Chapter 5 Project Description

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) October 2019 Proposed Development of Sustainable Scheduled Waste Treatment Center (SSWTC) at PT1682 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill, Mukim Sungai Tinggi, Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan for Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn. Bhd.

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

5.0 Introduction This chapter presents the project description of the Development of Sustainable Scheduled Waste Treatment Center (SSWTC) at PT1682 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill, Mukim Sungai Tinggi, District of Hulu Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan proposed by Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn. Bhd. (BAM), as the Project Proponent. BAM is proposing to build an integrated scheduled waste treatment and disposal facility to be located within Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill (BTSL). BTSL is developed by KUB-Berjaya Enviro Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary of Berjaya Corporation Berhad, a conglomerate listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. BTSL is premised on a long-term concession from the Government of Malaysia.

The proposed site is located within BTSL which is strategically located in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia and easily accessible with good road network. The treatment center will consist of WTE thermal treatment plant and secure landfill as well as other support facilities (i.e. storage facility, solidification facility, oil recovery facility, leachate treatment plant, surface water treatment plant etc.) and associated amenities with the Proposed Project implementation. The technical information presented in this chapter are provided by the Project Proponent and the potential technology provider involved in the project.

5.1 Project Location The proposed SSWTC site will be built in the West of Peninsular Malaysia (i.e. State of Selangor), in the Hulu Selangor district. The project will be developed within the existing BTSL boundary. The site of the planned facility is located at PTD1682, Jalan Bukit Tagar, 45500 Bukit Tagar, Selangor with GPS coordinates of latitude of 3°29'54.87"N and longitude of 101°28'41.01"E and easily accessible through the North-South Expressway’s Bukit Tagar interchange. The location of the proposed SSWTC project is shown in Figure 5.1 with the following address:

Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn. Bhd. (BAM) PTD1682, Jalan Bukit Tagar, Daerah Hulu Selangor, 45500 Bukit Tagar, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-1

Sabak Bernam Hulu Selangor

Proposed Kuala SSWTC Selangor Site

Gombak 3°29'54.87"N 101°28'41.01"E Petaling Klang Hulu Langat

Kuala Langat Sepang

Selangor Map

Figure 5.1: Location of the Proposed SSWTC Site

The Proposed SSWTC will occupy 40 acres land within BTSL which occupies a landfill footprint of 700 acres with another 1,000 acres of buffer zone surrounding it. This means that the existing BTSL is adequately surrounded with 500 m distance of buffer zone along its boundary. The buffer zone has long been preserved ever since BTSL was established and currently it is forested and cultivated with palm oil plantation. There are several facilities currently in operation within the BTSL premise such as Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) for Sanitary Landfill, AMITA Kub-Berjaya Kitar (AKBK) and Renewable Energy Centre.

Figure 5.2 showed the location of the proposed SSWTC and the existing facilities available within the BTSL boundary. The state-of-the art sanitary landfill Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) and a 10 MW Landfill Gas to Energy (LFGtE) plant are located to the west of the SSWTC project site. The LTP is equipped with advanced Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System for continuous 24 hours active monitoring of the facility. Similarly, sustainable resource center of scheduled waste recycling facility, Amita KUB-Berjaya Kitar (AKBK) is located to the southwest side of the project site. AKBK recycled a total of fifteen (15) codes of scheduled wastes under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-2

From Bukit SSWTC Site From Jalan 2 Tagar Toll Exit Bukit Tagar Advance Cell

2 5 for Advance Cell Solar Sanitary LFGtE Buffer Landfill 1 40 acres Zone

3 AKBK

4 4

Phase 3

5 LTP for Legend: Sanitary LTP – Leachate Treatment Plant Landfill SSWTC – Sustainable Scheduled Waste Treatment Center AKBK – AMITA Kub-Berjaya Kitar (LFGtE) – Landfill Gas to Energy Figure 5.2: Location of SSWTC Site and the Existing Facilities/Services Within BTSL Boundary

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-3

5.2 SSWTC Main Treatment and Disposal Facilities SSWTC is propose to manages an integrated scheduled waste facility catering waste generated from all over the country particularly focusing in the central, northern and eastern region. The development of SSWTC is proposed by BAM in response to the shortage of scheduled waste treatment and disposal facilities in Peninsular Malaysia. The main intention of BAM is to construct and operate the proposed SSWTC which consist of the following main facilities that fall under the prescribed activity listed in the Environmental Quality (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Prescribed Activities) Order 2015:

WTE THERMAL TREATMENT PLANT (Capacity: 20,000 tons/year or 70 MT/day)

SECURE LANDFILL (Capacity: 350,000 m3 of airspace)

5.2.1 Associated Facilities In addition to the main thermal treatment and secure landfill, other five (5) associated scheduled waste management facilities will be considered in the SSWTC. These include: -

Storage Facility (Capacity: 10,000 tons)

Solidification Facility (Capacity: 8,000 tons/year)

Oil Recovery Facility (Capacity: 4,000 tons/year)

Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) (Capacity: 150 m3/day)

Surface Water Treatment Plant (SWTP) (Capacity: 250 m3/day)

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-4

5.2.2 Other Supporting Infrastructures Other supporting infrastructures will be built at SSWTC site in order to support the main operation are as follow;

1. Site preparation and earth works; 2. Gate and guard house at the main entrance to the property; 3. Logistic and security office, security fencing around the whole of the property and additional security fencing around areas/facilities with restricted access; 4. Internal access roads, including traffic routing and control facilities as well as visitor parking, fleet parking, landing area; 5. Weighbridge for incoming and outgoing trucks; 6. Administration building; 7. Service building: • Changing room and restroom; • Canteen; and • Truck or vehicle washing and sampling. 8. Laboratory for waste analysis and characterization, environmental monitoring; 9. Engineering workshop and spare part storage; 10. Waste receiving area and storage facility including cold room for clinical waste storage; 11. Centralized control room; 12. Tank farm and pre-treatment area; 13. Leachate pond, treated water tank and surface water tank; 14. Fire water tank, fire control and fire-fighting system and pump house; 15. Dryer building; 16. Utilities; • Re-fueling station; • TNB sub-station; • Water supply and storage; • Surface water and drainage system; and • Telecommunication facilities.

Figure 5.3 shows the overall layout of SSWTC facility which covers the area of 40 acres within the BTSL site boundary.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-5

WTE Thermal Treatment Plant Oil Recovery Facility

Surface Water Treatment Plant

Secure Landfill

Storage Facility

Solidification Facility

Leachate Treatment Plant

Figure 5.3: Overall Layout of SSWTC Facility within the Area of 40 acres

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-6

The SSWTC components showing its respective area size is shown in Table 5.1 which includes the main treatment and disposal facilities, the associated facilities as well as other supporting infrastructures.

Table 5.1: SSWTC Components with its Area Size No. Building or Facilities Dimension Area Size (m2) Main Treatment and Disposal Facilities 1. WTE Thermal Treatment (80m x 70m) 5,600 Plant 2. Secure Landfill (100m x 100m) (Cell 1) 10,000 Overall: ≈ 20 acres ≈ 40,000 Associated Facilities 3. Storage Facility (55m [L] x 110m [W]) 6,050 4. Solidification Facility (30m [L] x 70m [W]) 2,100 5. Oil Recovery Facility (15m [L] x 10m [W] + 5m [W]) 225 6. 7. Leachate Treatment Plant (20m [L] x 60m [W]) 1,200 (LTP) 8. Surface Water Treatment (6m [L] x 12m [W]) 75 Plant (SWTP) Other Supporting Infrastructures 9. Logistic and Security Office (4.5m [L] x 10.5m [W]) 47.25 10. Administration and (13.37m [L] x 28.78m [W]) 348.72 Laboratory 11. Changing Room and Canteen (12m [L] x 24m [W]) 288 12. Engineering Workshop (15m [L] x 30m [W]) 450 13. TNB Sub-station (5.7m [L] x 7.62m [W]) 43.43 14. Fire Water Tank (4.8m [L] x 14.4m [W]) 69.12 15. Pump House (4m [L] x 6.1m [W]) 24.4 16. Centralised Control Room (16m [L] x 28m [W] 448 17. Re -Fueling Station (8m [L] x 10m [W]) 80 18. Treated Water Tank (18m [L] x 58m (W) + 6m [L] x 50m [W]) 1,344 19. Surface Water Tank (50m [L] x 14m [W]) 700 20. Truck Sampling Area (12m [L] x 4.5m [W]) 54 21. Tank Farm (25m [L] x 25m [W]) 625 22. Dryer Building (30m [L] x 70m [W]) 2,100 23. Visitor Parking (30m x 30m) 900 24. Weighbridge (9m x 14m) 126 25. Fleet Parking (70m x 80m) 5,600

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-7

5.3 SSWTC Operation Process Concept Flow A good and safe handling of scheduled waste determines the efficiency of the waste management company in achieving a great service for a better and sustainable environment. SSWTC is proposed in order to extend their capability to provide excellent services to the scheduled Waste Generators (WG) in the country. The operation process flow of scheduled waste management involving collection of scheduled waste from WG to the SSWTC until final treatment and disposal is shown in Figure 5.4.

Waste flow is defined as the movement of scheduled waste from WG to SSWTC until the waste is safely treated and disposed. The movement of waste at each destination shall be handled and managed in accordance to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure safety of personnel and protecting surrounding environment.

