DOCSLIB.ORG

Experimental Modal Analysis of British Rock Lighthouses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experimental Modal Analysis of British Rock Lighthouses Marine Structures 62 (2018) 1–22 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marstruc Experimental modal analysis of British rock lighthouses ∗ T James Mark William Brownjohna, , Alison Rabyb, James Bassitta, Alessandro Antoninib, Emma Hudsona, Peter Dobsonc a University of Exeter, UK b University of Plymouth, UK c Trinity House, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Iconic lighthouses constructed on offshore reefs around the British Isles in the 19th century Lighthouse condition assessment system continue to play a crucial role in safe navigation, but the longevity of these historical structures is Identification threatened by extreme weather. A program of experimental dynamic investigations has been Forced vibration carried out to support characterisation of extreme impulsive breaking wave loads on these Operational modal analysis structures, using monitored response data. This paper describes the procedures and outcomes of this program, which included modal tests of a collection of six of these lighthouses between June 2016 and October 2017. Five of the six lighthouses tested (Les Hanois, Wolf Rock, Longships, Bishop Rock and Eddystone) feature a 20th century metal helideck atop a 19th century masonry tower, with a Scottish lighthouse (Dubh Artach) being the exception that provides baseline behaviour of a relatively simple tower. All the masonry towers are imperfectly axisymmetric to some degree and all present logistical challenges for experimental work as they can only be accessed by helicopter flights subject to severe weather and time constraints. Against such challenges it was possible to identify key modal parameters, and to highlight some interesting effects due to symmetry and helideck retrofit. Notable findings were that most important modes have frequencies ranging between 4 Hz and 7 Hz and modal masses as low as ∼200 t. The rarely investigated effect of imperfect axisymmetry on forced vibration testing is studied, along with the introduction of additional modes due to retrofitted helideck. The implications of these effects on experimental modal analysis from forced vibration test data is illustrated. Finally, accelerations recorded on Wolf Rock Lighthouse during the 2017–2018 winter storm season show the modal test data can be used to infer breaking wave modal impulses up to 8 kNs. 1. Introduction Victorian era rock lighthouses remain a vital aid to maritime navigation, yet the severe environmental loads they endure are not understood. Funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Project STORMLAMP was initiated to develop a combination of physical and numerical simulation tools for both loading and structures needing to be validated by direct measurements of full-scale performance. The direct measurements are described in this paper and feature lighthouses located on offshore rock outcrops or reefs which ∗ Corresponding author. CEMPS, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.M.W. Brownjohn). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2018.07.001 Received 15 March 2018; Received in revised form 18 June 2018; Accepted 12 July 2018 0951-8339/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/). J.M.W. Brownjohn et al. Marine Structures 62 (2018) 1–22 represent hazards to marine navigation in the English Channel and Western Approaches. The numerous shipwrecks in this area and around the British Isles led to the incorporation of Trinity House in 1514 b y royal charter from Henry VIII. Although Trinity House built its first lighthouse in Lowestoft in 1609, the first rock lighthouse was constructed on Eddystone Rocks south of Plymouth in 1698 and survived until the Great Storm of 1703 when it was destroyed along with its designer. The present Eddystone Lighthouse is in fact the fourth structure to be built on the site, the third having been rebuilt on Plymouth Hoe. Likewise, the present structures at Wolf Rock, Longships and Bishop Rock (off the south west of tip of Cornwall) are successors learning from failures of previous designs, although the structures at Les Hanois (Guernsey) and Dubh Artach (Scotland) are the original structures, all of them constructed in the 19th century. With design evolution these British structures have, with the ex- ception of Bishop Rock that was reinforced between 1882 and 1887, functioned with only minor structural repairs to their super- structures to the present day. Condition assessment has been mainly limited to visual checks on the masonry structure, with more detailed assessment of foundation, helideck and interior. Information on condition assessments of lighthouses has been obtained with assistance from relevant lighthouse authorities. In the UK these are