Waste management
Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob Program Geologi, UKM
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Satellite images of Landfill sites in Selangor
River
River
AIR HITAM SANITARY LANDFILL (CLOSED) JERAM SANITARY LANDFILL River
2 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Satellite images of Landfill sites in Selangor
SG. SEDU LANDFILL BUKIT TAGAR SANITARY LANDFILL
3 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Kelana Jaya Landfill
4 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Concepts of waste management
• (1) DILUTE AND DISPERSE – Small amount of waste – few factories and sparse population
• (2) CONCENTRATE AND CONTAIN – Not always achieved : leakage
• (3) RESOURCE RECOVERY – Converted waste to useful materials – Waste = resources ; waste-to-energy – Eg: old computers – “NEW” gold mining
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Dilute and disperse
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment SOLID WASTE
• Types of solid waste:-- – (1) Light industrial waste – (2) Construction waste – (3) Demolition waste – (4) Garbage (home) and rubbish (paper, etc) – (5) Street refuse
Cinders = Residue of coal or wood/ashes
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment SOLID WASTE
• Solid waste: – 7.2 million tons/year OR 18,900 tons/day (year 2002; 21million of population). Hazardous waste
• Toxic - cause injury or death if swallowed, absorbed, or inhaled.
• Flammable - can be ignited by a flame, spark, ignition source or hot surface under almost all temperature conditions.
• Corrosive - a chemical or its vapors that can burn or destroy living tissues at the site of contact, and deteriorate or wear away the surface of a material.
• Explosive - violently bursting when exposed to pressure or heat.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment E-waste
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Method of disposal
• 1. Onsite disposal • 2. Composting • 3. Open dumps • 4. Sanitary landfills • 5. Incineration
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 1. On-site disposal
• Mechanical grinding of kitchen food waste – “Flintstone”
• The garbage is ground and flushed into a kitchen sink
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 2. Composting
• Biochemical process :Organic materials decompose to humus like material
• Excellent method to recycle material
• to enrich soils
• Reduce the amount of material sent to local landfills.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Composting
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 3. Open dumps • Oldest and most common way • Wherever land is available; no safety, health hazards, aesthetic degradation • Pile of waste – ignite and burn • Health hazard – Breeding pests, polluting air, contaminating surface and groundwater • Still common in developing countries (Malaysia ?? – 20 years behind !!)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Illegal dumps
• Illegal dumps associated with scheduled waste – 2002 to 2006: 107 cases – 60% in the state of Selangor (the most developed state in Malaysia)
Geo-Environmental Engineering 2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan :: June 12-14, 2008 Example of illegal dumping of toxic waste in Malaysia
Toxic waste that was illegally dumped at Kg. Sungai Gatom, in Labis, Johor. Januari 2006
Geo-Environmental Engineering 2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan :: June 12-14, 2008 Open dumps pose the following health, safety, and environmental threats:
• Fire and explosion • Inhalation of toxic gases • Injury to children playing on or around the dump site • Disease • Contamination of streams, rivers and lakes • Contamination of soil and groundwater • Contamination of drinking water • Damage to plant and wildlife habitats • Decrease in the quality of life to nearby residents
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Open dumps
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Rodent – rats, mouse, squirrel OPEN DUMPS Decomposing wastes burn and Birds and disease carrying Debris and odors produce fires and rodents and insects smoke
Liquids produced in landfill Contaminate stream and groundwater Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LANDFILL
OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND
NIMBY – Not in my back yard
NIABY (Not In Anyone's Backyard)
BANANA -Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything
NOTE (Not Over There, Either)
NOPE (Not On Planet Earth)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill in Malaysia April 2007 A total of 261 landfills; 111 were closed. From 150 active landfills, 10 are sanitary (engineered)
MHLG – Ministry of Housing and Local Government What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?