SSWTC provides the transportation for collecting scheduled waste from WG upon their agreement on the technical and commercial terms. The waste will be transported by BAM licensed and registered vehicle with the Department of Environment (DOE). Upon arrival at the facility, the scheduled waste is weighed, stored, inspected and analyzed before it is being treated or disposed accordingly.

Sustainable Scheduled Waste Amita-KUB Berjaya Kitar Waste Treatment Center Generators AKBK Ash Recycling (SSWTC)

Inorganic Solid Organic and Inorganic Organic Solid (Innocuous waste) Alternative and Liquid Raw solid and Renewable Materials liquid and Energy (Heat Solidification Solidified Secure clinical Recovery) Facility Waste Landfill Bottom waste Waste Co- Ash Fly Ash Processing

Waste-To-Energy (WTE) Filter cake Leachate Thermal Treatment Plant Leachate Treatment Plant Fuel Oil Filter Cake Treated Oil Recovery Leachate for Processed Facility Holding Tank Irrigation to Water Non- Resource Plantation Recovery Area Bottom Ash & Fly Ash Legend: Scheduled waste generated internally Scheduled waste from WG Treated leachate

Figure 5.4: Operation Process Flow of Scheduled Waste Management - Collection Scheduled Waste from WG to SSWTC Site until Final Treatment and Disposal

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-8

The scheduled waste is assigned to the appropriate treatment and disposal facility based on the Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) that takes into account of waste analysis and waste form. Organic solid and liquid wastes are treated at the WTE thermal treatment plant while inorganic solid and liquid waste at the solidification facility. On the other hand, organic and inorganic solid scheduled waste that exhibits innocuous characteristic is directly disposed to the secure landfill without treatment.

At the same time, the WTE thermal treatment process also generates its own waste that need to be further treated at the other supporting facilities. For an example; bottom ash generated from the WTE thermal treatment plant is generally being disposed directly into secure landfill due to its inert characteristic while fly ash with high heavy metal content is treated at solidification facility before being disposed into the secure landfill. As first priority, the ash may be sent to AKBK for recycling into an alternative raw material or product subject to AKBK’s waste acceptance criteria.

In this SSWTC, an oil recovery facility is proposed to recycle waste oil entirely for internal use as auxiliary fuel for the WTE thermal treatment plant. The calorific value of the recycled oil is usually high and can be used as alternative fuel for the combustion process.

A network of piping system will be constructed to collect and remove leachate generated within the secure landfill cell. The leachate from the secure landfill will be channeled to the Leachate Treatment Plant (LTP) for treatment to comply with Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations, 2009. The treated leachate collected in a holding tank will be reused in WTE thermal treatment and solidification process. The Proposed Project supports the vision of existing BTSL operation to have a ‘zero discharge’ policy. Therefore, SSWTC’s treated leachate is proposed to be fully utilized within the site. 125-150 m3/d of treated leachate will be irrigated during WTE thermal treatment plant shut down; for schedule maintenance or during emergency and 25 m3/d of treated leachate will be irrigated daily during normal WTE thermal treatment plant operations. The treated leachate will be channeled through a series of piping network for irrigation purpose at designated non-plantation area.

The residual filter cake generated from LTP are treated and stabilized at the solidification facility before finally being disposed in the secure landfill. The proposed SSWTC is based on integrated facility to ensure the facility can treat all types of scheduled wastes required for treatment or disposal, in a one-stop center.

In line with sound environmental practices and government initiatives of encouraging waste recycling activities, the proposed SSWTC will be collaborating with existing facility of AKBK. Recyclable waste will be sent to AKBK recycling facility to produce alternative raw-material for co-processing subject to AKBK’s waste acceptance criteria.

Detailed description of the main facilities and its associated or supporting facilities are further discussed in the following sections.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-9

5.4 List and Type of Scheduled Waste to be received by SSWTC BAM plans to operate a scheduled waste management center located in the west of Peninsular Malaysia, targeting to collect all seventy-six (76) of seventy-seven (77) types of scheduled waste codes except SW 431 waste from manufacturing or processing or use of explosives.

The SSWTC treatment and disposal facility capable in receiving and treating wide range of scheduled wastes codes due to the followings:

• SSWTC is an integrated facility that could treat and dispose any residual from any WG within SSWTC premise. • The determination of waste treatment and disposal is based on waste analysis which indicates the eventual waste characteristics on the determination of the appropriate treatment and disposal methods. Therefore, the waste treatment and disposal will be based on actual waste analysis result that could not be confined under the regulated waste code. • There are also wastes that have been cross contaminated which could potentially change its characteristic, and eventually its treatment and disposal methods. Therefore, the waste codes should not be confined into specific treatment method. • The WTE thermal treatment plant has designed to treat wide range of waste characteristics i.e. solid and liquid of organic waste, medical waste, miscellaneous waste, sludge waste, discarded chemicals etc.

In addition, the clinical waste will also be collected from private health institutions. However, there is also a possible situation where SSWTC could also receive and treat medical waste from public health institution due to Hospital Support Service (HSS) concessionaire’s facilities having backlog waste due to plant maintenance and repair (scheduled and/or emergency maintenance).

Table 5.2 provides the list and type of scheduled waste to be received and treated at SSWTC.

Table 5.2: List and Type of Scheduled Waste to be Received by SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facilities Scheduled No. Waste Description Code SW 1 Metal and metal-bearing wastes 1. SW 101 Waste containing arsenic or its compound 2. SW 102 Waste of lead acid batteries in whole or crushed form 3. SW 103 Waste of batteries containing cadmium and nickel or mercury or lithium 4. SW 104 Dust, slag, dross or ash containing arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper, vanadium, beryllium, antimony, tellurium, thallium or selenium excluding slag from iron and steel factory 5. SW 105 Galvanic sludges 6. SW 106 Residues from recovery of acid pickling liquor

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-10

Table 5.2: List and Type of Scheduled Waste to be Received by SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facilities Scheduled No. Waste Description Code 7. SW 107 Slags from copper processing for further processing or refining containing arsenic, lead or cadmium 8. SW 108 Leaching residues from zinc processing in dust and sludges form 9. SW 109 Waste containing mercury or its compound 10. SW 110 Waste from electrical and electronic assemblies containing components such as accumulators, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-ray tubes and other activated glass or polychlorinated biphenyl-capacitors, or contaminated with cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, lithium, silver, manganese or polychlorinated biphenyl SW 2 Wastes containing principally inorganic constituents which may contain metals and organic materials 11. SW 201 Asbestos wastes in sludges, dust or fibre forms 12. SW 202 Waste catalysts 13. SW 203 Immobilized scheduled wastes including chemically fixed, encapsulated, solidified or stabilized sludges 14. SW 204 Sludges containing one or several metals including chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, cadmium, aluminium, tin, vanadium and beryllium 15. SW 205 Waste gypsum arising from chemical industry or power plant 16. SW 206 Spent inorganic acids 17. SW 207 Sludges containing fluoride SW 3 Wastes containing principally organic constituents which may contain metals and inorganic materials 18. SW 301 Spent organic acids with pH less or equal to 2 which are corrosive or hazardous 19. SW 302 Flux waste containing mixture of organic acids, solvents or compounds of ammonium chloride 20. SW 303 Adhesive or glue waste containing organic solvents excluding solid polymeric materials 21. SW 304 Press cake from pretreatment of glycerol soap lye 22. SW 305 Spent lubricating oil 23. SW 306 Spent hydraulic oil 24. SW 307 Spent mineral oil-water emulsion 25. SW 308 Oil tanker sludges 26. SW 309 Oil-water mixture such as ballast water 27. SW 310 Sludge from mineral oil storage tank 28. SW 311 Waste oil or oily sludge

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-11

Table 5.2: List and Type of Scheduled Waste to be Received by SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facilities Scheduled No. Waste Description Code 29. SW 312 Oily residue from automotive workshop, service station, oil or grease interceptor 30. SW 313 Oil contaminated earth from re-refining of used lubricating oil 31. SW 314 Oil or sludge from oil refinery plant maintenance operation 32. SW 315 Tar or tarry residues from oil refinery or petrochemical plant 33. SW 316 Acid sludge 34. SW 317 Spent organometallic compounds including tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead and organotin compounds 35. SW 318 Waste, substances and articles containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) or polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT) 36. SW 319 Waste of phenols or phenol compounds including chlorophenol in the form of liquids or sludges 37. SW 320 Waste containing formaldehyde 38. SW 321 Rubber or latex wastes or sludge containing organic solvents or heavy metals 39. SW 322 Waste of non-halogenated organic solvents 40. SW 323 Waste of halogenated organic solvents 41. SW 324 Waste of halogenated or unhalogenated non-aqueous distillation residues arising from organic solvents recovery process 42. SW 325 Uncured resin waste containing organic solvents or heavy metals including epoxy resin and phenolic resin 43. SW 326 Waste of organic phosphorus compound 44. SW 327 Waste of thermal fluids (heat transfer) such as ethylene glycol SW 4 Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents 45. SW 401 Spent alkalis containing heavy metals 46. SW 402 Spent alkalis with pH more or equal to 11.5 which are corrosive or hazardous 47. SW 403 Discarded drugs containing psychotropic substances or containing substances that are toxic, harmful, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic 48. SW 404 Pathogenic wastes, clinical wastes or quarantined materials 49. SW 405 Waste arising from the preparation and production of pharmaceutical product 50. SW 406 Clinker, slag and ashes from scheduled wastes incinerator 51. SW 407 Waste containing dioxins or furans 52. SW 408 Contaminated soil, debris or matter resulting from cleaning-up of a spill of chemical, mineral oil or scheduled wastes

