Niger Food Security Update: October 25, 2000
Summary Rainfall during the second and third dekad of September was light to moderate in the major agricultural parts of the southern belt of the country. The return of rain during the second dekad helped some crops but for others it was too late. Cumulative rainfall as of the end of September was lower than cumulative rainfall at the same dekad in 1999 in nearly all rainfall stations and lower than the long-term average (1961-1990) in about two-thirds of the stations. The annual FAO/CILSS mission to evaluate the 2000 agricultural season and estimate cereal production in Niger was conducted October 16-20 in conjunction with the inter-ministerial multidisciplinary working group (GTP) members and the agricultural statistics service of the Ministry of Rural Development. The FAO/CILSS team and GTP members jointly estimated gross millet and sorghum production at 2,237,927 MT, 19% less than production in 1999 and 3% below the five-year average (1995-1999). According to the GTP, harvest prospects are very poor in Agadez and Diffa Departments (which normally contribute 2% of the total production of the country), poor in the Dosso, Tillabéry and Niamey Departments (which normally contribute 33%) and average in Maradi, Zinder and Tahoua Departments (65% of total production). Overall biomass production is expected to be below average in most locations but very poor to nil in the pastoral zones of the Agadez and Diffa Departments. By the end of September, the first harvest of millet – the staple food in Niger – had begun in some parts of Tillabéry, Maradi, Dosso and Zinder Departments, though in most areas the grain was still maturing. As of October 20, Niger’s National Security Stock (SNS) still held approximately 11,730 MT of millet of its target level of 40,000 MT. The rice parastatal, Riz du Niger (RINI), held 715 MT of rice. The World Food Program held 6,762 MT of cereals, plus other foods. The National Food Products Office (OPVN) is in the process of selling 8,000 MT of rice donated by Japan. Niger experienced an infestation of grasshoppers, stem borers, flower insects, and grain eating birds by the end of September. As of the second dekad of October, the Plant Protection Directorate (DPV) reported that different pests infested a total of 785,364 hectares, compromising production in most parts of the country. The DPV treated 318,872 hectares, about 41%, through a combination of aerial and ground treatment. Fortunately, most of the pest infestations occurred in fallow lands, rather than millet, groundnut and cowpea fields. Millet prices continued their seasonally normal downward slide during September as the harvest approaches (October data are not available). Since the end of August, prices in major markets dropped, ranging from 2 percent in Diffa to 32 percent in Yedda (Dosso Department). Cowpea (niébé) prices declined as well in nearly all markets. Compared to prices in September 1999; millet prices in September 2000 are much higher in most monitored markets, though there is no apparent geographic trend related to production area and though prices are still less than average prices (1995-98). After years of decline, the tourist industry in Niger is reviving, thanks to a peace accord between the Tuaregs and government in 1996 and, more recently, concerted efforts to promote and develop the tourist sector. Niger expects 150,000 tourists during 2000/01, compared with
100,000 last year and less than 10,000 only three years ago. The revival of the tourist industry will help to alleviate poverty and food insecurity, particularly in Agadez Department, the major tourist destination, due to its multiplier effect on the economy and job creation. Last year, Niger earned about CFAF 11 billion (about $15.7 million) from tourism.
1. Food Availability
1.1. Public Sector Cereal Stocks As of October 31, Niger’s National Security Stock (SNS), held approximately 11,730 MT of millet of its target level of 40,000 MT. The rice parastatal, Riz du Niger (RINI), held 715 MT of various types of rice. The World Food Program held 6,762 MT of cereals, plus other foods for school canteens, mother and child feeding centers and food for work projects. The National Food Products Office (OPVN) is in the process of selling 8,000 MT of rice provided by the government of Japan. Two-thirds of the revenue from this sale will be used for the Japanese/GON counter part fund and one-third for repaying OPVN for its handling charges.
1.2. The 2000/2001 Agricultural Season 1.2.1. Rainfall Rainfall during the second and third dekad of September was light to moderate in the major agricultural parts of the southern belt of the country. However, several localities in Tillabéry, Maradi, Zinder and Diffa Departments received above-normal rainfall. Cumulative rainfall as of the end of September was lower than cumulative rainfall at the same dekad in 1999 in nearly all rainfall stations and lower than the long-term average (1961-1990) in about two-thirds of the stations. Figure 1 shows that cumulative rainfall for five major cities and towns in Niger follows a similar same pattern — rainfall about 25-50% below last year’s exceptional levels but only about 8-18% off from average levels.
