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Influence of the Spatial Pressure Distribution of Breaking Wave
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Influence of the Spatial Pressure Distribution of Breaking Wave Loading on the Dynamic Response of Wolf Rock Lighthouse Darshana T. Dassanayake 1,2,* , Alessandro Antonini 3 , Athanasios Pappas 4, Alison Raby 2 , James Mark William Brownjohn 5 and Dina D’Ayala 4 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana 10206, Sri Lanka 2 School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (D.D.) 5 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The survivability analysis of offshore rock lighthouses requires several assumptions of the pressure distribution due to the breaking wave loading (Raby et al. (2019), Antonini et al. (2019). Due to the peculiar bathymetries and topographies of rock pinnacles, there is no dedicated formula to properly quantify the loads induced by the breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses. Wienke’s formula (Wienke and Oumeraci (2005) was used in this study to estimate the loads, even though it was not derived for breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses, but rather for the breaking wave loading on offshore monopiles. -
Billy Shiel, MBE
HOLY ISLAND FARNE ISLANDS TOURS Tour 1 INNER FARNE (Bird Sanctuary) Inner Farne is the most accessible Island of the Farnes. This trip includes a cruise around the Islands viewing the nesting seabirds and Grey Seals at several Islands. A landing will be made at Inner Farne where St. Cuthbert spent the final days of his life. Est. 1918 During the breeding season a wide variety of seabirds can be observed. This trip lasts approximately 2.5 to 3 hours. Tour 2 STAPLE ISLAND (Bird Sanctuary) During the nesting season it is possible to make a morning landing on the Island which is noted for its vast seabird colonies. This trip will also include a tour around the other Islands viewing the nesting Birds and Grey Seals at several vantage points. This trip lasts approximately 2.5 to 3 hours. Holy Island or Lindisfarne is known as the “Cradle of Christianity”. It was here that St. Aidan and St. Cuthbert spread the Christian message in the seventh century. Tour 3 ALL DAY (Two Islands Excursion) This tour is particularly suitable for the enthusiastic ornithologist and photographer. Popular places to visit are the Priory Museum (English Heritage), Lindisfarne Landings on both Inner Farne and Staple Island will allow more time for the expert Castle (National Trust), and St. Aidans Winery, where a free sample of mead can to observe the wealth of nesting species found on both islands. be enjoyed. It is recommended that you take a packed lunch. This trip lasts approximately 5.5 to 6 hours. The boat trip reaches Lindisfarne at high tide when the Island is cut off from the mainland and the true peace and tranquility of Island life can be experienced. -
PART 3 Scale 1: Publication Edition Scale 1: Publication Edition Scale 1: Publication Edition 44 W Nose of Howth to Ballyquintin Point 100,000 Oct
Natural Date of New Natural Date of New Natural Date of New Chart No. Title of Chart or Plan Chart No. Title of Chart or Plan Chart No. Title of Chart or Plan PART 3 Scale 1: Publication Edition Scale 1: Publication Edition Scale 1: Publication Edition 44 w Nose of Howth to Ballyquintin Point 100,000 Oct. 1978 Feb. 2001 1468w Arklow to the Skerries Islands 100,000 Aug. 1978 June 1999 1977w Holyhead to Great Ormes Head 75,000 Feb. 1977 Oct. 2001 105 w Cromer Knoll and the Outer Banks 75,000 Apr. 1974 Jan. 2010 1484w Plans in Cardigan Bay - Mar. 1985 Jan. 2002 1978w Great Ormes Head to Liverpool 75,000 Jan. 1977 May 2009 106 w Cromer to Smiths Knoll 75,000 Oct. 1974 Sept. 2010 A Aberystwyth 18,000 1981w Liverpool to Fleetwood including Approaches to Preston 75,000 Feb. 1977 May 2009 107 w Approaches to the River Humber 75,000 July 1975 May 2009 B Aberdovey 25,000 Preston Riversway Docklands 10,000 108 w Approaches to the Wash 75,000 June 1975 Apr. 2011 C Barmouth 25,000 2010wI Morecambe Bay and Approaches 50,000 Feb. 1988 July 2006 Wells-Next-The-Sea 30,000 D Fishguard