• Stay there for a very long time. • Inside a landfill: little oxygen and little moisture. --trash does not break down very rapidly. • 40-year-old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. • Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely (only) to bury it. • When a landfill closes, the site must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment What is landfill? (1)
• Pleasant term for a garbage dump • Located in a cavity in the ground. • When full, it may be covered up and look like part of the land. • Today's landfills are sanitary • Special technology to eliminate methane gas and toxic leachate.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill
Method of solid waste disposal that functions without creating a hazard to public health or safety
(Definition by American Society of Civil Engineering, ASCE)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill
A method of disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or the environment. Using the principles of engineering the solid waste is confined to the smallest practical area, reduced to the smallest practical volume, and covered with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day’s operation (daily cover), or at more frequent intervals as may be necessary. The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation. MHLG, Malaysia 2006
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill
• Emerged in 1930s • Two types: area landfill & depression landfill • Refuse is deposited, compacted and covered • Potential hazards: – (1) Leachate (i.e. waste juice !!) – (2) Landfill gas
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Classification of sanitary landfills levels
Level 0 – open dumps Level 1 – controlled tipping Level 2 – sanitary landfill with a bund and daily cover soil Level 3 – sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation system
Level 4 – sanitary landfill with leachate Sg. Sabai, Hulu Selangor. treatment facilities
Ampar Tenang Landfill Kyoto Japan
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Level of sanitary landfill system
Size of RISK Level Description Level O Open dumpsite Level I Controlled tipping Level II Sanitary landfill with bund and daily cover
New facility should be designed to achieve minimum Level 3 landfill Level IIII Sanitary landfill with leachate • Monitoring • Water quality recirculation system • Liner facility Level IV Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities and MORE
Lower impact, fewer countermeasures for closure.
31 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Sanitary Landfill
Advantages Disadvantages 1. Most Economic method 1. Not suitable in densely 2. Low initial investment populated area 3. Operation in a short time 2. Require daily maintenance period 3. Methane and other gases 4. All types of waste – all in 4. Leachate – problem for one (MMA !!!) years 5. Completed sites – other purposes
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE (1)
• A liquid: result of water seeping into and through the wastes.
• The water dissolves part of the organic and inorganic matter.
• Exit the bottom of the landfill -- contaminants to the groundwater and/or surface water.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE (2)
• Strength and nature depend on:-- – (1) the composition of waste
– (2) length of time – contact with waste
– (3) amount of water in waste
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 1. Leachate
The values are expressed in mg/L. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Biogas Landfill gas (1)
• 45% to 60% methane (Colorless; odorless, explosive) • 40% to 60% carbon dioxide. • Small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen, carbon monoxide • Nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) such as trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill gas (2)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Evolution of gas in landfill
Stage 1: acid formation (complex arganic acetic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid) Stage 2: methane formation (methanogenesis) Initial decomposition of waste via aerobic biological processes (air pockets in fill)
CO2 is a main gas Achieved after produce during CH4 & CO2 2-3 years aerobic stage are main gaseous end products at anaerobic stage End ratio: CH4 (55%) CO2 (45%)
O exhausted soon the aerobic 2biodegradation started anaerobic Weeks or months
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill gas (3)
• Methane is highly explosive when mixed with air at a volume between its LEL of 5% and its UEL of 15%.
• At concentrations below 5% and above 15%, methane is not explosive.
LEL – Lower explosion limit UEL – Upper explosion limit
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment ??
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill Gas Explosions
An 8-year-old girl was burned on her arms and legs when playing in an 1999 Atlanta playground. The area was reportedly used as an illegal dumping ground many years ago. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1999) 1994 While playing soccer in a park built over an old landfill in North Carolina, a woman was seriously burned by a methane explosion.