Figure 1. Cumulative Seasonal Rainfall in Niger through September 30: Comparison of Average (1961-90), 1999 and 2000
700 Average 1961-90 1999 600 2000
500
400
300 Millimeters
200
100
0 Niamey Dosso Maradi Agadez Diffa
FEWS NET/Niger Source: National Meteorological Service
Meteosat satellite imagery for the first dekad of October shows that parts of southwestern Niger (Say, Kollo, and Dosso arrondissements), central Niger (Maradi arrondissement) and eastern Niger (Maine Soroa arrondissement) received light to moderate rains (6 mm to 30 mm). Cumulative rainfall through the first dekad of October is above average for those arrondissements that received rain but average for other areas. 1.2.2. Agricultural Conditions and Prospects The annual FAO/CILSS mission to evaluate the 2000 agricultural season and estimate cereal production in Niger was conducted October 16-20 in conjunction with the inter-ministerial multidisciplinary working group (GTP) members and the agricultural statistics service of the Ministry of Rural Development. FEWS/NET participated in the field verification mission with the FAO/CILSS team. The inter-ministerial multi disciplinary working group (Groupe de travail pluri-disciplinaire, GTP) briefed the FAO/CILSS mission on the agricultural season. According to the GTP, harvest prospects are very poor in Agadez and Diffa Departments (which normally contribute 2% of the total production of the country), poor in the Dosso, Tillabéry and Niamey Departments (which normally contribute 33%) and average in Maradi, Zinder and Tahoua Departments (65% of total production). The FAO/CILSS team and GTP members jointly estimated gross millet and sorghum production in 2000 at 2,237,927 MT, 19% less than production in 1999 and 3% below the five-year average (1995-1999). Figure 2 compares millet and sorghum production in recent years with total consumption requirements, based on 200 kg per capita per year for urban and non-farming households and 250 kg for farming households. (Note that the drop in aggregate consumption requirements in 1996 was due to a downward adjustment of the resident population by some 400,000 persons.) While Niger’s estimated gross production will not cover domestic demand in 2000/01, Niger is expected to import millet and sorghum from Nigeria as usual. Total estimated rainfed and dry season estimated rice production for 2000/01 is 53,510 MT, compared to 51,597 MT in 1999, a 3.7% increase.
Figure 2. Gross Millet and Sorghum Production Compared to Consumption Requirements in Niger: 1995 - 2000 4,000
3,500 Gross Production Consumption Requirements
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
Thousands of Metric Tons Metric of Thousands 1,000
500
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
FEWS NET/Niger Source: Minstry of Rural Development
The FAO/CILSS Mission: Observations and Impressions from Kollo Arrondissement FEWS/NET joined the FAO/CILSS team in the field verification mission, along with representatives from AGRHYMET, the Ministry of Rural Development. This team visited the cantons of Hamdallaye, Dantiandiou and the Chef-lieu of Kollo arrondissement, Tillabéry Department. Kollo arrondissement is located in eastern-central Tillabéry Department, covering an area of 8,929 km². The arrondissement receives annual rainfall between 500 and 700 mm. Economic activities center on agriculture, livestock and fishing. About 93% of the households are agro-pastoralists. Millet is the primary crop grown, followed by sorghum, and rice cultivated along the Niger River and in lowland basins. Households cultivate other crops largely for home consumption, such as sesame, bambara nuts and sorrel. Other major sources of income include fishing, off-season gardening, sales of wood, small trade and remittances from migrant household members. Wood groves in the area are significant and serve to supply Niamey and the surrounding communities with fuelwood. The mission conducted a group interview with male heads of households and received briefings by Chief of the Arrondissement Agriculture Service (SAA) and the director of the National Irrigated Zone in Kollo. Farmers and administrative and technical staff provided anecdotal and quantitative information about rainfall, planting dates, dates of planting, periods of drought, pest attacks, pasture conditions and household coping strategies. According to the group interview, the 2000/01 rainfed crop production will be average to poor overall. Farmers had to replant several times due to inadequate rainfall. After the first planting, a dry spell of 30-40 days set in, depending on the area, which greatly affected crops at the flowering stage and to lesser degree crops at the grain-filling stage. Grasshoppers, stem borers and caterpillars have also damaged crops. In Hamdallaye and Dantiandou, there is no irrigated or flood recession rice production to compensate for the expected rainfed millet and sorghum production shortfall. Pasture is very poor and in some areas nil and water points did not fill up to their capacity. Households have limited strategies for coping with periodic poor food availability and access. The most important strategy that contributes significantly to food security is seasonal migration to neighboring countries that generates remittance income. This migration is very considerable. Migration to Ivory Coast from Hamdallaye and Dantiandiou, for example, is estimated at 35% and 40%, respectively, of the local population, or almost one per household. Due to political turmoil in Ivory Coast this year, Nigerien migrants who presently are home during the rainy season to work in the fields might not be able to go back soon and remittance income will be reduced accordingly. Animal keeping also serves as a coping strategy but poor pasture will force households to sell an unusually large portion of their goats and sheep this season to buy cereals, depleting their livestock assets. Off-season gardening, which helps to offset the anticipated production shortfall, is limited to households around the Niger River. Findings from the briefings are that of 326 villages in Kollo arrondissement, 181 are expected to harvest below-average levels of millet and sorghum. A flood, an extended dry spell, pest attacks and inadequate rainfall have compromised the 2000 growing season. As for irrigated rice, transplanting of rice seedlings was late in several sites due to the late start of the rainy season. Farmers usually sow millet and sorghum before transplanting rice. However, the development of the crop is good due to the reduction of fertilizer prices by the government, helping to increase fertilizer use.