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-12

Table 5.2: List and Type of Scheduled Waste to be Received by SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facilities Scheduled No. Waste Description Code 53. SW 409 Disposed containers, bags or equipment contaminated with chemicals, pesticides, mineral oil or scheduled wastes 54. SW 410 Rags, plastics, papers or filters contaminated with scheduled wastes 55. SW 411 Spent activated carbon excluding carbon from the treatment of potable water and processes of the food industry and vitamin production 56. SW 412 Sludges containing cyanide 57. SW 413 Spent salt containing cyanide 58. SW 414 Spent aqueous alkaline solution containing cyanide 59. SW 415 Spent quenching oils containing cyanides 60. SW 416 Sludges of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish 61. SW 417 Waste of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish 62. SW 418 Discarded or off-specification inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish products containing organic solvent 63. SW 419 Spent di-isocyanates and residues of isocyanate compounds excluding solid polymeric material from foam manufacturing process 64. SW 420 Leachate from scheduled waste landfill 65. SW 421 A mixture of scheduled wastes 66. SW 422 A mixture of scheduled and non-scheduled wastes 67. SW 423 Spent processing solution, discarded photographic chemicals or discarded photographic wastes 68. SW 424 Spent oxidizing agent 69. SW 425 Wastes from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticides, herbicides or biocides 70. SW 426 Off-specification products from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticides, herbicides or biocides 71. SW 427 Mineral sludges including calcium hydroxide sludges, phosphating sludges, calcium sulphite sludges and carbonates sludges 72. SW 428 Wastes from wood preserving operation using inorganic salts containing copper, chromium or arsenic of fluoride compounds or using compound containing chlorinated phenol or creosote 73. SW 429 Chemicals that are discarded or off-specification 74. SW 430 Obsolete laboratory chemicals 75. SW 432 Waste containing, consisting of or contaminated with, peroxides SW 5 Other wastes 76. SW 501 Any residues from treatment or recovery of scheduled wastes

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-13

5.5 Basic Requirement for Scheduled Waste Treatment Procedure Scheduled waste to be received at SSWTC is accordingly assigned for treatment or disposal based on the adopted WAC. Initially, potential WG will be approached individually and samples are collected for analysis. Based on the sampling analysis a technical and commercial proposal will be given to the WG for their respective consideration. Upon agreement, the wastes are collected, treated and disposed accordingly at SSWTC.

For recurring cases of the same scheduled waste type by the same WG, the process would be easier since the historical analytical data can be used to support similar treatment method. However, in practice, waste sampling and analysis on actual waste received are carried out to ascertain or confirm the assigned methods of treatment or disposal.

In case of any discrepancies, the WG may take the waste sample from the same consignment and analyzed by other third-party laboratory for comparison purposes. In some remote cases, if the WG is not agreeable with the proposed treatment, the waste is then retrieved from SSWTC by the WG at their own cost. In general, continuous sampling and analysis on each waste consignment received will be carried out to verify the waste characteristic. Table 5.3 presents the list of waste classification and the proposed appropriate treatment methods.

Table 5.3: Waste Classification and Proposed Treatment Method Waste Classification Treatment Method Organic solid waste WTE Thermal treatment process Organic liquid waste WTE Thermal treatment process Inorganic solid and liquid waste (Subjected to Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)) - Low toxicity components (meeting landfill criteria) Direct disposal to secure landfill - Higher toxicity components Solidification process Clinical Waste WTE Thermal treatment process

Waste shall be categorized according to the dedicated waste group which shall be based on the treatment method assigned for ease identification. The waste group proposed are:

1. Organic wastes (treated at thermal treatment plant) – Further divided into sub-group that represent dedicated characteristic of organic waste material such mineral oil waste, high and low concentration of halogenated and sulphur waste, solvent waste, medical waste and miscellaneous waste; 2. Stabilization and solidification wastes that includes metal hydroxide, dross, used material containing mercury and miscellaneous waste; 3. Secure landfill wastes that includes metal hydroxide sludge, dross, rubber sludge waste and asbestos waste; and 4. Waste oil (acquired for alternative fuel purposes).

Table 5.4 shows the description of each waste in the respective group.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-14

Table 5.4: Description of each Waste in the Respective Group Waste Group Sub-Group Description of Waste Material Thermal Treatment Oil Mineral Oil waste without potential to polymerize. Plant Waste contains lubricant oil, hydraulics oil etc. Liquid-H / Organic Chemical Waste containing halogen and/or S ≥ 1% and/or potential to polymerize and /or waste Solid-H with low flash point and /or produce violent reaction.

Freon, PVC wastes, chloroform, solvents, capacitors and transformers containing PCB, isocyanate (MDI, TDI etc), VCM, bromine, acrylonitrile etc. Liquid / Solid Organic chemical waste containing halogens and/or S < 1% and without potential to polymerize.

Glue, latex, paint, phenol, printing ink, synthetic oil, soap, epoxy etc. Solvent Solvent waste containing halogens and/or S < 1% and without potential to polymerize. Waste should be pumpable, containing < 50% water and ≥ 18 MJ/kg of CV. Acetone, alcohol (e.g. ethanol, methanol), benzene, turpentine, xylene etc. Medical waste Waste generated from hospitals, clinics and health care institutions. Miscellaneous 1 Medicine waste, lab-packs, mineral sludge, contaminated rags/paper, empty containers etc. Solidification Facility Solidification Metal hydroxide sludge, dross, acid and alkaline waste Hg Waste containing mercury Mercury, vapour lamps, COD-fluids, mercury batteries etc. Miscellaneous 2 Batteries, e-waste, inert material etc. Secure Landfill Landfill Metal hydroxide sludge, dross Rubber Rubber/latex sludge from containing TOC 10% - 50% and/or O&G and /or leachable metals > landfill criteria limit Asbestos Material containing asbestos

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-15

Waste classification between organic and inorganic waste is mainly determined by the concentration of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Oil & Grease (O&G) content in the waste. Waste containing high TOC and O&G mean that the waste is combustible and is to be treated via WTE thermal treatment process. While, toxicity level based on Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) determines whether the waste can be disposed directly into secure landfill or through solidification process.

5.5.1 WAC for SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facilities Scheduled waste and non-scheduled waste are differentiated in waste management legislation of many countries including Malaysia. A range of legal definitions exist for scheduled waste, but it can generally be thought of as waste or a combination of wastes with their capacity to impair human health or the environment due to its quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristic when improperly used, treated, stored, transported or disposed.

The determination as the appropriate methods for treatment and/or disposal of scheduled waste shall be follow WAC of SSWTC. The WAC would be used as a SOP in the daily operating SSWTC. Generally, all incoming waste shall undergo waste characteristic and analysis to determine its chemical and physical properties by the SSWTC laboratory.

Laboratory analysis can also be provided by the WG before the scheduled waste is being transported to SSWTC facilities. For scheduled waste, which is collected for the first time, a confirmation from laboratory test will be conducted before collection to ensure the waste is in accordance to the WAC. If the scheduled waste does not meet WAC for SSWTC treatment and disposal facilities, the waste will be rejected and will not be treated. Waste treatment and disposal method at SSWTC facilities are determined based on the WAC as shown in Figure 5.5 below.

The first parameter to be considered is the viscosity of the waste sample, the viscosity determines whether the waste is pumpable or non-pumpable. Pumpable and non-pumpable is categorized as solid and liquid, respectively and will be measured by unit centipoise (cP). Secondly, TOC and O&G shall be checked to determine whether the waste is classified as organic or inorganic waste following the limit shown in Figure 5.5.

The classification is required since each individual waste sub-categories will influence plant operational mode such as waste handling, waste feeding, operating temperature, consumable usage, auxiliary fuel consumption etc.

Both organic solid and liquid waste are assigned to the WTE thermal treatment plant. The organic waste is further classified into sub-categories depending on its waste characteristic. Inorganic solid and liquid waste are assigned to solidification facility which may contain higher toxicity components. Meanwhile, inorganic solid waste is assigned to either solidification facility or secure landfill depending on the result of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-16

Figure 5.5: Waste Acceptance Criteria for Scheduled Waste to be Received by SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facility

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-17

5.5.2 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Test Limit and WAC for SSWTC Secure Landfill The secure landfill is designed with the most stringent environmental protection in mind. Thus, having WAC is necessary to ensure the integrity of the landfill and the quantity of the leachate generation. Only waste that meets the secure landfill acceptance criteria is allowed to be directly disposed into the secure landfill. The landfill acceptance criteria guideline is considered as the best available technique that specifies strict waste material characteristics allowable to be disposed into secure landfill. The criteria are normally adopted by the DOE to be part of license approval conditions for a secure landfill.

The WAC is tested according to the TCLP based on US EPA SW846. Waste designated for secure landfill must not generate leachate that is higher than the limit set in Tables 5.5, which presents the parameter and their maximum limits for TCLP and total content of organic parameters for SSWTC secure landfill.

