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Stockholm, Rio, Johannesburg Stockholm, Rio, Johannesburg Brazil and the Three United Nations Conferences on the Environment MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS Foreign Minister Ambassador Celso Amorim Secretary General Ambassador Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Jeronimo Moscardo Instituto Rio Branco (IRBr) Director Ambassador Fernando Guimarães Reis The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of External Relations whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. Ministry of External Relations Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 190 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telephones: (61) 3411-6033/6034/6847 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 André Aranha Corrêa do Lago Stockholm, Rio, Johannesburg Brazil and the Three United Nations Conferences on the Environment Brasília, 2009 All rights reserved. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70.170-900 Brasília – DF Telefones: (61) 3411 6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411 9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br Book cover: Dora Parentes Abstrato III - medidas: 110 x 100 - A.S.T Technical Advisors: Cintia Rejane Rejane Souza Araújo Gonçalves Eliane Miranda Paiva Maria Marta Cezar Lopes Graphic Project and diagram: Juliana Orem e Maria Loureiro Translator: Melissa de Mello e Souza Reviser: Claudia Vargas Printed in Brazil 2009 Lago, André Aranha Corrêa do. Stockholm, Rio, Johannesburg : Brazil and the Three United Nations Conferences on the Environment / André Aranha Corrêa do Lago. Brasília : Instituto Rio Branco; Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2009. 244p. Original title in Portuguese: Estocolmo, Rio, Joanesburgo: O Brasil e as Três Conferências Ambientais das Nações Unidas ISBN 978-85-7631-146-1 Tese apresentada no 46° CAE – Instituto Rio Branco, Brasília, 2004 1. Meio ambiente - Congressos e conferências. I. Instituto Rio Branco. II. Título. III. Título: O Brasil e as três Conferências das Nações Unidas. CDU 504 Legal Deposit at the National Library Foundation According to Law 10.994, 14/12/2004 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS Adnan Amin, Enrique Iglesias, Fabio Feldmann, Henrique Brandão Cavalcanti, José Domingos Miguez, JoAnn Disano, Lucas Assunção, Luiz Filipe de Macedo Soares, Paulo Tarso Flecha de Lima, Pedro Malan, Pedro Moreira Salles, Ronaldo Sardenberg and Washington Luiz Pereira de Souza, for granting me their time for interviews that significantly enriched this work. Cláudio Garon, Everton Vargas, Helio Vitor Ramos Filho, Luiz Figueiredo Machado, Marcos Galvão, Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, Pedro Borio, Raphael Azeredo, Ricardo Neiva Tavares and Sergio Danese, friends without whom I could not have developed this project, and to whom I owe the best in this work. Béatrice, for her love, encouragement and patience. T ABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD BY MARINA SILVA .................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1: FROM STOCKHOLM TO JOHANNESBURG: THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA ............................................... 23 A) THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE .................................................... 25 - MAIN THEMES OF THE CONFERENCE AND ITS PREPARATORY MEETINGS ........................................................................... 32 - MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS AND CRITICISMS OF THE CONFERENCE ............ 44 B) THE RIO CONFERENCE ............................................................... 48 - MAIN THEMES OF THE CONFERENCE AND ITS PREPARATORY MEETINGS ... 60 - MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS AND CRITICISMS OF THE CONFERENCE ............ 77 C) THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT ....................................................... 78 - MAIN THEMES OF THE SUMMIT AND ITS PREPARATORY MEETINGS ..... 93 - MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS AND CRITICISMS OF THE SUMMIT .................. 99 CHAPTER 2: BRAZIL’S ROLE IN THE THREE CONFERENCES ......................... 103 A) BRAZIL AT THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE .................................... 105 B) BRAZIL AT THE RIO CONFERENCE ............................................... 131 C) BRAZIL AT THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT ....................................... 153 CHAPTER 3: THE BRAZILIAN DISCOURSE AT THE THREE CONFERENCES: THE EVOLUTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF NATIONAL PRIORITIES ............................. 167 A) TREATMENT OF THE ORIGINAL THEMES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA IN THE THREE CONFERENCES ...................................... 170 B) TREATMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDA ISSUES DERIVED FROM THE ORIGINAL THEMES ........................................................... 188 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 213 APPENDICES ....................................................................................... 225 I - DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS .................................... 227 II- THE RIO DECLARATION ......................................................... 237 FOREWORD FOREWORD Since the conflicts of the extractivist movement in the state of Acre, in the eighties, to the Ministry of the Environment, in the current administration, I have taken in the experiences of many people and institutions. These helped shape the ideas, principles and objectives that guide me today and give meaning to my actions in the public sphere. In the beginning, environmentalism did not exist for us, in Acre; it was a struggle for a way of living and producing that had the forest at its center, the provider, a presence we could not do without for reasons ranging from the cultural-emotional to the economic. Only later did the awareness of being part of something much larger arrive. Larger than our “colocações” (area assigned to rubber tappers in the forest for living and producing); larger than Acre, than the Amazon; larger than Brazil. It was the size of the world. In this period, of about 25 years, it was as if our little canoe—coming from a river of predictable waters, with its known margins and meanders—had suddenly been thrust into the sea. A place where one is frailer, where one is almost nothing in the face of unknown risks and where the eye can only see vastness, not the limits. A place where one needs navigation instruments far more than in the river. It is interesting that today, having covered so much sea, I see that my navigation instruments are basically those given to me by Acre and the forest; that is, the understanding that there is no such thing as separate social and environmental struggles. What exists is a conception of the 11 ANDRÉ ARANHA CORRÊA DO LAGO world in which production, the quality of people’s lives and the natural environment must be inseparable, generating a new vision of public ethics. In this sense, I find myself—and my challenges – in Andre’s thesis (now book). This is the direction to which we must row: that of describing, analyzing and unveiling complex processes involving the environmental issue without losing the wealth of the interactions and various meanings of this complexity, and thus consistently informing public action, be it of the individual, communities, or nations. It is a thesis in which knowledge builds an immediate bridge to reality and is concerned with answers. I would even say—looking back at an old motto in a new light— that this is a committed work, not from the point of view of demarcating an ideology, but from a perspective that we could call active intellectual citizenship. The author is present in his analyses; without losing academic rigor, he makes his ethics and his choices clear. He concerns himself with his own time and includes himself as an agent. Besides its obvious contribution to the knowledge of fundamental processes for the future of our country and the world, the work has important characteristics: it is direct and does not yield to the temptation of being exclusive and elitist through words, expanding access to the reading and understanding of complex themes. This is no small feat, for many times extraordinary works are lacking in a minimal effort to communicate, which is a good indication of a democratic spirit. André makes a great academic and political contribution by covering the period of the most significant milestones in the world’s multilateral approach to the environmental issue—particularly the Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg Conferences. He uncovers the themes, concepts, scenarios, negotiations, power games and trends that make up this issue in a global setting with strong repercussions for Brazil, the country most identified with the Environment in the world. 12 FOREWORD Brazil’s role – its decisive action and leadership to ensure that the treatment of the environment is associated to the issue of development, is addressed in a competent and critical manner; as is the role of the Ministry of External Relations in the formulation and expression of Brazilian positions and its progressive interaction with other sectors of the government and civil society, especially after the Rio Conference and the creation of the Ministry of the Environment. André also takes note of and analyzes the application of
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