1.3. Pasture Conditions According the Ministry of Livestock Resources (MRA), conditions are highly variable in the pastoral zone of Niger. A late start to the season and inadequate rain have contributed to generally poor rangeland. Certain departments like Zinder, Maradi, and parts of Tahoua have average pastures while Diffa, Tillabéry, Agadez and some parts of Tahoua will have poor pastures and biomass production. Pasture conditions are critical in all the zones of Agadez Department, even in the regions of Tchintaborak and the Tadress whose pastures were considered good as recently as the end of August. The regions of In Gall, Tchirozerine and Amataltalen remain bare of vegetation due to lack of rain. In Diffa Department pasture is confined in the extreme west of the region. Overall biomass production is expected to be below average in most locations but very poor to nil in the pastoral zones of the Agadez and Diffa Departments.
1.4. Pests and Plant Protection Niger experienced an infestation of grasshoppers, stem borers, flower insects, and grain eating birds by the end of September. These pests threatened millet, groundnuts and cowpeas. As of the second dekad of October, the Plant Protection Directorate (DPV) reported that different pests infested a total of 785,364 hectares, compromising production in most parts of the country. Dominant pests were grasshoppers invading 651,548 hectares, flower-eating insect in 111,232 hectares, plant lice and stem borers in 6,967 hectares and other insect in 15,617 hectares. The DPV treated 318,872 hectares, about 41%, through a combination of aerial and ground treatment. Fortunately, most of the pest infestations (about 60%) occurred in fallow lands, rather than millet, groundnut and cowpea fields.
Figure 3. Millet Retail Price Trends during the Pre-Harvest Period in Niger: June - September 2000
200 Jun 2000 Jul 2000 Aug 2000 160 Sep 2000
120
80 CFA Francs per Kilogram per CFA Francs
40
0 Tillabery Dosso Tahoua Agadez Maradi Zinder Diffa
FEWS NET/Niger Source: SIM
2. Food Accessibility
2.1. Markets and Prices Millet prices continued their seasonally normal downward slide during September as the harvest approaches (October data are not available). Since the end of August, prices in major markets dropped, ranging from 2 percent in Diffa to 32 percent in Yedda (Dosso Department). As seen in Figure 3, most September prices in departmental capitals decreased from August levels or remained stable. Cowpea (niébé) prices declined as well in nearly all markets. Compared to prices in September 1999; millet prices in September 2000 are much higher in most monitored markets, though there is no apparent geographic trend related to production area and though prices are still less than four-year average prices (1995-98). Figure 4 compares September prices in 2000 with prices last year and the four-year average.
Figure 4. Monthly Retail Millet Prices in September Niger: Comparison of Average (1995-98), 1999 and 2000
200
Average Sep 1999 Sep 2000 160
ogram 120 Kil rancs per per rancs
F 80
CFA
40
0 Tillabery Dosso Tahoua Agadez Maradi Zinder Diffa
FEWS NET/Niger Source: SIM
2.2. Renewed Contribution of Tourism to Food Security After years of decline due to civil insecurity in the northern part of the country, the tourist industry in Niger is reviving, thanks to a peace accord between the Tuaregs and government in 1996 From 1990 to 1995 the northern region, particularly Agadez Department, the major tourist destination, was inaccessible due to civil insecurity. Since 1990, there has been a sharp economic decline in Agadez due to a large reduction in trade with Algeria; the devastation of the tourist industry and the reduction in force of mine workers in Arlit. In addition, salt and soda production decreased as traders and mineral companies lost interest due to rising costs of transport and insecurity. Most development projects in the north closed due to their inability to guarantee the safety of their staff and operate under prevailing insecurity. Since 1997, the year after the peace accord, some development projects have resumed their activities.
Now that peace and security conditions are favorable, Niger is making a concerted effort to promote and develop the tourist sector. Niger expects 150,000 tourists during 2000/01, compared with 100,000 last year and less than 10,000 only three years ago. The revival of the tourist industry will help to alleviate poverty and food insecurity, particularly in Agadez Department, due to its multiplier effect on the economy and job creation — from airline companies to camel ride operators. Last year, Niger earned about 11 billion CFA francs (about $15.7 million) from tourism.
3. Contingency and Response Planning As a result of two consecutive years of good production, there is little contingency or response planning underway in Niger. The subsidized sales of 8,000 MT of OPVN grain have been completed. Donors continue their regular development programs, including food security.