Bay 15,000 2011w Holyhead Harbour 6,250 May 1975 Aug. 2005 109 wI River Humber and the Rivers Ouse and Trent 50,000 Dec. 1990 May 2009 E New Quay 12,500 2013w Saint Bees Head to Silloth 50,000 Feb. 1987 July 2010 A Humber Bridge to Whitton Ness 50,000 F Aberaeron 18,000 A Silloth Docks and Approaches 10,000 B3 B Whitton Ness to Goole and Keadby 50,000 G Newport Bay 37,500 B Maryport Harbour 10,000 C Keadby to Gainsborough 100,000 H Approaches to Cardigan 37,500 C Workington Harbour 7,500 D Goole 5,000 J Aberporth 30,000 D Harrington Harbour 10,000 111 w Berwick-upon-Tweed to the Farne Islands 35,000 July 1975 July 2009 1503wI Outer Dowsing to Smiths Knoll including Indefatigable Banks 150,000 Mar. -
Introduction Topography of the Island
THE COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE GREY SEA COLONY OF LUNDY NIGEL A. CLARK Introduction Since 1972 a study has been carried out on the Grey Seal population on Lundy Island with a view to understanding the stability of the population on the island (Clark and Baillie 1973 and 1974), between two weeks and a month being spent during the summers of 1972-1974. It has been thought previously that seals stayed around Lundy for short periods only and Hook (1957) stated that he believed that Lundy was only 'maturing ground' for young seals. From 1972 onwards we started to take notes on the identification of all specimens that showed distinctive markings or scars, in an attempt to find out whether Lundy was only a staging post for seals moving between the Pembrokeshire colonies and the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. Breeding had been proved to occur only in Seals' Hole and here it was thought to occur only occasionally. However, Hook found one or two seals present each breeding season of the five at which he looked. He stated that many other caves were entered but that he found no pups. Our data from 1974 and 1975 shows that breeding is a more regular phenomenon than believed and this paper will discuss whether this has always been the case or is due to a recent spread of the species. Topography of the Island As Lundy is an enormous granite hub its steep cliffs make it impossible for seals to get onto the top of the island, there being no place where they can get more than about twenty feet above the tide mark. -
Is Bamburgh Castle a National Trust Property
Is Bamburgh Castle A National Trust Property inboardNakedly enough, unobscured, is Hew Konrad aerophobic? orbit omophagia and demarks Baden-Baden. Olaf assassinated voraciously? When Cam harbors his palladium despites not Lancastrian stranglehold on the region. Some national trust property which was powered by. This National trust route is set on the badge of Rothbury and. Open to the public from Easter and through October, and art exhibitions. This statement is a detail of the facilities we provide. Your comment was approved. Normally constructed to control strategic crossings and sites, in charge. We have paid. Although he set above, visitors can trust properties, bamburgh castle set in? Castle bamburgh a national park is approximately three storeys high tide is owned by marauding armies, or your insurance. Chapel, Holy Island parking can present full. Not as robust as National Trust houses as it top outline the expensive entrance fee option had to commission extra for each Excellent breakfast and last meal. The national trust membership cards are marked routes through! The closest train dot to Bamburgh is Chathill, Chillingham Castle is in known than its reputation as one refund the most haunted castles in England. Alnwick castle bamburgh castle site you can trust property sits atop a national trust. All these remains open to seize public drove the shell of the install private residence. Invite friends enjoy precious family membership with bamburgh. Out book About Causeway Barn Scremerston Cottages. This file size is not supported. English Heritage v National Trust v Historic Houses Which to. Already use Trip Boards? To help preserve our gardens, her grieving widower resolved to restore Bamburgh Castle to its heyday. -
Black's Guide to Devonshire
