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Autorinnen und Autoren Marion Aberle, Welthungerhilfe, Bonn ([email protected]) In den deutschen Medien wird das »Horn von Afrika« überwie- Hauptmann A.B., ehem. 25. DEU EinsKtg EU NAVFOR Somalia gend mit Dürren und Hungerkatastrophen, radikalem Islamis- Wegweiser zur Geschichte Prof. Dr. Malte Brosig, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg mus, Krieg, Migration, Piraterie und Staatsversagen in Ver- ([email protected]) bindung gebracht. Seit dem Sturz seiner Regierung 1991 gilt Prof. Dr. Belachew Gebrewold, Management Center Innsbruck Somalia als der Inbegriff eines gescheiterten Staates. Der seit- ([email protected]) dem herrschende Konflikt wurde nach mehreren erfolglosen in- Dr. Nicole Hirt (NH), GIGA Institut für Afrika-Studien, Hamburg ternationalen Militärinterventionen Anfang der 1990er-Jahre, an ([email protected]) denen teilweise auch die Bundeswehr beteiligt war, kaum mehr Dr. Markus V. Höhne (MVH), Universität Leipzig beachtet. Erst durch das Aufkommen radikalislamistischer Grup- ([email protected]) pen Mitte der 2000er-Jahre und der drastischen Zunahme von Fregattenkapitän Dr. Christian Jentzsch (CJ), ZMSBw, Potsdam Piratenangriffen rückte Somalia erneut in den Fokus der Auf- ([email protected]) merksamkeit. Seit Juni 2008 schützen vor allem europäische Oberstleutnant Dr. Dieter H. Kollmer (DHK), ZMSBw, Potsdam Kriegsschiffe die Seewege rund um das Horn von Afrika und da- ([email protected]) mit eine der wichtigsten Schifffahrtsrouten der Welt. In den letz- Hans-Peter Konopka, Gesellschaft für Geographie und Geologie ten Jahren erlangte die Region im Nordosten Afrikas auch we- Bochum e.V. ([email protected]) gen gestiegener Flüchtlingszahlen Aufmerksamkeit in Europa. Hauptmann Torsten Konopka (TK), M.A., ZMSBw, Potsdam Der vorliegende Band führt die vom Zentrum für Militärge- ([email protected]) schichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr herausge- Prof. Dr. Aram Mattioli(AM), Universität Luzern gebene Reihe »Wegweiser zur Geschichte« fort. Er beschreibt ([email protected]) die wichtigsten Aspekte der historischen, wirtschaftlichen und Fregattenkapitän Andreas Mückusch (AMÜ), M.A., Bundesministe- sozialen Entwicklung der vier Staaten am Horn von Afrika: Äthio- rium der Verteidigung ([email protected]) pien, Dschibuti, Eritrea und Somalia. Zahlreiche Karten und Ab- Wolf-Christian Paes, M.A., derzeit Arms Expert der Vereinten Natio- bildungen sowie ein umfangreicher Serviceteil ergänzen die In- nen im Jemen ([email protected]) formationen über die ausgewählten Staaten. Kerstin Petretto, M.A., Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheits­ politik (IFSH), Hamburg ([email protected]) David Petrovic, M.A., Politischer Berater der Operation Atalanta Horn von Afrika Horn von Afrika ([email protected]) Dr. Volker Ressler, Robert Bosch GmbH ([email protected]) Dr. Martin Rink (MR), ZMSBw, Potsdam 2. Auflage ([email protected]) Ludger Schadomsky, Leiter Amharische Redaktion Deutsche Welle ([email protected]) Horst Scheffler (HS), Leitender Militärdekan a.D. ([email protected]) Ulf Terlinden, Heinrich­Böll­Stiftung, Nairobi ([email protected]) Thilo Thielke, Korrespondent der FAZ, Kapstadt ([email protected]) Dr. Wolbert G.C. Smidt (WS), Forschungszentrum Gotha der Univer­ si tät Erfurt, Assoc. Prof. in Ethnohistory im Doktorandenpro- gramm der Mekelle University, Mekelle, Äthiopien ([email protected]) Chikage Oba-Smidt (COS), Assistant Prof. in Sociology, Asallaa zur Geschichte Wegweiser University, Oromia, Äthiopien Fanella Akoth Würth (FAW), M.A., Universität Hamburg ZMSBw ([email protected]) 2. Auflage SAUDI-ARABIEN R OMAN o 20 t Nil Nakfa e Dahlak- s ERITREA Afabet Archipel M Keren 15 Massawa e KHARTUM e Agordat r JEMEN Tesseney ASMARA 17 SANAA Barentu 4 SUDAN Badme Mendefera 6 D Aksum 2 Adigrat a Hanisch- n 3 Adwa - 120 m a k Ins. 4 533 m Mekelle i 18 l 5 Asab e n 11 A d o n Gondar l f v T G o Tana- ek DSCHIBUTI ez Obock see e 10 Semera Tadjoura Caluula Bahir Dar DSCHIBUTI Boosaaso Ali Sabieh Saylac H o c h l a n d Dese Abe- A Dikhil w see Ceerigaabo a Bla s Berbera 2 460 m ue Debre Markos h r d l N n i Asosa il Boorama 8 O g o - H o c h l a N Dire r Debre Birhan 9 ße v o n Dawa 13 ei Burao W 12 Qardho Nekemte ADDIS ABEBA Jijiga Hargeysa Harar Somaliland 1 No Debre Zeyit galtal Ä t h i o p i e n Adama Garoowe Gambela Degehabur Laascaanood Ako Asela Eyl bo Jima Segeg Hosaena Shashemene e ÄTHIOPIEN g a d n INDISCHER Awassa O Sodo Geladi Gaalkacyo OZEAN SÜDSUDAN Dila Arba Minch Gode Kibre Mengist Sha Omo be Dhuusamarreeb ll e Hobyo JUBA Beledweyne Xarardheere Huddur SOMALIA 14 Übersichtskarte Turkana- r Horn von Afrika see Garbahaarrey Baidoa i Anregungen, Nachfragen und Kritik