Friis, 1992; White, 1983; Sebsebe Demissew et al., 1996; The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, 1997; Friis & Sebsebe Demissew, 2001).

Of these vegetation types, the two that occur in the project area are: the Combretum- Terminalia woodland and the riparan/riverine and swamp vegetation.

Combretum-Terminalia, broad-leaved, deciduous woodland and savanna This vegetation type is characterised by small to moderately sized trees with fairly large deciduous leaves. Species of Terminalia, Combretum, Lannea, etc. and Boswellia papyrifera, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Stereospermnum kunthianum are common. The solid-stemmed lowland bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica is prominent in river valleys and locally on the escarpment of western Ethiopia. The ground cover is a tall stratum of perennial grasses, including species of Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, Echinochloa, Sorghum and Pennisetum.

This vegetation type has been burned annually for such a long time, that the plants show clear adaptation to fire, and it must be assumed not to be adversely affected by controlled annual fires. It occurs along the westem escarpment of the Ethiopian Plateau, Annex 9: DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA

(Taken from the Assosa-Guba Project Road, Final Environmental Impact Assessment, Carl Bro a/s, November 2001).

1. General Description of the RAP Project Area

Sherkole to the Abay River

From Sherkole to the Abay River, the alignment follows an existing track. In some places, the old road is covered by Acacia seyal and Ziziphus mauritiana and Dalbergia melanoxylon, which indicate disturbance. In addition, there are a number of settlements along the alignment. These include:

Toiba village, about 10 km from Sherkole (altitude 805 m, Lat: 100 35.819' N, Long: 340 47.056' E). This is a relatively densely populated village.

Ashanshako village (altitude 880 m, Lat: 100 44.735' N, Long: 340 54.467' E). There are about 40 households.

Awelbego village (altitude 760 m, Lat: 100 42.938' N, Long: 340 59.000' E). There are about 30 households.

Abigndow village (altitude 640 m, Lat: 100 46.557' N, Long: 350 04.052' E) is with about 20 households. The village is located on the Abigndow River bank. The residents are engaged in riverbank farming and produce crops there times a year.

Papararo village (altitude 540 m, Lat: 100 51.353' N, Long: 350 12.585' E) is with about 40 households. The village is located on the Abay River bank. Both Berta and Gumuz people live in this village.

Goat rearing is the major animal production of Berta people along the Assosa-Guba Road. A household may posses up to 300 goats. Donkeys are also very important domestic animals in the life of Berta people. There are three donkey breeds: large, small and intermediate (hybrids between the two). A household may posses 1 to 6 donkeys. A household without a donkey is considered as poor. The people also raise chickens; however, egg selling is taboo in the society. Cattle rearing is uncommon and was rarely observed. While it was rare to see cows, oxen were observed. These may have been purchased from the highlanders.

Guba to the Abay River

There are only few settlements on the road close to the road alignment between Mankush and Abay. This is mainly due to the lack of perennial rivers. Some of the rivers that were crossed such as Abuja River at about 18 km from the junction (altitude 750 m, Lat: 110 09'N, Long: 350 19.389' E) and Ay Gumba River at about 25 km from the junction (altitude 790 m, Lat: 11° 06.568'N, Long: 350 16.498'E) have very little water even during the wet season when the visit was made. The Yabulu River at about 7 km (altitude 770 m, Lat: 110 12.31' N, Long: 35° 22.310'E) has got a relatively better water supply, but settlement in the area has not been observed. Annex 9: Description of the Biological Environment of the Project Area

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CAbcitora______flbrrOC aclrbeoeResidtence.farm<noe 1100 550 000A 02004Thatched roof house I 17 17 - 30 4908 ______498 149.4954__ 0 We-Zs ______1__337 Aro Jero'Yen1 Aryrrr,frrrrre Form 500~~~~~~SOL 50 0. 509007 ______Ate WrrAfrhter111 A. ibeoResrdereco.farm &tree 1200 700 00 854.51 Thatched roofPeas 4 56 37 30 1,60891______1.00 MO 431 0 Weoze 1 6 ,1 Ameebseearm 301 ______100 0.01 ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~170090 0 .____Aeinnlrbnee Residence 7 Afainer t000~lo 500 0 08 Sf1.47 Thatcthedroof Pease 2 10 10 20 471 471___141__3 Lt. j rf fet A-[noibeg. Renideree0 taco 1400 . 100 0.11 f3034 Thatchedroof house 2 BS 6 30-21______'I.e F~Orirr Aeeilaffikdec &ter 5500 If 00 0.III 1523.27I Thatched rf oot _6___0_7747_13_665_ Lre Rrrf~Abdcel ___ Arntbe-o feedenceOfer . 2700 00 0 0147 That ero es __ 1. I 2 ,00m0 3 .0 1577 Are0 Mrre1fefAd-er Acotry P RLenrree 30 It9 0.00t _____Thatched roo Pouse ___ 3 O 0 15731______Are Odes ATefebeFopararo Re!.sIdece 0 farm 050 6000 0.0 hthdro 0C 0 2 300 Soe 10.25044_____9_ __

Ci r Cr., r.r.r\rr...,.p.rrmfr tel 2 e3rClrSbof1432ff0 3d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~03032w Annex 8: PAP Compensation Summary

March 2004 Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan and Indigenous People Development Plan Methods of Valuation of Affected Assets

2.10 Valuation of Birbira Tree (Millettia ferruginea)

Birbira is a large shady tree confined to Ethiopia (endemic). It is used as a firewood and timber (local construction). It is an important shade tree in the area. Birbira tree would have a higher value if it stays for a longer time. But for the purpose of calculation of the value, the regeneration approach has been considered here. Thus it is assumed that the tree takes ten years to grow to reach a productive stage and reproduce another tree every ten year, up to 50 years, the maximum economic age of the tree. One tree can be sold at Birr 100 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future incomes is calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method, with a 10% discount rate.

Since compensation is going to be paid before the commencement of the construction of the project road, all the benefit will be paid in 2004. Thus the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 50 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2014 to 2053 would be Birr 62.30

NPV2w 4 = NPV (50 yrs, 10%) = Birr 62.30 Where NPV stands for Net present value

2.11 Valuation of Shola Tree - Sycamorefig (Ficus sycomorus)

Shola is a large semi-deciduous spreading tree. It is a fairly fast growing tree and is used mainly shade and firewood. The fruit is also edible. It takes 20 years to fully grow and reach productive stage. The fruit does not have significant market value. The Shola tree has more value the older it is. But for the purpose of calculation of the value, the regeneration approach has been considered here. Thus the tree would reproduce every 10 years, until the age of 100, its maximum economic age. During its lifetime, the tree yields ten stems that have a market price of Birr 150.00 per stem. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 100 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2024 to 2103 would be Birr 94.11.

NPV2004 = NPV (100 yrs, 10%) = Birr 94.11 Where NPV stands for Net present value

2.12 Valuation of Chakma Tree (Rhus natalensis)

This is bush tree, which usually grows in wooded savannah and in lowland woodlands. It is used as firewood and charcoal. The leaf is used locally as medicine and the stems for toothbrushes. It takes five years to grow fully. It produces every five years until the age of 20, the maximum economic age of the tree. For the first cut period, one stem can be harvested. For the second and third cuts, two stems each can be harvested. During its lifetime, the tree yields six stems that have a market price of Birr 40.00 per stem. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 20 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2007 to 2023 would be Birr 81.37.

NPV2004 = NPV (20 yrs, 10%) = Birr 81.37 Where NPV stands for Net present value

Job No.: 80.1959.04 Page 6 of 6 Carl Bro als C Date: 04-03-04 P:\80195906\06 Output\Reports\Assosa - Guba\Final Report'Appendices\Annex 7 Methods of Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan and Indigenous People Development Plan Methods of Valuation of Affected Assets

Different types of tree species produce incense, and grow mainly from Abay Crossing to Mankush town. They are Commifera africana, Boswella spp & other Commifera spp. On average, the trees take five years to grow and bear fruit. The trees yield gums continuously until they reach the age of 100 years, the maximum economic age of the trees. During their productive year, the trees yield an average of 17 kg of incense per tree. On the basis of the current market price, a kg of gum is sold for Birr 7.00.

The net income per year for the first 50 productive years is Birrl 19.00 and assumed to decline to an average of Birr 60 per year for the remaining 50 years. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 100 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2009 to 2103 would be Birr 807.71.

NPV2w4 = NPV (100 yrs, 10%) = Birr 807.71 Where NPV stands for Net present value

2.8 Valuation of Wanza (Cordia afncana)

Wanza is a useful forest tree, used as a firewood and timber (for furniture). The bark and roots are used as medicine locally. The tree, which can grow as high as 25 meters, is also used for shade. The Wanza tree has a higher value, the older it gets. But for the purpose of calculation of the value, the regeneration approach has been considered here. Thus it is assumed that the tree takes ten years to grow to reach a productive stage and reproduces another tree every ten years, up to 60 years, its maximum economic age. One tree can be sold at Birr 100 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future incomes has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method, with a 10% discount rate.

Since compensation is going to be paid before the commencement of the construction of the project road, all the benefit will be paid in 2004. Thus the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 60 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2014 to 2063 would be Birr 62.57.

NPV 2004 = NPV (60 yrs, 10%) = Birr 62.57 Where NPV stands for Net present value

2. 9 Valuation of Sassa Tree - Peacock flower (Albizia gummifera)

Sassa is a deciduous forest tree common in dry agro climatic zone. It is used as firewood, timber (general purpose) and as shade. It is a large tree, branches ascending to a flat top, about 15 meters high. It takes 5 years to fully grow. It can give production every 5 years interval, until the age of 20, the maximum economic age of the tree. For the first cut period, one stem could be harvested. For the second and third cuts, two stems each could be harvested. During its lifetime, the tree yields six stems that have a market price of Birr 30.00 per stem. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 20 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2009 to 2023 would be Birr 61.03. NPV 20o,4 = NPV (20 yrs, 10%) = Birr 61.03 Where NPV stands for Net present value

Job No.: 80.1959.04 Page 5 of 6 Carl Bro als 6 Date: 04-03-04 R:\80195906\06_Output\Reports\Assosa - GubaFinal Report\Appendices\Annex 7 Methods of Assosa - Guba Road Project Resettlement Action Plan and Indigenous People Development Plan Methods of Valuation of Affected Assets

planted. Locally its fruit is called Bizera (in Arabic). Yegoma zaf can produce an average of 2 quintal of fruit and bark every year, up to 30 years, its maximum economic age. The fruit is used as a sausage in the preparation ladies fingers. In addition the fruit is used in the baking of the local bread (injera). The stem cover is used as a rope for the construction of the local houses (tukuls). One quintal of Yegoma zaf fruit can be sold at Birr 30.00 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future incomes has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method with a 10% discount rate. The present value of the income in year 2004 is Birr 60.00. Assuming that compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 30 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2012 to 2033 would be Birr 270.07.

NPV2004 = NPV (30 yrs, 10%) = Birr 270.07 Where NPV is Net Present Value

2.5 Valuation of Giishta Tree - Wild custard apple (Annona senegalensis)

Giishta is a shrubby tree two to ten meters high, it is used as for firewood and timber (for local construction). Its fruit is edible, and ripe smells like pineapple. The roots are used by the local people to treat chest colds; the fruit is used for diarrhoea, dysentery and vomiting. The gum from the bark is used to seal cuts and wounds. The Giishta tree takes seven years to grow and bear fruit. One Giishta tree can produce an average of 60 kg of fruit every year, up to twenty-five years, its maximum economic age. One kg of Giishta fruit can be sold at Birr 0.50 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future income has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method with a 10% discount rate. The present value of the income in year 2004 is Birr 30.00. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 25 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2011 to 2028 would be Birr 138.88.