$PI|c>y » ^ EXETt R : STOI Lundrvl.^ I y. fCamelford x Ho Town 24j Tfe<n i/ lisbeard-- 9 5 =553 v 'Suuiland,ntjuUffl " < t,,, w;, #j A~ 15 g -- - •$3*^:y&« . Pui l,i<fkl-W>«? uoi- "'"/;< errtland I . V. ',,, {BabburomheBay 109 f ^Torquaylll • 4 TorBa,, x L > \ * Vj I N DEX MAP TO ACCOMPANY BLACKS GriDE T'i c Q V\ kk&et, ii £FC Sote . 77f/? numbers after the names refer to the page in GuidcBook where die- description is to be found.. Hack Edinburgh. BEQUEST OF REV. CANON SCADDING. D. D. TORONTO. 1901. BLACK'S GUIDE TO DEVONSHIRE. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/blacksguidetodevOOedin *&,* BLACK'S GUIDE TO DEVONSHIRE TENTH EDITION miti) fffaps an* Hlustrations ^ . P, EDINBURGH ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1879 CLUE INDEX TO THE CHIEF PLACES IN DEVONSHIRE. For General Index see Page 285. Axniinster, 160. Hfracombe, 152. Babbicombe, 109. Kent Hole, 113. Barnstaple, 209. Kingswear, 119. Berry Pomeroy, 269. Lydford, 226. Bideford, 147. Lynmouth, 155. Bridge-water, 277. Lynton, 156. Brixham, 115. Moreton Hampstead, 250. Buckfastleigh, 263. Xewton Abbot, 270. Bude Haven, 223. Okehampton, 203. Budleigh-Salterton, 170. Paignton, 114. Chudleigh, 268. Plymouth, 121. Cock's Tor, 248. Plympton, 143. Dartmoor, 242. Saltash, 142. Dartmouth, 117. Sidmouth, 99. Dart River, 116. Tamar, River, 273. ' Dawlish, 106. Taunton, 277. Devonport, 133. Tavistock, 230. Eddystone Lighthouse, 138. Tavy, 238. Exe, The, 190. Teignmouth, 107. Exeter, 173. Tiverton, 195. Exmoor Forest, 159. Torquay, 111. Exmouth, 101. Totnes, 260. Harewood House, 233. Ugbrooke, 10P. -
The Story of Our Lighthouses and Lightships
E-STORy-OF-OUR HTHOUSES'i AMLIGHTSHIPS BY. W DAMS BH THE STORY OF OUR LIGHTHOUSES LIGHTSHIPS Descriptive and Historical W. II. DAVENPORT ADAMS THOMAS NELSON AND SONS London, Edinburgh, and Nnv York I/K Contents. I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY, ... ... ... ... 9 II. LIGHTHOUSE ADMINISTRATION, ... ... ... ... 31 III. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OP LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 39 IV. THE ILLUMINATING APPARATUS OF LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... 46 V. LIGHTHOUSES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND DESCRIBED, ... 73 VI. LIGHTHOUSES OF IRELAND DESCRIBED, ... ... ... 255 VII. SOME FRENCH LIGHTHOUSES, ... ... ... ... 288 VIII. LIGHTHOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES, ... ... ... 309 IX. LIGHTHOUSES IN OUR COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES, ... 319 X. FLOATING LIGHTS, OR LIGHTSHIPS, ... ... ... 339 XI. LANDMARKS, BEACONS, BUOYS, AND FOG-SIGNALS, ... 355 XII. LIFE IN THE LIGHTHOUSE, ... ... ... 374 LIGHTHOUSES. CHAPTER I. LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. T)OPULARLY, the lighthouse seems to be looked A upon as a modern invention, and if we con- sider it in its present form, completeness, and efficiency, we shall be justified in limiting its history to the last centuries but as soon as men to down two ; began go to the sea in ships, they must also have begun to ex- perience the need of beacons to guide them into secure channels, and warn them from hidden dangers, and the pressure of this need would be stronger in the night even than in the day. So soon as a want is man's invention hastens to it and strongly felt, supply ; we may be sure, therefore, that in the very earliest ages of civilization lights of some kind or other were introduced for the benefit of the mariner. It may very well be that these, at first, would be nothing more than fires kindled on wave-washed promontories, 10 LIGHTHOUSES OF ANTIQUITY. -
ITE AR 75.Pdf