richten Sie bitte an: d Jawhar Staatsgrenze 7 a Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften UGANDA Staatsgrenze, umstritten Bardera n Afgooye 19 der Bundeswehr (ZMSBw) e international nicht anerkannt J u MOGADISCHU Projektbereich Einsatzunterstützung b B Fernstraße b Hauptmann Torsten Konopka KENIA a Merca Eisenbahn (tlw. außer Betrieb) Baraawe Zeppelinstraße 127/128 Bu‘aale ASMARA Hauptstadt 14471 Potsdam Burao sonstiger Ort KAMPALA Jilib internationaler Flughafen Telefon (0331) 9714 525 Jamaame Seehafen BwKz (90) 8529 525 16 Kismayo See Fax (0331) 9714 507 Viktoria- Salzsee E-Mail [email protected] Staudamm see NAIROBI »Erinnerungsorte«, www.zmsbw.de (auch im Intranet Bw) 0 100 200 300 400 500 km 1 ©ZMSBw TANSANIA siehe Anhang 08417-08 Horn von Afrika Wegweiser zur Geschichte Begründet vom Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt Herausgegeben vom Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr Wegweiser zur Geschichte Horn von Afrika Im Auftrag des Zentrums für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr herausgegeben von Dieter H. Kollmer, Andreas Mückusch und Torsten Konopka Zweite, überarbeitete Auflage ZMSBw 2019 Umschlagabbildung: Jugendliche beim Fußballspielen vor Ruinen in Mogadischu, Somalia (Thilo Thielke) 2., überarb. Aufl. © 2019 Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr, Potsdam Redaktion und Projektkoordination: Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr, Fachbereich Publikationen (0560-02) Koordination, Lektorat, Bildrechte: Annabel Franceschini Satz und Layout: Carola Klinke Karten und Grafiken: Daniela Heinicke, Frank Schemmerling Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk sowie einzelne Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Zustimmung des Verlages nicht zulässig. Druck und Bindung: DBM Druckhaus Berlin-Mitte GmbH Printed in Germany Inhalt Vorwort 7 Einleitung 9 I. Historische Entwicklungen Die vorkoloniale Geschichte am Horn von Afrika 17 Markus V. Höhne Das Horn von Afrika als Spielball der europäischen Mächte 1869 bis 1941 31 Aram Mattioli Kriegerische Konflikte im 20. Jahrhundert 41 Andreas Mückusch mit Torsten Konopka Einflussnahme der Supermächte USA und Sowjetunion während des Kalten Krieges 55 Volker Ressler Zwischen Selbstfindung und Krieg: Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen »Brothers in Arms« Äthiopien und Eritrea 65 Nicole Hirt Radikaler Islamismus in Somalia: »al-Shabaab« 79 Torsten Konopka Verloren im somalischen Labyrinth? Probleme und Chancen des Staatsaufbaus in einem »failed state« 95 Wolf-Christian Paes Äthiopien – der Hegemon am Horn auf neuen Wegen 107 Ludger Schadomsky II. Strukturen und Lebenswelten Subsistenz wirtschaft, Handel und internationale Investoren am Horn 119 Dieter H. Kollmer Clanstrukturen und ethnische Gruppen am Horn von Afrika 135 Ulf Terlinden Kultur und Gesellschaft am Horn von Afrika 149 Fanella Akoth Würth mit Torsten Konopka Dürre und Hungerkatastrophen am Horn 163 Marion Aberle Migration am Horn von Afrika 175 Belachew Gebrewold Piraterie am Horn von Afrika 187 Kerstin Petretto und David Petrovic »African solutions for African problems« – Die AU-Mission in Somalia 199 Torsten Konopka Die EU am Horn von Afrika 209 Malte Brosig Die Bundeswehr am Horn von Afrika 221 Christian Jentzsch Städteporträts Addis Abeba, Asmara, Dschibuti und Mogadischu 235 Wolbert G.C. Smidt/Hans-Peter Konopka/A.B./Thilo Thielke Anhang Geschichte im Überblick 250 Erinnerungsorte 270 Literatur und neue Medien 278 Abkürzungen 287 Register 289 Vorwort Das Horn von Afrika, und hier vor allem Somalia, ist von be- sonderer Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Bundeswehr nach Ende des Kalten Krieges. Anfang der 1990er-Jahre waren es der somalische Bürgerkrieg und die daraus hervorgehende huma- nitäre Katastrophe, die im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen den ersten großen Auslandseinsatz deutscher Streitkräfte erforder- lich machten. Nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 in den USA und dem Beginn der »Operation Enduring Freedom« (OEF) wurde das Horn von Afrika erneut zum Einsatzgebiet der Bun- deswehr. Die Deutsche Marine wird seit 2002 – zunächst im Zuge der OEF und seit 2008 als Teil der Mission »Atalanta« der Europäischen Union – in der Region eingesetzt: unter anderem zur Kontrolle des Seeverkehrs auf einer der wichtigsten mariti- men Verkehrsadern des Welthandels, zum Schutz von Schiffen des Welternährungsprogrammes auf ihrem Weg nach Somalia sowie zur Sicherung von zivilen Schiffen im Indischen Ozean vor terroristischen Angriffen und vor Piratenüberfällen. Von Dschi- buti aus leisten hierfür deutsche Soldatinnen und Soldaten Auf-
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