THE MAKING OF' MODERN·. EqYP~·
THE MAKING· OF MODERN EGYPT
BY SIR AUCKLAND COLVIN K.C.S.I., K..C.M.G., C.I.E,
LATR LIBITI'BNANToGOVBRIIOR OF THB IIORTH•WBST PIIOVINCBS & OOOH l 'ORilltRLY PIHANCIAL IIBilBIIR OP THB COiliiCIL OP THB VICitROY OP IIIDIA BRITISH COili'TIIOU.U-GBNBRAI. Ill BGYI'T j AND PIIIAIICIAL ADYISBII TO H,ll, THII I WITH PORTRAITS AND MAPS FOU&TH EDITION LONDON SEELEY & CO. LIMITED 38 Gu.&T RossELL STREET 19o6 PREFACE HE writer cannot let this book appear without ex· T pressing his most cordial thanks to friends and official!J in Egypt, who have kindly helped him with in formation. He is alone responsible for the accuracy of all facts and figures, as for opinions or criticisms, which will be found in the following pages. But without assistance as to details regarding Anglo-Egyptian ad ministration his difficulties would have been greatly increased. Wherever he has made use of matter already published in other works, he has been careful to acknowledge his indebtedness. He has largely utilized the very volumi nous Blue Books on Egypt; and Lord Cromer's annual Reports, from 1891 onward, have been invaluable to him. A. C. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY Scheme of the book-Summary of call.SeS which led to the revolt of 1882-The career of Muhammad Ali-Despotic character of his rule-Abbas Pasha-Said Pasha-Reckless expenditure of Ismail Pasha-His Indebtedness-Effect of his financial difficulties on his subjects-Political situation at advent of Tewtik Pasha-Military outbreaks of February and September, 1881-Subsequent incidents arising therefrom-Appeal to arms. in the circumstances unjustifiable -sketch of origin and expansion of Khediviate-Successive tirmans granted by the Sultan-Present position of the Khedive with regard to his Suzerain CHAPTER I THB MISSIOJI OP LOI.D DOFFEI.IN Brief recapitulation of et'ents in Egypt from 1876 to 1883-Institution of the Dual Control in 1876-0f the Caisse de Ia Dette Publique-of the Commission of Enquiry into the financial system of Ismail Pasha -Appointment and dismissal of European Ministry-Insolvency of IsmaU Pasha-His Call-Succession of his son, Tewfi.k Pasha-Law of Liquidation of 188o-Disturbances caused by military revolt ending in battle of Tel-el-Kebir-Surrender of Ar!bi Pasha-Suspension of Dual Control-Commencement of this narmtive from arrival of Lord Dufferin in Egypt-Trial and ewe of rebel officers-Effect of sentences on Khedive's authority-Lord Dufferin's Report-His difficulties-His instructions-His recommendations-Situation in the Soudan at the time of Lord Dufferin's Report-Views of the Cabinet in London as to treatment of the Soudan question • • 19 CHAPTER II THB G4TH&I.ING 01' THB STOI.M Departure of Lord Dufferin-Appointment of Sirdar-Of Chief ol the Constabulary-Of Procureur-Geneml-Of Financial Adviser-Colonel Scott•Monaeiff summoned from India-Legislative Council and General Assembly decreed-Appoint~nent of Indemnities Commission "ii viii CONTENTS -Cholera in Egypt-Transfer of Agency from Sir Edward Malet toPAGB Sir Evelyn Baring-Depadure of Sir Edward Malet-Position of affairs in Egypt at time of Sir E. Baring's arrival-State of affairs in the Soudan-Enforcement of economies In Egypt-Decision of British Government to withdraw from Soudan-Sir Evelyn Baring's COD• currence therein-Resignation of Sharif Pasha's Ministry-Nubar Pasha forms a Ministry-Khedive's approval of withdrawal from the Soudan · 38 CHAPTER III THE KHEDIVE AND HIS MINISTBII.S~THB MISSION TO KHARTUM Sketches of some of the Khedive's Ministers-Shari! Pasha-Riy:iz Pasha -Nubar Pasha-Character of the Khedive-Necessity of deputing an officer of high authority to the Soudan-Ignorance of British Cabinet as to the condition of affairs in the Soudan-Qualities required in the officer to be selected-Choice of General Gordon .• , 51 CHAPTER IV GENERAL GORDON AS.ENVOY General Gordon's past career-Instructions issued to him in London-His Memorandum thereon-Further instructions issued in Cairo-Explana· tion of apparent discrepancy between London and Cairo instructions-: General Gordon endorses a policy of evacuation-His Memorandum of February-His letters and telegrams en ,.oute to Khartum-Arrival at Khartum-Presses nomination of Zebehr Pasha as his successor Change in General Gordon's views as to evacuation-Decline of his influence in the Soudan-His resolve to stand by the beleaguered garrisons-Refuses to evacuate-Misapprehension of the situation in the Soudan prior to General Gordon's arrival in Khartum-Selection of General Gordon for the business of evacuation an error 6o CHAPTER V S~AKIN-REORGANIZATlON lN EGYPT Despatch of Osman Digna by the Mahdi to Suakin-Defeat and massacre of the Egyptians under General Baker at El Teb-Position in the Soudan at the close of February, 1884-Dissension and difficulties in Cairo-Formation and growth of Egyptian