12/28/2018

Why Botany?

Botany = study of plants! Background for many principles you will be Botany for learning Plant ID Gardeners Pruning Heather Stoven Propagation Plant growth and processes It is fun to learn!

Today’s Topics What is a plant?

Survey of plants and relevant non-plants In the kingdom Anatomy of plants Plantae Leaves Generally.. Stems Make their own food Volvox Flowers Chlorophyll a & b Vascular system Multicellular Photosynthesis, respiration and Cell walls made of transpiration cellulose Limited motility Plant hormones

Indian pipe

Variation in plants Kingdom Classification

Photos: Linda McMahan

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A tour of the plant kingdom… Algae

Separated into monocots and eudicots

• Some types of algae (green Not Shown: Photo: Linda Fungi, algae) are McMahan certain classified as plants Cyanobacteria algae others are not (not a plant)

Not Plants but important… Slime Molds

Slime molds are primitive single cell organisms that travel together as a crowd

OSU disease clinic Occur on moist soil, lawns, stumps and mulch Not deleterious to plants

Photos: Linda McMahan

Fungi Fungi

Often see the Form spores fruiting body Fungi are above ground decomposers and Hyphae are strands some are ucanr.edu of fungus pathogens Most of fungal organism is Many have positive underground and associations with unseen plants cals.ncsu.edu

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Symbiosis Lichens

relationships Can live in extreme between species environments as epiphytes – arctic, Mycorrhizae – deserts, rocky areas between plants Long lived, slow and fungus growing, many 1mm/yr Lichen – between Vulnerable to fungi and algae environmental disturbance

Back to Plants… Mosses Liverwort

Reproduce via A lot like mosses spores except more Lack an extensive differentiated vascular system leaves or lobes

Horsetail Ferns

Ancient plants – Reproduce via relatives were thick as spores forests and tall as trees Have a vascular Hollow stems and transport system jointed Can be tree size Produce spores Have vascular system Most need moist sites Stiff due to retention of silica

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Male cones Conifers Female cones Flowering Plants Classified as gymnosperms –- Angiosperms – seeds “naked seed” enclosed Produce cones Principle group of Foliage is needles or plants on earth scales Identifying structures In junipers, “berries” are Leaves female cones Stems Most are evergreen, but some are deciduous Flowers Non-deciduous also fruits shed needles each year

Plant identification Eudicots vs. Monocots

• Monocot vs. Monocots eudicot Flower parts are in 3’s, • Leaf arrangement leaf veination parallel, • # petals one cotyledon • Flower type Eudicots • Flower parts Flowering parts typically • Fruit type multiples of 2, 4 or 5 • Other Two cotyledons • Hairs • thorns Vein patterns palmate or pinnate • sap

Monocots and Eudicots Monocot or Eudicot

Plant families will be either monocots or Flowering parts? eudicots Monocot family examples: Veination? Liliaceae Iridaceae Poaceae

Eudicot family examples: Asteraceae Brassicaceae Roseaceae

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Monocot or Eudicot Leaf structure

Flowering parts? Arrangement Opposite/alternate/ Veination? whorled

Note: Leaves have an opposite arrangement Leaf blade Leaf Parts Leaf structure

petiole Adaptations to the environment Hairs Node = place Wax of attachment Trichomes to the stem Petiole

trichomes

Leaf structure Leaf structure

Shape shape Chordate Linear ovate

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Leaf structure Leaf structure

Leaf margins Simple Lobed Dentate Entire

Leaf structure Leaf structure

Simple Compound

palmate

Leaf structure Leaf Structure • Compound leaves

bipinnate

pinnate

palmate

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Exercise – Look at the Parts of a Twig Stems

Provide structure Terminal bud Parts of the stem: Auxillary node nodes and buds internodes Leaf scars

Bud scale scars

Slide: Linda McMahan

Bark Roots

Protects the tree’s Anchor plants vital growing areas Absorb water and mineral nutrients Can be beautiful! Often stores food Can be reproductive Adventitious roots, etc. Types of roots Tap – anchorage, storage Fibrous – shallow, cover large area Tap root fibrous root

Roots Flowers

Many “roots” are Contain reproductive specialized stems structures Tubers Bulbs Corms Rhizomes StudyPage.in

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Flowers Flowers

Petal number Regular (radial) vs. irregular (bilateral) Flower parts inflorescences

Flowers Flowers

Perfect Imperfect flowers Has male and Monoecious female parts Male (staminate) and female Pumpkin flowers on same plant - Imperfect flowers (pistillate) monoecious Lacking parts on same plant Called staminate Dioecious or pistillate flowers Male and female flowers not on same plant Staminate (L), Pistillate (R)

Skimmia - dioecious

Flowers – an example Flowers – an example

Flowers can be complete (has sepals, petals, Corn stamens and pistils) or An example of incomplete (missing one of above) incomplete flowers Hydrangeas Plants are monecious An example of Imperfect - Staminate incomplete flowers Contains sterile and fertile and pistillate flowers flowers “petals” are really sepals (calyx) Cluster of flowers called corymb (top photo)

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Exercise – Find the Parts of a Flower

Flowers Flower parts

Imperfect flowers are always incomplete but…. Perfect flowers are not always complete but… Complete flowers are always perfect.