NPV 2004 = NPV (25 yrs, 10%) = Birr 138.88 Where NPV stands for Net Present Value

2.6 Valuation of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica)

Neem is a plantation tree, which grows up to 15 meters tall and has fragrant flowers. The tree is widely naturalized along the project road. It takes 5 to 6 years to grow fully. The leaf and seed are used for local medicine, while its main purpose is for shade and firewood. The leaf and seed do not have significant market value. Seeds are produced every 5 years, until the age of 20, the maximum economic age of the tree. For the first cut period, one stem can be harvested. For the second and third cuts, two stems each could be harvested. During its lifetime, the tree yields six stems that have a market price of Birr 50.00 per stem. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 20 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2009 to 2023 would be Birr 101.71.

NPV 2004 = NPV (20 yrs, 10%) = Birr 101.71 Where NPV stands for Net present value

2.7 Valuation of Incense

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Mango trees take six years to grow and bear fruit. One mango tree can produce an average of 80 kg of fruits every year, up to 40 years, the maximum economic age of a mango tree. A kilogram of mangoes can be sold at Birr 1.25 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future income has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method with a 10% discount rate. The present value of the income in year 2004 is Birr 100.00. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 40 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2010 to 2043 would be Birr 596.62.

NPV 2004 = NPV (40 yrs,10%) = Birr 596.62 Where NPV stands for Net Present Value

2.2 Valuation of Lalobe Tree

Lalobe tree (Arabic name) takes 13 years to grow and bear fruit. It grows naturally and bear fruits in the month of December and January. One Lalobe tree can produce three quintal of fruit every year, up to 50 years, the maximum economic age of the tree. The fruit is edible and the fruit seed is used for making edible oil. In addition, the local people use the fruit as medicine for humans, as well as for goats. One quintal of the fruit can be sold at Birr 25.00 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future incomes has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method, with a 10% discount rate. The present value of the income in 2004 is Birr 75.00. Since compensation is going to be paid before the commencement of the construction of the project road, the benefits of the tree will be paid in 2004. Thus the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 50 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2017 to 2053 would be Birr 231.95.

NPV2wo4 = NPV (50yr, 10%) = Birr 231.95 Where NPV stands for Net Present Value

2.3 Valuation of Koshim Tree (Dovyalis abyssinica)

Koshim is an evergreen spiny shrub or tree, usually found along river courses in humid lower highland forest. The Koshim tree takes three years to grow and bear fruit. The fruit is edible. One Koshim tree can produce an average of 40 kg of fruits every year, for up to 12 years, the maximum economic age of the tree. One kilogram of koshim fruit can be sold at Birr 0.25 on the basis of the current market price. The stream of future income has been calculated using the present value of delayed annuity method with a 10% discount rate. The present value of the income in year 2004 is Birr 10.00. Assuming compensation will be paid in 2004, the discounted value at the start of 2004 taking a 12 years annuity, with a present value at the start of 2007 to 2015 would be Birr 47.60.

NPV 2004 = NPV (12 yrs,10%) = Birr 47.60 Where NPV stands for Net Present Value

2.4 Valuation of Yegoma zaf - Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica)

Yegoma zaf takes eight years to grow and bear fruit. The plant grows naturally or can be

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2. Valuation of Perennial Crops

The Consultant recorded 12 different types of perennial crops that are grown along the project road. In total 53 perennial crops of the above types have been identified in the right of way, which are affected due to the construction of the road. The following table shows the affected perennial crops by road section

Table A7.3 - Affected Perennial Crops by Type and Road Section

- Sherkole to Abay Crossing Mankush No Name of Tree Abay Crossing to Mankush Town Total I Mango 0 0 13 13 2 Lalobe 3 0 0 3 3 Koshim 2 0 0 2 4 Yegoma zaf 1 0 0 1 5 Giishta 0 0 1 1

_6 Neem 0 0 11 11 7 Incense 0 0 11 11 8 Wanza 2 0 1 3 9Sassa 0 0 3 3 10Birbira 0 0 2 2 11 Shola 2 0 0 2 12 Chakma 0 0 1 1 Total 10 0 43 53 Source: Survey Results

In order to determine the compensation amount, the Consultant has collected information on the trees from the RBOA, PAPs and Guba Woreda Agriculture experts. The present value of delayed annuity method is applied in valuation of perennial crops and the following procedures have been adopted:

* The age of the affected trees range from two to more than ten years. For ease of computation and consistency all the affected trees are assumed to be at seedling stage.

* For the different types of trees, the age to bear fruit or production, the yields and economic age have been considered.

* The PAP is to be compensated for the benefit that the tree would provide during its whole economic life.

* The local market value of the tree and the fruit along the project road has been considered in the computation.

The input cost and the residue value of the tree at the end of its economic year have not been deducted from the total output or benefit since they are insignificant.

The detailed valuation for the various trees is discussed below.

2.1 Valuation of Mango Tree (Mangifera indica)

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Annex 7 VALUATION METHODOLOGY

1. Valuation of Annual Crops

The Consultant has recorded the annual crops grown by the project-affected farmers from Sherkole to Mankush, using the land assessment questionnaire. Survey results show that the farmers are growing sorghum, ladies fingers, sesame, maize, soya bean, groundnuts and pumpkins, cultivating one or a combination (of up to four types) of these crops on their plot of land.

The following table summarizes the net annual income per hectare used in the final valuation of the annual crops of the farmers. Table A7.1 Farmers Net Annual Income Per Hectare No Sorghum LadiesSng Sesame Maize Soyabean Groundnut Pumpkin Total 1 Yield Qt ha 12 10 6 11 10 8 42 2 Market price Birr/Qt 100 240 450 80 250 425 30 3 Gross income 1200 2400 2700 880 2500 3400 1260

4 Land Tax / ha 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 Seed / ha 8 100 131 19 73 123 5 6 Labor / ha 110 128 328 100 328 328 150 7 Others/ ha 127 167 167 127 167 167 100 8 Total input 265 415 646 266 588 638 275 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 Net Income 935 1985 2054 614 1912 2762 985

10 land proportion in % 61 0.5 11 23 1 3 0.5 100 11 Crop area / ha 0.61 0.005 0.11 0.23 0.01 0.03 0.005 - 12 Net income / ha 570.35 9.925 225.94 141.22 19.12 82.86 4.925 1054.34 Source: RBOA, RBDPP, and Feasibility Study of Assos Guba Road Project

Taking into account the actual area affected and the above information on net income, the crop compensation amount has been computed. In the computation of the amount of payment to the PAP, land preparation cost has also been taken into account.

The farmers along the project road do not use modem inputs like fertilizer and pesticide. The main cost of farming is the labour input, spent in the preparation of the land for farming. The land preparation cost per hectare is summarized as follows.

Table A7.2 - Land Preparation Cost per Hectare No. Activities Birr / ha 1 Slashing 300 2Cuttina trees, bushes & grasses 400 3 Collecting and burning trees, bushes & grasses 150 4 Total Preparation cost 850 Source: RBOA, Guba Woreda Agriculture Experts

The actual compensation amount has been calculated based on Tables A7.1 and A7.2.

Job No.: 80.1959-04 Page 1of 6 Carl Bro als c2 Date: 04-03-04 P:\80195906\06_0utput\Reports\Assosa - Guba\Final Report\Appendices\Annex 7 Methods of Valuation.doc Annex 7: Methods of Valuation of Affected Assets

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91.1.1,1 1111-J 1139 II 11.- 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,n~~~* tolS C1032003100200111114f 1 r i Annex 6: Resettlement Options for PAPs

RA-lrc-h QOfA 5) Other Support and Assistance (F6) Can the In which Forseen problem local admi Final Name of Respondent Can ERA way? during and after assist? assist (Y/N) describe umb (Al) Yes relocation (F6/ No (F6/1) . (F6/3) (F6/4) (F7) Get employment dufing the construction of the 014 Milinde Jamese Yes Cooperation in relocation in the road YES remaining plot Shortageofdeveloped area 019 Mado Edrise _ __ No YES Cooperation in refocation _hortge of developed area_ __ _ 020 Meika Abdelazize No _ _ ES To cooperate when needed Shortage of developed area_ 031 Amisa Abdulkadir No __ __ _ No Female household 032 head Shortage of area of holding Sale Osmaeil. No No _ _ Shortage of area of holding_ 033 Fisnera Malbko __ No __ __ No ______._ _ Shortage of area of holding 049 Amsale Alemayehu _ No No - Economic problem 051 Neterw Tessema _ Economic __ No No problem and shortage of c moound area

057 Haregewa Baye No Remaining compound will not No _ Require be sufficient compensation land to build additional house _~_ _ _ _.___ . _ _ _ __ In the future 058 Hawa Kibert _ ___ ._ _._ ___ Shortage No No of space in the compound since the road takes the open space

issosa Guba Road RAP Survey Form I 3 of 3 04/03/2004 09:04 Kind of assistance required during re-housing (F Preferred option for Resettlement When Is Acquisition Labor foi Transportat Extent property/ land No resetti Resetl on Resettl to best tme of constru construc ion to new Child Tending Final Name of Respondent affected b Propert / land used for (F2) but compen exist land devel area to move material tion housing care to farm (Al) Residence Business Res & bus. (F3/2) (F3/3) (F3/5) (F4) (F5/2) (F5/)SFSi) (F54) (F55)|

014 Mii,nde Jamese_- Partially Faming ___ YES _ Summer ___ _ YES

019 Mado Edise Partially FarmJN YES Summer YES

020 Meika Abdelazize PartiaVy Farming- YES Summer YES 031 Amisa Abdulkadir _ Partially Residence __ ___ YES ____ Summer YES

032 Sale Osrnael - Partialy- Residence_ YES Summer YES______

033 Fishera NMaliko _ Partially Residence_ YES- _____ Summer YES

049 Amsale Alemayehu Partially Residence YES Summer YES

051 NeterwTessema Partially Residence YESY Summer YES

057 Haregewa Baye Partially Res& Bus YES Summer YES

058_ Hawa Kibert --Partially_ _ _ _ Busiess _ yES Summer YES

\ssosa Guba Road RAP Survey Form I 2 of 3 04/03/2004 09:04 Annex 5: LIST OF VULNERABLE PAPs PERSONAL DATA

Position of Education Final Name Kebele Years Where you of Respondent Sex Age Interviewee in Ethnic level of urmbc HH Village Farmer Ass lived lived before Date (A1) (A2) (A3) Occupation group Religion interviewee (A4) (A6Q2) (A6/3) (A6/5) (A6/6) (A7) (A8) (A9) (B/1)