1987 Off-site gas migration is suspected to have caused a house to explode in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (EPA 1991)
1984 Landfill gas migrated to and destroyed one house near a landfill in Akron, Ohio.Ten houses were temporarily evacuated. (EPA 1991)
1983 An explosion destroyed a residence across the street from a landfill in Cincinnati, Ohio. Minor injuries were reported. (EPA 1991)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment The basic parts of a landfill
• Bottom liner system – separates trash and leachate from groundwater
• Cells (old and new) – The trash is stored within the landfill
• Storm water drainage system – collects rain water that falls on the landfill
• Leachate collection system – collects water that has percolated through the landfill itself and contains leachate
• Methane collection system – collects methane gas that is formed during the breakdown of trash
• Covering or cap – seals off the top of the landfill
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment The cross-section of a municipal solid waste landfill
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Cross section of a landfill
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill liner
• Natural landfill liner of clayey material • Potential for leakage accumulation • Soil type determine the rate of leakage flow • Clayey material has very small flow rate and retard the movement of leakage Compacted clay and geomembrane
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Compacted clay soil
Geomembrane (HDPE)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Bukit Tagar Landfill
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill liner
JAPAN
MALAYSIA
K<1x10 -
>0.5m m/sec 8
(Kamon, 2001)
Bottom lining systems for municipal waste landfills from different regulations and recommendations Landfill monitoring
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill monitoring
Idealised diagrams showing map view (a) and cross section (b) of a landfill with a double liner of clay and plastic and a leachate collection system.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Recommended monitoring parameters and frequency for medias
Monitoring Item and parameters Frequency Location media/parameters Preliminary site inspection Surrounding environment Once before - Facility condition monitoring Nuisance condition Leachate pH, BOD, COD, Nitrogen 4 times/ year 1 point / leachate (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite), pond ORP, EC, TOC
Landfill gas O2, N2, CH4, CO2, H2S, 2 times/year 2 points/site temperature Land subsidence Topographic height of the Once/year 1 point/landfill top of landfill block Groundwater Groundwater benchmark once./year 3 points/site parameters Surface water Effluents standard Once/year 2 points/stream parameters
(Guideline for safe closure and rehabilitation of MSW landfill sites, MHLG 2006) Hydrological Monitoring -- Placement Of Monitoring Wells Ampar Tenang Landfill
Pusat Serenti BH7
BH6 BH5
BH3
BH4
BH1 Sg Labu BH2
Groundwater flow
IRPA Research Project on Groundwater Contamination (2004)
58 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Various types of monitoring wells
Air Hitam Landfill Jeram Landfill Kundang Landfill
Bukit Tagar Landfill Kelana Jaya ex-Landfill Ampar Tenang Landfill
#1
•Fence (lock) •Concrete base •Buffer zone •well head
(source: Bukit Tagar environmental report) (source: Kelana Jaya Landfill report)
ASTM D5787 - 95(2009) Standard Practice for Monitoring Well Protection 59 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Ampar Tenang Landfill Downstream Upstream
60 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd INCINERATOR (1)
• Burning waste in large furnaces (900-1000oC) • Segregated and burnt ASH. • Ash floats in hot air -- FLY ash. • Ash that is left in the furnace after burning – BOTTOM ash • Fly and bottom ash --- high concentrations of dangerous toxins such as dioxins and heavy metals. • Disposing of this ash is a problem. • The ash that is buried at the landfills leaches the area and cause severe contamination.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment INCINERATOR (2)
• Reduce volume of waste --- 75 to 95% • 2 advantages – (1) Reduce the volume of waste – (2) Generating electrical power • Consider as treatment; not disposal
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Apparatus to purify gases
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Incinerator (Kyoto Uni, Japan)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Geology and landfill
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment THE NATURAL HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
• You want the geology to do two contradictory things for you. – (i) To prevent the wastes from escaping, you want rocks as tight (waterproof) as possible. – (ii) Yet if leakage occurs, you want the geology to be as simple as possible so you can easily predict where the wastes will go. Then you can put down wells and capture the escaped wastes by pumping. • Fractured bedrock is highly undesirable beneath a landfill because the wastes cannot be located if they escape. • Mines and quarries should be avoided because they frequently contact the groundwater.
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Which one is better for landfill?
(a) (b)
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 27th August 2009 – Peperiksaan Pertengahan Semester
12.15-1.15pm
satu jam sahaja
Tempat: makmal peta
Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment TAMAT Thank you for your attention…