Trinity House, the Northern Lighthouse Board and Irish Lights, all operating under the umbrella of the General Lighthouse Authorities (GLAs). Blakeley and Warke [1] produced a Task Report for the UK GLAs on building condition monitoring, focusing on issues of humidity and condensation, and their effects on stonework. Their report built upon earlier work undertaken prior to solar photovoltaic installations [2] when the structures would have experienced different internal conditioning regimes. Warke et al. [3] present results of an associated monitoring study on the interior stonework of two Irish Lights towers, describing the different temporal and spatial characteristics of the deterioration. In 2009/2010 Trinity House commissioned full structural surveys of the rock lighthouses described in this paper, which comprised inspections of the interior and exterior including the helidecks and landing areas, generally noting that the structures were in reasonable condition. Raby et al. [4] describe a subsequent pilot project on the Eddystone Lighthouse that developed a monitoring system to relate the wave loading to the structural response of the tower. The structural response information, useful for assessing the tower's condition, led to the present STORMLAMP project to investigate a number of UK GLA rock lighthouses: Les Hanois, Longships, Wolf Rock, Bishop Rock and Eddystone which are managed by Trinity House, Fastnet which is managed by Irish Lights and Dubh Artach which is managed by Northern Lighthouse Board. Condition assessments through dynamic testing of all but Fastnet Lighthouse between June 2016 and October 2017 are described in this paper. Work on Fastnet is reported as part of a different study including detailed numerical and physical modelling [5]. This paper describes an experimental campaign to assess the condition of the lighthouses and provide information to support estimation of the severe loads they experience due to breaking and broken wave impacts. Structural characteristics have been identified as modal parameters via full-scale dynamic testing and linked modal analysis. The parameters, which are the modal frequencies, masses and shapes can support estimation of wave loads from measurements of their structural response through long- term monitoring. The paper begins with structural descriptions of the lighthouses tested, with a focus on Wolf Rock, for which the most useful historic account is available and which (based on the modal test data) was chosen for long-term monitoring. Next, a relatively detailed description of the first vibration test, of Les Hanois Lighthouse, is presented. Modal test results from the set of lighthouses are summarised, pointing to effects on dynamics of imperfect symmetry and the retrofitted helidecks. These effects are then investigated using simple mathematical simulations related to the experimental data. Finally, a snapshot of monitoring data from Wolf Rock during Winter 2017/2018 is presented and interpreted, based on the modal test data, providing initial direct estimates of impulsive wave loads. 2. Description and structural details of the lighthouses Details on location, construction and testing of the six lighthouses are given in Table 1. Five helideck-equipped lighthouses are studied along with one example with no helideck, Fig. 1. There are various sources of information available on the construction of these lighthouses including numerous internet sites, drawings and other materials archived by the UK GLAs, and popular books e.g. Ref. [6]. Primary sources are relatively rare and include papers presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers [7–9] describing construction of Eddystone, Bishop Rock and Wolf Rock Table 1 Lighthouse and modal test details. Lighthouse Location Built Designer Tower height Test date Les Hanois Guernsey west coast, 49°26′06.2″N 2°42′08.4″W 1860–1862 James Douglass 36 m 2 Jun. 2016 Wolf Rock 15 km west of Land's End, 49°56.72′N 05°48.50′W 1861–1869 James Walker 41 m 18 Jul. 2016 Longships 2 km west of Land's End, 50°4′00.69″N 1869–1875 James Douglass 35 m 23 Aug. 2016 5°44′48.39″W Bishop Rock South west of Scilly Isles, 49°52′22.52″N 1851–1858; James Walker 49 m 26 Sep. 2016 06°26′44.49″W 1881–1887 Dubh Artach (no helideck) West of Oban, 56°07′56.76″N 1868–1872 Thomas & David 33 m 8–9 May 2017 06°38′4.74″W Stevenson Eddystone 21 km south west of Plymouth, 1879–1882 James Douglass 49 m 10–11 Oct. 2017 50°10′48″N 4°15′54″W 2 J.M.W. Brownjohn et al. Marine Structures 62 (2018) 1–22 Fig. 1. Rock lighthouses around the British Isles. Upper row from left: Les Hanois, Longships, Dubh Artach (author photos). Lower row from left: Wolf Rock, Bishop Rock and Eddystone (Lower row photos courtesy of Trinity House). lighthouses whose elevations are shown in Fig. 2 along with details of sample courses (levels) of granite blocks. Note that the quality of the drawings is imperfect due to their age, indicated by Douglass' signature on the Eddystone course detail. These structures share common major characteristics of having been constructed from pre-shaped interlocking granite blocks and all but Dubh Artach have been retrofitted with a helideck, fixed to the top of the masonry tower and straddling the lantern.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Influence of the Spatial Pressure Distribution of Breaking Wave