Irrigation Department Tobacco Convention with Greece-Commercial Convention with other Powers . CHAPTER VI THE LONDON CONFERENCE Economies Committee appointed in Cairo-Suppression of Council of St~te-Necessity of revising the Law of Liquidation of 188o- CONTENTS ix Attitude and attributes of the Caisse-Circular of Lord Granville toPAG& the Powers, with the view of modifying the Law of Liquidation Proposals of the British Cabinet-Committee of . British experts assembled in London to report on the Egyptian financial situation Report of the Committee-Sketch of the provisions of the Law of Liquidation-Meeting of International Conference in London French opposition and counter proposals-Conference separates with· out result · • 9 S CHAPTER VII THB NOII.THBROOK MISSION-THE SETTLEMENT Mission of Lord Northbrook to Egypt-Sinking Fund suspended, by his advice-Action brought by the Caisse against the Egyptian Government -Resumption of Sinking Fund-Arguments for and against Lord Northbrook's action-Addition of German and Russian members to the Commissioners of the Caisse-SetUement of the question as to the salaries of the new Commissionert-Distress and dissatisfaction in Egypt-Incident of the u Bosphore Egyptien" , 108 CHAPTER VIII POST TBNBBllAS LOX Retirement of British troops from the Soudan-Resumption of financial negotiations with the Powers-Lord Northbrook's proposals not acceptable-Arrangement come to, and embodied in Khedivial decree of July 27th, tSSs-Substance of the arrangement-Bearings of the settlement on the finances of Egypt-Difficulties of British Govern· ment aggravated by general fears of impending evacuation, caused by ita own language, and by that of the British Press. • 118 CHAPTER IX. UNDBII. CLOSS CANVAS Commencement of new phase in Egyptian matters with Convention of 188s-First faint signs of improvement-Financial policy of Sir Evelyn Baring and Mr. Vincent-Period of enforced economies Value of Mr. Fitzgerald's services-French officials in Egypt-Out· break of brigandage : its cause-Revision of coinage-Description of the new coins brought inro circulation • 131 CHAPTER X TH& DJlUMMOND WOLFF MISSION Mission of Sir Henry Drummond Wolff to Egypt-Inconsistent attitude ot successive British Governments during nineteenth century towards the Sultan of Turkey-Objects of Sir H. Drummond Wolff's Mission- X CONTENTS fACiE Text of Lord Salisbury's instructions-Convention signed on October 24thi 1885, at Constantinople-Sir H. Drummond Wolff and Ahmad Mukhtar Pasha proceed to Cairo-Failure of Mission there-Sir H. Drummond Wolff signs a second Convention on May zznd, 1887, at Constantinople-Opposed by Russian and French Ambassadors Sultan declines to ratify the Convention-End of Sir H. Drummond Wolff's Mission-Comments on the incident . 143 CHAPTER XI THE LABOURS OF SIR EDGAR VINCENT AND THE IRRIGATION AND MILITARY OFFICERS Budgetary situation in Cairo in 1885 and 1886-Nubar Pasha's altitude Abolition of corvee-Diplomatic opposition to financial measures pro· posed in connexion therewith-Protracted negotiations-Pension code -Commutations of pecuniary pensions into land-Tobacco duties- Irrigation-The Army • 159 CHAPTER XII THE KHALIFA'S DREAMS-PAYMENT OF THE SUSPENDED COUPONS Projected invasion of Egypt by the Khalifa-His letter to the Queen· Empress-His visions-Wad Baghdawi-Payment of the suspended coupons, and resumption of payment in full-Financial results of 1887-Mr. Vincent's arrangement with the Caisse, as to the Sinking Fund-Settlement of the claims of ex-Khedive Ismaii-Gradual improvement in the finances • . 178 CHAPTER XIII RETIREMENT OF 141l, VINCENT-RESIGNATION OF NUBAR l'ASHA POLICK AND TRIBUNALS Remissions of taxation-Mr. Vincent's retirement-His views on the financial position-Mr. Palmer appointed Financial Adviser-Resig· nation of Nubar Pasha-His characteristics-Difficult position of British officials-Nubar and Riy4z unsuitable to changed circum· stances-General Baker and Mr. Clifford Lloyd's schemes of Police -Brigandage Commission-Analogy of India • 187 CHAPTER XIV .llKFORM AND .RBVIVAL The Mixed Courts-The Consular Courts-The Mehkemeh Sharaiyeh The Reformed State Tribunals-Efforts at improving them-Appoint· ment of Mr. Scott as Judicial Adviser-Difficulty of introducing reliable indigenous Courts of Justice into a country of low morale- Progress in irrigation-Agricultural roads . .zoa CONTENTS xi PAGB CHAPTER XV LOII.D CII.OMBII.'S FISCAL POLICY-coLLAPS& OF DERVISH INVASION A NBW BIRTH Financial sunminc-Tbe turn of the fellah-Fiscal moderation the policy of Lord Lawrence and Lord Cromer-Its value in circumstances such as those of Egypt-Battle of Toski-Dea.th of Wad el Najumi -Collapse of Dervish inn.sioo -1890, the "Great Divide" Internal reform the subject of Cut11re chapters-Conversion of loa.llS Remission of tuation-The Professional tax and French opposition -Miscellaneous