Table 5.5: WAC for Scheduled Waste to be disposed at SSWTC Secure Landfill No. Parameter Method Unit Limit 1. Smell or odour Human olfactory system - NA 2. Presence of fumes/gas Visible inspection - NA 3. Presence of free liquid/water Physical observation % 10 4. Total solids at 105oC APHA 2540G % >20 5. pH when mixed with distilled water Adopted USEPA 1311 - 5.5 – 12 6. TCLP extraction Adapted USEPA 1311 - - 6.1 Arsenic USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 5 6.2 Barium USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 100 6.3 Boron USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 400 6.4 Cadmium USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 1 6.5 Chromium USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 5 6.6 Copper USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 100 6.7 Lead USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 5 6.8 Mercury APHA 3112B mg/l 0.2 6.9 Nickel USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 100 6.10 Selenium USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 1 6.11 Silver USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 5 6.12 Tin USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 100 6.13 Zinc USEPA SW 846 6010B mg/l 100 7. Chloride Adapted ASTM E776 % 2 8. Oil and grease, extracted Adapted APHA 5520E mg/kg 1000 with hexane 9. Total organic carbon Adapted APHA 5310B % <10 10. Cyanide USEPA SW 846 9014 mg/kg 0.5 Reference: United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-18

5.6 Scheduled Waste Management Flow Upon arrival at the SSWTC storage facility, the waste will undergo analysis to check on its WAC of either to be disposed at secure landfill or treatment via WTE thermal treatment process, solidification facility and oil recovery facility. Upon arrival of the scheduled waste at the facility, the waste is managed professionally in accordance to standard operating procedure to safely handle, treat and dispose the waste material. Figure 5.6 shows the overall waste flow and waste mass balance for SSWTC treatment and disposal facility. All type of organic waste will be treated at the WTE thermal treatment plant whereby the scheduled waste that meet the landfill criteria will be disposed at the secure landfill. The types of inorganic liquid waste that can be received by treatment facilities such as WTE thermal treatment plant and solidification facility shall be determined by the waste acceptance criteria. The secure landfill cannot accept any form of liquid waste. The inorganic liquid waste must be analyzed on the following parameters:

i. pH; ii. Chromium (Cr); iii. Cyanide (CN); and iv. Mercury (Hg).

Inorganic liquid that cannot be received by SSWTC treatment and disposal facility will be as follows:

i. Inorganic liquid waste with pH<7 and Cr>1 mg/l; ii. Inorganic liquid waste with pH>7 and CN>0.1 mg/l; iii. Inorganic liquid waste that exhibits strong acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid; and iv. Inorganic liquid waste that exhibits strong base characteristics, such as sodium hydroxide that contains harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide and cyanide gas.

The general scheduled waste management process flow involves the collection and transportation procedure of scheduled waste from WG is shown in Figure 5.7. The summary of scheduled waste management by the WG and Service Provider (SP) is provided to ensure proper handling of scheduled waste.

In this case, WG is referred to industries that generate scheduled waste located in the Peninsular Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. While, Service Provider (SP) is referred to BAM, a company that takes responsibility for the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of scheduled waste from the respective WG.

Description of management components involving waste flow movement is presented in the following section.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-19

Figure 5.6: Overall Waste Flow and Waste Mass Balance for SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facility

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-20

- TWG Form -Confirmation by FP and SP Notification to DOE - eSWIS Notification SW Collection -FP of WG to be available / presence

- SW Code Identification -Packaging/Labelling/ Pelleting Compliance SW Generation - Date of Generation WASTE GENERATOR (WG) Collection Inspection - Weighing / Estimation -Accordance to CTI -Conduct by FP and SP

- Appropriate Packaging - FP of WG to fill up and SW Packaging - Secure Packaging Post Collection acknowledge CN - Packaging on Wood Pallet -Requisition with Email or - Assists by FP and SP Notification of Manual Submission to FP Collection with an updated SW Inventory - Correct Labelling SW Labelling - Clear and Visible - Labelling to Each Packaging -Issuance of CTI by FP Confirmation of -Email and/or Manual Collection Submission - Designated Storage Area - CN copy return to WG Records and SW Storing - Storage Area to meet the - eSWIS updates (Issuance) Traceability by SP desired Guidelines - Tracking Inventory

- Produce Inventory upon SW Arrival, Receiving and - Chargeable Weight Generation Final Weighing at SP Inventory and Records - Weighing for each CN - Inventory to comply Facility Regulations SERVICE PROVIDER (SP)

- Appropriate Packaging - Receiving CN to return to Records and Inspection - Secure Packaging WG Traceability by SP - Packaging on Pallet - eSWIS updates (Receiving)

Legend: WG – Waste Generator DOE – Department of Environment (DOE) SP – Service Provider TWG – Toxic Waste Generator FP – Focal Person eSWIS – Electronic Scheduled Waste Information System CTI – Collection Transportation Instruction SW – Scheduled Waste CN – Consignment Note Figure 5.7: General Scheduled Waste Management Process Flow - Collection and Transportation Procedure of Scheduled Waste from Waste Generator

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-21

5.6.1 Notification to DOE for the Generation of Scheduled Wastes by WG The waste generator is required to notify DOE in writing of the amount and the scheduled waste code generated as a result of their operations within thirty (30) days from the date of scheduled waste generation. The notification shall be filled in the DOE’s online system known as Electronic Scheduled Waste Information System (eSWIS). The notification that presented in the form shall be filled in Second Schedule of the Regulation 3 which are notification of the generation of scheduled wastes, Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005.

5.6.2 Scheduled Waste Packaging, Labelling and Storing by WG Safe and proper packaging is under the responsibility of WG and the service provider (SP) has the right to reject the collection of waste that is not properly and safely packed and labelled. WG is responsible to provide proper packaging and labelling onto each waste container or packaging as per DOE requirements in Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Waste in Malaysia (provided in Appendix 5.A). Before loading the waste onto the lorry, the driver shall inspect the packaging and the labelling and only those complying with the requirements shall be allowed to be transported.

The scheduled waste characteristics should be identified by sampling and analysis of scheduled waste and identification based on process knowledge or history. An appropriate container shall be selected according to the characteristics of the scheduled wastes. The characteristic of scheduled wastes shall be compatible with the type of material used for the container to prevent any reaction which could deteriorate the form of the container.

In normal practice, scheduled waste is stored in bunghole drum (steel/plastic), open top drum (steel/plastic) with cover and clamp, intermediate bulk container, corrugated box/carton box, or Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs)/jumbo bags/bulk bags/polypropylene big bags.

The quantity of wastes shall be taken into consideration to estimate the appropriate size and strength of container to avoid over spilling or container breakage. The container used should be in good condition (free from any damage such as tear and hole). Assigning specific containers for specific wastes allow the containers to be reused without further washing or cleaning.

Containers containing residues of chemicals or scheduled wastes which are not compatible to the waste to be stored should be properly rinsed prior to usage. The solution generated from the rinsing activity should be contained and characterized prior to treatment or disposal at the facility approved by the DOE.

Table 5.6 provides the suggested packaging according to waste types and characteristics:

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-22

Table 5.6: Type of Container for Scheduled Waste Packaging No. Type of Containers Type of Scheduled Wastes Requirement 1. Bunghole drum (steel/plastic) • Inorganic or organic liquid • No hole, no bulge, waste and free of dent • Steel drums should not be and corrosion used for corrosive wastes such as acids or alkalis • Plastic drums compatible with most solvents. Solvents that are not compatible with plastic such as Diethyl Ether and Chloroform should be stored in steel drums

2. Open top drum with cover and • Solid waste • No hole, no bulge clamp (steel/plastic) • Steel drums should not be and free of dent used for acidic or alkaline and corrosion waste • Example: sludge, e-waste, pharmaceutical waste, laboratory waste, contaminated gloves etc.

3. Intermediate bulk container • Used for a broad range of • No hole or crack waste streams such as oils, solvents and acids

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-23

Table 5.6: Type of Container for Scheduled Waste Packaging No. Type of Containers Type of Scheduled Wastes Requirement 4. Jerrican/carboy • Inorganic or organic liquid • No hole or crack waste such as chemical wastes, solvents, etc

5. Containers for clinical waste • Clinical wastes/pathogenic • No hole or crack wastes

6. Corrugated box/Carton box • Dry solid waste with no • No tear or hole free-flow liquid generated in small quantity • Example: e-waste, contaminated rags, expired drugs, cosmetics, etc.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-24

Table 5.6: Type of Container for Scheduled Waste Packaging No. Type of Containers Type of Scheduled Wastes Requirement 7. Flexible Intermediate Bulk • Dry solid waste with no • Preferably FIBCs Containers (FIBCs)/Jumbo Bags free-flow liquid made of High • Example: dust, slag, ash, Density Poly clinker, e-waste, dry Ethylene (HDPE) sludge, contaminated rags • Must be double / garnet, etc. lining • Bags not to be filled more than 90% for secure packaging

Source: Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Wastes in Malaysia

For identification and warning purposes, containers of scheduled wastes shall be clearly labelled in accordance with the Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 and marked with the scheduled waste code as specified in the First Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005.

Incompatible scheduled wastes shall be stored in separate containers and such containers shall be placed in separate secondary containment area. Secondary containment area is a liquid-tight barrier that will contain hazardous materials that are released from a container.

Containers containing scheduled waste should always be closed at all-time except when it is necessary to add or remove the scheduled wastes. Filing of wastes into containers should the nearest possible to the point of waste generation. If a container is in poor condition or leaking, the spillage should be contained immediately and prevented from spreading. The scheduled wastes should be immediately transferred to a new or a good condition container.

Inspection of the stored containers shall be carried out on weekly basis to avoid any mishap and be kept in a logbook for reference.