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Influence of the Spatial Pressure Distribution of Breaking Wave Loading on the Dynamic Response of Wolf Rock Lighthouse Darshana T. Dassanayake 1,2,* , Alessandro Antonini 3 , Athanasios Pappas 4, Alison Raby 2 , James Mark William Brownjohn 5 and Dina D’Ayala 4 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana 10206, Sri Lanka 2 School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (D.D.) 5 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The survivability analysis of offshore rock lighthouses requires several assumptions of the pressure distribution due to the breaking wave loading (Raby et al. (2019), Antonini et al. (2019). Due to the peculiar bathymetries and topographies of rock pinnacles, there is no dedicated formula to properly quantify the loads induced by the breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses. Wienke’s formula (Wienke and Oumeraci (2005) was used in this study to estimate the loads, even though it was not derived for breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses, but rather for the breaking wave loading on offshore monopiles.
    [Show full text]
  • 'British Small Craft': the Cultural Geographies of Mid-Twentieth
    ‘British Small Craft’: the cultural geographies of mid-twentieth century technology and display James Lyon Fenner BA MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 Abstract The British Small Craft display, installed in 1963 as part of the Science Museum’s new Sailing Ships Gallery, comprised of a sequence of twenty showcases containing models of British boats—including fishing boats such as luggers, coracles, and cobles— arranged primarily by geographical region. The brainchild of the Keeper William Thomas O’Dea, the nautical themed gallery was complete with an ocean liner deck and bridge mezzanine central display area. It contained marine engines and navigational equipment in addition to the numerous varieties of international historical ship and boat models. Many of the British Small Craft displays included accessory models and landscape settings, with human figures and painted backdrops. The majority of the models were acquired by the museum during the interwar period, with staff actively pursuing model makers and local experts on information, plans and the miniature recreation of numerous regional boat types. Under the curatorship supervision of Geoffrey Swinford Laird Clowes this culminated in the temporary ‘British Fishing Boats’ Exhibition in the summer of 1936. However the earliest models dated back even further with several originating from the Victorian South Kensington Museum collections, appearing in the International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883. 1 With the closure and removal of the Shipping Gallery in late 2012, the aim of this project is to produce a reflective historical and cultural geographical account of these British Small Craft displays held within the Science Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Life of William Douglass M.Inst.C.E
    LIFE OF WILLIAM DOUGLASS M.INST.C.E. FORMERLY ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF TO THE COMMISSIONERS OF IRISH LIGHTS BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE OF SIR JAMES NICHOLAS DOUGLASS, F.R.S." PRINTED FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION 1923 CONTENTS CHAPTER I Birth; ancestry; father enters the service of the Trinity House; history and functions of that body CHAPTER II Early years; engineering apprenticeship; the Bishop Rock lighthouses; the Scilly Isles; James Walker, F.R.S.; Nicholas Douglass; assistant to the latter; dangers of rock lighthouse construction; resident engineer at the erection of the Hanois Rock lighthouse. CHAPTER III James Douglass re-enters the Trinity House service and is appointed resident engineer at the new Smalls lighthouse; the old lighthouse and its builder; a tragic incident thereat; genius and talent. CHAPTER IV James Douglass appointed to erect the Wolf Rock lighthouse; work commenced; death of Mr. Walker; James then becomes chief engineer to the Trinity House; William succeeds him at the Wolf. CHAPTER V Difficulties and dangers encountered in the erection of the Wolf lighthouse; zeal and courage of the resident engineer; reminiscences illustrating those qualities. CHAPTER VI Description of the Wolf lighthouse; professional tributes on its completion; tremor of rock towers life therein described in graphic and cheery verses; marriage. CHAPTER VII Resident engineer at the erection of a lighthouse on the Great Basses Reef; first attempts to construct a lighthouse thereat William Douglass's achievement description of tower; a lighthouse also erected by him on the Little Basses Reef; pre-eminent fitness of the brothers Douglass for such enterprises. CHAPTER VIII Appointed engineer-in-chief to the Commissioners of Irish Lights; three generations of the Douglasses and Stevensons as lighthouse builders; William Tregarthen Douglass; Robert Louis Stevenson.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment
    Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Stefan Brönnimann1,2,*, Olivia Martius1,2,3, Christian Rohr1,4, David N. Bresch5,6 Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin7 1 Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland 2 Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland 3 Mobiliar Lab for Natural Risks, University of Bern, Switzerland 4 Institute of History, University of Bern, Switzerland 5 Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 6 Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Operation Center 1, P.O. Box 257, 8058 Zurich-Airport, Switzerland 7 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Revised submission to Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences * corresponding author: Stefan Brönnimann Institute of Geography, University of Bern Hallerstr. 12 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland [email protected] Short title: Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Keywords: extreme events, climate risk, climate data, historical data | downloaded: 26.9.2021 Abstract. Weather and climate-related hazards are responsible for large monetary losses, material damages and societal consequences. Quantifying related risks is therefore an important societal task, particularly in view of future climate change. The past record of events plays a key role in this context. Historically, it was the only source of information and was maintained and passed on within cultures of memory. Today, new numerical techniques can again make use of historical weather data to simulate impacts quantitatively. In this paper we outline how historical environmental data can be used today in climate risk assessment by (i) developing and validating numerical model chains, (ii) providing a large statistical sample which can be directly exploited to estimate hazards and to model present risks, and (iii) establishing „worst-case“ events which are relevant references in the present or future.
    [Show full text]
  • Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017
    Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017 On 16 October 2017 ex-hurricane Ophelia brought very strong winds to western parts of the UK and Ireland. This date fell on the exact 30th anniversary of the Great Storm of 16 October 1987. Ex-hurricane Ophelia (named by the US National Hurricane Center) was the second storm of the 2017-2018 winter season, following Storm Aileen on 12 to 13 September. The strongest winds were around Irish Sea coasts, particularly west Wales, with gusts of 60 to 70 Kt or higher in exposed coastal locations. Impacts The most severe impacts were across the Republic of Ireland, where three people died from falling trees (still mostly in full leaf at this time of year). There was also significant disruption across western parts of the UK, with power cuts affecting thousands of homes and businesses in Wales and Northern Ireland, and damage reported to a stadium roof in Barrow, Cumbria. Flights from Manchester and Edinburgh to the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were cancelled, and in Wales some roads and railway lines were closed. Ferry services between Wales and Ireland were also disrupted. Storm Ophelia brought heavy rain and very mild temperatures caused by a southerly airflow drawing air from the Iberian Peninsula. Weather data Ex-hurricane Ophelia moved on a northerly track to the west of Spain and then north along the west coast of Ireland, before sweeping north-eastwards across Scotland. The sequence of analysis charts from 12 UTC 15 to 12 UTC 17 October shows Ophelia approaching and tracking across Ireland and Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LIFEBOAT. the Journal of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution
    THE LIFEBOAT. The Journal of the Royal National Life-boat Institution. Vol. XXVIII.—No. 310.] JUNE, 1932. [PRICE THE LIFE-BOAT FLEET Motor Life-boats, 108 :: Pulling & Sailing Life-boats, 73 LIVES RESCUED from the foundation of the Institution in 1824 to June 9th, 1932 - 62,913 Annual Meeting. THE Hundred and Eighth Annual Meet- countries. They were: Their Excel- ing of the Governors of the Institution lencies the French Ambassador, the was held at the Caxton Hall, West- Danish Minister and the Netherlands minster, on Friday, 22nd April, at Minister, representatives of the German 3 p.m. and Belgian Ambassadors, the Swedish Sir Godfrey Baring, Bt., Chairman of Naval Attache, and a representative of the Committee of Management, pre- the Latvian Minister. sided, supported by the Mayor of West- The Mayors and Mayoresses of the minster, Vice-Presidents of the Institu- following London Boroughs accepted tion and members of the Committee of the invitation : Westminster, Fulham, Management. Finsbury, Camberwell, Hammersmith, The principal speaker was the Eight Battersea, Acton, Marylebone, Lambeth, Hon. Walter Eunciman, M.P., Presi- Paddington, Ilford, Holborn, Bromley, dent of the Board of Trade and a Vice- Poplar, Woolwich, West Ham, Wands- President of the Institution, who pre- worth and Walthamstow. sented two Medals awarded for gallantry Among others who accepted the to the Coxswains of Longhope, in the invitation were Sir Eobert Hamilton, Orkneys, and Portpatrick, Wigtown- M.P., for Orkney and Shetland, and shire, and awards made during 1931 to Lady Hamilton; Mr. J. H. McKie, a number of honorary workers. M.P. for Galloway; the Lady Diana The other speakers were Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A User-Friendly Database of Coastal Flooding in The
    www.nature.com/scientificdata OPEN A user-friendly database of coastal SUBJECT CATEGORIES » Environmental sciences flooding in the United Kingdom » Environmental social sciences from 1915–2014 » Physical oceanography Ivan D. Haigh1,2, Matthew P. Wadey1, Shari L. Gallop1, Heiko Loehr1, Robert J. Nicholls3, » Atmospheric dynamics Kevin Horsburgh4, Jennifer M. Brown4 & Elizabeth Bradshaw5 Coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels can be devastating, with long-lasting and diverse consequences. Historically, the UK has suffered major flooding events, and at present 2.5 million properties and £150 billion of assets are potentially exposed to coastal flooding. However, no formal system is in place to catalogue which storms and high sea level events progress to coastal flooding. Furthermore, information Received: 19 January 2015 on the extent of flooding and associated damages is not systematically documented nationwide. Here we Accepted: 16 April 2015 present a database and online tool called ‘SurgeWatch’, which provides a systematic UK-wide record of Published: 12 May 2015 high sea level and coastal flood events over the last 100 years (1915-2014). Using records from the National Tide Gauge Network, with a dataset of exceedance probabilities and meteorological fields, SurgeWatch captures information of 96 storms during this period, the highest sea levels they produced, and the occurrence and severity of coastal flooding. The data are presented to be easily assessable and understandable to a range of users including, scientists, coastal engineers, managers and planners and concerned citizens. Design Type(s) observation design • data integration objective • time series design Measurement Type(s) oceanography Technology Type(s) data collection method Factor Type(s) Sample Characteristic(s) coast • England • Wales • British Isles • Scotland 1Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Black's Guide to Devonshire
    $PI|c>y » ^ EXETt R : STOI Lundrvl.^ I y. fCamelford x Ho Town 24j Tfe<n i/ lisbeard-- 9 5 =553 v 'Suuiland,ntjuUffl " < t,,, w;, #j A~ 15 g -- - •$3*^:y&« . Pui l,i<fkl-W>«? uoi- "'"/;< errtland I . V. ',,, {BabburomheBay 109 f ^Torquaylll • 4 TorBa,, x L > \ * Vj I N DEX MAP TO ACCOMPANY BLACKS GriDE T'i c Q V\ kk&et, ii £FC Sote . 77f/? numbers after the names refer to the page in GuidcBook where die- description is to be found.. Hack Edinburgh. BEQUEST OF REV. CANON SCADDING. D. D. TORONTO. 1901. BLACK'S GUIDE TO DEVONSHIRE. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/blacksguidetodevOOedin *&,* BLACK'S GUIDE TO DEVONSHIRE TENTH EDITION miti) fffaps an* Hlustrations ^ . P, EDINBURGH ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1879 CLUE INDEX TO THE CHIEF PLACES IN DEVONSHIRE. For General Index see Page 285. Axniinster, 160. Hfracombe, 152. Babbicombe, 109. Kent Hole, 113. Barnstaple, 209. Kingswear, 119. Berry Pomeroy, 269. Lydford, 226. Bideford, 147. Lynmouth, 155. Bridge-water, 277. Lynton, 156. Brixham, 115. Moreton Hampstead, 250. Buckfastleigh, 263. Xewton Abbot, 270. Bude Haven, 223. Okehampton, 203. Budleigh-Salterton, 170. Paignton, 114. Chudleigh, 268. Plymouth, 121. Cock's Tor, 248. Plympton, 143. Dartmoor, 242. Saltash, 142. Dartmouth, 117. Sidmouth, 99. Dart River, 116. Tamar, River, 273. ' Dawlish, 106. Taunton, 277. Devonport, 133. Tavistock, 230. Eddystone Lighthouse, 138. Tavy, 238. Exe, The, 190. Teignmouth, 107. Exeter, 173. Tiverton, 195. Exmoor Forest, 159. Torquay, 111. Exmouth, 101. Totnes, 260. Harewood House, 233. Ugbrooke, 10P.