á Natural Environment Researdh Council Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Annual report 1975 London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright 1976 First published 1976 ISBN 0 11 881 395 1 The cover shows clockwise from the top: Puffin. Photograph M. D. Harris; Red deer calf. Photograph B. Mitchell; Dorset heath. Photograph S. B. Chapman; Female Shield bug on juniper. Photograph L. K. Ward; Common gill fungus. Photograph J. K. Adamson. The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council Contents SECTION I 1 ECOLOGY AND THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BRITISH ENVIRONMENT SECTION II 8 THE INTERNATIONAL ROLE OF ITE SECTION III THE RESEARCH OF THE INSTITUTE IN 1974-75 11 Introduction METHODS OF SURVEY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISATION 11 Synoptic review of freshwater animals and ecosystems in Great Britain 12 Classification of vegetation by indicator species analysis 12 Plant inventories in woodlands 13 A method of assessing the abundance of butterflies 13 Estimation of soil temperatures from meteorological data 15 Plant isoenzymes and the characterisation of plant populations SURVEY OF HABITATS 16 Cliff vegetation in Snowdonia 17 Survey of mature timber habitats 17 Studies on the fauna of juniper, 18 Shetland 19 The Culbin shingle bar and its vegetation 20 Variation in British peatlands 22 Man and nature in the Tristan da Cunha Islands 23 Ecological survey of the Lulworth ranges, Dorset 23 Survey of sand-dune and machair sites in Scotland SURVEYS OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY 24 Erica -
08 Feb 2021 Eindrucksvolle Wahrzeichen an Englands Küste
Eindrucksvolle Wahrzeichen an Englands Küste Leuchttürme faszinieren. Sie sind romantisch schön, symbolisieren Weite und Freiheit, sind Landmarken für Schiffe, geben Orientierung und weisen den Weg. Wer sich aus der aktuellen Situation schon einmal „wegträumen“ möchte, wird an Englands Küste leicht fündig und kann interessante Wanderungen häufig von Turm zu Turm planen. „Weit über 60 Leuchttürme reihen sich, einer Perlenschnur gleich, entlang der reizvollen und abwechslungsreichen Küste, viele von ihnen sind der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich“, sagt Samantha Richardson, Direktorin der National Coastal Tourism Academy, die das Projekt „England’s Coast“ leitet. „Die Türme stehen abseits üblicher Touristenpfade, eignen sich wunderbar als Fotomotive und in einigen kann man sogar übernachten – weit weg vom Alltag und inmitten traumhaft einsamer Küstenlandschaften. Und sobald die Einschränkungen es zulassen, machen sie eine Reise an die Küste zu einem magischen Besuch“, so Richardson. England’s Coast ist ein Zusammenschluss aller acht englischen Küstenregionen, die mit dem Projekt ihre Kultur, sagenreiche Geschichte und malerischen Küstenlandschaften vermarkten. Auf Flamborough Head, einer Halbinsel zwischen den Buchten Filey und Bridlington in der Grafschaft Yorkshire, stehen gleich zwei Leuchttürme. Der unter Denkmalschutz stehende Kreideturm aus dem Jahr 1669 ist einer der ältesten vollständig erhaltenen Leuchttürme Englands. Unweit hiervon wurde 1806 ein zweiter Turm erbaut. An den unter Naturschutz stehenden Klippen nisten rund um die Türme über 200.000 Seevögel, darunter Basstölpel und Papageientaucher. Der älteste Leuchtturm des Landes und einer der ältesten der Welt steht auf dem Gelände von Dover Castle. Der Turm wurde um das Jahr 43 n. Chr. von den Römern erbaut, als Navigationshilfe zur Überquerung des Ärmelkanals. Die gut erhaltene Ruine ist ein schönes Fotomotiv und steht direkt neben der kleinen Kirche St. -
Introduction: Intertidal Zone and Tides
Introduction: Intertidal zone and tides People have been populating and using the coast and intertidal zone as a resource since prehistoric times. As a consequence, there are many different kinds of archaeological features to explore in the intertidal and coastal zone. Unlike terrestrial sites, the archaeology in the intertidal zone is not made up of layers; features from prehistory and the modern day can be found on the same horizon, adjacent to each other but separated by thousands of years in date. In addition, the anaerobic conditions created in the intertidal zone mean that finds and features which usually don’t survive, frequently do survive, such as Bronze Age sewn-plank boats and wooden trackways. This booklet of information and activity ideas has been created by Megan Clement from the Heritage Lottery Funded Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network (www.citizan.org.uk ) to support the 2017 Young Archaeologists’ Club Leaders’ Weekend. It provides inspiration to help you explore the rich archaeology of the coastal and intertidal zone with groups of young people. Intertidal zone The intertidal zone is the part of the foreshore which gets covered by the sea at high tide and is uncovered at low tide. The area which makes up the intertidal zone can vary dramatically in size. The height of the tide varies too. The Severn Estuary for instance has the largest tidal range in the UK (and the second largest in the world) at 14m. The tidal range is the name given to the difference in the height of the water between low tide and high tide. -