5.6.3 Scheduled Waste Inventory and Records by WG Regulation 11 under the same legislation stated that the WG shall keep an inventory of scheduled wastes as the following:

i. To keep accurate and up-to-date inventory of quantities and categories; ii. Requirement for online inventory by DOE’s online system, eSWIS; iii. Inventory format to be filled on monthly as well as on yearly basis and to be kept at least for a period up to three years from the date of the scheduled waste was generated. The format shall be in accordance with the Fifth Schedule; and

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-25

iv. The information such as date of waste generation, waste category code, name of waste, quantity generated, waste management methods, quantity of waste managed, and storage area need to be filled in the eSWIS system or Fifth Schedule.

Inventory record for each scheduled waste shall be maintained to indicate the date, type and quantity of wastes brought into or removed from the storage site. A copy of the inventory record is made available at the storage area. All employees involved in the identification, handling, labelling, transportation, storage and emergency response team on the spillage or leakage of scheduled waste shall also be trained on the proper management of scheduled wastes as stipulated under Regulation 15 of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005. All wastes handlers should be provided with Suitable Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) in carrying out their duties.

Prior to the transportation of scheduled waste to SSWTC for treatment and disposal, an inspection is done by the WG to ensure the appropriate and secure packaging to prevent spillage or leakage of the scheduled waste into the environment.

5.6.4 Collection and Transportation of Scheduled Waste by Service Provider (BAM) Before the scheduled waste is collected and transported to the SSWTC facility, WG is required to sign an agreement with BAM which stipulates all the necessary terms and conditions on the responsibilities of both parties i.e. WG and SP (BAM) for the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of scheduled wastes in order to comply with the stipulated regulations.

BAM marketing team/agent will be responsible for the scheduling of the collection of scheduled waste and providing after sales service. Before the consignment is collected, WG must ensure that waste is be properly packed and labelled in accordance to the stipulated regulation and information of such consignment need to be declared to the authorities.

In order to ensure effective management of transportation fleet, BAM proposed to outsource the transportation activities to few established transporters that have adequate and good condition of vehicles with competent drivers to carry out the service. This approach will reduce the business risk to the SSWTC facility. Service level agreement between the license holder (BAM) and the transporters shall be based on medium or long term contract in order for the transporters to be able to invest on providing good assets and services and recoup their investments.

Prescribed Conveyance license is issued by DOE under the name of BAM. In order to execute responsibilities stipulated in the license conditions and to safeguard accountability to the license holder, service level agreement and standard operating procedures that covers all aspect of waste transporting from WG to the facility shall be established and followed by the outsourced transporters.

The procedure among others covers driver competency in waste packaging and labelling, waste card and emergency preparedness, regular service of the vehicles etc. As part of license requirements, the drivers name and vehicle registration shall be registered with DOE. All information of the waste transportation such as the type of transportation, vehicle registration number, identity of the drivers

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-26

Figure 5.8 presents the process flow to be implemented for the pre-collection, collection and transportation of scheduled waste to SSWTC premise from WG.

1 WG states the interest to subscribe to BAM services

2 BAM collects waste sample for a preliminary evaluation

Pre-Collection 3 A preliminary quotation will be forwarded to WG

4 WG contacts BAM for transportation upon readiness of waste collection

5 WG packs and labels waste in preparation for collection or contacts BAM for packaging services

▪ Upon WG and BAM agreeing on a collection date, a collection 6 is faxed to WG for acknowledgement; ▪ Upon receiving the confirmation from WG, BAM faxes instruction to SSWTC Collection ▪ WG proceeds to prepare E-Consignment Note (E-CN)

7 The waste is transported to the SSWTC. WG is then notified through eSWIS on the status of the waste treatment or disposal

Note: WG - Waste Generator eSWIS - Electronic Scheduled Waste Information System

Figure 5.8: Process Flow to be Implemented for the Pre-Collection, Collection and Transportation of Scheduled Waste to SSWTC Premise from WG

BAM is responsible for the transportation, treatment and disposal of the scheduled waste sent by the WG. The services provided by BAM include collection, transportation, analysis, treatment and safe disposal of the scheduled waste. The transportation trucks are designed to comply with the legal requirements and licensed by DOE, Malaysia. The trucks are fully equipped with Global Positioning

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-27

System (GPS) to enable close tracking at all time. The truck drivers are fully licensed and trained on packaging and labelling as well as Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

Emergency Response Plan or ERP for transportation of scheduled waste to and from WG premise to SSWTC site shall cover the following:

Spillage of Road Accident Vehicle Breakdown Scheduled Waste in Transit

All drivers shall be regularly trained in ERP procedures and emergency drill shall be conducted at least once a year. The vehicles are equipped with adequate emergency equipment all the time such as fire extinguisher, spillage kits, hazard warning apparatus, orange box etc.

In case of vehicle breakdown at non-designated parking area, the driver shall immediately place a proper triangle hazard and cone to warn other vehicles and contact the office and expressway emergency service to inform the incident. Vehicle emergency light and headlight shall be remained switched-on as to warn other vehicle user on the road.

If the incident involves minor spillages and within control of the driver, the spillages should be contained and cleaned immediately. If the accident involves major spillages, the driver shall immediately call Fire and Rescue Department and Police Station for assistance as well as the BAM management office. Upon receiving the notice, follow up ERP shall be triggered by SSWTC facility to assist the authorities involved at the incident site. DOE also shall be immediately notified. The follow up ERP amongst other shall cover the communication with relevant authorities and public, providing waste data information, disposal of spilled material etc. The drivers are not allowed to make any comments to public and reporter. All communication shall be executed by SSWTC facility management appointed person as per the ERP procedure. Postmortem report shall be carried out immediately after the incident in order to determine the root cause and corrective and preventive actions as to prevent recurrence of the incident.

Sufficient and proper equipment and vehicles will be made available for collection and transportation of scheduled wastes from potential WG in the future. As commonly practice, the transportation procedures follow the legal requirements. Equipment and vehicles used for the waste collection and transportation must be able to:

i. Implement a regular collection schedule with sufficient frequency; ii. Be appropriate for the geographic conditions and waste types to maximize reliability of collection;

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-28

iii. Avoid windblown litter; iv. Avoid free water drainage during transportation and loading; and v. Minimize dust, bio-aerosols and odours (establishing frequent waste collection schedules, instituting a washing program for waste collection vehicles).

Upon arrival of the scheduled waste at the SSWTC facility, the scheduled waste will undergo laboratory analysis to ensure it meets the WAC to be disposed at secure landfill or further treatment via WTE thermal treatment process, solidification or oil recovery process.

5.6.5 Waste Reception and Weighbridge at SSWTC Facility The facility is responsible to receive the scheduled waste through the consignment note from WG. Each waste consignment note shall be accompanied with a printed e-consignment from DOE’s online system, eSWIS in a truckload received at the weighbridge reception area.

Following the weighing procedure, the waste consignment notes information declared by the WG is reconfirmed with the weight of the consignment and the number of waste containers received by the SSWTC facility i.e. pallets, jumbo bag etc. These data are then entered in the DOE’s online system, eSWIS.

Waste reception facilities area used to:

i. Provide a restricted common access and exit to the SSWTC to control waste streams; ii. Provide the facilities necessary to control and to quantify the incoming wastes streams in the waste management system by:

• Performing visual evaluation on the waste; • Verifying of the waste declaration by WG • Weighing the waste; and • Ensuring adequate documentation of incoming waste loads.

iii. Manage equipment and vehicles used for the waste collection and transfer.

Weighbridge system will be installed to determine payload of the waste disposal on the basis on weight and maintaining a record for waste treatment and disposal in SSWTC. Area size for the weighbridge will be sufficient to cater for a 40-footer container truck.

5.6.6 Administration Office Administration office is provided for the management, administrative and engineering staff. Parking lots is provided for the staff and visitors. The administration office is located next to the laboratory building. The changing room and canteen area are located nearby the administrative office.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-29

5.6.7 Inspection and Sampling Area The scheduled waste shall be unloaded at the storage facility for various activities of inspection, verification and sampling. Wherever possible all waste containers are opened and the waste in the containers shall be inspected and verified against the declaration of the e-consignment. The empty truck shall then be weighed again to obtain the net weight of the waste consignment and to complete the data entry in the e-consignment.

During the inspection and verification process, the waste is inspected for its condition including its packages, containers, labels and its quantities before it is sent to the storage facility. Physical appearance of scheduled waste is verified with waste type declared by the WG and to ensure waste in all the packaging have similar appearance. The waste consignment is also checked for its radiation by scanning the radiation emitted by the waste material and compare with the background radiation level of the facilities by using a Radiation Survey Meter (RSM).

Sampling of waste is based on composite sampling method. By using the appropriate sampling tools, a portion of the waste from each container is collected and mixed homogenously in a sampling bucket. About one (1) kilogram of the composite waste sample shall be collected from the sampling bucket. All information about the waste consignment is recorded into the inspection and sampling form for use by the waste evaluation chemist as part of the waste evaluation process.

Dedicated personnel shall conduct the work for inspection, verification and sampling of the waste shall be wearing appropriate PPE.

5.6.8 Laboratory Comprehensive laboratory is one (1) of the critical supporting facilities that is able to carry out analytical test for the purpose of determining treatment methods and fees. Waste laboratory functions are for:

i. Waste inspection and sampling; ii. Waste analysis; and iii. Waste evaluation to determine treatment methods and fees.

