Chapter 6 Existing Environment

CHAPTER 6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.0 Introduction This chapter outlines the existing environment concerning the physical environment, land use pattern, socio-economic characteristics and human health conditions in vicinity of the existing Proposed Project site. The information serves as the background or baseline data on various aspects of subject matters in connection with the proposed scheduled waste management facilities. The existing environmental baseline is obtained from primary and secondary sources. Field investigations were carried out to supplement any insufficient of information for the study area.

The condition of the existing environment of the project site and within five (5) km radius of surrounding area is further described in this chapter. The compiled data on the existing environment is regarded as ‘baseline’ environmental condition to assess potential environmental changes, if any that may arise during the implementation of SSWTC project. The discussion on existing environment will be based on the physical environment, human environment and baseline environmental quality at the surrounding area of the project site. Information provided on this chapter was gathered through primary and secondary information including site observations and monitoring, socio- economic and health assessment survey, desktop data search, abstraction of information from published reports and related agencies.

6.1 Zone of Study The zone of study is within five (5) km radius from the Proposed Project site called as the Zone of Impact (ZOI). All the sensitive receptors that is located within the ZOI is identified, analysed and reported in the form of five (5) km radius sensitive receptors map as shown in Figure 6.1 and listed in Table 6.1 based on the distance from the Proposed Project site. The identification process is through site visit to the ZOI, reviewing of Hulu Selangor Local Plan 2020, information gathered from engagement with authorities, satellite image by remote sensing and drone as well as Google Earth. The mandatory 5 km ZOI is divided into 0-1 km radius, 1-2 km radius, 2-3 km radius, 3-4 km radius and 4-5 km radius.

The Proposed Project site covers a total area of 40 acres, located within the existing Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill (BTSL), Mukim Sungai Tinggi, District of Hulu Selangor, Selangor. The site is located ≈15 km from Bukit Beruntung and ≈50 km from Kuala Lumpur City Centre and can be accessed via the North-South Expressway (NSE) (E1), exiting at the Bukit Tagar Toll (Exit 119). An alternative route is via State Road B74 from Bestari Jaya.

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LEGEND

Proposed SSWTC Boundary

Settlement Area

Settlement of Bukit Tagar Estate

Settlement of Nigel Gardner

Settlement of Mary Estate

Settlement of Minyak Estate

Kg. Sepakat

Public Amenities

S.J.K (T) Ldg. Mary

S.J.K (T) Nigel Gardner

Scale: 1:900 m

2,700 m

Source: Satellite Image from Malaysia Remote Sensing Agency dated 29th November 2018 Figure 6.1: 5km Radius Map for Sensitive Receptor

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Table 6.1: Distance of Sensitive Receptors from Proposed Project Site within the ZOI No. Sensitive Receptor Distance Category 2 km – 3 km 1. Kg. Sepakat ≈2.1 km 2. Settlement of Nigel Gardner Estate ≈2.5 km Residential Area 3. Settlemet of Mary Estate ≈2.2 km 4. S.J.K (T) Ldg. Mary ≈2.3 km Public Amenities 5. S.J.K (T) Nigel Gardner ≈2.4 km 4 km – 5 km 1. Settlement of Bukit Tagar Estate ≈4.1 km Residential Area 2. Settlement of Minyak Estate ≈4.7 km

The location of Proposed Project site is strategic as it has 500 m buffer zone within the palm oil plantation surrounding the existing BTSL site. The buffer zone will act as a shield to minimise the environmental impact that may occur (if any) during construction and operation stage of the Proposed Project towards the surrounding sensitive receptors. Other than that, there are no sensitive receptors located within 2 km radius. The nearest sensitive receptor, Kg. Sepakat is located approximately 2.3 km to the North-West of Proposed Project site. Within 1 km – 3 km radius, the major land use within this ZOI comprises of oil palm plantation. The rest of the sensitive receptors is scattered to the east side of the Proposed Project site. Settlement of Nigel Gardner Estate is located 2.6 km to the North-East of the Project site while Settlement of Mary Estate is located 2.4 km to the South-East of Proposed Project site. Settlement of Bukit Tagar Estate and Settlement of Minyak Estate is also taken into consideration in this assessment although it is located slightly far from the Proposed Project site that is within 4 km – 5 km in radius.

Figure 6.2 shows the SSWTC boundary within the aerial drone photo shown in blue dotted line. The Proposed Project site topography is generally undulating with ground levels ranging from Road Level (RL) 26m to RL 70m from the southern to northern side. The highest peak is located near the northern perimeter. Meanwhile, the lowest level areas are located towards the south next to the existing access road along the southern perimeter of the site, these areas are also the old sedimentation pond areas, which were used during the construction of Phase 1 and 2 of the BTSL cells. The east and west side are having lower peaks at approximately RL 49m and RL 50m, respectively. An advanced cell has already undergone safe closure and is now being utilised to collect methane from landfill gas. Methane is the main ingredient in natural gas. Because it can be captured from landfills, it can be burned to produce electricity at the Renewable Energy Centre (REC) under Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) program of Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA).

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Phase 1 and 2 BTSL

Advance Cell

Source: Drone Image taken on 29th January 2019 Figure 6.2: SSWTC Boundary within the Aerial Drone Photo shown in Blue Dotted Line

6.2 Physical Environment

6.2.1 Geology

6.2.1.1 Regional Geology The geology of the regional area is characterised by recent alluvial deposits and prequarternary bedrock. The recent alluvial deposits are river alluvium and coastal deposit. Tin is found in the river alluvium. The coastal alluvium cover most of the country’s westline; extending from north to south of Batang Berjuntai. The prequarternary rocks are the most abundant geological formation over the area and can be described as comprising two (2) series; i.e. the calcareous series and the arenaceous series.

The Calcareous Series comprise of limestone, phyllite, schist and shale with rare bands of mica- quartz schist, fine grained quartzite and chert. The rocks are also folded and foliated and dip moderately mostly between 45O to vertical (Roe, F.W. (1953)). Limestone was encountered at one of the soil investigation point outside the footprint area, which is located at the western entrance from the road state route B74 (Batang Berjuntai – Sg. Tengi).

The Arenaceous Series are generally found over undulating country terrain as can be seen at the proposed landfill site and also over the proposed access road alignment. Rock types comprise of quartzite, quartz schist, mica schist, phyllite and shale. The rocks are generally folded and average inclination between 20O and 45O.

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The recent alluvial deposits are generally defined by the river and coastal alluvium. Coast alluvium is the most widespread deposit over the area; extending from the north to south of Batang Berjuntai. At the lowest alluvium beds, which are characterised by gravel and sand with minor clayey composition, tin deposit is found within them. Above the alluvial deposit are the superficial swamp deposits or peaty soil.

6.2.1.2 Geology of Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Area Geology of the proposed development area is characterised by two rock types, namely alluvial and hard rock. The alluvial deposit is generally formed by young alluvial deposit while hard rock is formed by the prequarternary deposit.

Occurence of young alluvial deposit in the Proposed Project area is very limited and is mostly encountered in the stream channels. Source of deposition material is generally from in-situ. Some of the material is very recent, indicating sediment yield from soil erosion of the surrounding areas as the result of land development for the cultivation of oil palm.

In general, most of the area is characterised by bedrock. The rocks comprise of fine metastone, shale, slate and phyllites. The major composition of the rock is metastone and these are encountered over most of the area. Intense weathering especially chemical weathering has resulted in thick soil profile over the terrain. However, at some of the areas, such as erosion channels, the weathered rock still showed original characteristics of the parent material; i.e. weathered fine sandstone.

As shown in Figure 6.3, the Proposed Project Site is mainly underlain with arenaceous rocks comprising metaquartzite, metastine, schistone grit and siltstone with a few bands of schist and phyllite. The arenaceous rocks (arenites) include all those clastic sedimentary rocks whose particle sizes range from 2 to 0.06 mm, or if silt is included, to 0.004 mm.

Some arenites are composed primarily of carbonate particles, in which case they are called calcarenites and grouped with the limestones. Some oolitic iron ores and glauconite beds are properly classified as arenites as well as sandstones.

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LEGEND

Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Boundary

Proposed SSWTC Boundary PERMIAN TO CARBONIFEROUS : Belata (Arenaceous Rocks) Arenaceous rocks comprising metaquartzite, metastone,

schistone grit and siltstone with a few bands of schist and phyllite. Mainly argillaceous rocks comprising shale, schist and phyllite with quartzite interstrification.

QUARTERNARY : Recent Alluvium Alluvial of the coastal plain and

continental river deposits.

SILURIAN TO MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN : Terolak Proposed Site (Mainly Argillaceous) Argillaceous rocks comprising shale, calcerous shale, schist and phyllite with a few beds of quartzite. Limestone with rare beds of

graphitic schist and shale.

Highway Road River

Scale: 1:7,000 m Source: Department of Mineral and Geoscience, Malaysia. 21,000 m

Figure 6.3: Geological Map for Proposed Site

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6.2.2 Hydrogeology SSWTC site is located within Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill (BTSL). The overall Bukit BTSL site is generally characterised by widespread unconsolidated deposits which composes of four (4) elements which is sand, clay and silt, peat, humic clay and silt as well as clay, silt, sand and gravel. Rock types in this formation comprise of low-grade metamorphic rocks such as meta-sandstone, slate and phyllite as shown in Figure 6.4. The location of proposed SSWTC site was marked in the Hydrogeological Map of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory (2008) from Department of Mineral and Geoscience Malaysia to show the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the earth’s crust (commonly in aquifers). The potential aquifer in the study area is categorised as a freshwater type and it is being rated as medium generalised aquifer potential.

There are no active wells within and nearby the vicinity of the Project Site. The inactive wells nearby the Project Site are used for the domestic and monitoring purposes.