    [Show full text]
  • £Utufy !Fie{T{Societyn.F:Wsfetter
    £utufy!fie{t{ Society N.f:ws fetter 9{{;32 Spring2002 CONTENTS Page Report of LFS AGM 2/3/2002 Ann Westcott 1 The Chairman's address to members Roger Chapple 2 Editorial AnnWestcott 2 HM Queen's Silver Jubilee visit Myrtle Ternstrom 6 Letters to the Editor & Incunabula Various 8 The Palm Saturday Crossing Our Nautical Correspondent 20 Marisco- A Tale of Lundy Willlam Crossing 23 Listen to the Country SPB Mais 36 A Dreamful of Dragons Charlie Phlllips 43 § � AnnWestcott The Quay Gallery, The Quay, Appledbre. Devon EX39 lQS Printed& Boun d by: Lazarus Press Unit 7 Caddsdown Business Park, Bideford, Devon EX39 3DX § FOR SALE Richard Perry: Lundy, Isle of Pufflns Second edition 1946 Hardback. Cloth cover. Very good condition, with map (but one or two black Ink marks on cover) £8.50 plus £1 p&p. Apply to: Myrtle Ternstrom Whistling Down Eric Delderfleld: North Deuon Story Sandy Lane Road 1952. revised 1962. Ralelgh Press. Exmouth. Cheltenham One chapter on Lundy. Glos Paperback. good condition. GL53 9DE £4.50 plus SOp p&p. LUNDY AGM 2/3/2002 As usual this was a wonderful meeting for us all, before & at the AGM itself & afterwards at the Rougemont. A special point of interest arose out of the committee meeting & the Rougemont gathering (see page 2) In the Chair, Jenny George began the meeting. Last year's AGM minutes were read, confirmed & signed. Mention was made of an article on the Lundy Cabbage in 'British Wildlife' by Roger Key (see page 11 of this newsletter). The meeting's attention was also drawn to photographs on the LFS website taken by the first LFS warden.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Our Lighthouses and Lightships
    E-STORy-OF-OUR HTHOUSES'i AMLIGHTSHIPS BY. W DAMS BH THE STORY OF OUR LIGHTHOUSES LIGHTSHIPS Descriptive and Historical W. II. DAVENPORT ADAMS THOMAS NELSON AND SONS London, Edinburgh, and Nnv York I/K Contents. I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY, ... ... ... ... 9 II. LIGHTHOUSE ADMINISTRATION, ... ... ... ... 31 III. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 39 IV. THE ILLUMINATING APPARATUS OF LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 46 V. LIGHTHOUSES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND DESCRIBED, ... 73 VI. LIGHTHOUSES OF IRELAND DESCRIBED, ... ... ... 255 VII. SOME FRENCH LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... ... ... 288 VIII. LIGHTHOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES, ... ... ... 309 IX. LIGHTHOUSES IN OUR COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES, ... 319 X. FLOATING LIGHTS, OR LIGHTSHIPS, ... ... ... 339 XI. LANDMARKS, BEACONS, BUOYS, AND FOG-SIGNALS, ... 355 XII. LIFE IN THE LIGHTHOUSE, ... ... ... 374 LIGHTHOUSES. CHAPTER I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. T)OPULARLY, the lighthouse seems to be looked A upon as a modern invention, and if we con- sider it in its present form, completeness, and efficiency, we shall be justified in limiting its history to the last centuries but as soon as men to down two ; began go to the sea in ships, they must also have begun to ex- perience the need of beacons to guide them into secure channels, and warn them from hidden dangers, and the pressure of this need would be stronger in the night even than in the day. So soon as a want is man's invention hastens to it and strongly felt, supply ; we may be sure, therefore, that in the very earliest ages of civilization lights of some kind or other were introduced for the benefit of the mariner. It may very well be that these, at first, would be nothing more than fires kindled on wave-washed promontories, 10 LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY.