The waste sample sent to the laboratory is analyzed and characterized of its profile. Preliminary, waste sample is inspected prior to analysis. Typically, depending on the type of waste material, the waste sample is analyzed for its Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Oil and Grease (O&G), Viscosity, pH, Chromium, Cyanide, Mercury, Calorific Value, Sulphur and Halogen content.

Treatment and disposal method of waste are determined based on the evaluation of inspection and sampling report, the properties and characteristics of waste received and laboratory analysis result. Treatment and disposal fees and additional handling charges are determined based on the treatment and disposal methods assigned and the characteristics of the waste received.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-30

The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art instruments and equipment in order to comply with stringent requirements of testing protocols and procedures. Table 5.7 shows the proposed list of main instruments required for the laboratory testing.

Table 5.7: Proposed List of Main Instrument Required for the Laboratory Testing No. Analysis Parameter Instrument 1. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) TOC LECO C 632 2. Calorific Value (CV) Bomb calorimeter LECO AC-50 3. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) GCMS Agilent G7010AA 4. Chromium, Trivalent and Hexavalent UV Vis spectrophotometer PE Lambda 25 5. Mercury Mercury AAS PE FIMS 100 6. Arsenic, lead, copper, tin, nickel, ICP-OES PE Optima 8300 zinc, cadmium, selenium, antimony 7. Phenol UV Vis spectrophotometer PE Lambda 25 + phenol distillation midi-vap 4000 8. Free Cyanide CN UV Vis spectrophotometer PE Lambda 25 + CN distillation midi-vap 4000 9. Fluoride UV Vis spectrophotometer PE Lambda 25 + Fluoride distillation midi-vap 4000 10. Driest content Auto Dry Box Oven (Maximum Temperature: 300°C) Analytical Balance

Construction specification of the laboratory shall be in accordance with typical commercial chemical laboratory. It is proposed that the laboratory is a stand-alone building as part of risk isolation method and have its own HVAC system. All the data on waste analysis, waste evaluation and waste treatment method are kept digitally into a laboratory system.

5.6.9 Centralized Control Room Centralized control room shall be located within SSWTC and able to monitor the whole operation activities in the facility. The centralized control room shall be able to accommodate control and/or monitoring system for WTE thermal treatment plant, solidification facility and leachate treatment plant. It will also able to accommodate office for the plant personnel’s.

5.6.10 Storage Facility Storage facility is used to store the scheduled waste that meet the WAC for SSWTC facilities while waiting to be treated. Scheduled waste that had undergone sampling and inspection is stored in dedicated storage facility while waiting for analysis result and confirmation on treatment and disposal methods to the plant/facility personnel.

Each scheduled waste packaging is pasted with bar code or QR code sticker to ease the waste identification and tracking waste movement within the SSWTC facility. The bar code or QR code sticker have the full detail information of the waste consignment information.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-31

In general, the waste received shall be unloaded and sampled at the storage receiving area. However, for solidification and landfill wastes it could be unloaded directly to the respective facility in order to avoid double handling of waste.

The scheduled waste is stored in accordance to its risk characteristics and incompatible waste is not stored together without protection. Highly flammable waste and waste that contains precious material is stored separately. Storage for highly flammable waste shall be equipped with passive and active fire protection system. The waste consignment that has not been assigned for its treatment method by the laboratory will not be treated or disposed due to possibility of non-compliance issues and pending confirmation with the WG. It shall not be moved from the storage facility.

Scheduled waste that has been assigned for the treatment and disposal methods together with analytical result can be requested to be treated at the respective facility. The requested waste then is moved from storage facility to the respective plant/facility holding area for pretreatment or treatment preparation. Treatment sequence of waste is not necessarily based on “first-in-first-out” concept taking into consideration plant operation benefits, optimum total waste energy and homogeneity of waste which are critical for stable plant operation. As such, some of waste consignment may be stored for longer or shorter duration at the storage facility.

Storage facility will later be licensed by DOE. The license conditions stipulate requirements for safe storage and administrative requirements.

It is imperative for the storage facility to be equipped with proper safety and security system as to ensure unwanted incident. i.e. fire, spillages, treachery act, stealing etc. An adequate engineering control and SOP will be established in order to mitigate such incidences in future.

Construction of storage facility is roofed, and floor area is constructed with reinforced concrete premix with scupper drain and collection sump to collect wastewater in case of spillage and cleaning. The storage is constructed with minimal facade and appropriate height as to improve natural ventilation. However, storage for highly flammable waste and waste containing precious material shall be completely seal and only authorized person is allowed to enter the area. Waste drums on pallets could be stacked up to two (2) layers provided the pallets and drums are in good condition. Industrial metal racking system can be installed to increase storage capacity and safety. In the event whereby industrial racking system is being installed, scheduled waste can be kept up to three (3) tiers. The layout of storage facility for ground floor plan is shown in Figure 5.9.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-32

Figure 5.9: Storage Facility Layout Plan

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-33

The proposed layout of storage facility is based on the requirement as stipulated in the guidelines published by the DOE as follows:

1. The entire storage area must be fenced-in; 2. The storage place is sheltered or roofed or covered with suitable covering material and equipped with ventilation system for volatile wastes; 3. Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV); 4. Entrance/emergency exit; 5. Separate compartments for different groups of incompatible wastes; 6. The storage area is surrounded by a concrete dyke or other equivalent structure to contain any spillage; 7. For jumbo bags: A jumbo bag containing scheduled wastes is placed on a pallet. The pallet is placed in rows by two (2) pallets wide; 8. For drums: Four (4) drums containing scheduled wastes is placed on a pallet. The pallet is placed in rows by two pallets wide; 9. Containers should be stored with an ample aisle space between group of containers; 10. Perimeter drain; and 11. The storage area should be graded to a sump.

The proposed floor area for the storage facility is approximately 6,050 m2 that can accommodate up to 4,000 pallets; based on stacking of two (2) layers including 81 m2 area of cold room to store the clinical waste. Some of the storage facility area will be equipped with proper racking system to stack up the pellets as to improve safety. In order to maintain a good practice of storage management, the scheduled waste is kept maximum 180 days in the storage facility.

The scheduled waste will be stored in a container that is selected according to the characteristics of the scheduled waste. A maximum of four (4) drums or one (1) bag per pallet and the stacking of pallet will not be more than two (2) stacks. In the event whereby industrial racking system is being installed, scheduled waste can be kept up to three (3) tiers. The storage facility is designed in compliance with Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Wastes in Malaysia.

Suitable equipment such as forklift shall be used to move the containers. Containers will not be pushed, rolled or dragged. Containers are stored with an ample aisle space between groups of containers to allow for:

• Free movement of the forklift and other equipment and machinery; • Emergency firefighting purpose; • Emergency escape route; and • Ease of inspection of containers for leaks or spillages.

In the storage facility, scheduled waste will be arranged in a group based on its characteristics and compatibility such as compatible organic waste, in-organic liquid waste (acid), in-organic liquid waste

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-34

(alkaline), special waste and highly flammable waste. Figure 5.10 shows the conceptual storage facility layout according to waste group and its compatibility.

Figure 5.10: Conceptual Storage Facility Layout according to Waste Group and Its Compatibility

As for the clinical waste, the waste will be placed in sealed plastic bags or container of suitable strength and durability, the sealed bags and container will be collected in purpose-built, dedicated trucks and transported along the designated routes to the thermal treatment plant. Then, the waste bins which are not treated within 24 hours will be stored in cold room before being transferred for treatment. The clinical waste will be stored in a cold room storage with the capacity of 2 days and 24 tons of clinical waste and operated at the temperature of 6oC and below.

5.6.10.1 Type and Capacity of Storage Facility The capacity for the storage is 10,000 MT. The incoming scheduled waste is unloaded from the trucks, identified and sampled. The storage is for solids and sludge in containers, drums and bulk material. Storage facility is designed in order to provide an accumulation time of six (6) months of waste collected on a yearly basis.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-35

5.6.10.2 General Requirement of the Storage Facility The following are the requirement for the construction and development of storage facility in order to protect the environment.

i. Scheduled waste storage area is protected by shelter or a roof and the sealed drums are stored in a safe manner to avoid risk of ballooning or pressure build up; ii. Waste shall be stored in closed bins or drums away from direct sunlight, wind and rain. Adequate ventilation shall be provided where volatile wastes are stored; iii. Appropriate bins/skips are provided at suitable locations; iv. Scheduled waste are stored according to its compatibility. Containers used for storage of scheduled waste must be durable and able to prevent any possible spillage or leakage of the scheduled waste into the environment; v. Incompatible scheduled wastes are stored in separate containers and such containers will be placed in separate secondary containment areas; vi. Containers containing scheduled wastes shall be closed during storage except when it is necessary to add or remove the scheduled wastes; and vii. Area for the storage of the containers shall be designed, constructed and maintained adequately in to prevent spillage or leakage of scheduled wastes into the environment.

5.6.10.3 Segregation of Scheduled Waste

5.6.10.3.1 Segregation between Scheduled Waste and Non-Scheduled Waste A clear demarcation between scheduled waste and non-scheduled waste with clear indication or signage shall be provided for the designated areas. All waste is segregated between scheduled waste and non-scheduled waste, with clear markings on all respective containers specifying type of waste.