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LEGEND

Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill Boundary

Proposed SSWTC Site

Lithology Generalised Sediment and Aquifer Potential Metamorphic Rocks Very High Sandstone/ Metasandstone High Phyllite, schist and Medium slate Low Hydrogeological Symbols Proposed SSWTC Site Isohytes Water devide Interface between Fresh and saline groundwater Well Usage

Agriculture

Domestic

Industrial Monitoring Natural mineral water

Scale: 1:20.0 km

60.0 km

Source: Hydrogeological Map of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory (2008) Figure 6.4: Hydrogeological Map of Proposed SSWTC Site

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6.2.3 Water Intake Points Relative to the Project Site The main elements of a water intake are:

 A diversion structure, to control the water level in the stream and to ensure it is sufficient to supply the intake but not flood it such as earthen barrage dam, rock barrier, gabion barrier, two-pillar barrage as well as three-pillar barrage;  Inlet level and flow control in the intake structure itself, to control water supply to the ponds using sluice boards or penstock. It is usually connected to the water transport structure; and  Entrance protection such as coarse bars or piling or a range of screens to protect the intake from debris and scour damage.

The main purpose of an intake is to ensure a constant water supply that can be adjusted to suit local conditions. There are two (2) water intake points (WIPs) downstream of the project site, along Sungai Selangor as shown in Figure 6.5. Sg. Nyamuk does not flow directly into Sg. Selangor, where WIP 5 and WIP 6 are located. If flows into Sg. Ayer Hitam first before joining with Sg. Selangor, with a total distance of approximately 15 km from project site to WIP 5 and WIP 6. These WIPs provide raw water to be treated by Syarikat Pengeluar Air Sungai Selangor Sdn. Bhd. (SPLASH) at Sungai Selangor Phase 3 (SSP3) Water Treatment Plant Rasa (250 MLD capacity), Sungai Selangor Phase 3 (SSP3) Water Treatment Plant Bukit Badong (800 MLD capacity) and Sungai Selangor Phase 1 (SSP1) Water Treatment Plant at Bukit Badong (950 MLD capacity) for domestic consumption. Table 6.2 shows the details of the WIPs and water supply schemes relative to the project site.

Table 6.2: Water Intake Points Relative to the Project Site Water Supply Distance from Location in Relation WIP River System Scheme Project Site (km) to Project Site WIP1 Sg Tengi Hulu Selangor 15 Upstream WIP2 Sg Darah Hulu Selangor 14 Upstream WIP3 Sg Darah Hulu Selangor 12 Upstream WIP4 Sg Selangor/ Kuala Selangor 11 Upstream Sg Tinggi WIP5 Batang Berjuntai Kuala Selangor 12 Downstream Sg Selangor WIP6 Sg Selangor/ Kuala Selangor 13 Downstream Empangan Sg Tinggi WIP7 Batang Berjuntai/ Kuala Selangor 12 Upstream Sg Selangor WIP8 Sg Selangor Kuala Selangor 13 Upstream Source: Environmental Quality Act 1974, 2018. Note: The above only covers the WIPs closest to the project site and does not include those in the upper Sungai Selangor catchment.

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LEGEND

Proposed SSWTC Boundary

Water Intake Points

River Flow Direction

River

Scale: 1:2,000 m

6,000 m

Source: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM) Figure 6.5: Water Intake Points Near the SSWTC Site

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6.2.4 River System The project site is within the Sg. Nyamuk Basin, with an area of ~1,529 ha as shown in Figure 6.6. All surface runoff from the Proposed Project site is flowing from the hill to the small stream in the valley. Generally, the project site will be platformed and surface runoff is channelled to a sedimentation ponds located to the southwest of the SSWTC boundary within the BTSL before being discharged into Sg. Nyamuk.

Sg. Nyamuk is a small stream that flows in a north to south direction, located southwest of the project site. The drainage in the area has been much changed, with channels built along Road B74 to channel runoff to Sg. Nyamuk. Sg. Nyamuk does not flow directly into Sg. Selangor where WIP 5 and WIP 6 are located. Sg. Nyamuk eventually flows into Sg. Ayer Hitam and finally into Sg. Selangor, located much further (approximately 15 km) to the south.

There are no records of flooding at the Project site as indicated in the Hulu Selangor District Local Plan 2020. The Project site itself has never been flooded as it is located on an elevated platform.

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LEGEND

Proposed SSWTC Boundary

North South Expressway Bukit Tagar Access Road

River Settlement Area

Boundary of Bukit

Tagar Sanitary

Landfill

Water Body

Sub-Basin (~1,529 ha)

Stream Flow Station (S1-S3)

Source: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM) Scale: 1:0.5 km

1.5 km

Figure 6.6: River System in the Proposed Project Site

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6.3 Climate Project site will experience relatively uniform warm and humid conditions with sunshine all year round. Climate conditions are influenced by the Northeast and Southwest Monsoons, which occur during the months of November to March and May to September, respectively. Winds are generally light except during the monsoonal months.

6.3.1 Existing Meteorological Information Climate data were obtained from the nearest Malaysian Meteorological Services (MMS) principal meteorological station at Subang Airport Station (Station No: 48647, Latitude 3° 07' 50" N, Longitude 101° 33' 09" E, 16.64 m above MSL) for a 5-year period (2014-2018).

6.3.2 Rainfall

6.3.2.1 Annual Rainfall The annual rainfall for 2014 to 2018 is depicted in Figure 6.7. Total average annual rainfall was 2,945.42 mm, with a range from 2,567.8 mm (2014) to 3,535.4 mm (2018).

4000.0 3535.4 3500.0 3355.3

3000.0 2567.8 2635.8 2632.8 2500.0

2000.0

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 1500.0

1000.0

500.0

0.0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

Figure 6.7: Annual Rainfall (2014-2018)

6.3.2.2 Monthly Rainfall The mean monthly rainfall for 2014 until 2019 is shown in Figure 6.8. The wettest month is November (390.6 mm) while the driest, February (99.0 mm).

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450.0 390.6 400.0

350.0 331.9 292.8 298.1 300.0 259.6 269.3 246.3 254.4 250.0 203.2 200.0 159.5 140.6 Mean Rainfall Mean 150.0 99.0 100.0

50.0

0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month

Figure 6.8: Mean Monthly Rainfall (2014-2018)

6.3.2.3 Temperature The site is uniformly warm throughout the year. The annual 24-hr mean temperature ranged from 24.8°C to 33.1°C as shown in Figure 6.9. The mean annual maximum temperatures were 32.7°C - 33.7 °C and minimum temperatures were 24.5°C - 25.1 °C.

Figure 6.10 present the monthly 24-hr mean temperatures that showed March has the maximum mean temperature at 34.1°C and 24.1°C for lowest mean temperature in January.

40.0 33.3 33.7 35.0 33.2 32.7 32.8

30.0 24.8 25.1 24.8 C) 24.7 24.5 ° 25.0

20.0

15.0 Temperature ( Temperature 10.0

5.0

0.0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Maximum Minimum

Figure 6.9: Annual Mean Temperature (2014-2018)

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40.0 33.7 34.1 34.0 33.4 33.5 33.3 35.0 32.3 33.1 32.8 32.8 32.3 32.3

30.0 24.9 25.2 25.2 25.4 25.2 25.0 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.5 C) 24.1 24.4 ° 25.0

20.0

15.0 Temperature ( Temperature 10.0

5.0

0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month Maximum Minimum

Figure 6.10: Monthly Mean Temperature (2014-2018)

6.3.2.4 Relative Humidity The annual 24-hr relative humidity ranged between 75.9% (2016) to 77.7% (2017) as present in Figure 6.11 while Figure 6.12 shows the mean monthly 24-hr relative humidity ranged at 71.7% (February) and 82.8% (November).

78.0 77.7 77.8

77.6 77.4 77.4

77.2 77.1

77.0

76.8

76.6 Relative Humidity (%) Humidity Relative 76.4

76.2 76.0 76.0 75.9 75.8 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

Figure 6.11: Annual 24-hr Relative Humidity (2014-2018)

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84.0 82.8 81.7 82.0

80.0 79.0 77.9 78.0 78.0 76.9 76.9 75.5 76.0 74.0 73.9 73.8 74.0

72.0 Relative Humidity (%) Humidity Relative 71.7 70.0

68.0

66.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month

Figure 6.12: Monthly 24-hr Mean Relative Humidity (2014-2018)

6.3.2.5 Surface Wind Table 6.3 shows that the wind is mostly from the northwest (18.5%), followed by the west (12.1%) and then both north and southeast (10.2% respectively). Strongest wind directions are mainly from southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest (5.5–7.9 m/s), though rarely occurring (0.8%). The most frequent occurrence of wind speed is at 0.3-1.5 m/s (40.9%) while the second most frequent at 1.6-3.3 m/s (30.4%). On average (16.3%) the area is becalmed (<0.3 m/s) and Figure 6.13 present the annual wind rose summary for 2014 to 2018.

Table 6.3: Frequencies of Occurrence for Concurrent Wind Direction and Speed within Specified Ranges Wind Speed Range (m/s) Direction Total (%) 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 >10.7 Calm 16.3 Variable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North 7.8 2.1 0.3 0 0 0 10.2 North-East 6.2 1.3 0.2 0 0 0 7.6 East 5.5 1.9 0.1 0 0 0 7.5 South-East 3.5 5.2 1.4 0.1 0 0 10.2 South 2.9 5 2.8 0.2 0 0 11 South-West 1.9 3 1.4 0.1 0 0 6.4 West 4.1 4.2 3.4 0.3 0 0 12.1 North-West 9 7.7 1.7 0.1 0 0 18.5 Total (%) 99.8

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Figure 6.13: Annual Wind Rose Summary (2014-2018)

6.3.2.6 Cloud Cover Table 6.4 shows the mean annual cloud cover, which was fairly constant at 6.9 to 7.1 Oktas. Project site can expect to experience a similar cloud cover.