measures of reform-Growth of ordinary revenue- Increase in tobacco revenue , • 209 CHAPTER XVI TH3 BAilii.AGB-SIIl JOHN SCOTT AND THB NATIVB TlliBUNALS Histol'}' of the barrage-Its dilapidated state-The work of restoration " Like mending a watch, and never stopping the works "-Comple tion in 18go-Subsequent strengthening between 1891 and 1898 by construction of weirs-Estimated annual benefit by its restoration The barrage similar to the general British position in Egypt-Cost of weirs-First mention of projected Assouan reservoir-International Commission appointed to examine proposai-Mr. Scott and the Tri· bunals-His reforms-Establishes summary Courts-Reduces number of judges-Creates a Committee of Judicial Control-Other improve- ments-Number of judges in Court of Appeal • 222 CHAPTER XVII UITBRNAI. l'ROGII.ESS AND li.BFORM Cadastral survey-Land Revenue Commission-Area. of land held by various classes of proprietors-Appointment of Adviser in Ministry of Interior • 231 CHAPTER XVIII DIFFICULTIES OF ADMINISTII.ATION PECULIAR TO THB BRITISH POSITION IN lliGYPT-TIIB CAPITULATIONS Anomalous position of British officials in Egypt-Organization of provin cial and central civil service-British civil service also formed-Analogy to Egypt of Court of Wards estates in India-Characteristics of foreign population in Egypt-The British colony-Origin and character of the Capitulations-Abuses connected witb Consular Tribunals-Capitula- tions no longer required in Egypt . '38 xii CONTENTS CHAPTER XIX 'fHE OLD ORDER CHANGETH PAGB Death of Tewfik Pasha-His successor-Characteristics of Tewfik-His sound judgment-His estimate of his position-Abbas Hilmi-Ill· feeling of Egyptians towards British from 1893 to 1898-Lord Rosebery's despatch of February 16th, 1893-Comments on the present situation-Contract for construction of the Assouan dam and reservoir-Cost-Benefit to Egypt-The Assiut and Zifta barrages- Their object • 247 CHAPTER XX THB END OF THB DERVISH RULB Condition of the Soudan under the Khalifa-Gradual decay of his po~er -Recapture of Tokar-The Bagg.tras-The narratives of Father Ohrwalder and Rudolf Slatin-The tribes desert Abdullah-The efficiency of the Egyptian army-Advance on Dongola-Occupation of Berber-Battle of Omdurman-Death of the Kbalifa-Zebehr in retirement-Attitude of the Caisse-Doom of Internationalism • 257 CHAPTER XXI ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Marked progress after 1896-Use of private enterprise-Electric tram· ways-Light railways-Cholera and sanitation-Growth of revenue Fishery reforms-Census of 1896-Its results-Filling up of the Khalij-Creation of National and Agricultural Banks-Indebtedness of fellaheen-Liquidation of Daira Sanieh estates by a company-Sale of Khedivial steamships to a company-Cost of reconquest of Soudan -Retirement of Sir Elwin Palmer-Appointment of Mr. Gol'St-Salt monopoly made over to a company-River tolls abolished-Further reforms in fishery system-Extension of telephonic system-Return of cholera-Octroi abolished in Cairo and Alexandria-Unexpected rise in market prices-Probable expenditure on irrigation from 1884 to Jgo8 • 271 CHAPTER XXII THB STATE DEPARTMENTS Mr. Mcllwraith's reforms-Larger expenditure-Increase of judicial fees -Summary and Markaz Tribunals-Village Tribunals-Courts of. Circuit-Views of the Judicial Adviser-Revised Penni and Procedure CONTENTS xiii Codes-Apparent increase of crime, how to be accounted for-Con-PAGJI ne:don between courts of justice and popular morality-Legislation by judges of Mixed Tribunals-Change of system probable-Meh kemeh Sharaiyeh-"No need of reform"-The Khedive's opportunity -Europeans and Egyptian Courts of Justice-Possible alternatives Education-Growth of expenditure-Fees and attendanee-Kuttab Fikis-Aim of educational authorities in Egypt-Sketch of private kuttab-Jails-Land Revenue and Survey-Sanitation and medical- Or. Sandwith's description of Kasr el Ainy Hospital in 1884-State Railways , 293 CHAPTER XXIII ADMINISTII.ATIVR AND MILITAllY Lord Cromer reaffirms his fiscal policy-Local needs must eventually be met by local rates-Disadvantages attendant on too rapid progress in State departments-Strength and disposition of Army-Civil Service: bow recruited-Legislative Council-Its sphere in the administration 320 CHAPTER XXIV THB ANGLO·Filli:NCH AGREEMENT AND AFTER The Call of the curtain-Lord Cromer's compte-nndu-Marquess of Lans· downe's despatch regarding the settlement with France-Sums avail able in Egypt for capital expenditure-Further remissions of taxation in rgos-Outstanding debt- Public companies in Egypt-Lord Cromer's warning-Analysis of Customs returns in 1883 and 1904- ImporiS and exports of specie . , 334 CHAPTER XXV THE ANGLO·EGYPTIAN SOUDAN Addition of the Soudan to the British Agent's charge-Its characteristics -Anglo-Egyptian Convention-Sketch of the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan -Ill depopulation-Sir William Garstin's visits and reports-Sir R. Wingate's description of the country and the people-Character of the administration- Courts of Justice - Land Commissioners Criminal law-Lord Kitchener's memorandum of instructions-Lord Cromer's comments on the efficiency of military officers in civil em· ploy-Progress of education-Prisons-Railways-Revenue and ex• pendilure-Survey-Disannament-Local outbreaks-General pro- gress-Difficulty of the task before Great Britain • 3S6 xiv CONTENTS CONCLUSION PII.OGllESS AND DEVELOPMENT PAGB Employment ot reserve funds-Sinking fund inadmissible-Irrigation schemes-The future of Egypt and tbe Soudan-Schemes for.utilizing the reserve fund-The Middle Egypt ~in system-Egyptian and Soudan railways-The Gash River-The Assouan dam-The White Nile-Other projects-Estimated cost at present conjectural-Re· trospect-Lord Cromer and Egypt-Islam and progress-Views of W. G. Pa.lgrave and others thereon-Value of the Soudan to British enterprise and character • 392 APPENDIX I APPENDIX II : THB EGYPTIAN BUDGET FOil. 1906 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PORTRAIT OF THE EARL OF CROMER FrtJntispiece PORTRAIT OF NUBAR PASHA 190 PORTRAIT OF THE KHEDIVE TEWFJK PASHA , • 248 PORTRAIT OF THE MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE, K.O. 340 MAP SHOWING PROPOSED NEW CHANNEL FOR BARR-EL-GEBEL 399 MAP OF EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN 428 APPENDIX I (See page 255.) HE following descriptions of the dam at. Assuan and of the T Assiout and Zifta barrages are taken from a paper con tributed by Colonel Sir Hanbury Brown, K.C.M.G., late R.E., to the Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, at the International Engineering Congress of 1904, and printed in the Transactions of that Society, volume LIV, part C, 1905, The Assuan Dam is built on the granite rock which forms the crest of the First Cataract, 6oo miles to the south of Cairo. The original design of the dam was the work of Sir William Willcocks ; the dam, as actually built, was in principle the same as that originally designed, but was modified in details. It is about 1! miles (aooo m.) in length. Its height varies with the level at which sound rock was found, the maximum height from founda tion being about us ft. (37 m.). The thickness of the dam at the top is 23 ft. (7 m.) and at the deepest part 81 ft. (:zs m.), and the total weight of masonry in it is over one million tons. The difference of water-level above and below the dam is 67ft. (21 m.). The dam is constructed of local granite set in Portland cement mortar. The interior is of rubble laid by hand, with about 40% of the bulk in cement mortar, 4 of sand to 1 of cement. All the face work is of coursed rock-faced ashlar, except the sluice linings, which are finely dressed. The lining of thirty of the lower sluices is of cast iron. The dam is pierced with sluice openings of sufficient area to pass the flood discharge of the river, which may amount to soo,ooo CIL ft. per sec. There are 140 such openings 23 ft. (7 m.) high by 6 ft. 6 in, (:z m.) wide, and forty more of half that height and same width. Those sluice-gates which are subject to heavy pressure at the time of movement are of the Stoney roller pattern. Navigation is provided for by a ladder of four locks, each 263 ft. {So m.) long by 31 ft. (91 m.) wide. The cost of the dam was 2! million pounds. 2 & APPENDIX I The reservoir above the dam, as built, is calculated to hold about 1300 million cubic yards of water with the water-surface at 106 m. above sea. It had originally been decided to build the dam 26 ft. higher, so as to hold up water to 114m. above sea, which would have given a storage capacity in the reservoir of 3250 million cu. yd. But the Egyptian Government gave way before the strong protests against the submersion of Philie raised by archreologists and artists, and the lesser project was adopted ; a compromise which is far from satisfying the champions either of the past or of the present. Both the Assiout and Zifta barrages are built on platforms, 9 ft. 9 in. (3 m.) thick and from 85 to 100 ft. (26 to 30 m.) wide, enclosed between up- and down-stream rows of cast-iron piles specially designed to permit of the junctions being grouted with cement. In addition, there are apron extensions to the floor, the up-stream apron being of rubble and puddled clay, the down-stream apron of rubble overlying a filter bed of pebbles and fine stuff. The Assiout Barrage is 900 yd. in length and has 111 bays of 16 ft. 5 in. (5 m.