014 14/11/03 Milinde Jarnese Abale Farmers _ F 50 HH head _ Abale Ass Aways ere Farmer Berta Muslim None 019 15/11/03 Abale Farmers Mado Edrise F 35 Widow Abale Ass ______Aways Here Housewife Berta Muslim None u20 15/11/03 Meika Abale Farmers Abdelazize F 80 Mother HH head Abale Ass Always Here 031 13/10/03 Amisa Abdulkadir Housewife Berta Muslim None _ F 35 Widow Awelibegic Obale 032 13/10/03 8 Alwa sHere Farmer Berta Sale Osmael M 70 HH head Muslim None Awelibegic Obale 8 Always 033 Here Farmer Berta Muslim None 13/10/03 Fishera Maliko F 50 Widow Awelibegic Obale _ 8 Always Here Farmer Berta Muslim None 049 18/10/03 AmsaleAienmayehu F 28 Widow Outside the Mankush Mankush 14 Region House wife Amhara Christian Prlmary__ 051 18/10/03 Outside Neterw Tessema _ F 48_ Widow the Mankush Mankush 25 Region House wife Amhara Christian None__ 057 18/10/03 HaregewaBaye Outside the _ F 26 HH head Mankush Mankush 7 Region _ S"pkeeper Amhara Christian None 058 18/10/03 Hawa Kibert F 30 within the Widow Mankush Mankush 22 Rego _ Farmer _Amhara Muslim None

Assosa Guba Road RAP Survey Form I 1 of 3 04103/2004 09:04 Annex 5: List of Vulnerable PAPs

NA/lirr'h 9flOA Total Land Area lAffected 60%+ Structure Trees Fence kin from Type of affected Total size Affected %age of Partially affected No. of total Affected Cage of No. lo be lerigth Name of Affected HH Head Kebele Woreda Assosa property in in area in m' affected are or Fully affected area (mi area (m"' affected Species felled Type in meters 37 Alo Mustafa Hassen Yarernja fLankush 164+400 Farm 7000 1 7 Partially Partially - - 3a Aft Bolosh German Behoiar Guba 191+200 Farm 2000 400 20 Paitially ParUally _ 6 Ato Osnian Mustata Mankush_ Guba 204+400 Farm 6000 200 3 Part Parally 10 Ato Husseri Mohamnied Marikusi Guba 204+900 Far 1 2800 450 16 Partially Partiallv II Ato Mohamrimed Ali Marikush Guba 207+600 Fari 4200 100 2 Parfill PartlarUally__ally I Alo Fswiael Werku Mankush Guba 207+900 tFarm 2300 500 22 Partiatl Partially _____ t3 Alo Getachew Ewnetu Mankush Guba 215+700 Farm 740 75 10 Partially Partially 14 Ato Alkelet Gebru Mankusal Guba 220+700 Business i fence 500 80 16 Partially P_ d 1 32 32 100.0 Wood 19 i5 Ato Ebraliriii Enidaye Maiikush Guba 220+700 Business &tree 420 _ 91 22 Partially Partially 2 90.9 72 79.2 Neem 1 6 Ala Siaje Mohammed Mankush _ Gbsba 220+100 Business &tree +fence 270 25 9 Partaly Partially 1 34.0 24.3 71.4 Mango &Biribire 2+2 Bamboa 7 7 17Ato lulat Asafew Mankush __ f3uba 220+700 Tree +fence 320 50 16 Partially Partially Neem & Incense 2+11 Bamnboo 21.3 16 Hla EkoInr_Y'asrn __ Mankush Gtiba 220+800 ence 460 100 22 Partialy Partially Bamoo 341t ig Al 31cSebl Manikus Gba 20+800 free 860 50 6 Partialty Partially Mango &Gislita 9+1 if VVoAinsale Alemayehu Mankush Guba 220+800 Residence +fence 475 100 21 Partatl Partially 1 5 5 100.0 I Al TemesgrnAlemo Mankush Guba 220+900 Bamboo 32.0 Residence &tree +fence 72 180 25 Partially artally 2 24 2 100.0 Neem 1amboo 41.7 2 VVioNeterw Tessemna Mankush Guba 220+800 Tree +tence | 300( 25 c Perially Partially Chakmna &Neem 1+1 ramboo 26,8 .3 Ala Ferlahuw, lenaesger Mankusti Guba ___ 220+900 Ireer fenice 550 50 9 Partially Parially Mango &wanza 2+1 Bamboo 38.2 1 Alo Semaclhow Melkaniru Mankush Guba 2?0+900 Business +fence 700 70 10 Partialy Partially 2 34.3 34.3 100.0 Wood 24.75 5 Alo Jibriel Yawrelse Mankush Guba 220+900 Tree 280 20 7 Partially Partially __ Neem 2 6 AloGua_ds_Mohammed Mankush GCsba _ 221+000 Residence &tree 450 22 5 Parftally Partially 4 105. 22.1 / AuoGashaow Soyed Mankusli Guba 20.8 Neem 3 220+900 Residence &tree +fence 545 56 10 Partiall Partially : 106.t 13. 12.7 Sassa 2 Bamboo 24.8 8 Alo Haregewa Baye Mankush Guba 221+000 Tree 400 10 3 Parbalf Fartall ___ Neem & Sassa 1+1 O V'o Ha wa Kibeil Maqnfushi Guba 221-000 Residenice 450 107 24 Parl arily2 107 107 100.0 ______0 Alo Engedaaleni Gubo MatikushI Guba 221+000 Residetice 300 27 9Partialy Parally 2 26.7 26. 100.C _ _olal e160o672 41,188 28 44 973.4 728.2 74.8 338.2t

ri,IF.. rr -n Roar -u,ey Frn, I 2 of 2 03/01/2001 1 161 nex 4 .PIfnpacts by Category Total Land Area Affected 60%+ Structure Trees Fence km fronr Type of allected Total size Affected %age of Partially affected No. of Total ffected %age of No. to be lenigthi Type in nmeters _ ame of Affected HH Head Kebele Woreda Assosa property in m' area in m affected ate or Fully affected area (m" area (inm affected Specfes felied Koshem 2 )I Alo Feteh Abduraliim Almnubebe Sherkole 84+200 Residence +tree 500 330 66 Partially Fully 1 171 17 100.0 2 2 Alo Redwan Mohammed Alniubebe Sherkole 84+200 Residence +tree 400 363 91 PartiallFlyF 1 17 17 100.0 Shola Lalobe&Yegoma 3+1 Ain Adi.b ArUblJ Alinubebe Shierkole 84+200 Tree 8000 1632 20 Partially Partially 14 Ao Naser Mohammed Belmio Sherkole 85+400 Farm 2000 380 19 Parfially Partilly_ 5 Ato Al*kiine Mohammed Belmio Sherkole 87+700 Farm 850 400 47 Partially Partially ______6 Ato Atalite Mesogud Belmio Sherkole 88+600 Farm 5000 1150 23 Partially Partially 7 Alo Abdurazok Abulhasen Tumetabe Slherkole 88+700 Farm 11000 1700 15 PartIally Partially __._.__ _AA Aredte Afudie Tumetabe Sherkole 89+100 Farm 15500 750 5 Partially Partially a Alc Io nra3roFe(era turnetabe Stherkole 89+ 700 Farm 6300 1200 1 Partially Partially _ !) Ato Jimma Fudane Tumelabe Sherkole 89+900 Farm 4000 3000 75 Partially Fully 1 Alo Mursale Hamise Kolehu Sherkole 95+700 Farm 7000 1000 14 PartiallY Partially Ato Aiadi Mlusa Abenere Sherkole 95+700 Residence 16 16 100 FullY Fulty 1 16 16 100.0 AtAloAgodo Aliyat Abale Shrerkole 95+700 Farm 7000 1000 14 Partially Partially I Ato Milinde Jamese Abale Sherkole 95+600 Farm 5000 500 10 Partially Partially 5 Alo Ebrahim Aleda Abale Sherkole 96+400 Farm 13000 350 27 Partially Partially ___ ; Alo Mohammed Ashielie Abate Sherkole 95+900 Farm 1500 500 33 Partially Partlally Ato Musa Asielie Abale Sherkole 95+900 Farm 1500 500 33 Partially Parhally _ ._ _ I Alo Ebrahim Ashieh Abate Sherkole 97+700 Farm 8000 4500 56 Partially Partially _ W/o Mado Edrise Abale Sherkole 97+000 Farm 3000 1500 50 Partially Partialty Partially i Alo Abdulagie Zeiynu Abale Sherkole 98+800 Farm 4000 500 13 Partially Ala Alimed Ateybe Awebee Sherkole 116+200 Farm 5400 2200 41 Partially Partially Alo Bedewi Hasseir Awelibego Sherkole 116+900 Farm 110 110 100 Fully Fully _ _y Alo Abdrahirn Abdelahi Awelibego Sherkole 117+000 Farm 2200 100 5 Partially _ _ _ _ Alo Mohanmned Nur Abdela Awelibego Sherkole 117+100 Farm 2611 800 31 Partially Partially _ _ Alo Dawed Dalala Awelibego Sherkole 117+200 Residence, farm &tree 2400 2400 100 Fully Fully 2 20 20 100.0 Alo Jeinal Hlussen Aeibego Sherkole 117+200 Farm 900 900 100 Full Fully - ___ __ Alo Husseni Olome Awelibego Sherkole 117+200 Resideince, farm &tree 1100 550 50 Partial Partially 1 17 17 100.0 Wanza AlealrAysAelbg Sherkole l17~300 Farm 500 500 100 Ful Fully .- ______65.7 Wanza Alt WAiurdl Ashwu,i Awelibego Sherkole 1f17300 Residence, farinr& tree 1250 750 60 Partially Ful 4 56 37 Ala A'bdurazak Abdela Awelibego Shierkole _117+300 Farin 301 150 60 Partially Partially ______W/n Ainfsa Abdulkadir Awelibego Shlerkole 117+500 Residence &farm 1000 800 80 Partially Fuly2 16 16 100.0 Alo Sale Osmnael Awelibego Sherkole 117+600 Residence &farm 1400 1000 71 Partially Ful 2 65 65 100.0 W/o Fshela Ivlaliko Awelibe Sherkole 117+600 Residence &farm 1500 1100 73 Partially Fu U V 1 16 16 100.0_

-. Bamboo 66 Alo Releb Abdela Awelibego Sherkole 117+700 Residence &farm fence 2700 800 30 Partially Partially 6 109 109 100,0 19 48.4 Ato Mustele Adem Awelibego Sherkole 117+800 Residence 39 19 49 Partally PartialTl 2 39 Alo Belay Abajebo Papararo Sirba Abay 154+400 Residence &farm 650 600 92 Partially Fufly 1 20 20 100.0 _

03/03/200416:16 Gtjba Road RAP-Starvey Forimil 1 of 2 Annex 4: Impact by Category of PAPs

I1A4rrh 9nnA In the project area, donkeys are used for carrying goods by men, women and children, but mostly by men only (72.6%). Donkey carts are for the most part used by men for transporting crops (for example to and from markets or from the field). Women almost always walk and head-load. As women have limited access to the household income, their access to transport modes is restrcted. Donkeys are generally controlled by men and are not made available for domestic transport unless the trip distances are relatively large.

Other forms of intermediate transport are hardly used in the project area; only 2.6% of the respondents used bicycles and these were all men. Reasons for this are probably cultural and economical, as there is no tradition of using bicycles for loads.

Both men and women, but women in particular, spend several hours a day on travel and transport. The main potential for increased use of pack animals is in domestic transport, water and fuel. Women have the main responsibility for the latter two. As long as women are restricted access to transport modes (in this case donkeys), they will reap little benefit in terms of time and energy savings from the improvement of the road.

20 Most women respondents also felt that the most important benefit derived from the project road would be access to markets (37% of women respondents). 23.2% of women interviewed said that the main benefit of the road would be better and cheaper transport facilities, and 20.4% responded that access to health facilities would be the major advantage.