5.6.10.3.2 Segregation between Incompatible Scheduled Wastes i. Waste is stored in a manner that prevents the mixing or contact between incompatible waste and allows for inspection between containers to monitor leaks or spills (i.e. sufficient space or physical separation such as walls or containment curbs between incompatible waste); ii. Flammable substance is kept separately from any sources of ignition or oxidizing agent; iii. Acid is kept away from substance that may react resulting in producing dangerous compound; iv. Strong corrosive agent is kept away from gas cylinders or other containers. Pressurized aerosol cans must be collected separately in a single and suitable marked container; v. Scheduled waste is segregated in accordance to the Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Wastes in Malaysia. Packaging, labelling and storage of scheduled waste are important aspects in managing of scheduled waste. These guidelines provide guidance for proper packaging, labelling and storage of scheduled wastes from the generator to its final disposal; and vi. Dedicated container is provided for each classes of scheduled waste as illustrated in Figure 7.10.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-36

5.6.10.4 Spillage and Pollution Control SSWTC will be designed in accordance with the best design practice to manage the surface water and effluent to comply with all legal and local requirements.

5.6.10.4.1 Drainage i. Storage area will be equipped with internal and perimeter drainage system to collect potential spillages due to unforeseen event. The spillage shall be collected in the constructed sump where it shall be collected and treated accordingly.

5.6.10.4.2 Retention i. Retention system is constructed with appropriate material for the scheduled wastes being contained and adequate to prevent spillage and leakage that will cause loss to the environment; and ii. Liquid scheduled waste is stored in secure, bunded areas with impermeable base providing a secondary containment in case of spillage. The available retention volume shall be at least 110% of the largest storage bin/skip, or 25% of the total storage capacity (whichever is greater) in that specific location. When liquid wastes are stored in volumes smaller than 220L, drip pans can be considered.

5.6.10.5 Spill Cleaning Suitable spill clean-up materials are kept available on or close to the designated storage area, in order to deal quickly with any accidental spillage/leakage.

5.6.10.5.1 Soil Protection i. Roads, waste processing, storage area and vehicle washing areas are paved and curbs are installed to prevent runoff to permeable areas; and ii. Wastes storage surface area must be compatible with the stored material.

5.6.10.6 Fugitive Emissions from Storage Facility Following measures are implemented to prevent, minimize and control emissions of dust, odours and bio aerosols during waste reception, unloading, processing and storage:

i. Use enclosed storage containers for foul-smelling waste or waste that generate hazardous dust; and ii. Use natural and extraction system to remove dust from working areas, buildings and storage vessels and treat as needed to control particulate emissions.

5.6.10.7 Storage Design Criteria • The storage facility of scheduled waste will be designed, constructed and maintained adequately in accordance to the criteria outlined by DOE to prevent spillage or leakage of scheduled wastes into the environment. • The storage facility will be designed to provide adequate space to store all scheduled wastes generated or managed by BAM. The design capacity should consider the following:

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-37

i. Providing 25% extra storage capacity of the actual maximum amount of waste generated; and ii. Storage duration of not more than 180 days or as prescribed by the DOE.

• The entire storage facility is fenced-in and regarded as restricted area. Adequate signage is put up clearly and visible with the word “DANGER” and “SCHEDULED WASTES STORAGE”; • The floor of the storage area and loading and unloading area is covered with concrete or any suitable lining material, free of cracks and gaps; • The storage place is sheltered or roofed or covered with suitable covering material; • The entire storage area is surrounded by a concrete dike or other equivalent structure designed to contain any spillage of the waste under the worst-case scenario. The capacity of the containment should be 110% of the largest container stored in the storage area; • The dike area is graded to a sump; • The storage area is properly managed to prevent rainwater or surface water from entering the storage area; • Any surface runoff is channeled to a proper drainage system to avoid the water from entering the storage area; • The loading and unloading area are designed to contain any spillage; • The storage area is equipped with ventilation system for volatile wastes; • Storage area is designed to provide adequate emergency escape route; and • The storage area is equipped with firefighting and other emergency response equipment as well as spill kit and comply fully with the requirements of the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia.

5.7 SSWTC Treatment and Disposal Facility Figure 5.11 shows the dedicated main facility for scheduled waste treatment and disposal where the stored waste can be treated and disposed at according to their respective waste acceptance criteria. The detail description of the main SSWTC facilities (i.e. WTE thermal treatment plant and secure landfill) will be further described in the next following section.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-38

Figure 5.11: SSWTC Main Treatment and Disposal Facility Flow Chart

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-39

5.8 WTE Thermal Treatment Plant WTE thermal treatment process is used as a treatment for a wide range of organic wastes. The main objective of WTE thermal treatment of waste is to reduce its volume and weight and render its hazardous characteristics to harmless substances, at the same time provides a means for recovery of energy. The WTE thermal treatment plant is economically sound investments that provide financial and environmental benefits that will be developed for green and clean technology.

This project involved planning, design, construction, installation and operation of rotary-kiln stoker type of WTE thermal treatment plant with a nominal capacity to treat 70 MT/day of scheduled waste. Throughout this subsection, the description of this proposed WTE thermal treatment plant is composed of the following main items as shown in Figure 5.12.

1. Potential Technology Provider and Track Record

2. Waste Acceptance Criteria for Thermal Treatment Plant

3. Waste Preparation and Handling (Pre-treatment)

4. Waste Receiving and Feeding System

5. WTE Thermal Treatment Process

6. Flue Gas Heat Recovery System

7. Flue Gas Treatment System - Air Pollution Control System

8. Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)

9. Residual Handling and Collection System

10. Process Safety Control and Instrument System

Figure 5.12: Main Components of WTE Thermal Treatment Plant

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-40

5.8.1 Potential Technology Provider and Track Record JFE has track record as project engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning company for more than 200 thermal treatment plants over the world and capable to fulfill the requirement of emission standard in the respective regions. The key landmark projects for hazardous waste that were done by JFE are listed as follows:

1. Yokohama Eco Clean Location: Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan Capacity: 200 tpd or 62,000 tpa Plant Operation Year: 2011 to date (9 years)

2. Kawasaki Eco Clean Location: Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan Capacity: 220 tpd or 68,200 tpa Plant Operation Year: 2006 to date (14 years)

3. Ohgishima Treatment Plant Location: Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan Capacity: 120 tpd or 37,200 tpa Plant Operation Year: 1979 and closed in 2013 (36 years)

4. Sarawak Treatment Plant Location: Sarawak, Malaysia Capacity: 60 tpd or 20,000 tpa Plant Operation Year: 2014 to date (6 years)

Figure 5.13 shows the existing thermal treatment plant operation in Japan. Meanwhile, Figure 5.14 shows the thermal treatment plant located at Sarawak.

Yokohama Eco Clean Kawasaki Eco Clean Ohgishima Treatment Plant (9 years) (14 years) (36 years) Figure 5.13: Existing Thermal Treatment Plant in Japan

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-41

Sarawak Treatment Plant (6 years) Figure 5.14: Existing Thermal Treatment Plant in Malaysia

5.8.2 WAC for WTE Thermal Treatment Plant The WTE thermal treatment plant shall be able to receive all types of organic wastes such as:

• Solid or sludge waste; • Liquid waste; • Clinical waste; and • Miscellaneous solid waste such as empty packaging, contaminated paper of plastic film, contaminated rags, expired or empty chemical bottles from laboratory, expired medicine etc.

5.8.3 Waste Preparation and Handling (Pre-treatment) Proper planning of waste to be treated via WTE thermal treatment play an important role for good combustion, optimum energy generation and emission control. Waste types and the waste characteristic shall be carefully selected to obtain optimum plant requirements e.g. waste containing high concentration.

The waste preparation and handling are defined as a pre-process of waste material before feeding into the respective waste feeder. The waste preparation is divided into two (2) mainstream which are solid and liquid.

a) Solid waste The solid waste comprises of sludges, bulky (plastic container, cartoon boxes, plastic film, paper roll etc.), miscellaneous waste (cotton rag, discarded drug, plastic pails, special wastes) and medical wastes. Hence, the solid waste that required pre-treatment will be bulky and miscellaneous wastes. Other solid wastes will be fed directly onto their respective feeder. There is also some solid waste required shredding process especially those bulky waste.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-42

Pre-treatment of solid waste is required to obtain homogeneity and uniform size of waste so that it can meet the feeder specification and assist to achieve proper combustion. Pre- treatment normally involve heavy machinery such as waste industrial shredder system, excavator and forklift. Pre-treatment require sizeable area for keeping raw waste, processing and pre-treated waste area nearby waste bunker. The area shall be roofed and watertight system to control spillages and wastewater.

Waste that can be directly poured into the waste bunker is carried by using forklift (clamp type) and roll-on/roll-off truck for drums and bulk container waste, respectively.

The waste from pre-treatment section and direct waste (except medical waste) is thoroughly mix in the waste bunker by using overhead crane in order to achieve uniform characteristics of waste prior feeding in the combustor.

Figure 5.15 shows the mixing work.

Figure 5.15: Mixing Works

b) Liquid waste The liquid wastes are delivered in various packaging such as tanker, drums and pails. The liquid wastes from tanker shall be directly pumped into receiving tank (tank farm) and waste in drums or pails is pumped/vacuum into its dedicated receiving tank before pumping into common receiving tank.

The Liquid waste in the storage tank shall be pre-treated by sedimentation process in order to separate:

• Sludge, classified as high viscosity waste; • Watery fluid, classified as aqueous waste; and • Oily layer classified as energetic waste.