} width, separated by piers 6 ft. 6 in. (2 m.) wide, with abutment piers of 13ft. (4 m.) thickness after every ninth opening, and a lock of 52 ft. 6 in. (16m.) width and 263ft. (So m.) length. Two iron regulating gates, as in the old barrage, are worked in vertical grooves by an overhead winch, and provide for holding up a level of 9ft. 9 in. (3 m.) of water. The Zifta Barrage has so bays, but is in other respects similar to the Assiout Barrage, except that it is designed to hold up 13 ft. of water. APPENDIX II THE EGYPTIAN BUDGET FOR lgOO (Page 349.) HE Budget for the year 1906 shows an approximate revenue, T in the year 1905, of .£E.141Soo,ooo, against an estimate of £E. 12,2 s s,ooo. The estimate for 1906 is taken at £E. IJ,soo,ooo, after allowing for fresh reduction of taxation, to the amount of .£E.JJ2,ooo; expenditure, ordinary and special, is estimated at £E.IJ,ooo,ooo, leaving a surplus of £E.soo,ooo. Exclusive of special credits, and of credits chargeable to the Reserve Fund. the estimated expenditure of 1906 amounts to .£E.u,JI71ooo, against .£E.II,Jo8,ooo in 1905. Of this excess, the sum of £E.37o,ooo is due to the extraordinary recent rise in prices in Egypt, necessitating an increase to many salaries, with enhanced cost of maintenance of prisoners, hospital patients, forage, and the like. Inclusive of special credits for expenditure on works of public utility, chargeable to the Reserve Fund, the expenditure amounts, as above shown, to .£E.IJ,ooo,ooo. The reductions in taxation, referred to above, which bring the total of taxes reduced since 1883 to a figure considerably over two million pounds Egyptian, have been under the following heads :- Salt monopoly abolished. after arrangement with the "Salt and Soda .. Company, who are the present lessees, by which, among other points, the price of salt has been lowered from .£E.s to ,£E.a per £E. ton (seep. 288), estimated loss of revenue • • 175,ooo Tax on sea fishing boats a,ooo Ferry tax on canals abolished } 7,000 ,. , Nile ., Red Sea lighthouse dues reduced Jo,ooo Import duty reduced from 8%, being the general tariff of the Turkish Exterior, to 4% on coal1 liquid fuel, charcoal. firewood, timber for building purposes, petroleum; oxen, cows, sheep, and goats, whether alive or cold stored • n8,ooo 419 APPENDIX II Since the Budget was framed, penny postage has been estab lished between Great Britain and Eg}:Et at an estimated loss to the Egyptian Treasury of £E.412oo, The Department of Public Instruction receives a grant of £E.276,3oo in 1906, as against £E.~34,8oo in 1905; of this ln· crease, £E.2o,ooo is borne by the Treasury, the remainder being provided by increased receipts. The Jail estimates have been raised from £E.93,o8o in 1905 to £E.n7,o32 in xgo6; mainly on account of the increased cost of provisions. Railway expendi ture is estimated at £E.x,8o3,o6x in xgo6, as against £E.I,4I6,ooo in 1905. The Sanitary and Judicial Departments also receive increased grants. The Reserve Fund at the commencement of xgo6 stood at .£E.I:!J38I,OOO, The extraordinary expenditure chargeable to the Reserve Fund in xgo6 is as follows :- Balance of expenditure aut!UJrized in I904 and r905 ' and unexpended, Public Works £E.3oo,ooo Railways , 6oo,ooo Port of Alexandria • , soo,ooo Nile-Red Sea Railway , 4oo,ooo Abou-Hamed Kareima Railway , 2oo,ooo Port Sudan " 8o,ooo Other expenditure . , sso,ooo £E.216oo,ooo New expenditure aut!UJrized for r9o6, Public Works:- Remodelling canals and drains in Upper Egypt • £E.sgo,ooo Remodelling canals and '" drains in Lower Egypt " 140,000 Esneh Barrage II 250,000 Nile bridges ., 200,000 Other works , 4101000 £E.I159o,ooo Railways ., 7oo,ooo Port Sudan " :no,ooo ,lE.2,soo,ooo .£E.s,xoo,ooo APPENDIX II 421 In addition to this sum, further expenditure is contemplated in the near future, and is already earmarked against the ·Reserve Fund. The programme of irrigation work in hand will absorb at least two millions, and the extension and reorganization of the State Railway system one and a half millions, over and above the amounts allowed for the coming year. Of the new credits granted from the Reserve Fund, by far the largest item is for irrigation purposes. The Egyptian Railways figure for £E.7oo,ooo and Port Sudan for £E.:no,ooo. The work at the latter place will be pushed forward with all available despatch. During the year the Nile-Red Sea Railway has been completed and opened to traffic in January: the unexpended balance of the credits granted in 1904-5 under this head represents accounts not yet regularized. £E.:t so,ooo has been granted this year out of an estimated total of £E.I,ooo,ooo for the construction of a further barrage on the Nile at Esneh, in Upper Egypt. The work has been entrusted to Messrs. Aird, the experienced builders of the AssoUWl dam. APPENDIX II 421 In addition to this sum, further expenditure is contemplated in the near future, and is already earmarked against the ·Reserve Fund. The programme of irrigation work in hand will absorb at least two millions, and the extension and reorganization of the State Railway system one and a half millions, over and above the amounts allowed