When asked to rank the major problems during or as a result of constructing the road, the majority of respondents (73%) said there would be no problem. 8.8% of respondents ranked an increase in the number of accidents as being the most important negative impact. However, issues ranked as being the second most important problems were immigration into the area (20%), destruction of crops (15.6%), an increase in the number of accidents (14%), increased pressure on land resources by people coming into the area (11.9%), and the spread of diseases (10.8%). Impacts ranked as being third in importance were the spread of diseases (20.9%), destruction of crops (16.6%) and accidents (16.6%).

Community Participation in Road Projects

In the survey area, 30% of respondents had participated in a road project of one sort or another (this is considered a high percentage). 92.3% of respondents were willing to work on road projects.

Most respondents (86.2%) had no objection to women working on the road. These respondents felt that women could work as labourers (41.2%), or provide food and water to the workforce (38.7%). 10.6% said that women could work as supervisors, while 7.2% said that they could work in the stores.

Of those who said that women should not work on road projects, the main reason given was that road work was not a woman's job; secondly, they said that women had other chores to do at home, and thirdly, women should not work on roads because of traditional reasons.

Gender and Transportation

Mobility, for men, women, children and goods, depends on the availability, affordability and efficiency of such transport systems. Although mobility is not always productive, improved transport systems can increase accessibility, reduce poverty and isolation, and enhance social and economic development.

It is important to capture women's travel activities and the time used directly for them as male household heads often under-estimate the time women spend travelling for domestic purposes. It is also necessary to assess women's accessibility to means of transport and other means, e.g. financial income. From observations in the field, reinforced by the findings of the Household Survey, it is apparent that the means available to women (both in terms of transport and financial resources) are very limited. A significant change in cultural attitudes would be needed so that the benefits of the road will be meaningful to women. Women have the main transport burden, being responsible for collecting water and firewood (>55% of respondents), although men and children are also involved. The Survey indicated that men make the most trips to the market (53.69%), and to the fields. However, from observations, a substantial number of women also take goods and produce to the market.

19 Gender Aspects

Statistics show that there is a significant gender imbalance in literacy rate, school enrolment and attendance, both at national level and in Benishangul-Gumuz Region. Some reasons for this are:

* Parents consider it less important to educate girls than boys (as girls get married off soon after they reach puberty); * Girls are more likely to lack school materials than boys, and consequently they find it difficult to follow the classes; * Parents may not allow girls to attend schools that are too far away; Religious reasons - in Guba and Sherkole there are a lot of Muslims, who do not send their girls to school; * Students from different ethnic groups and different cultures may not be compatible. For example, Gumuz girls wear minimal clothing, whereas Muslim girls must be covered.

Results from the Household Survey reinforce the above reasons. In Teiba and YarenjeNYabulu girls are not sent to schools for traditional reasons. In Komosha and Menge, respondents said that girls had chores to do at home, and also some parents did not want their girls to interact with different cultures.

Access Issues

Almost all primary school pupils in Ethiopia go to school on foot in both urban and rural areas. More than 90% of the secondary school pupil's walks to reach the school, while around 7% use public transport.

It seems unlikely that road improvement will have much direct impact on school attendance, since few families could afford to send their children by public transport, even if available, or to provide them vwith bicycles.

However, road provision and improvement could have a positive indirect impact on the quality of education by making it easier to construct schools of durable materials and to attract teachers to work in otherwise remote locations. For example, two schools in northern Sherkole have had to be dosed because of inaccessibility and limited attendance.

Upgrading the education system is seen by both the Federal and Regional Governments as a crucial component of its Poverty Reduction Strategy (Ref. 29) through higher primary enrolment, increased participation by girls, new schools and upgrading the existing ones, training of teachers and better access to basic education. Better access is perceived by the Regional Government as a critical precondition for achieving these goals.

Perceived Impacts of the Project Road The Household Survey indicates that the majority of respondents (41.2%) regarded access to markets as being the most important benefit derived from the road, and 26.7% regarded access to health facilities as being the major benefit. 17.7% of respondents believed that main advantage of the road would be cheaper and better transport facilities.

18 respondents with primary school education. However, 57% and 48% of respondents said they had at least one boy or girl, respectively, at school.

The main problem with education services is that the schools are too far away. Other problems quoted by the survey respondents are the expense, lack of uniforms and books, and that there were not enough education facilities in the kebele.

Dropout Rates

According to the Report on the 1998 Welfare Monitoring Survey the national dropout rates for rural areas were 20.3% for primary school and 24.3% for secondary schools. In urban areas the corresponding figures were 6.2% and 10.3%.

In the Benishangul-Gumuz Region the dropout rate is highest in grade 1 and higher for females (32%) than for males (27%). It decreases gradually to zero around grade 4 for both sexes.

The two main reasons for dropping out from school at all levels seem to be that the pupil either had to work or failed the examination (BNRS, Education Assessment, May 2000). In the rural areas the main reason for withdrawal from school was that the students are needed to work in the farms. However, for females in rural areas and all pupils in urban areas, the main reason for withdrawal from school was failing their examinations.

A further issue is the high proportion of over-aged children in a given grade, arising in part from high repetition rates, but also the remoteness of some villages from schools, which discourages parents from sending their children to school at a young age.

Literacy Rates

Table 23: Literacy Rates in Benishangul-Gumuz Region Literacy rate % Urban and Rural Urban Rural Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female National Level 26.6 36.3 17.1 69.0 81.0 59.0 18.8 28.8 8.8

Benshangul- 17.7 24.9 10.5 60.7 71.9 49.6 13.9 20.7 6.9 Gumuz______Assosa Zone 18.5 24.5 12.3 70.4 76.9 62.8 13.6 19.3 7.8

Metekel Zone 18.6 26.6 10.7 52.2 66.8 39.9 14.8 22.5 7.0

Kamashi Zone 11.4 19.5 2.9 11.4 19.5 2.9

Source: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statstcal Authority, Report on the 1998 Welfare Mondtoring Survey, November 1999

The Household Survey indicates high literacy levels in urban areas of Assosa zone (Assosa town and its environs between 54% and 58%). The lowest literacy levels were found in Yarenje and Yabulu (7.7% and 1.7% respectively).

17 It is difficult to get trained staff to work in remote areas, in part because of bad road conditions. For similar reasons, relatively few NGOs are working in the health sector in the Region, and most started their operations only 2-3 years ago. They often work on the condition that the Regional Government gives assistance through provision of roads.

Apart from the issue of costs to the consumer, the distribution of drugs in the Region is a major issue for the Bureau of Health in respect of the long travel time between Assosa and Metekel Zones. The cost of health services, the lack of medicines, and the lack of qualified staff are also reflected in the Household Survey as major issues.

Education Profile School Enrolment and Attendance

The following table gives figures for school enrolment of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region within the ZOI.

Table 22: School Enrolment for Primary and Secondary Schools (1999/2000) Student Enrolment in Primary Schools (gr.1-8) for woredas in ZOI Woreda Both Male Female Asosa 20626 12542 8084 Menge 4663 3484 1179 Sherkole 2556 1866 690 Komosha 311 172 139 Guba 1470 1009 461 Total 29626 19073 10553

Student Enrolment in Secondary Schools (gr.9-12) for woredas In ZOI Woreda Both Male Female Asosa 1209 768 441 Menge - - - Sherkole Komosha Guba Total 1209 768 441 Source: Bureau of Education and Culture, Assosa.

In the past, school attendance was very low. In 1994, 81% of the population had no formal education. However, this has changed dramatically over the last few years. From 1994/95 to 1999/2000, absolute student numbers increased by 135%, while gross enrolment rates (GER) increased by 131% (BOPED, Regional Profile). Over the same period, GER for males increased from 50% to 105%, and from 20% to 57% for females. The absolute number of primary school students increased from about 40,000 in 1994/95 to over 90,000 in 1999/2000.

The Household Survey results show that 27% of the sample had no education, 14% were educated to primary level, and 4% had secondary education. The majority of people with no education were from the Yarenje and Yabulu areas, but these areas also had the most

16 HIVWAIDS

Data on HIV/AIDS specifically related to the Region was insufficient; the only useful source was the Regional Profile'. The report mentions that at national level in 1997 it was estimated that 2.5 million people were infected, among them 150,000 children. The HIV prevalence is much higher in urban than in rural areas. In 1997 the infection rate for adults was estimated to 21% in urban and 4.5% in rural areas.

For the Benishangul-Gumuz a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS is also expected, although a figure for the whole situation is not available. A three-month surveillance study of HIV/AIDS conducted at Assosa Hospital in 1999 showed that 33.7% (337 out of 1000) of the tested persons were HIV positive. The infection rate was 40.2% for males and 28.8% for females. All age groups were infected but 91% of the tested people belonged to the 16-40 years age group. While the survey is not considered representative of the population at large, it suggests that HIV/AIDS is likely to be a problem in the Region.

Access to Health Services

Table 20 below shows how far people have to travel to reach the nearest health facility in the three zones in Benishangul-Gumuz Region. 73% of the population of Assosa Zone are within 9 km of a health facility (cf national rural average of 61%). Metekel Zone is close to the average (58.8%), while Kamashi Zone is poorly served (25%). Table 20: Percentage Distribution of Households by Km to the Nearest Health Service Zone Less than 1-4 km 5 -9 km 10 - 14 km 15 -19 km 20 km 1km & over Metekel 18.0 20.6 20.2 6.7 20.3 14.3 Kamashi 8.0 9.2 8.0 48.8 11.1 14.9 Assosa 21.7 29.8 22.2 12.8 2.1 11.4 Assosa town 60.5 39.5.7 23 5 1 7 ACountry Level 11.8 25.7 .3 15.3 10.7 7.1 Rural 5.7 21.8 33.9 17.8 12.4 8.3 Source: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Authority, Report on the 1998 Welfare Monitonng Survey, November 1999

More than 90% of the national population walk to the nearest health facility. Only 3% of the rural population use public transport to reach health facilities. These figures are likely to apply to Benishangul-Gumuz Region too: 30.6% of those interviewed during the Household Survey ranked the long distances to reach health facilities as being the second major problem with regard to the provision of health services.

Table 21: Percentage Distribution of Households by Usual Mode of Transport To Health Services Foot Public Cart/animal transport transport All households 91.4 3.6 4.3 Rural residents 91.3 3.2 4.7 Urban residents 91.7 5.7 1.9 Source: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Authority, Report on the 1998 Welfare Monitoring Survey, November 1999

Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development of BGNRS (year unknown but in references the year 2000 is mentioned)

15 Health According to the Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National State (June 1998), Ethiopia has one of the world's worst health statuses because of poor socio-economic conditions resulting in low living standards, poor environmental conditions and inadequate health infrastructure and services. Within Ethiopia Benishangul-Gumuz Region has one of the worst health statuses.

Table 18 compares Health Status Indicators (HIS) for Benishangul-Gumuz Region and Ethiopia as a whole. Infant, child and (partly) maternal mortality rate is higher for Benishangul-Gumuz compared to the national level. Life expectancy in Benishangul-Gumuz Region is 48.6 and 47.7 years, for females and males respectively. In Ethiopia as a whole, the corresponding figures are 52.9 and 50.6 years.

Table 18: Health Status Indicators in Benishangul-Gumuz Region Health Status Indicator (HSI) Benishangul-Gumuz Ethiopia Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 131 110 Child Mortality Rate (CMR) 196 161 Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 750' 560-850 Life Expectancy (LE) Female 48.6 52.9 Life Expectancy (LE) Male 47.6 50.6 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results at Country Level, Volume 1 Statistical Report, June 1998; Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development of BGNRS

The ten main causes of morbidity in Benishangul-Gumuz Region are given in the table below.