Proper engineering control such as ventilation system shall be installed at the waste pumping area and the activities shall be carried out with extra precautions and with

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-43

adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The pre-treated waste shall be transferred into charging tank and sludge will be deliver to the solid waste bunker. Separation of the liquid waste is crucial to achieve uniform calorific value and characteristic that provide benefits to the WTE thermal treatment process.

Energetic waste can be used to assist combustion as an alternative to auxiliary fuel.

c) Medical waste Medical waste shall be fed separately by using its own feeder (lifter system). As part of medical waste guideline, the medical waste bin received shall be unloaded into the medical waste feeder hopper as it is conditioned without tempering its packaging. Medical waste bins are lifted to the waste hopper by using a lifter where the medical waste packed in bags and containers will be emptied from the bin by gravity.

In general, the method of waste feeding as illustrates in Figure 5.16 shows the method of waste feeding to the combustion chamber according to their waste types. The waste materials are handled and fed differently into the combustion chamber based on the waste form and physical characteristics. Dedicated waste feeding system is required due to:

1. Different transportation mode of waste material; 2. Hazardous characteristics of the respective waste type; and 3. Ease control of combustion performance.

Figure 5.16: Method of Waste Feeding

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-44

5.8.3.1 Tank Farm Facilities (Liquid Wastes) Tanks are designed with conical shape at the bottom, mounted on columns above ground or a cylindrical supported. All tanks are corrosion protected, equipped with agitator (for the required tank) and necessary nozzle connected. Certain tanks will be filled up by nitrogen blanketing for safety.

The tanks are all surrounded by bund wall made of concrete. The size of bund wall is to be designed according to local regulation or requirement. The bund wall will be divided into compartment for easy cleaning, when there is a leaking incident. Access to all tanks will be provided with walkway platform and staircase. The required capacity of tanks in the tank farm facilities are as shown in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8: Estimated Capacity of Tanks in Tank Farm Facilities Tank Description *Estimated Capacity Energetic Receiving Tank Aqueous Receiving Tank Energetic Storage Tank Aqueous Storage Tank 500 m3 High Viscosity Storage Tank Energetic Feed Tank Aqueous Feed Tank Note: *Subject to detailed design

Liquid waste i.e. aqueous or energetic waste is injected to the combustion chamber based on the plant setting and condition, meaning the rate is not fixed. It can be ranged from zero to a maximum pump capacity and it is subjected to the thermal load design of the WTE thermal treatment plant.

5.8.4 Waste Receiving and Feeding System

5.8.4.1 Proposed Capacity of Waste Feeder Volume of liquid waste may significantly vary and potentially will increase to 50% of the total waste volume. Frequency of liquid waste delivery is historically not consistent throughout the year. The delivery frequency may at high rate at certain period depending on WG’s operational activities and annual maintenance shut-down. Therefore, bigger storage is required to accommodate surge of liquid waste delivery. Bulk liquid waste delivery is normally by using lorry tanker or IMO/ISO tanks. The waste shall be immediately emptied into the storage tanks upon arrival at the facility. Adequate storage shall be available to cater for the liquid waste received. Liquid waste received is subjected to pre-treatment for separation of oil, aqueous and sludge. Figure 5.17 shows the technical requirement for waste feeding system. The pre-treatment process requires certain retention time and dedicated tanks for effective separation process. Table 5.9 shows the proposed capacity of feeder storage according to waste category.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-45

The chute opening that shall be controlled by double door system.

Figure 5.17: Technical Requirement for Waste Feeding System

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-46

Table 5.9: Proposed Capacity of Feeder Storage (based on preliminary estimation) *Proposed Capacity per *Proposed Capacity of Feeder Waste Category Waste Group hour (Average Storage Condition tons/hour tons Type of Storage Solid Waste Solid Solid-H 1.23 150 Waste Bunker Miscellaneous Medical 0.71 40 Cold Room Liquid Waste Liquid Oil 0.83 500 Storage Tanks Solvent Liquid-H Total 2.78 NA NA Auxiliary Fuel 0.30 Skid Tank *Preliminary estimation only and subject to detail design

5.8.4.2 Technical Requirement for Thermal Treatment System

Bunker Design The WTE thermal treatment plant will have its own feed bunker. The waste shredding will be prepared directly into the bunker. The holding time or the residence time of the feed bunker is five (5) days to cater for weekends or a short breakdown period of the WTE thermal treatment plant. The bunker design consists:

• Closed building; • Shredder (installed beside the bunker) with contaminated containers, contaminated pallets, used filter and etc.) that requires for pre-treatment.

The bunker shall be constructed in a completely closed roofed building, roller shutters, sides with louvers and fire protection. The air for the combustion process will be extracted from inside the building to minimize the emission of pollutant or odorous material escaping the bunker. The waste is lifted and fed directly to the WTE thermal plant feed hopper. Aqueous or energetic waste is directly injected into the kiln of the WTE thermal plant. This assist in stabilizing and maintaining the combustion temperature required in the Secondary Combustion Chamber (SCC).

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-47

5.8.5 WTE Thermal Treatment Process WTE thermal treatment plant operation shall be carefully controlled and observed to ensure its process parameters are not deviating from its set point. Alarm system and interlock system shall be integrated in the plant design and any process upsets and deviation shall be investigated and analysed. The WTE thermal treatment process required four (4) critical process parameters to be controlled to achieve complete combustion such as:

• Temperature – 800oC – 1,100oC. • Residence time – above 2 seconds in secondary combustion chamber. • Oxygen – adequate and excess oxygen. • Turbulence – the combustor shall be designed in such a way that it will create maximize contact of air with waste material.

The information of 3T’s calculation (residence time, temperature and turbulence) is presented in Appendix 5.B. The WTE thermal treatment process produces bottom ash and fly ash as by-products. Bottom ash is inert material leaving the combustor after underwent combustion which is in the form of char or slag material. Bottom ash is discharged from the bottom of primary combustor. Whereas, fly ash is particulate collected from flue gas at waste heat recovery and air pollution equipment. Fly ash collected at air pollution equipment is a mixture of particulates with used reagent such as lime and activated carbon.

Bottom ash is normally disposed directly into secure landfill due to its inert characteristic and fly ash shall be recycled at AKBK or treated based on its TCLP analysis. The WTE thermal treatment plant shall comprise of the following unit process but not limited to:

a) Incoming waste reception for solid, liquid and medical waste; b) Cold room storage; c) Pre-treatment area for bulky, harden etc solid waste; d) Liquid waste pumping station; e) Waste bunker for solid waste; f) Tank farm for liquid waste; g) Medical waste station; h) Feeding system for individual waste stream – solid waste, medical waste, liquid waste; i) Combustors including secondary chamber to thermally oxidize the waste; j) Burner management system; k) Bottom ash extraction system; l) Waste heat boiler and demineralizer system; m) Steam turbine and electrical generation and related system; n) Flue gas treatment systems with fly ash treatment system. Real time air emission monitoring device; o) Centralize control system, DCS and PLC system; and p) Air compressor system for service air and instrument air.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-48

Incoming Waste preparation area is located at each respective feeding areas. Plant technician shall verify waste condition and identification before deciding with unloading/pumping to the waste storage or require pre-treatment. The area shall be paved and roofed and wastewater from cleaning shall be contained. Safe working procedure and engineering control is utmost important at the area since it involve heavy movement of forklifts and trucks and opening of waste container that may release harmful gas and particulates.

Waste bunker is applied for solid waste storage that received both pre-treated waste and waste direct from its packaging. The waste bunker is normally equipped with overhead crane to mix and load the waste into the feeding conveyor/bucket.

Before pumping liquid waste drums or containers, the technician shall verify the liquid waste that need to be mixed shall not exhibits polymerization characteristic once mixed together. The waste is then pumped into its dedicated storage tank and eventually stored at the charging tank i.e. aqueous and energetic storage tank. The waste is fed into the combustor by pumping into the piping system connected to the WTE thermal treatment plant.

Medical waste shall have its own preparation area that consists of cold storage, bin lifter and unloading system and washing bin station. The WTE thermal treatment plant will be equipped with all type of feeding mechanism, solid waste and medical waste through chute and liquid waste via piping system. Combustor shall be lined with refractory and equipped with waste burners, bottom ash extraction system, thermocouples and inspection inlets.

The proposed combustion chamber comprises of rotary kiln, stoker and secondary combustion chamber. Rotary kiln will gasify the waste and complete burning of solid material will take place at stoker (moving grate) and gases pollutants complete burning will further take place at secondary chamber. Burning temperature at the combustor shall be between 800oC-1,100oC and operating at slight negative pressure. The temperature at rotary kiln and SCC approximately at 800oC and 1000- 1100oC respectively.

After leaving the combustor, the flue gas shall be cooled to the favourable temperature required by flue gas cleaning system through water quenching system. The flue gas shall be cleaned to ensure the discharge of flue gas meets the emission limits requirement. The flue gas treatment comprises combination of the both wet and dry treatments. Dry treatment normally treats flue gas by applying lime and carbon injection and further filters flue gas and particulate through the bag house. Finally, the remaining acid gases flue gas is further treated at wet scrubber before releasing the flue gas through the stack.

Figure 5.19 and 5.20 show the plot plan and elevation layout of the SSWTC thermal treatment plant, respectively showing the arrangement of the waste feeding system, location of combustion system as well as the air pollution control system.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-49

Figure 5.19: Plot Plan of the SSWTC Thermal Treatment Plant

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 5 - Project Description 5-50