for the coming year. Of the new credits granted from the Reserve Fund, by far the largest item is for irrigation purposes. The Egyptian Railways figure for £E.7oo,ooo and Port Sudan for £E.:no,ooo. The work at the latter place will be pushed forward with all available despatch. During the year the Nile-Red Sea Railway has been completed and opened to traffic in January: the unexpended balance of the credits granted in 1904-5 under this head represents accounts not yet regularized. £E.:t so,ooo has been granted this year out of an estimated total of £E.I,ooo,ooo for the construction of a further barrage on the Nile at Esneh, in Upper Egypt. The work has been entrusted to Messrs. Aird, the experienced builders of the AssoUWl dam. INDEX A. triews as to priority to be given to fiscal reform, a33: 134, 135, '43• 144, ssa, ssa, ABBU HILMI (Khedive) auoeeeds to the r6o, 162, t6r, 265. Kbedlviate, 1147; his antecedents, 048: un. BAROIS, M., '40· easiness in Eu!ll aflc accession, his 1149 : BARRAG8 1 gr, ao6; storyofitsrepair, 111-6; •so, 30'L ~ss. :as6, •77· ABU HAIIBDt,.69, 70, 83, ,387, 395• BssAKT, Major, tf(i. AGaHT (and »ntish MmiSter), 3• 44• 49, 54, BrsMAllCK, Prince, au. 112. 151, 16o, •3s, •67· BLUM pASHA, 44, 48, 93t lOS• AI xo8; ·:no1 xu, ns, n6• xt7, xst, 152, 153, 395· 405; the secret or his success, 4116 . J57o 167, 182, 189, 218, 2S4o 261, 2~, 273; hts sympathy with Egyptians, 407. population of, 277 ; 278, •89, •90· a••· 3!10o CusToMs, a6o, 35•• 352, 353; Soudan, 38o, 8 381. cl:;;l:J~ ~! b":i~e PusuQtlll:1 created in Caito, 20 ; ~3 ; date and circumstances of D. its creation-names offirst Cornniissioners, 96; powers of, 97 ; 99, xox, 105 ; position DAIRA ~o~N,. xo2 2 to3, 104, t'20, axs, 282, of, under Convention of March, t88s, 102, 283; Its hqutdauon, 284; o86, 317, 335· 123, 124, 125 ; obstructiveness of, t:a6, 127; DAM£ QUICKLY, lSI. approaching end of, 128; •;>9• 167,, t8o1 DAWKINS, Sir Clinton, 2. 183, 184, •Ss, ox61 219; an tntemauonat Ds: BLIGNIERBs, M., 22, •.3• •os, to6. fifth wheel, ••o; 265, 266, o68, o6o, 279, DBBT1 Egyptian, 8, g6, 97o 1000 I02 0 1031 0841 286, 287, 341, 343• 34So 347o ,34~. 349· I04t to6, I09t 122, 123, 124, 1251 l26, 127, CAPITULATIONS, 152, 241; descnptlOD of, xSo, 184, tSs, 2071 ••s; present situation, 242-6; Lord Lansdowne on, 302; 303, 359o 4 CENSUS of tBg6, statistics of, •77• D~ Cos:TLOGON 1 Colonel, 7'· CHOLBJtA, outbreak of, 40; Koch's bacillus, DELTA Light Railway, construction of, 273; fX.: camps and hospitals visited by passenger and goods traffic, 273o Khedive, 41 ; British officers' conduct DERVISHES1 the, 76, 78, 19· So, as; lSI, '75· during outbreak1 42 ; outbreak of, in •8¢, 178; known later as Ansar, 179; s6o, 1162, 274; recurrence tn 19020 289. a63, 405. CIVIL SERVICE, Egyptian, its numbers and DINDAR, R., 403· salaties, 328; mode of appointment, 329o DoMAINS Loan, 102, 1031 •04• uo, 1391 115, COINAGE, revision of Egyptian, effected in .s., 283, 286, 317, 335• 3451 346. 1886 by Mr. Vincent, 141, 142, DoNGOLA, 68, Bs, no, 127, 1781 '79• oss, CoLVIN, Sir Auclcland.~- succeeds Sir Evelyn 262, o63, •6s, •66, 365, sso, 387, 395· Bating as British ~.;ommissioner of the DRUMMOND WoLFF, Sir Henry, 143, 144; Caisse de !a Dette, and as British Comp· his mission to Cairo, I46; IS~· xs6, ISS. troller-General, a3 ; appointed Financial DUFP'~RIN, Marquess of, 1; tnstructed to Adviser, x883, 38 ; return to India, 48. proceed to Egypt, 111 ; arrives in Cairo, COMMUNAL representatives instituted, 33· 22; problems awaiting, 2:!; submits report, CoMMIIRCK Egyptian, imports and exports 1 26 ; character of proposa s) 27 ; 181 29, 30, of merchandise, 351, 352 ; of specie, 353· 3'• 3•; the Institutions of, 33; ~4, 35· 36, CoMMISSION, Financial, appointed in Loh· 31; leaves Egypt, ~8; 1o, 131; trtbute paid don, 99; reports June o8th1 1884, 99; sub· by, to British offictals tn Egypt, 1~7; '4'• stance of its report, and proposals, 100; 155 ; his strictures 011 the native trtbunals, 204 ; 2-40, 299J 330· C~~~ANIES in Egypt, lists of, 350. DUNLOP, Mr., 307, CoMPTROLLERs, 13, ox; nominated by Ismail Pasha, ••; revival of, •3; 39• 187. CONSUL•GENERAL1 36 E. CoNTROL, International Dual, •o, u, 29) 23, EDUCATIONAL DBPARTMIIII'I'1 want of funds C~~VBNTION 1 Anglo-French, its provisions, prior to 1900, 304; annual provision fo~, to xgoli1 305 j attendance at the several C~::~Ji~sir VIncent, appointed Financial classes l)f scnools, 30~, 3o6 ; amount of Adviser, 339; his Note on the Budget for school fees, 3o6 ; destgnation of schools 1905· 346. subordinate to, ~o6; its policy, 307. Cat or tSSs, t6o; results or t886, t6x; effect GoBLET D'ALVIBLLA, Count, his reference of Pension Code on, 169; Convention to the attitude of the Anglo-Indian to the with Greece, 170; surplus of •887-its natives of India, •77• 84 GoNDOKORO, 57• 358, 361, 396, 4(»• ~:r:~:nt ·~ ;th~ ~x-~~~~e~ ci~!;, GoRDON, General Charles, chosen as Envoy, 185; first remission of taxation, x88g, 187; S9 ; previous career, 6o; instmc~ions gi~en 1881 1891 190; surplus of 1889 and xgoo, to, by Lard Granville-his own Memor 209 ; remarks on the fiscal policy adopted andum of January oond, 1884, 61; his in Egypt, 110; 213, ••4 ; conversion of views on the character of the Soudan in loans, ::us ; remissaon of taxation. :zx6 ; surrection, 62; arrival in Cairo and receipt 217} r.n8; comparative statement ofrevenue of further instructions, 63 ; Khedive's fir and e>:penditure, oxg i the Reserve Fund, mans to, 64 ; apparent discrepancy be ~19; customs and tobacco receipts, !l:~o; tween instructions received in London and suppression of native-grown tobacco, 221 ; in Cairo, 65; explained by Lord Cromer, increase ia. revenue, custom!~. imports 65; summary of substance of his instruc and exports, 268 j COSt Of MiConomies tions, 67: request for five British officers Fund to the Government, o6g ; cost of views on the situation, 68; telegram of Soudan campaign, o8s ; salt reform, 287 ; February 8th from Abu Harned-letter abolition of boat tolls, and other reforms! of February 8th to Agent, 69 ; arrival on g68; octroi finallr abolished, •go : capita February 14th at Berber; 70; on February expenditure on lrrigation1 •9• ; 317 : in 18th at Khartum-measures adopted by crease in net railway receipts, 3r8; Lord him on arrival-as·ks for Zehehr, 7l; 72; Cromer reaffirms h1s fiscal policy, 3"' ; desire to " smash up " the Mahdi-appeals comments thereon, 322 seq.; LOrd Cromer's for assistance to Europe and America, 73; expos/ of the finances from 188• to xgo4, realizes the situation and resolves to re 33 5 seq. ; changes in traduced by the Anglo main in Khartum, 74; character of his French Convention of '904• 345, 346; telegrams to Calre>-mterchange of letters 348, 349; Increase of public companies with the Mahdl, 75; his telegrams of 350; commerce, 351 ; Import of specie, March nth, 77; loss of influence in the 35• ; Soudan Budget, 381; receipts and Soudan- misapprehension of the nature expenditure from t8g8-tgo4, 38•. of the Mahdi's influence-" caught in FINANCIAL ADvlss•, Sir A. Colvin appointed Khartum," 78; his demand for Zebehr to replace the dual control, 38; Mr. Edgar Pasha, 79 j_ stormy Interview with Zebehr Vincent nominated to vacancy, 48; 49; Pasha In ..,;airo, So; unsuitability to post President of Economies Committee, 75; of Envoy, 81; 8g, 264, 346; Gordon 101, 133; onerous position of Mr. Vincent College, 376; h1s dictum as to the Soudan, as, 135; his hoP')fulness, rs8; 161, >6•; 3 raises duty on imported tobacco, 170; GJ!;;, Si~ Eldon, appointed Adviser to the Sir E. Palmer assists conversion of Pr1vi• M.inistry of th~ Interior, ·~4; appointed leged, Daira, and Domains Stocks, 215; Fmanc1al Adviser, 286; retires, 33'.!· retires, •8;>; Sir E. Gorst ap.Pointed, 286 ; GRANVILLE, Lord, •s ; his instructions to retire~~; S1r V. Corbell appointed, 339· Lord Dufferin, 29; 32; directs withdrawal FIRKBT, 262. from the Soudan-his warning to the FISHBRIE\ reform Ia taxation or, 176 ; Egyptian Minister, 49!' so1 56 ; original instructions to Genera Gordon, 57 ; his r~~:~~~;n~r~n "Q~~~id~f, A.~~~untant- despatch of March 28th, 1884 64; his in Generat, olrers, with others, reduction ori structions to Sir Evelyn Barmg,1 65; his his salary, 48 ; 95, t361 137; character of, circular of April xgth, 1884, to the Powers, and Tal'}• of his work m Effypt, 138. 98; zoo, 105, to6. FI INTBRNATIOKALConventlon of March, x885, L. embodied in Khedivial decree of July 27th of that year, xoo; its pro-risions--its LAND Commission in tbe Soudan, 370. arrangement for division of surplus be· LAND Revenue Commission, 233 1 •34- tween the State and the Caisse de Ia LAWRSNCB, Lord, ~10. Dette, 121-4 j comments on the arrange. LEGISLATIVE Council instituted, 331 34· mentsenacte ]. MACHELL, Mr., 237· JAIL Department (also Prisons), progress of "MAHDIISM AND THB EGYPTIAN SOUDAN," and detail of institutions and Budget uS, 366. gr:mts, 309 ; in the Soudan, 371. MAMELUKB1 4 1 n. MAHMUD S.AMr, n; a Circassian, xs. Jaahn, 711 osS, 362. MALBT, Sir Edward 36; reports on Sepo tember loth, 188], the arrival in Cairo or Sir Evelyn Baring, 4•; his popularity, 43; K. leaves Egypt, 43; •99· MANSOURAH, 273. KAsR BL AtNV Hospital, Dr. Sandwith's MAssowAH, occupied by Italy, ug; description of, in x884, 313. MclLWRAITH, Mr. (Sir Malcolm), succeeds KAssALA, 67, 84, Bs; siege of, by Dervishes, Mr. Scott, 286; 292; introduces Markaz o6r ; 365, 385. (~istrict) Tribunals, 295; also Circuit As· KKNI!ll, 4•· 345. 396· saze Courts •95; 298. KHALIFA ABDULLAN, 1311 132 j designs On MI s78, o86, •88, 291, 311, 3'4• 327, 330, 334• s. 346, 348, 355, 359• 362, 363, 364t 365, 368, 379o 383, 385, 388,, 390• 394o 39St 396, 397t SAID PASHA, 7o oo8. 