Table 19: Main Causes of Morbidity Diagnosis No of Cases Percerntage in 1997/98 1997198 _ _Malaria 62,970 20.9 2Helminthiasis (intestinal parasitosis) 39,668 13.2 3 Pneumonia 31,630 10.5 4 Infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue 21,037 7.0 5 Dysentery (all kinds) 19,130 6.3 6 Rheumatism 16,556 5.5 7 Malnutrition 15,528 5.1 8 Pyrexia of unknown origin 14,371 4.8 9 Gastritis 13,465 4.5 10 Amoebiasis 8,520 2.8 Others 58.393 19.4 Source: Regional Profile of Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development of BGNRS Of these cases, 55.4 % are considered preventable. Other widespread diseases in the Region are tuberculosis, maternal and prenatal death, measles and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS.

In the ZOI, malaria was considered to be the main cause of morbidity, followed by diarrhoea and stomach disorders. The distribution of the incidence of these illnesses was more or less uniform throughout the survey area.

14 Income Levels

Table 16: Income In Birr per Household per Annum In Percentage Less than 2,000- 5,400. 12,600 Birr 2,000 Birr 5,399 Birr 12,599 Birr or more Country level 16.88 51.38 27.04 4.69 Rural 15.13 54.25 27.34 3.27 Urban 26.53 35.6 25.38 12.50 Benishangul-Gumuz 13.12 60.71 23.41 2.76 Source: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Authority, Revised Report on the 1995/96 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey, Addis Ababa, June 1998

Expenditure Levels

The Household Survey found that the majority of respondents above (60%) spend less than 2000 Birr per year, while only 0.6% spends more than 12599 Birr per year. Above one third of the respondents spend between 2000 and 5399 Birr per year. These findings imply that the people in the project area's ZOI are in fact much poorer than indicated in Table 16 above.

In order to gain an overview of the poverty level in the ZOI, the household survey asked whether the respondents possessed an iron roof, a radio, a kerosene stove or a watch. About 4% had all these items, 23% had only one item, 35% had two and three items and 38% had none. The most affluent area appears to be the Komosha-Menge area, while the poorest area is north of the Abay River (Yarenje and Yabulu).

At country level households with an income of less than 12,600 Birr spent more than half of their income on food and around 4% of their income on transport. For households with an income more than 12,600 Birr the expenditure on transport doubled to almost 9% while the expenditures for food decreased to 42%. For the Benishangul-Gumuz Region as a whole the expenditure for food per household was 57% and for transport the figure was only 0.7% (figures for transport alone were not available).

Table 17: Expenditures on Food, Transport and Other Items for the Different Income Groups at Country Level Less than 2,000- 5,400- 12,600 Birr 2,000 Birr 5,399 Birr 12,599 Birr or more Food 5825 55.37 52.121 421 7 Transport 0.4 0.38 0.64 2.52 Public transport 3.68 3.66 3.86 6.4 Other items 37.82 40.59 43.39 48.91 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Authority, Revised Report on the 1995/96 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey, Addis Ababa, June 1998

The Household Survey supports the figures in Table 17, revealing that more than half (55%) the people interviewed spend less than 100 Birr per year on transport, and 52% of respondents spend between 1000 and 3000 Birr on food annually. The survey indicates that for the majority of households, expenditure was less than 200 Birr on school (84% of respondents), medical expenses (84%), water (92%), and agricultural inputs (89%). This underscores further the poverty level in the project area.

13 UrbanandRural Urban Rural Reason Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Old age/pensioned 7.3 4.5 9.5 5.2 3.7 6.1 7.6 4.6 10.0 Others 2.1 0.7 3.2 0.5 1.0 0.3 2.3 0.7 3.6 Not stated 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 Total % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: CSA, Statistical Report on the 1999 Labour Force Survey March 1999

Another reason not mentioned here could be that there is not enough work being generated in the Region to employ some of these people. Development in all the sectors is slow due to various reasons, including lack of funds, lack of capacity, lack of infrastructure and the remoteness of the Region. Agricultural and mining potential, if they exist, have not been fully exploited.

Household Income and Expenditure

Sources of Income

The main source of income for the people within the ZOI is agriculture. Of the households interviewed during the survey, 21% had one or more members in wage employment. Nearly 40% of the households were involved in panning for, and selling, gold. (See also the extract about the traditional Mining next page). Other activities from which income is derived are the sale of firewood, charcoal, thatch, and honey.

Men were mainly involved in wage employment (69% of respondents), and were also mainly responsible for income derived from the sale of charcoal (76%), thatch/grass (70%), honey (90%) and gold (52%). Women were mainly responsible for income from firewood (63%). Some respondents had two or more sources of income.

Traditional Gold Mining

A study preparef for BOPED reported that 65,000 persons in Benishangul-Gumuz, of whom 75 perecent are women, eam their living by illicit, artisanal gold mining. The greatest concentration of persons engaged in such mining is in three very poor woredas (districts): Oda Goderrie and Kumruk in Assosa zone, and Guba woreda in Meketel zone. In these three of the Region's 20 woredas, which have a combined population of 47,000, almost all the women and a large number of children are engaged in the activity, which is illegal, unprotected, and dangerous. In all, the output is about 180 kg of gold each month of the mining season. The work is heavy and perilous: the women dig by hand, excavating pits of up to 40 meters in depth, carrying the excavated soil on their backs down to the water sources in the valleys, and panning to retrieve the gold ore. The BOPED study report "(..) production is risky and many fatal accidents (are) recorded due to land collapse in pits.... All mining sites are affected by dig chaotic earth moving and overtumed fertile soil (is) covered by gravel. Deforestation is also common at all sites under mining. Deep pits abandoned open after ore extraction affecting human life, wild and domestic animals." Several govemment officials stated that in some woredas the children abandon their schooling to pan for gold. According to local informants, although the work is almost entirely done by women and children, those who extract the gold do not earn from it; all the ore is tumed over to their men folk for sale.

As the output is unlicensed, it is smuggled across the border into the Sudan, or into urban Ethiopia. "Most of the potential, benefit is lost due to lack of legal and fiscal framework, and inefficient production, processing and marketing arrangements"

BOPED officials have proposed a project to create awareness among local officials, legalize and license the trade, improve the water supply and mining methods, organize participants, and provide technical support, to improve the life of miners. Nothing has as yet come of the draft proposal.

12 Table 14: Changes in Regional Employment Characteristics between 1994 and 1999 I Urban and Rural Urban Rural |Total |Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Benishangul-Gumuz 1994' EconomicallyActive 262,200 136,410 125,790 14,591 9,001 5,590 247,609 127,409 120,200 % male:female 100.0 52.0 48.0 100.0 61.7 38.3 100.0 51.5 48.5 Employed 260,398 135,328 125,070 13,539 8,320 5,219 246,859 127,008 119,851 Total Unemployed 1,802 1,082 720 1,052 681 371 750 401 349 Unemployment rate% 0.69 0.79 0.57 7.21 7.57 6.64 0.30 0.31 0.29 Benishangul-Gumuz 1999and Economically Active 279,814 144,040 135,774 22,723 11,300 11,423 257,091 132,740 124,351 % male:female 100.0 51.5 48.5 100.0 49.7 50.3 100.0 51.6 48.4 Employed 265,346 139,299 126,047 18,454 10,078 8,376 246,892 129,221 117,671 Total Unemployed 14,468 4,741 9,727 4,269 1,222 3,047 10,199 3,519 6,680 Unemployment rate% 5.17 3.29 7.16 18.79 10.81 26.67 3.97 2.65 5.37 Country 1999and Economically Active 27,068,310 14,755,896 12,312,414 3,671,609 1,786,541 1,885,068 23,396,701 12,969,355 10,427,346 %male:female 100.0 54.5 45.5 100.0 48.7 51.3 100.0 55.4 44.6 Employed 24,896,578 14,117,785 10,778,793 2,702,469 1,458,859 1,243,610 22,194,109 12,658,926 9,535,183 Total Unemployed 2,171,732 638,111 1,533,621 969,140 327,682 641,458 1,202,592 310,429 892,163 Unemployment rate% 8.02 4.32 12.46 26.40 18.34 34.03 5.14 2.39 8.56 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census Results for Benishangul-Gumuz, Volume I Statisfical Report, - February 1996; CSA, Statistkal Report on the National Labour Force Suivey March 1999 (November 1999).

About 8% of the total employed population in the Region was urban-based, and 92% of the work force was based in the rural areas. The main employment category in the Region was the agricultural sector (which also includes hunting, forestry and fishing), comprising 89% of the rural population and 22% of the urban population. Other activities in the urban areas were wholesale and retail (18%), hotels and restaurants (16%) and manufacturing (4%).

Within the zone of influence, the main occupation is farming (79% of respondents). 6% of respondents were traders and 4% were govemment workers. Other types of employment are accounting for 11%.

Reasons For Not Being EconomicallyActive

The Labour Force Survey 1999 indicates that 30% of people aged 10 or more were not economically active. Almost half of these were students, 20% were classed as homemakers and 14% were considered too young to work. Only 0.6% of the total non-active population were unable work owing to disability.

The age distribution of the population is depicted above. It shows that the 5-14 year age bands comprised about 140,000 individuals who are now part of the economically active group, and about 70,000 of these only became economically active in 1999. Consequently there are more people seeking employment.

Table 15: Reasons for Not Being Active (as a % of Total Non Active Population) UrbanandRural Urban Rural Reason Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Non-Active 121,846 53,151 68,695 14,260 5,361 8,899 107,586 47,790 59,796 Pop Home makers 19.9 4.0 32.3 23.2 3.2 35.3 19.5 4A1 31.8 Students 47.5 73.0 27.8 64.0 85.1 51.3 45.3 71.6 24.3 Disabled 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.6 Illness 7.7 4.7 10.0 4.3 4.1 4.4 8.1 4.7 10.8 Too young 14.3 12.1 15.9 1.4 2.2 1.0 16.0 13.2 18.1 Prostitutes 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Employment

Status of Employment in the Region

In 1994, 262,200 people were economically active in the Region, ie. approximately 57% of the total population of the Region.