Table 6.4: Annual Mean Cloud Cover Year Mean Cloud Cover (Oktas) 2014 7.0 2015 6.9 2016 7.0 2017 7.1 2018 7.0

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6.4 Land Use

6.4.1 Profile Area Hulu Selangor local regional planning area covers the entire Hulu Selangor district, State of Selangor Darul Ehsan with an area of 175,630.11 hectares or 1,756.3 km2. It involves the administration of the entire Hulu Selangor District Council (local authority) as presented in Figure 6.14.

STATE OF PERAK RESEARCH AREA

Sabak Bernam

STATE OF PAHANG Kuala Selangor

Gombak

Kuala Lumpur

Petaling Hulu Klang Langat

Putrajaya

Kuala Langat STATE OF Sepang NEGERI SEMBILAN

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.14: Location of Local Planning Area

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Hulu Selangor district is located in the northern part of Selangor which borders Batang Padang (State of Perak) at the north, Bentong and Raub (Pahang) District at the east, Sabak Bernam District and Kuala Selangor District at the west and Gombak District at the south.

Hulu Selangor District comprises thirteen (13) districts that consist of: Hulu Bernam, Kuala Kalumpang, Kalumpang, Sungai Gumut, Kerling, Ampang Pechah, Peretak, Buloh Telor, Sungai Tinggi, Rasa, Batang Kali, Hulu Yam and Serendah District. Hulu Selangor District is divided into five (5) Blok Perancangan (BP) as shown in and Table 6.5 and Figure 6.15.

Table 6.5: Area of Blok Perancangan (BP) Blok Perancangan (BP) Area (Hectare) Percentage (%) BP 1 32,578.10 18.55 (Bukit Beruntung–Serendah–Hulu Yam) BP 2 (Kuala Kubu Bharu–Batang Kali–Rasa–Lembah 30,519.71 17.38 Beringin–Kerling–Kalumpang) BP 3 15,320.27 8.72 (Sungai Tinggi–Bukit Tagar) BP 4 41,582.08 23.68 Bernam Jaya (Hulu Bernam) BP 5 55,629.95 31.67 (Bukit Fraser–Peretak–Genting Highlands) Total 175,630.11 100.00 Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

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STATE OF PERAK

STATE OF PAHANG KUALA SELANGOR DISTRICT

GOMBAK DISTRICT

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.15: Planning Block Distribution

6.4.2 Residents Population for Hulu Selangor District is 197,916 people for 2008. The population in the Hulu Selangor District is expected to increase by 3.7% per annum to 306,073 by 2020 as shown in Table 6.6. The development and filling of existing vacant industrial areas is expected to prevent migration out at Hulu Selangor District. The growth rate of 3.7% also met the expected growth target in Selangor State Structure Plan 2020 as presented in Table 6.7 and Figure 6.16 shows the distribution of race in Hulu Selangor District.

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Table 6.6: Resident Information 2008 2020 Resident 197,916 306,073 Population Density 1:1.1 people/hectare 1:1.7 people/hectare Gender Ratio 106 Men : 100 Women Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

Table 6.7: Population Projection Blok Perancangan (BP) 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015 2020 BP 1 66,270 79,481 88,634 95,314 114,301 137,071 BP 2 50,489 60,547 67,519 72,608 87,072 104,417 BP 3 4,250 5,097 5,684 6,112 7,329 8,789 BP 4 25,906 31,067 34,644 37,255 44,677 53,577 BP 5 1,073 1,287 1,435 1,543 1,850 2,219 Total 147,996 177,478 197,916 212,832 255,230 306,073 Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

Bumiputera Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.16: Racial Composition

6.4.2.1 Age Structure The age structure in Hulu Selangor District is divided into three (3) age categories, children age of 0- 14 years old, employment group of 15-64 years old and elderly group of 65 years old and older. The highest proportion of residents in Hulu Selangor District came from the employment group of 91,405 people (61.8%) compared to the children in the age of 0-14 years old group at 51,053 people (34.5%) and 65 years old and older group at 5,538 (3.74%). The number of employment group is higher than

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) October 2019 Proposed Development of Sustainable Scheduled Waste Treatment Center (SSWTC) at PT1682 Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill, Mukim Sungai Tinggi, Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan for Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn. Bhd. the unemployed population, showing that there are job opportunities available within and outside Hulu Selangor District (especially in developing areas such as Gombak, Petaling and Kuala Lumpur).

6.4.2.2 Employment The total number of working people in Hulu Selangor District in 2005 was 44,034. The increase in the number of workers was only 9,523 people over the nine (9) years period from 1996 to 2006. Based on the industry breakdown, it is found that majority of Hulu Selangor District residents which 34.69% were involved in agriculture, forestry and hunting in 1991 and were reduced to 20.19% in 2005. The employment in community services, social and private increased and the majority employment in 2005. The employment of the community in the manufacturing industry is largely due to the employment opportunities offered.

6.4.3 Current Land Use 2008 The main land use of the Hulu Selangor District is the forestland located at the eastern part which the border of Pahang State with 53% followed by agricultural area which make up 14.7% of the area. Built up area was around 6.97% while the non-built area was 93.03% as shown in Table 6.8.

Table 6.8: Current Land Use (2008) Land Use Components Area (Hectare) Percentage (%) Residential Planned Residential 2,369.46 1.35 Non-planned Residential 1,706.61 0.97 Industry Planned Industry 1,380.30 0.79 Non-planned Industry 3.42 0.00 Business and Services Business and services 224.66 0.13 Public Institutions and Facilities Education 345.92 0.20 Health 26.73 0.02 Religious 26.70 0.02 Cemetery 81.36 0.05 Security 79.42 0.05 Rumah Kebajikan 9.48 0.01 Government Use 77.14 0.04 Other Public Uses 47.03 0.03 Leisure and Recreation Open Space 1,246.05 0.71 Sports and Recreational Facilities 445.15 0.25 Vacant Land (Natural) 3,481.39 1.98 Vacant Land (Artificial) 2,469.23 1.41 Transportation

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Table 6.8: Current Land Use (2008) Land Use Components Area (Hectare) Percentage (%) Transportation 5,525.79 3.15 Infrastructure and Utilities Infrastructure and Utilities 339.86 0.19 Agriculture Rubber 17,049.65 9.71 Palm Oil 14,464.78 8.24 Other Agricultural Activities 25,944.55 14.77 Tanah Terbiar 122.23 0.07 Livestock and Aquaculture Livestock and Aquaculture 518.67 0.30 Forest Forest 89,490.91 50.95 Wetland 3,631.71 2.07 Water Body Water Body 4,521.96 2.57 Total 175,630.11 100.00 Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

Figure 6.17 shows the current land use map for Hulu Selangor District in 2008.

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Proposed Project Site

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.17: Current Land Use Map for Hulu Selangor District, 2008

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Figure 6.18 presents the slope scale of Hulu Selangor District. It shows that the Proposed Project site is located within the area of lower slope scale which is between 16o to 25o according to Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020.

State of State of Perak Pahang

Kuala Selangor District Proposed Project Site

Slope Scale

RTD AREA

Gombak District

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.18: Hulu Selangor District Slope Scale

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Figure 6.19 presents the altitude analysis of Hulu Selangor District which showing the Proposed Project site is located within the lower area in between 50m to 150m from the sea level according to the study prepared in Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020.

State of State of Pahang Perak

Kuala Selangor District Proposed Project Site

Altitude Scale

RTD AREA

Gombak District

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.19: Hulu Selangor District Altitude Analysis

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Hulu Selangor District consists of four (4) different types of rocks that can be located around the area as shown in Figure 6.20. The Proposed Project site is in the Triassic type of rock.

State of State of Perak Pahang

Kuala Selangor District

Proposed Type of Rocks Project Quaternary Site

Triassic

Carboniferous

Silurian -Ordovician

RTD AREA

Gombak District

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.20: Type of Rocks at Hulu Selangor District

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Figure 6.21 presents the drainage system and mineral water sources located in Hulu Selangor District and also the potential area for construction and silica sand. It shows that no drainage system and mineral source found within the Proposed Project site.

State of State of Pahang Perak

1 3

Kuala 3 Selangor District 2

2 River 1 Former Mine Proposed Dam Project Site Mineral Water Source *Lot 919 Mukim Batang Kali Potential Location for Quarry POTENTIAL AREA FOR SAND Resource (million Sand Types Area tan) 1. Kuala Kubu Bharu 3.9 1 Construction 2. Kerling 0.4 2 Sand 3. Kalumpang 2.1 3 1. Ampang Pechah 3.0 1 Silica Sand 2. Sungai Inki 0.32 2 3. Kampung Gumut 0.2 3

RTD AREA

Gombak District

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.21: Hulu Selangor District Drainage System and Mineral Source

6.4.4 Proposed Land Use Zoning 2020 Land use is described by the purposes for which the land is used, the types of sequences, conservation and environmental management activities carried out upon the land. The proposed development in Hulu Selangor District is based on the main land use zones consisted in built and non-built area. Table 6.9 shows the proposed overall land use Hulu Selangor District 2020.