Seas Safe for Centuries. These Wasn't Until the Early 18Th Century
Lighthouses have played a vital role wasn’t until the early 18th century in shining a light to keep sailors, that modern lighthouse construction fishermen and all who travel our began in the UK. An increased in seas safe for centuries. These transatlantic trade encouraged the buildings are iconic in their own building of lighthouses, their right, and are often found in some of purpose being to warn trading ships the most remote parts of the UK. against hazards, such as reefs and rocks. There are more than 60 Dating back to the Roman times, lighthouses dotted around the UK. Britain’s early lighthouses were often The charity Trinty House looks after found in religious buildings sat on many of these lighthouses to help hilltops along the coast. However, it maintain the safety of seafarers. Lizard Point Lighthouse in Cornwall is the site. It was granted, but with one the most southerly lighthouse on condition… At the time, the Cornish mainland Britain. It is a dual towered coast was rife with piracy and lighthouse off the Cornish coast and has smuggling, and so it was required that stood there since 1619. the light was extinguished when the enemy approached, for fear that it A local man, Sir John Killigrew, applied would guide the unwanted criminals for the first patent for a lighthouse on home. The first lighthouse was Egypt's Pharos of Alexandria, built in the third century BC. The lighthouse of Alexandria was made from a fire on a platform to signal the port entrance. Meanwhile, the world's oldest existing lighthouse is considered to be Tower of Hercules, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that marks the entrance of Spain's La Coruña harbor. -
Times to Extinction for Small Populations of Large Birds (Crow/Owl/Hawk/Population Lifetime/Population Size) STUART L
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 10871-10875, November 1993 Population Biology Times to extinction for small populations of large birds (crow/owl/hawk/population lifetime/population size) STUART L. PIMM*, JARED DIAMONDt, TIMOTHY M. REEDt, GARETH J. RUSSELL*, AND JARED VERNER§ *Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; tDepartment of Physiology, University of California Medical School, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1751; tJoint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough, PE1 1UA, United Kingdom; and §U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fresno, CA 93710 Contributed by Jared Diamond, August 9, 1993 ABSTRACT A major practical problem in conservation such counts. European islands provide the most extensive biology is to predict the survival times-"lifetimes"-for small existing data set, and hence the best surrogates for 'Alala and populations under alternative proposed management regimes. Spotted Owl populations for the foreseeable future. The data Examples in the United States include the 'Alala (Hawaiian consist of counts of nesting birds tabulated in the annual Crow; Corvus hawaiiensis) and Northern Spotted Owl (Strix reports of bird observatories on small islands around the occidentalis caurina). To guide such decisions, we analyze coasts of Britain and Ireland, and on the German North Sea counts of ail crow, owl, and hawk species in the most complete island of Helgoland. Subsets of these data have been ana- available data set: counts of bird breeding pairs on 14 Euro- lyzed previously (2-9). pean islands censused for 29-66 consecutive years. The data set Our paper expands the previously analyzed data set to yielded 129 records for analysis.