Table 13: Economically Active Population of the Region Aged 10 Years and Above in Rural and Urban Areas, 1994 Urban and Rural Urban Rural otal ale :emale rotal Aale -emale rotal iale emale Bonshangul-Gumuz Reqlon Economically Active 262,200 136,410 125,790 14,591 9,001 5,590 247,609 127,409 120,200 % male:female 100.0 52.0 48.0 100.0 61.7 38.3 100.0 51.5 48.5 Employed 260,398 135,328 125,070 13,539 8,320 5,219 246,859 127.008 119,851 Total Unemployed 1,802 1,082 720 1,052 681 371 750 401 349 Unemployment rate% 0.69 0.79 0.57 7.21 7.57 6.64 0.30 0.31 0.29 Metekel Zone _ _ _ Economically Active 116,174 59,028 57,146 8,489 4,592 3,897 107,685 54,436 53,249 % male:female 100.0 50.8 49.2 100.0 54.1 45.9 100.0 50.6 49.4 Employed 115,309 58,568 56,741 8,019 4,304 3,715 107,290 54,264 53,026 Total Unemployed 865 460 405 470 288 182 395 172 223 Unemployment rate% 0.74 0.78 0.71 5.54 6.27 4.67 0.37 0.32 0.42 Assosa Zone Economically Active 115,145 61,862 53,283 6,102 4,409 1,693 109,043 57,453 51,590 % male:female 100.0 53.7 46.3 100.0 72.3 27.7 100.0 52.7 47.3 Employed 114,287 61,289 52,998 5,520 4,016 1,504 108,767 57,273 51,494 Total Unemployed 858 573 285 582 393 189 276 180 96 Unemployment rate% 0.75 0.93 0.53 9.54 8.91 11.16 0.25 0.31 0.19 Kamashi Zone I Economically Active 30,881 15,520 15,361 0 0 0 30,881 15,520 15,361 % male:female 100.0 50.3 49.7 0 0 0 100.0 50.3 49.7 Employed 30,802 15,471 15,331 0 0 0 30,802 15,471 15,331 Total Unemployed 79 49 30 0 0 0 79 49 30 Unemployment rate% 0.26 0.32 0.20 0 O 0 0.26 0.32 0.20 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census for BenishangulGumuz Region, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996

The unemployment rate for the Region as a whole was therefore less than 1%. In the rural areas of the Region, the unemployment rate was even lower. This reflects the predominance of family-based farming in the economy. However, in the urban areas of Metekel and Assosa Zones, unemployment was high. The high unemployment rates in Assosa Zone applied mainly to Assosa town where people were migrating to in search of work (from rural areas within the Region and also from outside the Region). The highest unemployment rates among migrants were found in the 20-24 year age range.

A comparison of employment characteristics for 1994 and 1999 indicates a modest rise in the number of economically active people. However, unemployment rates had increased by around 5% overall, ranging from about 4% in the rural areas to nearly 20% in the urban areas.

10 Reasons for MigratinQ

Reasons for migrating are tabulated in Table 11. Table 11: Reasons for Recent Migration by Percentage Reason Average Male Female

Education 5.0 5.6 4.5 Marriage arrangement 13.8 1.5 23.9 Marriage dissolution 2.1 1.0 2.9 Search forwork 12.2 16.0 9.1 Job transfer 6.8 12.2 2.5 Displacement 3.6 3.9 3.3 Along with family 37.9 32.2 42.5 Returned back home 6.9 8.6 5.5 Shortage of land 4.3 7.3 1.9 To live with relatives 4.5 8.5 1.3 Health problems 0.5 0.4 0.7 Lost family/caretaker 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other reasons 1.4 1.4 1.4 Not Stated 1.0 1.4 0.7 Source: CSA, Analytical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999, December 2000.

Ethnicity, Language and Religion

Table 12: Ethnic Composition in Benishangul-Gumuz Region Ethnic Group Benishangul- Urban Rural areas in Assosa Metekel Kamashi Gumuz Region areas in the the Region Zone Zone Zone Region Berta 25.1% 7.8% 26.6% 54.31% 0.16% 4.39% Gumuz 23.3% 1.1% 25.5% 0.60% 33.23% 77.36% Amhara 22.2% 43.7% 20.3% 25.98% 23.77% 0.18% Oromo 12.8% 23.2% 11.9% 11.0% 13.42% 17.47% Shinasha 7.0% 9.5% 6.8% 0.03% 15.90% 0.02% Agew/Awingi 3.8% 8.1% 3.4% 0.18% 8.51% 0.03% Others 5.8% 6.6% 5.5% 7.9% 5.01% 0.55% Source: The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul - Gumuz Region, Volume II Analytical Report, January 1999.

Language wise, almost a quarter of the people in the Region used Jeblawigna (language of the Berta) as their mother tongue. Gumuzigna was spoken by 23% of the population, Amharic by 23% and Oromigna by 16%.

The largest religious group in the Region were Muslims, comprising 44%. Orthodox Christians made up 35%, while traditional religions comprised 13%. Protestants were in the minority with 6%. In urban areas the number of Orthodox Christians were in the majority with 68%, while the proportion of Muslims decreased to 26% and traditional religions comprised only 0.3%.

More than 90% of the Berta were Muslims. The majority of Amhara, Shinasha and Omoro were Orthodox Christians, while the Gumuz mainly followed traditional religions.

9 retumees from a neighbouring country and another country, respectively. Table 8 illustrates forms of migration for recent migrants.

Table 8: Percentage of Distribution of Recent Migrants by Form of Migration Form of Migration Total for Rural Rural/ Urban/ Urban/ All Forms Rural % Urban % Rural% Urban% Country (Whole) Inter-Regional Migration In migrant 25.0 21.5 18.0 35.6 707,736 Out migrant 25.0 21.5 18.0 35.6 707,739 lntra-Regional Migration In migrant 43.4 24.4 14.7 17.5 1,534,414 Total Migration In migrant 37.6 23.5 15.7 23.2 2,242,150

Benishangul-Gumuz Inter-Regional Migration In migrant 66.0 6.7 6.4 20.8 29,639 Out migrant 57.9 4.2 18.9 19.0 9,765 Intra-Regional Migration In migrant 60.1 12.5 13.9 13.5 15,999 Total Migration In migrant 63.9 8.8 9.1 18.2 45,638 Source: CSA, Analytical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999, December 2000

Recent migrants in the Region numbered 45,638 persons. This means that 7.5% of the Region's population are recent migrants, and 4.9% of the Region's population has migrated here from other Regions between 1994 and 1999 (see Table 7). Thus about 1% of the population each year between 1994 and 1999 were immigrants from other Regions.

Table 9: Origin of Recent Immigrants to BGR by Region No. of Recent Benishangul Tigray Amhara Oromiya Other Total Gumuz Migrants ______Total UandR 15,999 72 11,331 15,746 2,490 45,638 % total imm 35.0 0.2 24.8 34.5 5.5 Urban 4,386 63 3,123 3,381 Rural 11,613 9 8,208 12,365 Source: CSA, Statistical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999, November 1999.

The data and indications from the Regional offices imply that there is still a considerable amount of migration into Benishangul-Gumuz Region from other Regions. Rates of immigration are indicated in Table 10 below as calculated from two different sources. It will be noted that the 1994 Census data gives a figure of 7.2% for immigration rates between 1990 and 1994, while the Labour Force Survey (1999) gives a figure of 5.3%. The latter document shows little change in immigration rates between 1990 and 1999. As figures for inter-Regional migration before 1994 are not available, the table below gives rates for total immigration.

Table 10: Rates of Immigration in BGR from 1984 to 1999 1994 Census Data Labour Force Survey 1999 BGNS 1984 & before 1985-1989 1990-1994 1989 & before 1990-1994 1995-1999 Total Migrants 74,524 91,219 129,331 117,234 152,196 197.834 Immigrant GR 0.0413 0.0723 0.0536 0.0539 GR% 4-13 7.23 5.36 5.39 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996; CSA, Statistical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999, November 1999.

8 by the 1994 Census projections (2.6%), arising from an accelerated rate of inward migration. Higher growth rates are also adopted for the non-migrant population.

Results from the Household Survey conducted during this study indicate that 14.5% of the survey samples are recent migrants, of which about one third live in the Mankush area. Recent migrants also tended to settle in the Komosha-Menge-Sherkole and Yarenje-Yabulu areas.

Table 7: Benishangul-Gumuz Region Migration Status for Urban and Rural Areas in 1994 and 1999 Region I Group 1994' | 1999# | Zone All Migrants Non- Not All Migrants Non- Not .______Persons Migrants Stated Persons Migrants Stated Benishangul Urbanan 460.325 129,331 326,679 4,315 609,459 197,834 411,625 - dRural Gumuz % Of 28.10 70.97 0.94 32.46 67.54 - - ~~~~~~~~~Total Region Urban 35,905 23,063 12,475 367 47,347 28,510 18,837 - Rural 424,420 106,268 314,204 3,948 562,112 169,324 392,788

Metekel Zone Urban 201466 55734 144704 1028 and Rural Urban 19553 12644 6802 107 Rural 181913 43090 137902 921

Assosa Zone Urban 208076 59837 145868 2371 and Rural Urban 16352 10419 5673 260 Rural 191724 49418 140195 2111

Kamashi Urban 50783 13760 36107 916 Zone and Rural ______Urban 0 0 0 0 _Rural 50783 13760 36107 916 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996; CSA, Statistical Report on the 1999 National Labour Force Survey March 1999, November 1999.

The majority (86%) of the migrants reside in the rural areas of the Region (CSA, November 1999). Using figures from 1994, most of the migrants live in Metekel and Assosa Zones (43% and 46%, respectively), with only 10.6% living in Kamashi Zone.

Forms of migration are usually described as being rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, and urban-urban, for inter-Regional migration and intra-Regional migration. Data for recent migration shows that rural-rural migration was the most predominant form of movement in the Region, for both inter- and intra-Regional migration. The data shows that of all the Regions in the country, Benishangul-Gumuz had the highest proportion of recent rural-rural in-migration, in terms of both inter-Regional migration (66%, cf country average of 28%) and intra-Regional migration (60%, cf country average of 29%). The Region also had the highest percentage nationwide for recent inter-Regional rural-rural out-migration (58%, cf country average of 19%).

The Household Survey revealed that 15% of the respondents were intra-Regional migrants, 13% had moved into the project area from outside the Region, and 3.5% and 5% had been

7 Table 6: Population in the ZOI b Road Link Link From - To Woreda Popn Population Project ons No. _ _1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 1 Assosa - Komosha Assosa 33,481 38,828 43,716 48,741 54,078 59,415 64,640 69,635 Assosa Tn 11,749 15,477 19,195 23,692 29,103 35,409 42,667 51,167 Komosha 6,170 7,155 8,056 8,982 9,966 10,949 11,912 12,833 TOTAL 51,400 61,460 70,967 81,416 93,148 105,773 119,219 133,635 2.1 Komosha - Menge Komosha 3,592 4,166 4,690 5,229 5,802 6,374 6,935 7,471 Menge 11,826 13,715 15,441 17,216 19,101 20,986 22,832 24,596 Menge Tn 185 244 302 373 458 558 672 806 TOTAL 15,603 18,124 20,434 22,818 25,361 27,918 30,438 32,873 2.2 Menge - Sherkole Menge 6,887 7,987 8,992 10,026 11,124 12,222 13,296 14,324 Sherkole 2,544 2,950 3,322 3,704 4,109 4,515 4,912 5,291 TOTAL 9,431 10,937 12,314 13,730 15,233 16,736 18208 19,615 3 Sherkole - Blue Nile Sherkole 7,424 9,036 10,174 11,343 12,584 13,827 15,042 16,205 4and5 Blue Nile - Guba Guba 4,485 5,201 5,856 6,529 7,244 7,959 8,659 9,328 Mankush 729 960 1,191 1,470 1,806 2,197 2,647 3,175 TOTAL 15,214 6,161 7,047 7,999 9,050 10,156 11,306 12,503

TOTAL ZOI 89,072 105,718 120,936 137,306 155,376 174,410 194,213 214,831

Migration and Settlement Trends

In the northern and central highland areas of Ethiopia, increased population, combined with the disruption of the rural economy due to deforestation and resultant soil erosion/ degradation, led to a continuous decline in production. The situation was exacerbated by recurrent and severe drought, which affected these areas for many decades. In response to these conditions, a large number rural people moved out of these highlands areas, usually to nearby towns, and sometimes to neighbouring Regions.

The then Government drew up a resettlement policy which aimed to reduce further pressure on land resources in the northern and central highland areas, and resettle people in new areas in order to realise the potential in those areas. Resettlement activities occurred in two separate periods. The first (early) resettlement activity took place before the 1984 famine disaster, when over 23,000 people were settled in and around Assosa in 17 settlement sites (source: National Atlas of Ethiopia, January 1988).