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Table 6.9: Proposed Overall Land Use Hulu Selangor District 2020 Land Use (Hectare) Percentage Land Use Component Total Current Committed Proposed (%) Residential 3,846.52 3,634.11 5,842.05 12,780.16 7.58 Industry 1,389.78 747.55 675.74 2,813.07 1.60 Business and Services 245.85 490.18 984.34 1,720.37 0.98 Institution and 729.41 267.46 592.93 1,589.80 0.91 Community Facility Infrastructure and Utility 360.32 198.31 59.85 618.48 0.35 Transportation 6,251.28 578.73 290.82 7,120.83 4.05 Agriculture 43,835.64 0.00 1,964.91 45,800.55 26.08 Livestock and 555.77 0.00 0.00 555.77 0.32 Aquaculture Open Space and 1,836.03 3,038.00 922.67 5,796.70 3.30 Recreational Forest 91,954.30 0.00 0.00 91,954.30 52.36 Water Body 4,340.56 0.00 0.00 4,340.56 2.47 Total 155,342.46 8,954.34 11,333.31 175,630.11 100.00 Percentage (%) 88.45 5.10 6.45 100.00 Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

Figure 6.22 shows the proposed land use map for Hulu Selangor District in 2020. Under Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020, the project site is demarcated for infrastructure and utilities purposes. The surrounding areas of BTSL will remain as an agriculture (oil palm) within the 500 m buffer zone.

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Proposed Project Site

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.22: Proposed Land Use Map Hulu Selangor District 2020

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6.4.5 Blok Perancangan 3 (BP 3) – Sungai Tinggi-Bukit Tagar Blok Perancangan 3 (BP 3) covers about 15,320.27 hectares representing 8.72% of the entire of Hulu Selangor district. BP 3 is divided into two (2) Blok Perancangan Kecil: BPK 3.1 and BPK 3.2 which involves Sungai Tinggi and Bukit Tagar area.

Typically, there is not much future planning for BP 3 as both areas mainly focus on agricultural activities and forest areas. There is a dedicated industrial development project called Berjaya City Industrial Area which is a relatively large scale project in the Hulu Selangor district. Empangan Sungai Tinggi is one (1) of the most important dams maintained to meet the water supply of the Hulu Selangor district which is located at upstream of BTSL. The distance from the dam to the BTSL is approximately 5.5 km in radius.

There are three (3) proposals to transect Kawasan Khas (KK) within BP 3. It comprises of BPK 3.1: KK 3.1A Bukit Tagar industry, KK 3.1B – Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU), BPK 3.2: KK 3.2A - Bukit Tagar sanitary landfill and KK 3.2B – Resort. Figure 6.23 shows the whole area of BP 3.

Proposed Project Site

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.23: Blok Perancangan 3 (BP 3): Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar

The Proposed Project site is located within Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill (BTSL) which is under BPK 3.2. Figure 6.24 shows the land use map 2020 for BP3. The land is gazetted for insfrastruture and utility. The administration for the project development falls under Hulu Selangor District Council. Land use pattern that surrounds the Proposed Project site is an agriculture land within 500 m radius of BTSL.

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This agriculture land acts as a buffer zone for the sanitary landfill from the industrial zone and commercial zone beneath the agriculture area.

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Proposed Project Site

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.24: Land Use Map 2020 for BP3

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The landuse component by type of activities for the land use in BP 3 - Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar is shown in Table 6.10. While the percentage of the landuse components for Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar is shown in Figure 6.25 .

Table 6.10: Landuse Component for BP 3: Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar Land Use of BP3 (Hectare) Percentage Land Use Component Total Current Committed Proposed (%) Residential 0.00 1,079.50 594.74 1,674.24 10.93 Industrial 20.33 224.90 35.25 280.48 1.83 Business and Services 0.00 303.70 101.12 404.82 2.64 Institution and Community 0.00 46.14 0.22 46.36 0.30 Facility Infrastructure and Utility 108.40 84.57 0.00 192.97 1.26 Transportation 269.13 469.39 0.00 738.52 4.82 Agriculture 2,695.87 0.00 76.37 2,772.24 18.10 Livestock and Aquaculture 83.88 0.00 0.00 83.88 0.55 Open Space and 717.05 1,801.14 0.00 2,518.19 16.44 Recreational Forest 5,422.39 0.00 0.00 5,422.39 35.39 Water Body 1,186.18 0.00 0.00 1,186.18 7.74 Total 9,903.56 4,009.34 807.70 15,320.27 100.00 Percentage (%) 67.28 27.24 5.49 100.00 Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020

1.83 Residential 7.74 10.93 2.64 Industrial 0.3 1.26 Business and Services Institution and Public Facility 4.82 Infrastructure and Utility

35.39 Transportation Agriculture 18.1 Farming and Aquaculture Open Space and Recreational Forest 16.44 0.55 Water Body

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.25: Percentage of the Land Use Components for BP 3: Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar

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Majority of Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar are monopolized for forest reserve constitute 35.39% of the overall land use. The forest area covers 5,422.39 ha of the planning block. Within the same planning block, agriculture covers 18.1% (2,772.24 ha) of the overall land use. The agriculture area is for oil palm plantation. Residential covers 10.93% (1,674.24) of the planning block. The type of residential area in the planning is a scattered development. Transportation will cover 4.82% (738.52 ha) of the planning block whereas farming and aquaculture activities covers only 0.55% (83.99 ha) from overall land use. Water body BP 3 planning block covers 7.74% which is 1,186.18 ha. For infrastructure and utilities activities, there will covers 1.26% (192.97 ha) of the overall planning block including power supply, irrigation and drainage as well as solid waste disposal.

1.83% (280.48 ha) of the planning block is reserve for industrial activities and 2.64% (404.82 ha) is reserve for business and services. As one (1) of the guideline in district local plan is to ensure social development for the community living in the area, 16.44% (2,518.19 ha) of the land use is utilised for open space and recreational together with 0.30% (46.36 ha) for institution and public facility. Recreational area includes in the plan are local parks, field, playground, sport and recreational facilities as well as buffer zone.

Based on the Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, it stated the proposed transect 2020 for BP 3. The transect is divided into four (4) sections which are Natural Areas or Forest (T1), Village or Rural Areas (T2), Suburban Areas (T3) and Special Areas (KK). The land use for the T1 is mainly focused on natural areas including forest, water body, insfrastructure and utilities as well as transportation. T2 covers for agriculture activities which includes residential, public facilities, insfrastructure, utilities and transportation as well as agro-tourism.

Suburban Areas cover mostly on low density residential which includes public facilities, business and services, infrastructure and utilities as well as transportation. Special Areas (KK) is the special areas that have been identified for strategic projects in the economy or not in accordance with Transect's requirements. Figure 6.26 shows the Transect Planning for BP 3: Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar.

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Proposed Project Site

Soure: Hulu Selangor District Local Plan, 2020 Figure 6.26: Transect Planning for BP 3: Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar

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6.5 Existing Environmental Health Survey

6.5.1 Introduction to Public Health Study A Public Health Study for Health Impact Assessment (HIA) was undertaken for the Proposed Development of Sustainable Scheduled Waste Treatment Center (SSWTC) at PT1682 Bukit Tagar, Mukim Sungai Tinggi, Daerah Hulu Selangor, Selangor Darul Ehsan for Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn. Bhd. This HIA aims to determine the existing health status of the local community in vicinity to the proposed SSWTC project. The result of this survey will provide the baseline health profile of the local community.

The existing health status was determined through a health perception survey and a review of secondary data from the nearest health facilities. Review of the secondary health data aims to determine the distribution of diseases related to development of the proposed facility among the affected community. The existing human health provides baseline health profile of nearby community i.e. within the Zone of Impact (ZOI) especially those residing within 5 km radius and will comprise of inventory on all relevant health related information for the study area. This information will provide the baseline health status and the distribution of diseases in the affected communities.

The potential health impacts of the Proposed Project to the communities were determined through a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) methodology related to the project development particularly to air and water pollution due to gaseous emissions and contaminated effluents from the biodegradation and scheduled waste management activities. This HIA is an assessment that places the health of the local communities as the main agenda especially concerning the potential impact to the sensitive receptors. This HIA employs the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach in estimating the likelihood of potential adverse effects from exposure to environmental hazards. The EHRA was conducted in accordance with the health risk assessment standard protocol on human health risk assessment by United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2005) and the Guidance Document on Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) published by the Department of Environment (DOE) (2012) and Sahani et al, 2011.

6.5.2 Health Perception Survey Methodology Health perception survey was conducted on the communities who live in proximity to the Proposed Project. It was a cross-sectional survey which aimed primarily to determine the current health status of these communities which were presumed will be potentially at risk of exposure to any hazards from the project. The data collected will provide baseline information for the future reference.

The survey locality are areas around the Proposed Project which consist of the following five (5) settlement areas; (1) Nigel Gardner Estate, (2) Bukit Tagar Estate, (3) Kampung Sepakat, (4) Mary Estate and (5) Minyak Estate. The environmental health survey was conducted on 22nd April until 27th April 2019 in parallel with the socio-economic survey.

Sample size was calculated based on cross-sectional survey, where household is regarded as a unit of cluster sample. A total of 79 households were selected proportionate to the total number of

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households in the areas as shown in Table 6.11. The participation in the survey were voluntary, however, there were no drop out due to rejection to participate.

The head of the household or their representative were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewer using a standardized questionnaire as presented in Appendix 6.A. Other than the demographic and socio-economic background, the questionnaire was focusing on basic amenities, accessibility to health services, perception on the environmental health impact, their sickness/disease in the past three months and ailments for the past two (2) weeks from the date of interview session. Data entry, descriptive analysis, tables and charts were done by using Microsoft Excel 2016.

Table 6.11: Number of Household Sample from each Settlement Area Locality Number of Household Sample Percentage of Total Sample (%) Bukit Tagar Estate 13 16 Kampung Sepakat 3 4 Mary Estate 11 14 Minyak Estate 8 10 Nigel Gardner Estate 44 56 Total 79 100

6.5.3 Health Survey Results

6.5.3.1 Number of Household Members and Total Survey Samples A total of 79 households were involved during the interview and survey session. The number of family members per household varies from one (1) to thirteen (13) individual. Majority were the household with three (3) members and five (5) members. There was a total of 114 children aged 12 years old and below, and 263 adults of more than 12 years old as shown in Table 6.12.

