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2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-7, July, 2017 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: Drtvramana@Yahoo.Co.In International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-7, July, 2017 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] Socio-cultural conditions and Economic activities and its Dynamics among the Gumuz Communities, in State of Benishangul-Gumuz region. Abebe Ano Alula (M.A.) Lecturer at department of Civic and Ethical studies, Ethiopia, Assosa University Abstract : The Gumuz is one of the groups of the people, who are living in Metekkel administrative Zone of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional state. They have different cultural, economic and social practices that distinct them from others. This study aimed to assess and outline Socio-cultural institutions and Economic conditions of the Gumuz people and its dynamics in the region/Metekkel/, Northwestern Ethiopia, in state of Benishangul-Gumuz region. It attempted to analysis the Social organization of the Gumuz society as well as traditional beliefs system. Furthermore, the study try to outline Marriage and kinship and modes of livelihoods of Gumuz people. Finally, study also high-light on the geographic and background of ethnic settings of the people in the region. The paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the Socio-cultural institution and Economic conditions of the Gumuz society Keywords: Gumuz, cultural Practice, Socio-cultural institutions, Economic Activities, Traditional belief, Marriage and Kinship, Social organization, Metekkel, Benishangul- Gumuz The Background and the Rational of the dynamics in the region, it is important to Study. The study of Socio-cultural high-light on the geographic and institutions and Economic Activities background of ethnic settings of the among the Gumuz Communities, people. Metekkel is the research area Northwestern Ethiopia is the main focus located in northwestern Ethiopia on the of this paper. In order to understand the Ethio-Sudanese border (see map below) Socio-cultural institutions and Modes of and in which majority of the Gumuz Livelihoods of the people and its settled there for Millennia. A sketch Map of Study area (Metekkel) Source: Adopted from Wolde-selassie Abbute, Gumuz and Highland Settlers: Different Strategies of Livelihood and Ethnic Relations in Metekkel, Northwestern Ethiopia (2002:56) International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-7, July, 2017 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] Metekkel is may be also described as a Much of the land in Metekkel is special platform for social relations and abundant which makes it attractive to cultural integration. It has brought different settler community in addition to together a Mosaic of divers’ ethnic groups early inhabitants (Shinasha and Gumuz) who have continually been intermingling until recently. These include the Agaw, among themselves, the most important of Oromo, Amhara and others like Wolayta, which are Gumuz, Shinasha Agaw, Hadiya, Kambata and Gurage who were Oromo and Amhara. Since the emergence brought to the region as a result of the of Resettlement programme of the resettlement program of the Military 1984/5, the region was further enriched Government in 1984/5(Tsega, 2002a,: 2). by addition of other groups including the MATERIALS AND METHODS Hadiya and Kambata. It can be stated that the Members of the four Ethiopian Sources: The study is based on primary language families (Semitics, Cushitic, and secondary sources. The primary Omotic and Nilo-Saharan) are sources have been obtained from represented in this region and forming informants and personal observations “Ethiopia in Miniature” (Tsega Endalew: which were collected during a brief study 2006: 15) tour of Metekkel from the end of January to April 2017. Geographically, Metekkel is bordered with Gonder in the North, Wollega in the METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY: south, Gojjam in the east, and the Sudan The data for this study were collected at in the west. During the Imperial and Bulen, Dibati, Dangur and Wombera Därg regimes, Metekkel was one of the Districts in Metekkel. The data to this districts of Gojjam province. Moreover, study were collected by qualitative data Metekkel is consisted of sub-districts collecting methods. The primary data which are known as Gwangwa, Mandura, were collected through interviews with Dangur, Guba, Dibati and Wombera. elders of study areas. Although it difficult Due to political changes in 1991, to confidently to accept oral information Metekkel was placed under Region Six. as perfect, I carefully checked and Later, the Benishangul-Gumuz Region. counter-checked with secondary sources But sub-districts like Gwangwa and some available different offices in State of parts of Dibati (Mentawuha) were placed Benishangul-Gumuz Region. within the State of Amhara Region (Tsega Endalew: 2002a:2.) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Metekkel is very rich in natural resources Background to study people like gold, coffee, animal skins, civet, ivory The Gumuz is one of the groups of the and minerals. Marable and gold are people, who are living in various districts largely obtained in the region. However, of Metekkel and Kamashi administrative because of the physical features of the Zone of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional area, these minerals are not effectively state. They have different cultural, exploited and used. Metekkel is a place economic and social practices and where we can find a variety of animal settlement patterns that distinct them species like elephants, giraffes, monkeys, from others. lions, buffaloes, apes, ostriches and others (Abdussamad H. Ahmad: 1988: 2). International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-7, July, 2017 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] According to Taddase Tamarat, the (Qolla) areas. According to James, the Gumuz people are among the earliest Blue Nile valley inhabited by the Gumuz inhabitants of the Metekkel and to be a narrow corridor of low, originally occupied extensive territory undulating country penetrating the heart that extended to the shores of Lake Tana of Ethiopia and sandwiched between the and the Abbay basin from where they high plateaus of Wollega and Gojjam were forced by the neighboring people. At (Wendy James 1976:28). present most of the Gumuz people are Linguistically, the Gumuz belong to the living in the hot lowlands of Metekkel Koman group of central-Sudanic branch (Taddase Tamarat, in the Nilo-Saharan language family In the same way, Tsega Endale states (Ibid: 40). According to Unseth, is a Nilo- that the Gumuz occupied an extensive Saharan language of western Ethiopia territory along the Sudanese border and eastern Sudan, found along Blue Nile extending from Metemma in the north to and further north (Unseth; 1985:929). the Dhedheessa valley and Anger River in The Gumuz have their own distinctive Wollega. They have the tradition that socio-cultural institutions and modes of their areas extended to the shores of Livelihoods. According to available data Lake Tana and Agawumedir since time in study areas some social conditions, immemorial until they were apparently economic activities and the emerging pushed westwards by the neighboring changes started since 1960s as a people confining them to the hot landmark. This time was marked by the lowlands of Metekkel. Based on the expansion of central government political available data, it can be hypothesized power to the Gumuz periphery with the that the Gumuz might have originally establishment of its various institutions lived on large area in Gojjam and it paved the way for the arrival of Agawumedir including Dangla and spontaneous settlers in the region. It also Kosober areas (Tsega Endale 2006; 15). contributed to further encroachment of This is evidenced according to Wendy peoples from different regions to the land James, considers the documentary resources of the Gumuz area. The episode accounts of early scholars such as Henery facilitated greater interaction among the Salt and Charles T. Beke who had peoples that played significant role in the witnessed the fact that the Gumuz lived emerging socio-cultural and economic in the highlands of the present central dynamics among the Gumuz people. and southern parts of Gojjam in the 18th and 19th centuries. These accounts try to Social Organization of the people point out that due to population pressure Families, Neighborhood/commune and they gradually pushed to lowlands in the clan/ far western periphery of the country looking for greater safety (Wendy James There is consensus among scholars that 1986:121). Kinship is a complex system of culturally defined social relationships based on The Gumuz also live in the Sudan in the Marriage and Birth. They agreed that territories adjacent to Ethiopia Kinship is the basis of group formation, particularly on the hills around Famaka relationships between individuals are and Roseires (ibid: 16). Thus, the Gumuz governed mainly by kinship norms, and mostly inhabit the lowland climate International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-7, July, 2017 Impact Factor: 6.023; Email: [email protected] the extension of kinship ties is the main Inside a family, girls learn the way of allying groups to one another and responsibilities of their mothers; whereas incorporating strangers into a group. boys learn the activities of their fathers. This is the case among the Gumuz A family, usually including co-wives, society. shares food from the same dish and dines together. In the case of a polygynous A Family is the most important basic family, the co-wives either cook together social institution among the Gumuz. The or pull their food in one of the homes and husband, wife/wives and children form eat together. However, the husband part of the extended families. The head of prepares separate crop fields for each. the family is the husband. Infants and The Harvest will also be stored in the children are taken care closely by the respective wife’s separate granary. The mother. Polygyny is quite common husband fairly shares his working time in among the people. At an early stage, after each wife’s field in order to prevent any the marriage of a junior wife, co-wives conflict that might arise among them.
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