The second resettlement activity was implemented during the 1984 famine. Some settler farmers were relocated to areas with low population densities and sufficient cultivable land (integrated resettlement), while others were resettled in newly planned villages. Most of the people who were relocated from Welo and Tigray were resettled in the former Welega Region, which now forms most of Benishangul-Gumuz Region. Approximately 100,000 people were moved to what is now Benishangul-Gumuz Region (National Atlas of Ethiopia, January 1988).

Current Status of Micration in the Region

The latest available data (CSA, November 1999) indicate that 32.5% of the population in Benishangul-Gumuz Region are migrants, and 22.5% of these are "recent" migrants (ie have moved within the last five years of the time of data collection).

Figures from 1994 show that approximately 28% of the population in each of the zones in the Region were immigrants, of which 34.2% had immigrated since 1989. Labour Force Survey (1999) data imply a substantially faster population growth rate (4.7%) than assumed

6 Table 4: Summary of Population in Zone of Influence Zone Woreda No. of No. of No. of Population Farmers' Villages Households in 1994 Associations in ZOI In ZOI in ZOI in ZOI Assosa Komosha 13 31 2,261 9,762 Assosa 32 70 10,197 33,481 Assosa Town 2,262 11,749 Sherkole 27 37 2,281 9,968 Menge 47 105 4,480 18,713 Menge Town 52 185 Metekel Guba 16 23 1,376 4,485 Mankush 150 729 TOTAL 135 266 23,059 89,072 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results at Country Level, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996

Table 5: Population Projections for the Zone of Influence from 1994 to 2030 Zone Woreda Popn in Population Projections for the ZOI ZOI 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Assosa Komosha 9,762 11,321 12,746 14,211 15,768 17,324 18,847 20,303 Assosa 33,481 38,828 43,716 48,741 54,078 59,415 64,640 69,635 Assosa Town 11,749 15,477 19,195 23,692 29,103 35,409 42,667 51,167 Sherkole 9,968 11,986 13,495 15,046 16,694 18,341 19,954 21,496 Menge 18,713 21,701 24,434 27,242 30,225 33,208 36,128 38,920 Menge Town 185 244 302 373 458 558 672 806 Metekel Guba 4,485 5,201 5,856 6,529 7,244 7,959 8,659 9,328 Mankush Town 729 960 1,191 1,470 1,806 2,197 2,647 3,175 TOTAL 89,072 105,718 120,935 137,304 155,376 174,411 194,214 214,830 Source: base population from CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results at Country Level, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996

By 2030 the population of the ZOI will have doubled. The urban areas will show the most pronounced rate of growth: Assosa, Menge and Mankush towns will have grown by over 3 times their current population during that time.

Table 6 summarises the projected population by road link. It can be seen that the population is, and will be, concentrated around the southern end of the project road, ie between Assosa and Komosha (Link 1). From Komosha, the population decreases pointedly, with the population being focussed around Menge town. Beyond Sherkole the population is very low, picking up again north of the Abay River. This distribution may be somewhat modified by assumptions regarding increased inward migration resulting from possible future agricultural development induced by the project road.

5 Source: CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results for Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Volume II Analytical Report, January 1999. Note: Figures in brackets indicate country level figures for 1994 and are sourced from CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results at Country Level, Volume I Statistical Report, June 1998. The indicators given in Table 2 have been used to make population projections for the Region as well as for the woredas in the Zone of Influence of the road (ZOI). The analyses adopts the medium variant scenario, based on the assumption the current high level of fertility will decline to attain a total fertility rate of 4 by 2020, as a result of various Government initiatives outlined in the National Population Policy of 1993. It is predicted that this decline will continue at a slower pace until 2030 (refer CSA, January 1999). Migration effects are excluded at this stage. Table 3: Population Projections by Zone and Woreda from 1994 to 2030 (in 1000) Zone Woreda Projection Year 1994* 2000 2005 2010 2015 12020 2025 2030 Benishangul-Gumuz 460.4 536.1 607.8 686.3 769.3 855.7 943.4 1,031.4 Metekei 201.5 234.6 266.0 300.3 336.7 374.5 412.8 451.4 Dangur 30.7 35.7 40.5 45.8 51.3 57.1 62.9 68.8 Guba 7.9 9.2 10.5 11.8 13.3 14.7 16.3 17.8 Wombera 41.6 48.5 55.0 62.1 69.6 77.4 85.4 93.3 Mandura 22.5 26.3 29.8 33.6 37.7 41.9 46.2 50.6 Dibate 41.5 48.0 54.8 61.9 69.4 77.2 85.1 93.1 Pawe Sp 35.8 41.7 47.3 53.4 59.9 66.6 73.4 80.3 Bulen 21.1 24.5 27.8 31.4 35.2 39.2 43.2 47.2 Assosa 208.1 242.3 274.7 310.2 347.8 386.8 426.4 466.2 Menge 28.9 33.7 38.2 43.1 48.4 53.8 59.3 64.8 Kurmuk 10.6 12.3 14.0 15.8 17.7 19.7 21.7 23.7 Assosa 73.9 86.1 97.6 110.2 123.5 137.4 151.5 165.6 Sherkdoe 13.9 16.2 184 20.8 23.3 25.9 28.6 31.3 Bambasi 34.4 40.1 45.5 51.3 57.6 64.0 70.6 77.2 Oda Godere 22.3 25.9 29.4 33.2 37.2 41.4 45.7 49.9 Komosha 9.7 11 3 12.8 14.5 18.3 18.1 20.0 21.8 Begi 14.0 16.3 18.5 20.9 23.5 26.1 28.8 31.5 Kamashi 50.7 59.1 67.0 75.6 84.8 94.3 104.0 113.7 Yaso 7.7 9.0 10.2 11.5 12.9 14.4 15.9 17.4 Sirba Abay 9.2 10.7 12.1 13.7 15.4 17.1 18.8 20.6 Kamashi 8.3 9.7 11.0 12.4 13.9 15.4 17.1 18.6 Agalo Mite 14.1 16.5 18.7 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.1 31.7 Belo Jegonfoy 11.2 13.1 14.8 16.7 18.8 20.9 23.1 25.2 Source: base population from CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Results at Country Level, Volume I Statistical Report, February 1996

It can be seen that by the year 2030 the population of the Region will be almost double the current population. This will also be the case for those woredas in the ZOI.

The population estimates and projections for the ZOI presented in Tables 3 and 4 below have been based on detailed analysis of village locations and farmers association boundaries on maps obtained from the CSA Cartographic Department. The ZOI passes through 138 farmers associations. Within the ZOI there are 269 villages and three urban areas: Assosa town, Menge town and Mankush. In 1994, there were in the Region of 23,500 households within the ZOI, being concentrated mainly in the urban centres.

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a-9& 4flA.a, +Vig. AY L 9Y > Annex 12: Photographs of the Project Road

I\A rrh 9nn/l. Public Consultabon with PAPs in Sherkole

Public Consultation wih the Sherkole Woreda administration in Sherkole

'n, ~ ,

4-

.

* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t b ~~~~~- Affected fiarrn and tree in Sherkole 5-t - ;^ - . ; . i ' Affected farm in Abale

L 'A

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Public ConsuHtation with PAPs in Abaea!le: Consultation with PAPs in Awelibegio

Affected farn in Awelibegio

E L - > ;d Affected residence in Awelibegio

~~4- 4 -.

Consultation with PAPs in Awelibegio beglo!E--w -~f Affected farm in Behojar (Abay-Crossing - Mankush) v~~~~ f ' -, * ~~~~~~~Affectedhouse and tree in Mankush

_ ~~~. - - .m ls ~ ~~~~~~~ :. ______

-~~ 21 Afce enei aks

s_q Affected residence in Mankush

4j~~.

Public Consultation with Guba Woreda Administration

v z Public_,§ Consultation with PAPs in Mankush

Pr, ,

- -. ,~- -~~-

_~ A

_-.e - Public Consultabon with PAPs in Mankush

Affected house in Mankush ij _

n . - Photos of Relocation Site in Mankush

The relocation site in Mankush Town is located just beyond these structures.

E -~~~~~~~~~~~~.

The relocaffon site on the outskirts of Mankush Town Annex 13: List of Persons Contacted

\AArrh fnAt Annex 13 LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED

1. Ato Yaregal Aysheshum President of Benshangul Gumuz Regional Government 2. Ato Wodesha Habte Legal Advisor, Benshanul Gumuz Regional Government Council 3. Ato Bekele Negussie Planning & Programming Division A/ Manager, ERA 4. Ato Tadele Debela Head of Environment Branch, ERA 5. Ato Abdisa Megersa Planning & Programming Division Expert, ERA 6. Ato Tesfaye Hailu Anthropology Team Leader, Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage 7. Ato Remedan Ashenafi Chairman of Assosa Zone 8. Ato Awed Ashayeb Deputy Chairman of Assosa Zone 9. W/o Negat Mengesha A/Head UNHCR Assosa Field Office 10. Ato Tadesse Debele Administration & Finance Head, Oxfam UK Assosa Branch 11. Ato Temesgen Lechisa A I Head Planning & Policy Department Rural Development Coordination Office 12. Ato Teshale Tesfaye A / Head Resettlement & Food Security Office 13. Ato Ahmed Naser A/ Head of Bureau of Agriculture 14. Ato Berhanu Gezaghne Crop Production Team Leader, Bureau of Agriculture 15. Ato Jirata Woetiso Head of Bureau of Disaster Prevention Preparedness 16. Ato Mesele Alene Bureau of Justice, Head of Criminal Affairs Department 17. Ato Mohammed Bakela Bureau of Justice, Head of Legal and Civil Affairs Department 18. Ato Shimeles Wolde Michael A/ Head of Trade, Industry, Transport Urban Development Coordination Office 19. Ato Tesfaye Korfiel Head of Bureau of Works & Urban Development 20. Ato Yehun Gudeta A/ Head of Rural Roads Authority 21. Ato Eysa Mohammed Urban Plan Team Leader, Bureau of Works & Urban Development 22. Ato Berhanu Alemu Quantity Surveyor II, Bureau of Works & Urban Development 23. Ato Adulahi Mohammed Ali Chairman of Assosa Woreda 24. Ato Mola Tadesse Deputy Chairman of Assosa Woreda 25. Ato Adara Haji Hamid Head Administration and Justice Coordination office of Assosa Woreda 26. Ato Sefedin Oumer Chairman, Sherkole Woreda 27. Ato Abud Mohmmed Deputy Chairman, Sherkole Woreda 28. Ato Ahmed Mohammed Head of Administration and Justice Coordination office, Sherkole Woreda 29. Ato Abdela Shedin W/G/E/office Head, Sherkole Woreda 30. Ato Abaso Shehdin Head of Information and Public Affairs office, Sherkole Woreda 31. Ato Belew Alemu Deputy Chairman, Metekel Zone 32. Ato Taye Bulo Head of Rural Development Coordination Office, Metekel Zone 33. Ato Berhanu Head of Yarenja Refugee Camp 34. Ato Awed Algemer Chairman, Guba Woreda 35. Ato Yadeta Bureja Deputy Chairman, Guba Woreda 36. Ato Hassen Hamodan Head of Capacity Building Coordination office, Guba Woreda 37. Ato Usman Gudeta Head of Information and Public Affairs office, Guba Woreda 38. Ato Abdulaziz Hassen Head of Rural Development Coordination office, Guba Wioreda 39. Ato Alkir Mohammed Deputy Chairman of Mankush Town Kebele Association 40. Ato Ferew Hailu Natural Resource Team Leader, Guba Woreda 41. Ato Girma Tsidu Disaster Prevention Preparedness Team Leader, Guba Woreda 42. Ato Getachew Mekonen Crop Production Expert, Guba Woreda MAPS Komosha, . - y\ I, Assosa i . ornosha- r -; - j

J- '> i t % \ Sf i - \ __ \- vii \CAweleBegu Villa ronsus!lIGub a ."''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ¶A r",0 9 Yerenjsi2 Dlagem-. it N

PapararoV150a- M

Pr4jec ReWotamet Action Plan ProJWno. Date Carl Bro as As)sMacnGuba Road Project 80.1959.06 31.01.2004 TransportDepartment T,tl g TopDgraphIcal Maoff SIDriq . Trnp,,tDearnunt Tile Project Road 1 500.000 Map 1 0 c ; C.:;,Q), <| <) --- 7----\@, X.+ >-n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T

il o aenkhMaeienn Tree & Busin~~~Ysiessarle clnPa

Fence ~ ~~~~~~~~~~CarlBro as &) Aswsa -GobsRoad Prold 80.1950.06 31.01.2N4 Fence I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dwing LDoaan of the Protect Road Scow M.Wing no. Type of Affected Property 1:250.000 Map 2 0 l l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TransportDepartmrent ite Sherkole Town It. ."