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Table 6.12: Number of Household Members and Total Survey Samples Number of Members Frequency Total Samples Total Children Total Adult per Household (Number of Household) (All Ages) Samples Samples 1 10 10 12 10 2 3 6 16 46 3 21 63 21 57 4 8 32 20 32 5 10 5 20 35 6 7 42 18 18 7 6 42 7 28 8 8 64 0 8 9 0 0 0 18 10 1 10 0 0 11 3 33 0 11 12 1 12 0 0 13 1 13 0 0 Total 79 377 114 263

6.5.3.2 Respondents Profiles Figure 6.27 shows the majority (64.6%) of the respondents were male. All of them were above 20 years old; with majority (43%) between 21-30 years old followed by 31-40 years old (24.1%). Only 3.8% were elderly aged more than 60 years old.

The ethnic component is predominantly Indian (71%) followed by the Malay (18%). Other ethnics are considerably minority. Most of them received primary and secondary education. Apparently, quite a high percentage has no formal education (8.9%) and unemployment (19%). Ten (10) of fifteen (15) unemployed respondents had either primary or no formal education at all. The employment was mostly in private sector (74%).

About 29% were working in the private sectors whilst majority others were self-employed or running their own small businesses. The gross family’s incomes were moderate where only about 17% of the families earning less than RM1,500 per month.

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Figure 6.27: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents who represent the Households

6.5.3.3 Duration of Living at the Current Location Majority (89%) of the families live at the current house for more than ten (10) years as shown in Table 6.13.

Table 6.13: Duration of Living at the Current House Duration of Living Number Percentage (%) 0-1 year 3 3.80 1-5 years 4 5.06 6-10 years 2 2.53 >10 years 70 88.61 Total 79 100

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6.5.3.4 Accessibility to Basic Amenities All households have access to electrical supply. Other than that, some household are still deprived of basic amenities, for instance, 34.2% has no clean water supply, 38% has no proper garbage collection and 9% has no proper drainage. In this era, telephone communication becomes an important need but only 34.2 % has the telephone facility as refer to Table 6.14. These are important environmental elements for prevention of infectious diseases.

Table 6.14: Accessibility to Basic Amenities and Healthcare Services Basic Amenities Niger Gardner Bukir Tagar Kampung Mary Minyak Total and Healthcare Estate Estate Sepakat Estate Estate Services (n=44) (n=13) (n=3) (n=11) (n=8) (N=79) Clean water 65.9% 46.2% 100% 100% 37.5% 52% supply Electricity 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Garbage collection 52.3% 61.5% 100% 81.8% 75.0% 62% Telephone 11.4% 15.4% 100% 90.9% 87.5% 34.2% Road (Jalan Raya) 72.7% 69.2% 66.7% 100% 62.5% 74.7% Drainage system 90.9% 100% 100% 90.9% 75.0% 91.1% School 69.2% 69.2% 100% 100% 87.5% 93.7% Worship place 97.7% 100% 66.7% 90.9% 100% 96.2% Community centre 97.7% 84.6% 33.3% 90.9% 87.5% 91.1% Health clinics 97.7% 69.3% 100% 100% 87.5% 92.4% Public library 31.8% 38.5% 66.7% 90.9% 62.5% 45.6%

Table 6.15 shows the health care provisions are either by government facilities, private clinics or hospitals. There were several health care facilities which were accessible by the local communities. The majority of the respondents, 77.2% and 20.6% were seeking treatment for their ailments or sickness from the government facilities and private facilities respectively. Only 2.5% were seeking treatment from the Estate clinic.

Table 6.15: Healthcare Facilities from Where the Household Normally Seeking Treatment for Their Illness Category Frequency Percentage (%) Government Clinics/ hospitals 61 77.2 Private Clinics/ hospitals 16 20.6 Estate clinic 2 2.5 Total 79 100

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6.5.3.5 Prevalence of Chronic Diseases in the Past Three (3) Months The prevalence of diseases during a specified of time (or specifically called period prevalence) is defined as the number of existing cases during a specified period of time over the population of the specified locality during the specified period of time. The cases will include both the newly diagnosed cases and the old cases that are still alive during the study period.

The respondents were asked whether they had experienced some diseases for the past three (3) months. This is a crude prevalence estimate for the specified duration. This will reflect the prevalence of these diseases at the baseline before the project is implemented.

Asthma is the most common chronic among the children (1.8%) while hypertension and diabetes are most common among the adults with 8.0% and 5.7% respectively. No cases of lung cancer reported during those periods as shown in Table 6.16.

Table 6.16: Prevalence of Chronic Diseases among the Household’s Members during the Past Month Children Adult Chronic Diseases n = 114 n = 263 Frequency Prevalence# (%) Frequency Prevalence# (%) Asthma 2 1.8 2 0.8 Rhinitis (allergic) 0 0 0 0 Chronic bronchitis 0 0 2 0.8 Lung Cancer 0 0 0 0 Hypertension 0 0 21 8.0 Stroke (CVA) 0 0 2 0.8 Heart Disease* 0 0 6 2.3 Diabetes mellitus 0 0 15 5.7 Other respiratory diseases 0 0 3 1.1 (acute and chronic) Skin disease 0 0 1 0.4 Congenital anomalies 0 0 0 0 Other cancers 0 0 0 0 Blood disorders 0 0 1 0.4 Note: n = Total household members * includes ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarct and heart failures # the prevalence was calculated based on the surveyed population during the specified period of time

6.5.3.6 Prevalence of Infectious Diseases in the Past Three (3) Months Table 6.17 shows the prevalence of infectious diseases in the past three (3) months from the date of interview. Generally, the prevalence of infectious diseases is very low of less than 0.5%. No cases of dengue during those periods.

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Table 6.17: Prevalence of Infectious Diseases during the Past Three (3) Months Children Adult Infectious Diseases n = 114 n = 263 Frequency Prevalence Frequency Prevalence Conjunctivitis (allergic / infectious) 0 0 1 0.4 Pneumonia 0 0 1 0.4 Tuberculosis 0 0 0 0 Hepatitis B/C 0 0 1 0.4 Note: n = Total household members

6.5.3.7 Common Ailments and Acute Illnesses among Household Members The common ailments experienced by the respondents within the past two (2) weeks prior to the date of interview are shown in Table 6.18. The respondents were asked if any of the family members experienced any recent ailments. Those are the common symptoms which are most probably related to the surrounding air quality. Respiratory symptoms were common due to inhalation of undesirable material in the air which will trigger the inflammatory response and also acute exacerbation of pre- existing asthma (Guarnieri, 2014).

The commonest respiratory related ailments among both children and adults were upper respiratory tract infection with the incidence of 4.4% and 4.6% respectively. About 0.8% of the adult presented with productive cough, 0.9% of the children and 0.4% of the adult had recent acute asthma. Some of the children and a number of the adults had recent episode of fever with 1.8% and 4.6% respectively.

Environmental pollutants may also trigger the cardiovascular events (Cesaroni, 2014). Some adult’s household members presented with chest pain (0.3%), shortness of breath (0.3%), heart attack (0.1%). Allergic reactions are also frequently seen (Grieco, 2013). In this study sample about 0.8% of adult household member experienced eye irritation or eye infection.

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Table 6.18: Common Ailments for the Past Two (2) Weeks among the Children and Adults Children Adult Ailments n = 114 n = 263 Number Incidence (%) Number Incidence (%) Acute Asthma 1 0.9 1 0.4 URTI 5 4.4 12 4.6 Fever 2 1.8 12 4.6 Productive cough or 0 0 2 0.8 bloody sputum Skin Diseases 0 0 0 0 Dengue 0 0 3 1.1 Malaria 0 0 2 0.8 Gastritis 0 Diarrhoea 0 0 5 1.9 Eye Infection/irritation 0 0 2 0.8 Chest Pain (due to 0 0 2 0.8 difficulty in breathing) Chest Pain (due to gastric) 0 0 2 0.8 Shortness of breath 0 0 2 0.8 Heart Attack 0 0 1 0.4 Vomiting 1 0.9 5 Accidents 0 0 2 0.8 Noisy breathing 0 0 2 0.8 Congenital anomalies 0 0 2 0.8 Others 0 0 2 0.8

6.5.4 Summary of Existing Health Environment The incidence and prevalence of selected diseases which may be affected exposure to environmental hazards as impact from the project are apparently low. This information can be taken as a baseline information, should there is concern regarding the putative hazard from the proposed SSWTC project.

6.5.5 Secondary Health Data Review Various public health facilities are available in the area surrounding the Project site. The review of the secondary data from the nearest health facilities in vicinity of the project could provide information on the distribution and prevalence of diseases related to the activities of the proposed development among the affected community. These data consist of the outpatient attendances to the health clinics and admission data to the district hospital. The outpatient attendances to the health clinics usually represent cases that are mild to moderate severity, but those that require hospital admission are usually moderate to severe cases.

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Data from the public health facilities i.e. the Hulu Selangor District Health Office and Kuala Kubu Bharu District were obtained and reviewed. There were five (5) health clinics in the Hulu Selangor District Health Office which provide primary health care service to the local communities. These clinics are Selisek and soharto clinics located to the northern side from the SSWTC, Kalumpang clinic located to the east and Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Rasa clinics which are located to the south of the SSWTC. The outpatient clinic in the Hospital Kuala Kubu Bharu also provides primary health care service.