Are your examples complete From wikipedia.org or incomplete? Perfect or imperfect? Monocot or Dicot?

Pollination and fertilization Pollination - an Example

Methods – Hazelnuts insects/animals, Pollination occurs wind, rain, human in Jan-Feb Pollination vs. Fertilization takes fertilization place 4-5 mo. later Incompatibility Hazelnuts are not self-compatible – Timing and need pollinizers genetics Wind pollinated

www.ag.arizona.edu Fruits and berries Fruits

Seeds are found in Types of fruits fruits Simple – one ovary Fruits provide True berry protection and pomes sometimes incentives Aggregate – many for animal seed ovaries Blackberries, strawberries dispensers Multiple- fusion of many Seed dispersal is very flowers important for the Pineapples plant! Fruits can be dry or fleshy

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Physiology Leaf structure

Leaves Cellular structure and Stems physiology Roots Epidermis Adaptations – hairs, Photosynthesis waxy cuticle Wikipedia.org Transpiration Mesophyll Respiration Most photosynthesis takes place here Plant hormones

Vascular Systems Stems

Xylem – water Cross section conducting tissue Phloem – photosynthate transport Cambium – divides to produce xylem and phloem in

eudicots Image:Wikispaces.com

Vascular structure also important Only eudicots produce for pest management and woody tissue, why? propagation

Exercise: look for vascular bundles Stems: wood Stems

Xylem – water conducting tissue Phloem – photosynthate transport Cambium – divides to produce xylem and phloem Boundless.com http://www.generalhorticult ure.tamu.edu

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Root Structure Epidermis Cortex Roots – Nutrient movement Root Phloem hairs- high Organic matter and many clays have surface area Root high CEC and hold nutrients well meristem- senses gravity Vascular Root cap cambium Xylem

CO2 from roots forms H2CO3 dissolves into H H CO3, which draws positive ions from Ca, K, etc. into root.

Photosynthesis photosynthesis

Key to our life on Plants are autotrophs!!!!! earth! Carbon dioxide from Plants make their atmosphere + water from own food soil + energy from sun = food for plant + oxygen Only plants do this Occurs in chloroplasts, where pigment chlorophyll captures the sun’s energy

What is Respiration?

Photosynthesis A process that all living things go Factors affecting rate through of photosynthesis The process occurs during both day Water availability and night Temperature Light It is a “breaking down process” Plants able to use ≈ 40% of sunlight Plants are green because they reflect green wavelengths! Blue light = vegetative (fluorescent lights for seedlings) Red & blue = flowering

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The Process... A Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration Food made during produces food uses food photosynthesis releases energy (photosynthates) is broken stores energy produces water down to uses water generate energy produces uses carbon This energy is used for plant carbon dioxide growth dioxide and development uses oxygen releases oxygen For growth to occur occurs in dark photosynthesis must be occurs in sunlight and light greater than respiration

What is Transpiration? The Process...

Water loss (in vapor form) from Water is taken up by roots, moved a plant through the plant and then lost as Transpiration rate is controlled by vapor through stomata on the stomatal aperture, which is leaves influenced by: Helps cool plants relative humidity Helps move minerals through plants temperature

Light 95% of water lost through stomates Open when guard cells are turgid, closed when flaccid

Light energy

Above ground = Photosynthesis, To consider… respiration Transpiration Stomates need to be open for C02 photosynthesis and releasing heat O2 Water vapor Transpiration is related to the environment Plants can be stressed and damaged especially: Hot, windy If ground is frozen (winter desiccation) Plants can adapt – smaller leaves, Below ground= O2 waxy cuticles, dormancy, different Water enters through root metabolic processes Respiration, no C0 photosynthesis 2 hairs

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Plant hormones Auxin

Auxin Apical dominance Gibberellic Acid High concentration (GA) in terminal bud Phototropism Cytokinin geotropism Ethylene Synthetic auxins Abscisic Acid IBA rooting (ABA) hormones 2,4-D herbicides

Nature.com

Terminal bud Removal of apical removed dominance

Axillary buds grow Gibberellic Acid into branches Unbranched plant Fuller plant with branching Stimulates cell division and elongation - bolting Speeds germination Breaks seed Phototropism dormancy mullein

Normal erect growth Plant bending towards light

Cytokinin Ethylene

Stimulate cell Stress responses division Epinasty (leaves Important in callus drooping formation – used in downward) tissue culture Abscission (leaf Delays senescence drop) Microplant Nursery Promotes ripening and senescence

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Abscisic Acid Conclusions

Considered the Plants are very diverse, shaped by their “stress hormone” adaptations to their environment Induces stomatal Plants are our key to life on the planet closure Understanding how plants work is important for gardeners Abscission of leaves, Characteristics for identifying plants fruits and flowers Plant physiology for propagation, pruning, Induces dormancy growing plants Prevents seeds from Use your new trained eyes to view the germinating botanical world!

Resources Questions?

OSU Woody plant ID system http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/plant_i dent/ OSU Landscape plant information: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/ Botany in a Day - Elpel Botany for Gardeners - Capon Oregon Flora Project app Science News Daily: Botany http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_ani mals/botany/

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