M. 002 0'/

. KecelvVoot,Swed. AnebaRtShedlol ; %steiro, 184.200 1

alel kW tr '4bty .. N:a 0O Ch *, Alrned(edts%.k r0t5 J * / /? t4,,er Aea.Md.d IIs^s/ 2Aj; Kebaie dr Bb.4oe,Sh rrIs 0ILJ {L Statet: rmt5o400k *'Sb / j / d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TPoulbclod PqWb Fan v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tattddew+'o7A Mar' /npyFr,(so.

I,\ ,z,.,:4-d

.5Q\ Steflan baK |.200 fypataecadprape. Ties

> . 1yp1Atded tW Pedtally

I.WP K11,016~~Voel.N4"*. Wrede: AtbeubcbAte FetahAbduy,lI Sn"ua,ola Steto': ~ K, 4014200 -"Qb Ilpe.! _e eafed roprty Reidce &

' ,<-$/h ' 0i

10 \ < J k . s ______VroJect______R _i_n_l_e _ t iDace PlePe Carl Bro as Road Proect 80.1959.08 31.01.2004 Drawlng Affected Households -Assets Sale Drawingno. Transport Department _7itle Sherkole Town, Km 84 1:5.000 Pp I Mo.032

No": o Agosale O51 No. 028 11008),Iforuda: A."IbqoWOvord. Nw0. Alr Jlf. Alevub 51Fn.K K 11710 K4t.b, W.Wod A-,, SPrlrt Tp of IbrehdpopW. pledeou A ftm Iledotl: C,, 117.300 Alluded(80%d): Pul TyPeof afdad propft4nForm N No.02? Alluded (0%No F. 03J No. 027 ,N,ON Vlo Fkhr. Mt

Home N ~osm l Cuba). Kmd. Awe)og, Sh1,) / , Narne | N~~~~~~~~~~~~~AoHILMSWOlorrKabul. No.4. Awdbego04od~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eI. 8 0)0800:Stakln KoKoel,117.400W117m~ Bhkol ?p K rod . | A-erod., ShoI. t tllsdofba(0od PPJr"Aleo

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SXll 11+M h rOStrx I8 Arrrs Fuliv

AlIhcdd (60%+) lPI8y)A

N. 022 A (^ , I Nrl 030 I MK m. .b cd. Ato NU.1 Adt Cob.),17 N.. Name Al.ibaoo,0mb)Natoder. Nacoer * s No.D Iloi)8 Vdbr8dO AW~.OQ Ohetero K1.1k xed COA1bo1oo0 6 NloAto AbdotlrebAbdeI Sh0.e Km i 17.800

lype oialevwdproy Frnn KASt lbn A Typeof. a propaly. R.o e Allecled (80%.) PoOp 0)8)0,; Cm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II1i7,300 I AObdad)860%.A Ped1gbf Typoof aft,dadyrPl Fe._

_S_ I AweleBegoVllage Ns > \ Y I-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 'sT N. 03 4 -~~~~~~ * I AweloBegoViflage " OO. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Kol."b"th _, , jo t s E '.s g s " '% s Ts ,,1 \- !X>._. +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ao.Jb bd1

,;7.. - ! >*_ 8 / * No,*.f 02 _ g '' 'S ^ ta ' X -. 1| , s , *, v s _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sido,m11-76

lNemo AIoNxrahlAO bhl Aoa ASd<+h

ffi 7b t 8d*~~~~~~~~~~~~msnKm 1117-000 , f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Typ.f os1dpProV Fem, t 1>\1 AMAd WO%.) P temy I N3 No. 03

5' '# ' ~A"IIbo, dholll R shS

-)-j---Li No 025 - / a I Ad 800 Futh K. 116+200~ a.000Ad. OlEd ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i Ncme: |Ato DOwNdDtklob | N. 0obeb,Wanda |Awlbeo,ShtHuyJAft~~d (00% | t ITy Wdpnt No,,Sh 026 ~ ~ Kobm.).N A-Ilb8 KAellb,S*A08,g,00*) Auko Km 117-r§Km 116-200 | / |A Fulh . ', 0t0)or o AIoAlned A"bo Type p a P of olloeNddpropedy Rdd+T AaOn I , | WAfTeC|itoS*) d - |mIlbego,Pere kole Affacbd (Z /'Nn020 Rly No C2 I " UM |N.w 02o8= *~~~~~~~~~~At .Type Rulhdadyr,eoy 1tRae8,e£h

INo. 024 rI1177300 gtak* ao I

rAto ,4. tMhohnd , Nllr Abd-lb |WI K Illbr dL At.&oJMr HIShorklo | A|Tc ld |II(80PFu- ) nO brTadt I Kdb*,e Wnorodl AMbeoolo,SMt1,0ob "t1r.IT200 Ibo 1 t oS1bton 00 -K.117+ le 13AyP.oliic. IForm |Typ. of Fdlte p opvY Fer MOWAll(W%): Fd1y 1 I Abcted(60)%,) IdoPAY I

-Ie A, Nd1)roject Resettlement2Action Plan 80ectno 0e ICarl Bro as_ AsoosT-yGubspRoatdProect8p,959.0- e31.01e2004 |1 Rrn,ig A 11.0edHousehdds -A ts S e | DNawingno. Tr08n,p rtDeparIn, |it Aw eleBego )ge,KKm117 |1:5.00 |Map1325 \/K

No 08

, I/\ Atorbhy IN-

\,~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~c;~ .~' KSldil*-'l NUt

'I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I j- I t j*/ .- 4

Pa raro Village ,

a, / 2 / | | ^ ~~~~~~~ri37 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NaA uhHYe

w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6.1 50 1 av d

PrvJnIi Resettlemnent Act)I ioPn PujectC no. )at. Carl Bro as ^ Assos- Guba RoadPtoTart 80d1959.06 31.0t2004

DIa.ng A efefedHouseholds -Assets S00. Dawi, T,aranport Iepartment T Prararo -YarenJa VWage 1:5.000 lap 3.6 0 N~~~~~0# .4 N~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\W~

wr~w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \~

,,''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ & -. i Z oI i C ,.§ R E ' --_! > !> SX ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

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a- 1'..'* a~~ '. j.I

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! -,~ Z - 1,2 T n~~~~~~~~~~H 00w1 I

L RntI,teecePee A fence Std~~~~~~~~~~~~ofafe,: OAt"220.90 90049 liNeam ,hu. I M9nc, Noe '4 'e _ec u Oe% hf & rRJMW d ____ P-,'r Ale -nfyffdafl Of A t. ad Onbfe, M d I etOte 22r+r of pOpwy !uec,

AffectedTw o of (so%,)-~ e9 al0ep .d .pnT,s, Affre eed .e,%. ,eI Il.

tiK 049 I .r,, Sf *11.0.9 epe4 !ee I fen2. ~tInolle O Sde*, , G' e At i' effO%. Seninet, b A~~ ~ ~ ~~~

18 ff - 114 050 X O 0 f3 EOSJO $ e f t Ka

IYP- -11 ~lfec~~~~'d r,omt, % -

t t n | s.nnnn 1 Mvt, Glh~Cua KOe &> Rb,

N I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F

060s Sn e ,nd t N.# O N.t'n,l04 ...... E .o APmdndAtoe+} PtEeyr. A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lv j I *. orT\>. C,wlef . _ Aft~~~~~~~~~- No 055 ~ ttfte

Nc00O~~ ~~ | Slio nJ 1|Kb oee |W -od -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I , f.d,d 1'.. FsN Erf On,22:0000 ft~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S 350 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c0.: Here~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ee.,Ate BAtoMo:Koee v.d k-uh,Gt yp - .M/ ath ao LW,,eedp Mafeteep.oup,- - - " -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fmMd(W.r

r 1 pe eteeectCdOepeAyTypeof.1o6d-.x At'eclId~,(eseettemllyt~ ~ ~ ~~Ab,. - - 1 a ed Ac la..1.

P16~ CalB oasSR e e ttksl .0 GiAta IIet,ern, WonOn fdetde,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h-~~~~M nl

. w q~~~

\ :'s~~~~-

@~~~~~~~~~~~\* \; I ., Ug~~~~~~~~~1X i:.)

s~~~~~~~~~~~~< \ '

§ z E i r.~~~i

_ . 'C' 1 -9a ' Relocation Site

-- Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ...... I .....I IL

iji -1-

Project Resettlement Action Plan Projectno. Date Carl Bro as - Assose -Guba Road Project 80.1950.0. 3i.0a.2004 rnn Ttle Possible Relocation Sies Scale Drawingn, llTransport Cepartment te Abale, Kni 5 n95 1:5.0Q0 _Map12 0 Reloation Site S

, \ W itR |uio;Sit l r ikeloc | Z a Rti o nS ite4 /;-: + /?- -!- -- * " \ j - 0g , _ t9G elocatio SR , 2 tt

irolect Resttlemnent Artion Plan Piole no. Date Carl Bro as . Assoss-GubaRoad Project 8019590, 3i.012004 Transpor DPossibleRelocation Sites scale Drawing no. Transport_itle Depam ent Awele Bego Village, K

rsPt^SA13' N sow ...N -

N.

RAlocatlon Site

'5a.A0O j t I Papararo Village

Or

,<,.'I'

-\ \- , +

Project ResteWnent AcIon Plan Projectno. Date Carl Bro as MSO Assose-Guba Road Proaec 80.1959.06 31.01.2004 DrTwisN Possible Relocathon Sits Scale Drewir no. l T,ranspo,rtiCepartrnen, Ilk Psposo Violage,Kmr 153 1:5.000 Map 4.4 0 + lt Reoresn l Relocation Site ,y

Relocatin Site

Guba - Mankush

Carl Bro as' (§) P,oject Resettleriient Acotio Flan i'wi0ci no. ate

Carl Bro as- e 1 Assosa -Guba Road Projed 80.1959.06 31 01.2004 TDDerWn5 Possible Relocation Sites Sale trawint no. Tlamparl Departinent ithe Guba- Mankush. Km 221 1:5.000 Map 4.5 0 I A