The Proposed Project activities that may potentially have impact to the local environment and the health of local communities are activities during the construction phases and activities during the operational phases. During construction and operational phases, air-quality is almost always a public concern, therefore related health problems are important to be monitored. The air-quality related health problems are; respiratory diseases which include asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia and bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases, conjunctivitis and some skin diseases. In addition to the air-quality related problems, infectious diseases are important to be addressed in this area. Dengue is the most important vector borne disease which traditionally contributed to high morbidity and mortality in Selangor.

During the construction phase, collected water which provides potential mosquito breeding places are rampant. Proper monitoring and control are crucial as high Aedes mosquito density may enhance transmission of vector- borne disease particularly dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever.

In addition to that, employment of foreign workers is common as labour force in the construction industries. Normally, the workers were subjected to health screening before they were employed, however, those health screening does not ascertain the absent of some communicable disease especially if they were examined during sub-clinical phase of the infection. Some countries of origin have variety of vaccination policy that the workers may not have immunize against certain infection. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor some communicable disease such as tuberculosis and hepatitis B.

6.5.6 Review of the Outpatient Clinics at the Hulu Selangor District Health Office and Kuala Kubu Bharu Hospital The outpatient records from 2014 to 2018 obtained from the Hulu Selangor District Health Office and Kuala Kubu Bharu Hospital were reviewed.

The main diseases seen among adult and children at the Outpatient clinics were the acute upper respiratory tract infections or URTI’s (Figure 6.28). These Infections were mainly caused by viral infections and seldom severe enough to be treated as inpatient. URTI’s could be related to air pollution. The attendances of URTI were highest among adults’ patients and recorded highest visits at the Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Rasa clinics, followed by the visits the outpatient clinic at the Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru. There were increasing trends of URTI’s attendances in most of the clinics from 2014 to 2018.

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URTI at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru URTI at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Outpatient Clinic Rasa clinics 15000 30000

10000 20000

5000 10000

0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

URTI at Kalumpang Clinic URTI at Sg Selisik and Soeharto Clinics 10000 6000

8000 5000 4000 6000 3000 4000 2000 2000 1000 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.28: URTI’s Attendances at the Outpatient Clinics at Hulu Selangor District Health Office in 2014-2018

Figure 6.29 shows the asthma attendances at the Outpatient Clinics. Children asthma attendances were highest in most clinics especially at the outpatient clinic in the hospital. Similarly, to pneumonia (Figure 6.30), chronic bronchitis and emphysema (Figure 6.31) cases were highest at the hospital outpatient clinic and among children and elderly patients. However, there were decreasing trend of these attendances in this period.

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Asthma at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru Asthma at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Outpatient Clinic Rasa clinics 3000 600

2000 400

1000 200

0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Asthma at Kalumpang Clinic Asthma at Sg Selisik and Soeharto Clinics 100 8

80 6 60 4 40 20 2 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.29: Asthma Cases at the Outpatient Clinics in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

Pneumonia at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru Pneumonia at Kalumpang Clinic Outpatient Clinic 100 1000 50 500

0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Pneumonia at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru Pneumonia at Sg Selisik and Soeharto and Rasa clinics Clinics 100 10

50 5

0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.30: Pneumonia Cases at the Outpatient Clinics in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

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Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema At Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru Outpatient Kalumpang Clinic Clinic 30 600 20 400 200 10 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema at Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema at Sg Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Rasa clinics Selisik and Soeharto Clinics 250 8 200 6 150 4 100 50 2 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.31: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Cases at the Outpatient clinics in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

Cardiovascular diseases are common burden of disease reported in this country and most of the countries worldwide. It often associated with lifestyle of people and stresses. The commonest types of cardiovascular diseases seen at the clinic were hypertension, Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) which mostly occurs among adults.

Even though cardiovascular diseases are mainly lifestyle related diseases, previous studies have indicated that increased level of air pollution may trigger more frequent heart attack and stroke and increase risk of hospital admission (Brook et al. 2004, Chan et al, 2006). Significant changes in the incidence and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases may give an indication that the air quality is deteriorating. Therefore, it is also crucial to evaluate the trend of cardiovascular diseases in the area as part of the establishing the baseline of health impact.

Data from the outpatient clinic at Hulu Selangor District Health Office showed a decreasing trend from 2014 to 2018 in most of the clinics (Figure 6.32). The highest attendances for cardiovascular diseases were seen at the hospital and among adults and elderly patients. There was no case of cardiovascular disease recorded among children and teenagers in all these outpatient clinics

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Cardiovascular Diseases I10-I69 at Hospital Cardiovascular Diseases I10-I69 at Kuala Kubu Baru outpatient clinic Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Rasa Clinics 4000 1000 3000 800 600 2000 400 1000 200 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Cardiovascular Diseases I10-I69 at Cardiovascular Diseases I10-I69 at Sg Kalumpang clinic Selisek and Soeharto Clinics 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.32: Cardiovascular Diseases at the Outpatient Clinics in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

The other diseases that should be monitored in relation to air pollution are the eye infections and irritation causing red eyes (conjunctivitis). Most clinics recorded highest attendances for conjunctivitis. However, there were decreasing trends of cases seen from 2015 to 2018.

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Conjunctivitis and other disorders on Conjunctivitis and other disorders on conjunctiva at Hospital Kula Kubu Baru conjunctiva at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Outpatient Clinic Rasa Clinics 800 800 700 700 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Conjunctivitis and other disorders on Conjunctivitis and other disorders on conjunctiva at Kalumpang Clinic conjunctiva at Sg Selisek and Soeharto Clinics 450 400 180 350 160 300 140 250 120 200 100 80 150 60 100 40 50 20 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.33: Conjunctivitis at the Outpatient clinics in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

Infectious diseases especially waterborne diseases could be influenced by the water quality especially during the construction and the operational phases. Figure 6.34 shows that the intestinal infections were the main waterborne diseases seen among all age groups at the outpatient clinic of Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital. However, the highest attendances were among adult patients and increasing trends were recorded in this 2014-2018 period.

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INTESTINAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES at at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru outpatient clinic

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.34: Intestinal Infectious Disease Cases at the Outpatient Clinic in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, 2014-2018

The main vector borne disease recorded was dengue fever and was common among adults and showed increasing trend in the Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and Rasa clinics (Figure 6.35. Tuberculosis is also important infectious diseases seen among adults and elderly patients. (Figure 6.36). Poor environmental sanitation and overcrowding may contribute to the increase of dengue fever and tuberculosis respectively.

Dengue at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru Dengue at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru and outpatient clinic Rasa Clinics 700 500 600 400 500 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

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Dengue at Kalumpang Clinic Dengue at Sg Selisek and Soeharto Clinics 60 30 50 25 40 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.35: Dengue Fever Cases at the Outpatient Clinic in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

Tuberculosis at Hospital Kuala Kubu Tuberculosis at Serendah, Ulu Yam Baru Baru outpatient clinic and Rasa Clinics 25 30 20 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Tuberculosis at Kalumpang clinic Tuberculosis at Sg Selisek and Soeharto Clinics

5 6 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.36: Tuberculosis Cases Attendances at the Outpatient Clinic in Hulu Selangor District Health Office for 2014- 2018

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6.5.7 Review of Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru Admission Data The admission trends into Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital were reviewed especially for cases related to air pollution, water and vector borne diseases and certain malignancies. We obtained the data for Kuala Kubu Baru hospital from 2014 to 2018. Pneumonia and URTI’s were the main respiratory illness requiring admission into the hospital especially for both children and teenagers (Figure 6.37). Hospital admission due to asthmatic exacerbations were also common. However, hospital admission due to influenza only recorded few cases.

Pneumonia admissions at Hospital Kuala URTI admissions at Hospital Kuala Kubu Kubu Baru Baru 700 600 700 500 600 400 500 300 400 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Asthma admissions at Kuala Kubu Baru Influenza admissions at Hospital Kuala Hospital Kubu Baru 180 160 140 120 3 100 80 2 60 40 1 20 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.37: Respiratory Diseases Admissions at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, 2014-2018

Cardiovascular diseases, surpassed diabetes for hospital admissions in in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, (Figure 6.38). This is understandable as diabetes usually is being treated as outpatient and only on certain occasions that diabetic patients require inpatient treatment for severe complications of the illnesses (Figure 6.39).

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Cardiovascular Diseases admissions in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital 300

250

200

150

100

0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.38: Cardiovascular Disease Admission at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, 2014-2018.

Diabetes mellitus at at Hospital Diabetes mellitus admissions at Hospital Kuala Kubu Baru outpatient clinic Kuala Kubu Baru 150

2000 100

1000 50

0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.39: Diabetes at the Outpatient Clinic and In-Patient at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital

The main hospital admissions for water, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases were intestinal infectious diseases, dengue fever, malaria and leptospirosis (Figure 6.40). Intestinal infectious disease admissions were common among children and showed an increasing trend. The vector- borne and zoonotic disease admissions were more common among adults and showed decreasing trends for dengue fever and leptospirosis. However, malaria admission showed an increasing trend.

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Intestinal Infectious disease admission at Dengue admissions in Kuala Kubu Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital Baru Hospital 400 600 300 400 200 200 100 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Malaria admissions in Kuala Kubu Baru Leptospirosis admissions in Kuala Kubu Hospital Baru Hospital 16 60 14 50 12 10 40 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder Child Teen Adult Elder

Figure 6.40: Water and Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Treated as In-patient at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, 2014-2018.

Hospital admission for malignant diseases was also reviewed especially on cancer or malignant neoplasm which were more common among adults and elderly patients in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital (Figure 6.41). These neoplasms based on genders showed similar trends and more common among the adults and elderly patients.