    [Show full text]
  • Resilience and the Threat of Natural Disasters in Europe Denis Binder
    Resilience and the Threat of Natural Disasters in Europe Denis Binder, Chapman University, United States The European Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment 2018 Official Conference Proceedings iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction This paper focuses on the existential threat of natural hazards. History and recent experience tell us that the most constant, and predictable, hazard in Europe is that of widespread flooding with storms, often with hurricane force winds, slamming the coastal area and causing flooding inland as well. The modern world is seemingly plagued with the scourges of the Old Testament: earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, volcanoes, hurricanes and cyclones, wildfires, avalanches and landslides. Hundreds of thousands, if not millions, have perished globally in natural hazards, falling victim to extreme forces of nature. None of these perils are new to civilization. Both the Gilgamesh Epic1 and the Old Testament talk of epic floods.2 The Egyptians faced ten plagues. The Minoans, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans experienced earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and pestilence. A cyclone destroyed Kublai Khan’s invasion fleet of Japan on August 15, 1281. A massive earthquake in Shaanxi Province, China on January 23, 1556 is estimated to have killed 830,000 persons. A discussion of extreme hazards often involves a common misconception of 100 year floods, 500 year floods, 200 year returns, and similar periods. A mistaken belief is that a “100 year” flood only occurs once a century. The measurement period is a statistical average over an extended period of time. It is not a means of forecasting. It means that on average a storm of that magnitude will occur once in a hundred years, but these storms could be back to back.
    [Show full text]
  • 08 Feb 2021 Eindrucksvolle Wahrzeichen an Englands Küste
    Eindrucksvolle Wahrzeichen an Englands Küste Leuchttürme faszinieren. Sie sind romantisch schön, symbolisieren Weite und Freiheit, sind Landmarken für Schiffe, geben Orientierung und weisen den Weg. Wer sich aus der aktuellen Situation schon einmal „wegträumen“ möchte, wird an Englands Küste leicht fündig und kann interessante Wanderungen häufig von Turm zu Turm planen. „Weit über 60 Leuchttürme reihen sich, einer Perlenschnur gleich, entlang der reizvollen und abwechslungsreichen Küste, viele von ihnen sind der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich“, sagt Samantha Richardson, Direktorin der National Coastal Tourism Academy, die das Projekt „England’s Coast“ leitet. „Die Türme stehen abseits üblicher Touristenpfade, eignen sich wunderbar als Fotomotive und in einigen kann man sogar übernachten – weit weg vom Alltag und inmitten traumhaft einsamer Küstenlandschaften. Und sobald die Einschränkungen es zulassen, machen sie eine Reise an die Küste zu einem magischen Besuch“, so Richardson. England’s Coast ist ein Zusammenschluss aller acht ​ ​ ​ englischen Küstenregionen, die mit dem Projekt ihre Kultur, sagenreiche Geschichte und malerischen Küstenlandschaften vermarkten. Auf Flamborough Head, einer Halbinsel zwischen den Buchten Filey und Bridlington in ​ ​ der Grafschaft Yorkshire, stehen gleich zwei Leuchttürme. Der unter Denkmalschutz stehende Kreideturm aus dem Jahr 1669 ist einer der ältesten vollständig erhaltenen Leuchttürme Englands. Unweit hiervon wurde 1806 ein zweiter Turm erbaut. An den unter Naturschutz stehenden Klippen nisten rund um die Türme über 200.000 Seevögel, darunter Basstölpel und Papageientaucher. Der älteste Leuchtturm des Landes und einer der ältesten der Welt steht auf dem Gelände von Dover Castle. Der Turm wurde um das Jahr 43 n. Chr. von den Römern erbaut, als Navigationshilfe zur Überquerung des Ärmelkanals. Die gut erhaltene Ruine ist ein schönes Fotomotiv und steht direkt neben der kleinen Kirche St.
    [Show full text]