398t 401t 40'1, 403, SALISBURY, Lord, his instructions to Si.r NoRTHBROoK, Earl of, deputed to Egypt Henry Drummond Wolff, 145-9; rs6, '57· in September, r884, toB; advises the SALT, lll&de over to a company, 287; nature Egypuau Government to suspend the of arrangements effected, o88; 6el also Sinking Fund, roB; undertakes to hasten Note, p. 288 : ••9· payment of the indemnities, 109; records SAI STEWART, Lieut.•Col., mission in x882 to u. Kha.rtum, 57; accompanies General Gor• don to the Soudan, 62; views as to General UtfWJ!SD Loan, roo, 1031 rag, 1231 117; WD• Gordon's policy, 7o; hesitation as to des• version of, ••s; 343• 345• patch of Zebehr Pasha to Soudan, 71; his suitability for the post of envoy, 81; 88, 264. v. SuAKIN, '45. 84, Bs, 178, •79• ~ss, ~63 1 366, VtlfCRNT, Sir Edgar1 appointed Financial 379, 38o, 381, 387, 394• Adviser-offers, wnh others, reduction SULTAN of Turkey, 41 So 6; deposition of of his salary, 48; 94, 1271 134; his dilli· Ismail Pasha by, 9; attitude of, on culties while Financial Adviser greater accession of Tewfik Pasha, 10; t21 13; than those of his successors, 135; "6; relations of, as Suzerain, to Khedive, 15; reforms Egyptian coinage 141; 162, i66, X7; successive Khedives' relations with, t70, x8z, 184, r8s; leaves Egypt, a88; hi• t8; zo, 145, 146, 147, 148 i declines to final forecast, r881 •Bg. xatify the Drummond Wolft' Convention, 155; I57o 171, 238, 244, 354· Suuu, ns ; description of, 3971 398. w. SuRvav, 231 132 310, 311. 1 1 WAD BAGHD. PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRBNDON AND SON, LTD•t PIUI'CTBRS INDEX STEWART, Lieut.•Col., mission in x882 to u. Kha.rtum, 57; accompanies General Gor• don to the Soudan, 62; views as to General UtfWJ!SD Loan, roo, 1031 rag, 1231 117; WD• Gordon's policy, 7o; hesitation as to des• version of, ••s; 343• 345• patch of Zebehr Pasha to Soudan, 71; his suitability for the post of envoy, 81; 88, 264. v. SuAKIN, '45. 84, Bs, 178, •79• ~ss, ~63 1 366, VtlfCRNT, Sir Edgar1 appointed Financial 379, 38o, 381, 387, 394• Adviser-offers, wnh others, reduction SULTAN of Turkey, 41 So 6; deposition of of his salary, 48; 94, 1271 134; his dilli· Ismail Pasha by, 9; attitude of, on culties while Financial Adviser greater accession of Tewfik Pasha, 10; t21 13; than those of his successors, 135; "6; relations of, as Suzerain, to Khedive, 15; reforms Egyptian coinage 141; 162, i66, X7; successive Khedives' relations with, t70, x8z, 184, r8s; leaves Egypt, a88; hi• t8; zo, 145, 146, 147, 148 i declines to final forecast, r881 •Bg. xatify the Drummond Wolft' Convention, 155; I57o 171, 238, 244, 354· Suuu, ns ; description of, 3971 398. w. SuRvav, 231 132 310, 311. 1 1 WAD BAGHD. PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRBNDON AND SON, LTD•t PIUI'CTBRS INDEX STEWART, Lieut.•Col., mission in x882 to u. Kha.rtum, 57; accompanies General Gor• don to the Soudan, 62; views as to General UtfWJ!SD Loan, roo, 1031 rag, 1231 117; WD• Gordon's policy, 7o; hesitation as to des• version of, ••s; 343• 345• patch of Zebehr Pasha to Soudan, 71; his suitability for the post of envoy, 81; 88, 264. v. SuAKIN, '45. 84, Bs, 178, •79• ~ss, ~63 1 366, VtlfCRNT, Sir Edgar1 appointed Financial 379, 38o, 381, 387, 394• Adviser-offers, wnh others, reduction SULTAN of Turkey, 41 So 6; deposition of of his salary, 48; 94, 1271 134; his dilli· Ismail Pasha by, 9; attitude of, on culties while Financial Adviser greater accession of Tewfik Pasha, 10; t21 13; than those of his successors, 135; "6; relations of, as Suzerain, to Khedive, 15; reforms Egyptian coinage 141; 162, i66, X7; successive Khedives' relations with, t70, x8z, 184, r8s; leaves Egypt, a88; hi• t8; zo, 145, 146, 147, 148 i declines to final forecast, r881 •Bg. xatify the Drummond Wolft' Convention, 155; I57o 171, 238, 244, 354· Suuu, ns ; description of, 3971 398. w. SuRvav, 231 132 310, 311. 1 1 WAD BAGHD. PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRBNDON AND SON, LTD•t PIUI'CTBRS JUST PUBLISHED lflitlz Fifiy-fou1' Illustrations and a Map Demy Svo. 16s. nett TWO YEARS AMONG NEW GUINEA CANNIBALS A Naturalist's Sojourn among the Aborigines of Unexplored New Guinea By A. E. PRATT Gill Munorialist, Royal Gtograpltical Sofitty, r8gt Author if" lfrJ tltt Snows if lfibtl through China," tfc. With Notes and Observations by his Son HENRY PRATT And Appendices on the Scientific Results of the Expedition ., A book of vivid interest from beginning to end."-Outlool. "Many excellent illustrations give additional value to a travel record which in its lucid description of new scenes, strange people, an4 rich naturalist rewards is attractive throughout."-Manchtsttr Couritr. "Vivid pages ••• Mr. Pratt has many strange stories to tell." Dtmdee Adt~trtiur. SEELEY & CO., LTD., 88 GRE.tT RussELL STREET JUST PUBLISHED With 33 Illustrations. 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