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Malignant Neoplasm Admission in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital 25

0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Child Teen Adult Elder

Malignant Neoplasm Admissions among Malignant Neoplasm Admissions among Female in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital Male in Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital 15 16 14 10 12 10 8 5 6 4 0 2 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0 Child Female Teen Female 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Adult Female Elder Female Child Male Teen Male Adult Male Elder Male

Figure 6.41: Neoplasm Treated as Inpatient at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital, 2014-2018

6.5.8 Summary of the Secondary Data Review From the secondary data review, for outpatient visits at the health clinics, the URTI made up a large proportion of all cases seen in the outpatient clinic at Hulu Selangor District Health Office and the outpatient clinic at Kuala Kubu Baru Hospital. These respiratory diseases are always the major reason for outpatients visit in any healthcare facilities because most of these cases only need primary care treatment. For hospital admission, the main respiratory admissions were due to pneumonia and URTI’s. These admissions were common among children and teenagers. The cardiovascular admissions were more common among adults. Control of pollutants especially PM10 and hazardous air from the Proposed Project must be given attention to safeguard the health of the affected communities especially the sensitive groups which include asthmatic patients, people with underlying respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Infectious diseases such vector-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria; intestinal infectious diseases are main waterborne diseases at the outpatient clinics and in-patient admissions. The provision of safe water supply to this local community and improvement in personal and environmental hygiene is highly recommended due to the high incidences of intestinal infectious locally. These diseases are very important to be monitored to minimize the impact of the proposed development to the local community.

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6.6 Social Impact Assessment (SIA) This section will describe the population in the vicinity of the project area and their socio economic and predict the possible impacts that may occur. For this purpose, a list of criteria has been developed to ensure that the necessary social parameters are documented in the study. Examples of the parameters are demographic and population effects, housing status, labour force effect, economic status, public health, family status effect and public safety.

6.6.1 Purpose of Study Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is described as a systematic analysis of social, economic and cultural impacts of a proposed development project and programs onto individuals and communities where they live. It is undeniable that when a project is constructed, the resulting impacts will eventually affect, directly or indirectly on the surrounding environment and hence, the inhabitants living therein, whether positive or negative. SIA intends to assess impacts that focus specifically on the social considerations, which relates on the bio-physical (environmental) issues. According to Rabel Burdge (The Concepts, Process and Methods of Social Impact Assessment, 2004), SIA is the process of assessing or estimating, in advance, the social consequences that are likely to follow from specific project development, particularly in the context of legislation.

6.6.2 Goals and Objective of Study The goals of this study Is to conduct the contextualization of the social, cultural and economic profile of the population within the proposed development impact area and to identify potential issues related to the proposed development. The main objectives of the study are:

 To identify the socioeconomic profile of existing communities surrounding project area and initial perception towards the project;  To identify and assess the probability of impact; and  To provide measures to mitigate or reduce the probable negative impact that the project would bring and recommendation to elevate potential of the positive impact that the project may have to the area.

6.6.3 Statement of Need Referring to the Social Impact Assessment Manual for Development Projects, 2014 and Manual (2nd Edition), 2017, Social Impact Assessment is defined as:

“The process for analysing, monitoring and managing the expected or unexpected social impacts of either positive or negative impacts on an intervention measure (policies, programs, plans and projects) and any process of social change resulting from the intervention measure to their marginalized groups and their activities, and to choose the best development; and thus propose mitigation measures.”

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The need for the provision of SIA is supported under the Town and Country Planning Act (Amendment) 2017 (Act A1522) which requires the preparation of a SIA report. These include a summary of mitigation measures to address the relevant social issues that may arise from the implementation of development proposals.

Using the Social Impact Assessment Manual for Development Projects in this social impact assessment, it can be used as a planning tool in assisting decision processes in development proposals.

6.6.4 Advantages of SIA Besides of having the SIA as part of the compulsory measure in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), there are diverse group that can benefit from the preparation of SIA. Among the benefits of SIA as part of the project development planning are:

i. Tackle critical areas which affect the community development and their needs in each phase of the projects; ii. Increasing project’s affectivity by acknowledgment and experience of the locals; iii. Assessment of the community’s perspective on the Proposed Projects; iv. Protecting the vulnerable group; v. Improving the quality of life through the presentment of mitigation measures; and vi. The projects will be conducted in a respectful manner and without any objection during the construction period.

6.6.5 SIA and Relating Policies

6.6.5.1 National Physical Plan 3 (NPP3) High scale projects possess great impacts to the environment and its inhabitants, whereby there needs to be a code of policies that control the practice to avoid future implications. The main focus of the NPP3 orientates towards the citizens and their welfares, in conjunction with efficient physical management and sustainability. The Proposed Project which enquires SIA will need to adhere to the NPP policy that mainly describes the strategies planned for the betterment of community. Below in Table 6.19 are the policies that are corresponding with the preparation of SIA:

Table 6.19: National Physical Plan 3 Policies related to SIA Thrust Strategies KI: Establishment of an inclusive and KI 1: Adequate and Quality Living Environment resilient community KI 2: Liveable Community Environment KI 3: Community Engagement and Collaboration Source: National Physical Plan 3, 2017

KI, as being the third policy mainly highlights towards the betterment of population wellbeing. These will emphasis on the social improvements as the main focus of sustainable development.

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Empowerment of individuals and social groups with the skills they acquire to create change within their communities, building better facilities and towards liveability of all walks of life.

“KI 2: Persekitaran Komuniti Berdaya Huni” have elements of livelihood and community integration, which aim to foster a progressive, concerned and active community on the local and national development agenda. Through SIA, community may alert any future development happened to be in their community area.

6.6.5.2 Eleventh Malaysia’s Plan (RMKe-11) The policy framework is concerned with the steps the government make to meet people needs for security, education, work, health, and wellbeing. The plan also addresses how the government responds to national challenges of social, demographic and economic change, and of infrastructures, and globalization.

The essential topics featured in RMKe-11 that focuses on the community and social developments are as follows:

i. Reinforcing inclusivity towards an equitable society; ii. Improving the well-being of the people; iii. Enhance human capital development for developed countries; iv. Strengthening infrastructure to support economic growth; and v. Engineered economic growth to improve prosperity.

6.6.5.3 National Urbanization Policy 2 (DPN2) The policy takes on the strategies which encompass on the aspects of realizing a safe, systematic, modern and attractive city. The most relatable policy with the preparation of SIA is Fifth Core: Establishing Prosperous and Environmentally-Friendly City Environment, through the formation of Principle 4: Inclusive and Fair Urban Development. In this principle, the main objectives are to promote household welfares, increment of the income, Bumiputera group improvement program, increasing youth capability in contribution and accepting benefits from urban development and provision of OKU and senior citizens needs in various urban developments. The policies planned mainly targeting the people regardless of the location and socio-economic status, where every walk of life will enjoy the future planning components, in tandem with the policies. These are the intended programs for the social group in the study areas involved in the Social Impact Assessment conduct.

6.6.5.4 National Social Policy National Social Policy was established in 2003 and its main focus solely on enhancing quality of life. The strategies comprising few objectives and are implemented in the lower scale sociological studies. Among the objectives covered as per Table 6.20 below.

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Table 6.20: National Social Policy and the Relating Strategies Applied in SIA Objectives Strategies relating to SIA Objective 1 1. Creating multiple opportunities and facilities for every Ensuring individuals, families, individual, family, and communities can enjoy the basic needs and communities’ basic of life and being involved in the National development. necessities are fulfilled 2. Ensure that every individual gets the right of survival, protection, development, and participation as well as to enjoy the needs life-long, not marginalized and excluded from development flows. Objective 2 1. Ensure the right of future generation to live and grow in safe Lifelong building and and healthy conditions without being bullied by threats and empowering people exploits. 2. Establishing individuals who at the age of 18 years, who have begun to achieve independent self-reliance in certain economic aspects, are given support, guidance, knowledge, and skills to make decisions about education, employment, family and social relations. 3. Taking steps to ensure that each program planning and drafting of each group is planned and drafted with members’ related groups. Objective 3 1. Recognize the identity, importance and needs of various Strengthen and Develop Social ethnic groups within the people of Malaysia to create Support System and Social tolerance and mutual assistance in and between different Services races. 2. Ensuring that an organization or agency provides basic social needs as well as providing support and guidance to its staff as one basic responsibility. 3. Ensuring the organization or agency that provides social services emphasizing staff equipped with social skills and latest technology as well as those directly related to the target group. 4. Making Social Impact Assessment (SIA) applicable to the planning and implementation of all programs and public and private development activities. 5. Determining some social issues reviewed, investigated and analysed in detail, objective, rational and professional of all aspects and disseminating understanding the social issues to the whole community so that every effort taken to handle it is efficient and effective. 6. Provides facilities for all sectors to carry out services assistance in approaching any party that needs help and guidance.

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Table 6.20: National Social Policy and the Relating Strategies Applied in SIA Objectives Strategies relating to SIA 7. Encourage and support the active participation of the community in the effort creating various types of recovery services for all groups target. Objective 4 1. Enhance and strengthen the role and function of the social Generating Multi-Sectorial development division at all levels of state, district/district and Synergy community administrations. 2. Encouraging Local Authorities to create programs and facilities organized and complete social order in line with physical development and the rapid economy. 3. Awareness of various levels of society to be proactive, deep globalization process by exploiting various opportunities and potential for advancing themselves, families and communities. Source: National Social Policy

6.6.6 Current Site Situation

6.6.6.1 Current Land Use Hulu Selangor is one (1) of nine (9) districts in state of Selangor. It is situated in Northern of Selangor, bordering Sabak Bernam, Kuala Selangor and Gombak District. The district also borders with the state of Pahang on the East and Perak on the North. The Hulu Selangor District is the largest district of nine (9) districts of Selangor. The district encompasses of thirteen (13) mukims under administration of Hulu Selangor Municipal Council where the administrative centre for the district is Kuala Kubu Baru.

