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Waste Management Waste management Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob Program Geologi, UKM Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Satellite images of Landfill sites in Selangor River River AIR HITAM SANITARY LANDFILL (CLOSED) JERAM SANITARY LANDFILL River 2 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Satellite images of Landfill sites in Selangor SG. SEDU LANDFILL BUKIT TAGAR SANITARY LANDFILL 3 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Kelana Jaya Landfill 4 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Concepts of waste management • (1) DILUTE AND DISPERSE – Small amount of waste – few factories and sparse population • (2) CONCENTRATE AND CONTAIN – Not always achieved : leakage • (3) RESOURCE RECOVERY – Converted waste to useful materials – Waste = resources ; waste-to-energy – Eg: old computers – “NEW” gold mining Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Dilute and disperse Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment SOLID WASTE • Types of solid waste:-- – (1) Light industrial waste – (2) Construction waste – (3) Demolition waste – (4) Garbage (home) and rubbish (paper, etc) – (5) Street refuse Cinders = Residue of coal or wood/ashes Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment SOLID WASTE • Solid waste: – 7.2 million tons/year OR 18,900 tons/day (year 2002; 21million of population). Hazardous waste • Toxic - cause injury or death if swallowed, absorbed, or inhaled. • Flammable - can be ignited by a flame, spark, ignition source or hot surface under almost all temperature conditions. • Corrosive - a chemical or its vapors that can burn or destroy living tissues at the site of contact, and deteriorate or wear away the surface of a material. • Explosive - violently bursting when exposed to pressure or heat. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment E-waste Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Method of disposal • 1. Onsite disposal • 2. Composting • 3. Open dumps • 4. Sanitary landfills • 5. Incineration Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 1. On-site disposal • Mechanical grinding of kitchen food waste – “Flintstone” • The garbage is ground and flushed into a kitchen sink Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 2. Composting • Biochemical process :Organic materials decompose to humus like material • Excellent method to recycle material • to enrich soils • Reduce the amount of material sent to local landfills. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Composting Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 3. Open dumps • Oldest and most common way • Wherever land is available; no safety, health hazards, aesthetic degradation • Pile of waste – ignite and burn • Health hazard – Breeding pests, polluting air, contaminating surface and groundwater • Still common in developing countries (Malaysia ?? – 20 years behind !!) Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Illegal dumps • Illegal dumps associated with scheduled waste – 2002 to 2006: 107 cases – 60% in the state of Selangor (the most developed state in Malaysia) Geo-Environmental Engineering 2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan :: June 12-14, 2008 Example of illegal dumping of toxic waste in Malaysia Toxic waste that was illegally dumped at Kg. Sungai Gatom, in Labis, Johor. Januari 2006 Geo-Environmental Engineering 2008 :: Kyoto University, Japan :: June 12-14, 2008 Open dumps pose the following health, safety, and environmental threats: • Fire and explosion • Inhalation of toxic gases • Injury to children playing on or around the dump site • Disease • Contamination of streams, rivers and lakes • Contamination of soil and groundwater • Contamination of drinking water • Damage to plant and wildlife habitats • Decrease in the quality of life to nearby residents Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Open dumps Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Rodent – rats, mouse, squirrel OPEN DUMPS Decomposing wastes burn and Birds and disease carrying Debris and odors produce fires and rodents and insects smoke Liquids produced in landfill Contaminate stream and groundwater Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LANDFILL OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND NIMBY – Not in my back yard NIABY (Not In Anyone's Backyard) BANANA -Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything NOTE (Not Over There, Either) NOPE (Not On Planet Earth) Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill in Malaysia April 2007 A total of 261 landfills; 111 were closed. From 150 active landfills, 10 are sanitary (engineered) MHLG – Ministry of Housing and Local Government What Happens to Trash in a Landfill? • Stay there for a very long time. • Inside a landfill: little oxygen and little moisture. --trash does not break down very rapidly. • 40-year-old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. • Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely (only) to bury it. • When a landfill closes, the site must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years! Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment What is landfill? (1) • Pleasant term for a garbage dump • Located in a cavity in the ground. • When full, it may be covered up and look like part of the land. • Today's landfills are sanitary • Special technology to eliminate methane gas and toxic leachate. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill Method of solid waste disposal that functions without creating a hazard to public health or safety (Definition by American Society of Civil Engineering, ASCE) Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill A method of disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or the environment. Using the principles of engineering the solid waste is confined to the smallest practical area, reduced to the smallest practical volume, and covered with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day’s operation (daily cover), or at more frequent intervals as may be necessary. The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation. MHLG, Malaysia 2006 Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Sanitary landfill • Emerged in 1930s • Two types: area landfill & depression landfill • Refuse is deposited, compacted and covered • Potential hazards: – (1) Leachate (i.e. waste juice !!) – (2) Landfill gas Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Classification of sanitary landfills levels Level 0 – open dumps Level 1 – controlled tipping Level 2 – sanitary landfill with a bund and daily cover soil Level 3 – sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation system Level 4 – sanitary landfill with leachate Sg. Sabai, Hulu Selangor. treatment facilities Ampar Tenang Landfill Kyoto Japan Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Level of sanitary landfill system Size of RISK Level Description Level O Open dumpsite Level I Controlled tipping Level II Sanitary landfill with bund and daily cover New facility should be designed to achieve minimum Level 3 landfill Level IIII Sanitary landfill with leachate • Monitoring • Water quality recirculation system • Liner facility Level IV Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities and MORE Lower impact, fewer countermeasures for closure. 31 UKM Pakarunding Sdn. Bhd Sanitary Landfill Advantages Disadvantages 1. Most Economic method 1. Not suitable in densely 2. Low initial investment populated area 3. Operation in a short time 2. Require daily maintenance period 3. Methane and other gases 4. All types of waste – all in 4. Leachate – problem for one (MMA !!!) years 5. Completed sites – other purposes Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE (1) • A liquid: result of water seeping into and through the wastes. • The water dissolves part of the organic and inorganic matter. • Exit the bottom of the landfill -- contaminants to the groundwater and/or surface water. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE (2) • Strength and nature depend on:-- – (1) the composition of waste – (2) length of time – contact with waste – (3) amount of water in waste Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment 1. Leachate The values are expressed in mg/L. Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment LEACHATE Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Biogas Landfill gas (1) • 45% to 60% methane (Colorless; odorless, explosive) • 40% to 60% carbon dioxide. • Small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen, carbon monoxide • Nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) such as trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill gas (2) Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Evolution of gas in landfill Stage 1: acid formation (complex arganic acetic acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid) Stage 2: methane formation (methanogenesis) Initial decomposition of waste via aerobic biological processes (air pockets in fill) CO2 is a main gas Achieved after produce during CH4 & CO2 2-3 years aerobic stage are main gaseous end products at anaerobic stage End ratio: CH4 (55%) CO2 (45%) O exhausted soon the aerobic 2biodegradation started anaerobic Weeks or months Aug-09 STAG3042 - Environmental issues and assessment Landfill gas (3) • Methane is highly explosive when mixed with air at a volume between its LEL of 5% and its UEL of 15%. • At concentrations below 5% and above 15%, methane is not explosive. LEL – Lower explosion
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