Any planning development in Hulu Selangor needs to be referred from the Hulu Selangor Local Plan 2020. It is to make sure the development in tandem with the vision set for Hulu Selangor as well as to hinder any complication regarding future development involving new developments, maintenance, Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) and the provision of facilities and infrastructure in line with the population growth and other factors of influence. According to the Local Plan, the site location is included inside Blok Perancangan 3 (BPP3): Sungai Tinggi – Bukit Tagar.

By referring to the I-Plan by PLAN Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia as well as Hulu Selangor Local Plan 2020 in Figure 6.42, the current land use for the site project is for infrastructure. Seeing from the site visit conducted there is no development at the site project yet as inside the boundary is still kept with shrubs.

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Project SSWTC Site

Buffer Zone 500m

Source: I-Plan Semenanjung Malaysia, 2019 Figure 6.42: Current Land Use

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6.6.6.2 Surrounding Land Use Mainly, the project site is surrounded by agricultural land which is palm oil plantation with pockets of areas that are empty non-plantation land grown with secondary forest. The plantation is also inside the buffer zone area. There are several settlements located around the vicinity of the site, particularly quarters for the oil palm workers and one (1) village. The nearest settlements are shown in Table 6.21.

Table 6.21: Nearest Settlements of Project Site Settlement Distance (km) Direction Nigel Gardner Estate 2.6 North East Mary Estate 2.0 South Kampung Sepakat 2.5 North West Bukit Tagar Estate Settlement 4.0 North Minyak Estate Settlement 4.2 South

6.6.6.3 Public and Essential Facilities and Zoning The study area was provided with amenities and community facilities such as electric and water supply, telephone coverage and road system. Kampung Sepakat in the study area received electrical supply from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), water supply from dedicated water pump from the basic infrastructure. On the aspects of road and drainage system, it is provided by the government.

As for oil palm plantation quarters, source of water is mainly obtained from treated water reservoir gathered from river nearby, i.e. Nigel Gardner estate maintained by the management of plantation. On the aspects of road, drainage system and garbage transportation, it is also provided by plantation management of Bukit Tagar Estate. Table 6.22 shows some of the facilities available exactly within the study area while Figure 6.43 shows the list of facilities within 5 km from the proposed site.

Table 6.22: Public Amenities at the Study Area Infrastructures Availability Remarks Electric Supply Yes Provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Water Supply Yes Provide by SYABAS for Kampung Sepakat. Plantation quarters are provided by estate management Garbage Transportation Services Yes Provided by local authority for Kampung Sepakat. Plantation quarters are provided by estate management Telephone Yes - Road system Yes - Drainage system Yes - Source: Social Survey, April 2019.

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Figure 6.43: Community Facilities Available within the Study Area

Table 6.23 shows the social facilities available surrounding the study area.

Table 6.23: Social Facilities at the Surrounding Study Area Social Facilities Availability Schools Yes Mosque/Surau Yes Public Hall Yes Clinic Yes Public Library No Source: Social Survey, April 2019.

6.6.7 Demography of the study area The community profile in the study area was obtained both, from published documents as well as from the social survey that was carried out in the study area.

6.6.7.1 Population Distribution by State in Malaysia Referring to the Table 6.24, Selangor has 5.462 million people, which is about 19.3% from Malaysia total population by the year 2010.

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Table 6.24: Total Population Distribution by Districts in Selangor (2010) District Population Percentage (%) Johor 3,348,283 11.8 Kedah 1,947,651 6.9 Kelantan 1,539,601 5.4 Malacca 821,110 2.9 Negeri Sembilan 1,021,064 3.6 Pahang 1,500,817 5.3 Perak 2,352,743 8.3 Perlis 231,541 0.8 Pulau Pinang 1,561,383 5.5 Sabah 3,206,742 11.3 Sarawak 2,471,140 8.7 Selangor 5,462,141 19.3 Terengganu 1,035,977 3.7 WP Kuala Lumpur 1,674,621 5.9 WP Labuan 86,908 0.3 WP Putrajaya 72,413 0.3 Malaysia 28,334,135 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

6.6.7.2 Population Distribution by District in Selangor Table 6.25 provides the population for every district in Selangor. Population for Hulu Selangor district, where the project is located is 194,387 people according to 2010 Census.

Table 6.25: Total Population Distribution by Districts in Selangor (2010) District Population Percentage (%) Gombak 682,226 12.5 Klang 861,189 15.8 Kuala Langat 224,648 4.1 Kuala Selangor 209,590 3.8 Petaling 1,812,633 33.2 Sabak Bernam 105,777 1.9 Sepang 211,361 3.9 Ulu Langat 1,156,585 21.2 Hulu Selangor 194,387 3.6 Selangor 5,462,141 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

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6.6.7.3 Population Distribution by Mukims in Hulu Selangor District Referring to Table 6.26, there are thirteen (13) mukims under Hulu Selangor district. Mukim Sungai Tinggi is one (1) of the lowest percentages of population contributor for Hulu Selangor.

Table 6.26: Total Population Distribution by Mukims in Sungai Tinggi District (2010) Mukims Population Percentage (%) Ampang Pechah 13,649 7.0 Batang Kali 32,783 16.9 Buloh Telor 110 0.1 Kalumpang 2,444 1.3 Kerling 3,718 1.9 Kuala Kalumpang 3,605 1.9 Peretak 1,418 0.7 Rasa 2,999 1.5 Serendah 83,099 42.7 Sungai Gumut 1,703 0.9 Sungai Tinggi 1,884 1.0 Ulu Bernam 26,671 13.7 Ulu Yam 20,304 10.4 Hulu Selangor District 194,387 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

6.6.7.4 General Population Profiles of Mukim Sungai Tinggi

A. Mukim by Ethnic Group The ethnicity in Mukim Sungai Tinggi can be referred in Table 6.27. Indian is the highest ethnic group in Mukim Sungai Tinggi with 69.6%, followed by Non-Malaysian citizens (14.4%) and Bumiputera (13.6%).

Table 6.27: Population Distribution by Ethnic Group in Mukim Sungai Tinggi (2010) Citizens Ethnicity Population Percentage (%) Malaysian Citizens Bumiputera 256 13.6 Chinese 40 2.1 Indian 1,312 69.6 Others 5 0.3 Non-Malaysian Citizens - 271 14.4 Mukim Sungai Tinggi 1,884 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

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B. Mukim by Gender According to the Table 6.28, male has higher percentage with 56.8% compared to female with 43.2% in Mukim Sungai Tinggi.

Table 6.28: Population Distribution by Gender in Mukim Sungai Tinggi (2010) Gender Percentage Mukim Male Female Total (%) No. % No. % Sungai Tinggi 1070 56.8 814 43.2 1,884 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

C. Mukim by Age Group From Table 6.29, the highest percentage for age group, which 0-14 years (11.1%), 15-64 years (25.1%) and higher than 65 years (1.4%).

Table 6.29: Population Distribution by Age Group in Mukim Sungai Tinggi (2010) Age Group Population Percentage (%) 0 – 14 years 399 21.2 15 – 64 years 1,429 75.8 65 years > 56 3.0 Total 1,884 100.0 Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia, 2010

6.6.8 Zone of Influence An importance step in the SIA study is to determine the areas that would be affected by the Proposed Project. This would involve individuals or group of individuals near the Proposed Project site. The study area, Zone of Impact (ZOI) covers a 5 km concentric zone. The impacted areas are divided into two (2) ZOI, which are the primary and secondary impact zones.

The primary ZOI refers to people living or working in premises close to the project site and consequently would be directly affected by the SSWTC project, for example impacts due to land acquisition, displacement, loss of jobs or income, accessibility to premises, traffic disruption and dust and noise health and annoyance problems especially during the construction phase. The primary impacts may be temporary or permanent in nature. The extent of the primary impact area is set at 3 km radius from the proposed SSWTC project. The secondary ZOI refers to the indirect impacts on communities such as traffic disruption, accessibility and environmental nuisance and defined as areas next to the primary ZOI, which is up to 5 km radius away.

Technically, the ZOI buffer comprises numbers of villages and planned housing areas. All the residential areas have been categorized into five (5) community zones according to their location. The 5 community zones are as Table 6.30 below.

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Table 6.30: Settlement Areas in ZOI No. Settlement Distance 1. Mary Estate Settlement 2-3 km 2. Nigel Gardner Estate Settlement 2-3 km 3. Kampung Sepakat 2-3 km 4. Bukit Tagar Estate Settlement 4-5 km 5. Minyak Estate Settlement 4-5 km

6.6.8.1 Affected Community Affected community is referring to the group of population that are impacted from the Proposed Project development. Within the 5 km radius of the study area, these are the affected community involved and are taken into consideration in the assessment:

A. Host Community i. Residents or Villagers; ii. Employees; iii. Labourer; and iv. Road Users.

B. Surrounding Community i. Business Traders

Community in the study boundary are bound to be villagers. The main purpose of studying the affected community is to improve the knowledge and understanding of the diverse cultural dynamics that exist within communities. Having a greater understanding of this background, puts one in a better position to appreciate both the current impacts these characteristics have on communities and how to address the possible issues in the future.

6.6.9 Public Participation Techniques Public participation techniques are one (1) of the techniques that been used to collect the primary data. This technique comprises four (4) methods, which are;

i. Social or questionnaire surveys; ii. Focus Group Discussion (FGD); iii. Public Dialogues and Group Workshop; and iv. Informal and formal conversations.

For this project, two (2) methods will be used, which are questionnaire surveys and informal or formal conversations.

Report No: AMR.2019.BAM.EIA Revision: 00 Chapter 6 - Existing Environment 6-68