aqua International Journal of

Vol. 14 (2), 14 April 2008

Aquapress ISSN 0945-9871 aqua - International Journal of Ichthyology Managing Editor: Scope Heiko Bleher aqua is an international journal which publishes original Via G. Falcone 11, scientific articles in the fields of systematics, , 27010 Miradolo Terme (PV), Italy biogeography, ethology, ecology, and general biology of Tel.: +39-0382-754707 fishes. Papers on freshwater, brackish, and marine fishes Fax: +39-0382-754129 will be considered. aqua is fully refereed and aims at pub - E-mail: [email protected] lishing manuscripts within 2-4 months of acceptance. In view of the importance of color patterns in iden - tification and ethology, authors are encouraged to Scientific Editor: submit color illustrations in addition to descriptions of coloration. It is our aim to provide the international sci - Friedhelm Krupp entific community with an efficiently published journal Curator of Fishes meeting high scientific and technical standards. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Call for papers Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany The editors welcome the submission of original manu - Tel: +49-69-7542.1255 scripts which should be sent in digital format to the scien - Fax: +49-69-7542.1253 tific editor. Full length research papers and short notes will E-mail: [email protected] be considered for publication. There are no page charges and color illustrations will be published free of charge. Editorial Assistants: Authors will receive one free copy of the issue in which Ilka Weidig, Nadia Manasfi their paper is published and an e-print in PDF format. Tel: +49-69-7542.1583 Subscription Notice Editorial Board: At least one volume (4 issues) of aqua is being published per year, each issue comprising 48 pages (including cover). Gerald R. Allen The subscription rate (for one volume = 4 issues) is Department of Aquatic Zoology, from volume 12 on: Personal subscription: Euro 75,00 Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia (incl. priority mail); Institutional subscription: Euro 140,00 (incl. priority mail) . Subscription enquires should be sent Nina G. Bogutskaya to the publisher at the address given below or by e-mail Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of to: [email protected] Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia aqua binder Wilson J. E. M. Costa Binders for Volumes of aqua are available at cost price Laboratório de Ictiologia Geral e Aplicada, Euro 12,50 (US$ 15.00) plus postage Euro 8,00 (US$ Departamento de Zoologia, 10.00). Notice: aqua Volumes 1(1)-5(4) = 1st. binder; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Volumes 6(1)-9(4) = 2nd. binder; Volumes 10(1)-13(4) = 3rd. binder. Axel Meyer Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany Special Publication Since 2003 Aquapress publishes a series of Special Publi - Paolo Parenti cations, which are produced at irregular intervals. All Spe - Department of Enviromental Sciences, cial Publications have about 100 or more pages and are University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy available separately from regular issues of aqua . Enquiries about subscriptions and prices should be sent to the pub - Mário de Pinna lisher at the address given here above or by e-mail to: Museu de Zoologia da USP, São Paulo, Brazil [email protected] t John E. Randall Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. ISSN 0945-9871 Publisher: Aquapress, Redazione aqua, Richard Winterbottom I-27010 Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy Centre of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, Printer: PRINTO s.r.o. – Czech Republic Royal Ontario Museum, Copyediting and layout: Rossella Bulla Toronto, Canada © 2008 aqua , International Journal of Ichthyology aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish , with description of a new species from the Coral Sea

John E. Randall 1 and Fenton Walsh 2

1) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA Email: [email protected] 2) Northern Barrier Marine Life, 29 Miles St., Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia Email: [email protected]

Received: 26 October 2007 – Accepted: 18 January 2008

Abstract phases adultes. Des photos couleurs sont fournies, de Pseudocoris aequalis is described as a new species of labrid juvéniles, de mâles en phase initiale et en phase terminale, fish collected from 8-15 m depth at Holmes Reef in the des cinq autres espèces du genre, avec des notes sur leur Coral Sea. The description is based on six specimens, four as distribution. Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata est signalé, pour terminal males, 100-112 mm SL, and two as males in the la première fois, en Australie, sur base d’un mâle en phase initial phase, 82 and 89 mm SL. The new species is distinct terminale, collecté à Holmes Reef. in lacking an elevated anterior part of the dorsal in the ter - minal-male phase, and the color pattern of both adult Sommario phases. Color photographs are provided of the juveniles, ini - Pseudocoris aequalis è descritta come nuova specie di tial-phase, and terminal males of the five other species of the labride raccolta a profondità di 8-15 m a Holmes Reef nel genus, with notes on their distribution. Pseudocoris aurantio - Mar dei Coralli. La descrizione è basata su sei esemplari, fasciata is recorded for the first time for Australia, based on quattro maschi terminali di 100-112 mm SL e due maschi a terminal male collected at Holmes Reef. nella fase iniziale di 82 and 89 mm SL. La nuova specie si distingue per la colorazione di entrambe le fasi adulte e Zusammenfassung perché il maschio in fase terminale non ha la parte anteri - Pseudocoris aequalis wird als neue Art der Lippfische ore della pinna dorsale elevata. Sono incluse fotografie a beschrieben, deren Vertreter in 8 bis 15 m Tiefe über dem colori degli stadi giovanili, iniziali e terminali maschili Holmes-Riff im Korallenmeer (Coral Sea) gesammelt wur - delle altre cinque specie del genere con note sulla loro dis - den. Sechs Exemplare dienten der Beschreibung zur Grund - tribuzione. Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata è segnalata per la lage: vier ausgewachsene Männchen mit 110-112 mm SL prima volta in Australia sulla base di un maschio terminale und zwei junge Männchen mit 82 und 89 mm SL. Die neue raccolto a Holmes Reef. Art unterscheidet sich dadurch, dass in der Phase des voll erwachsenen Tieres der Rücken vorne nicht erhaben ist und INTRODUCTION bei beiden Stadien ein anderes Farbmuster zu sehen ist. Auf The Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris was Farbfotos werden junge Männchen, solche des ersten proposed by Bleeker (1862) for a species he first Erwachsenen-Stadiums und solche der endgültigen Erwach - described as Julis (Halichoeres ) heteropterus in 1857 senen-Phase zu allen weiteren fünf Arten der Gattung gezeigt, zusammen mit Anmerkungen zu ihrer Verbreitung. from the Molucca Islands. The genus is similar to Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata wird auf der Grundlage eines voll Lacépède, 1801, and some authors, such as erwachsenen Männchens vom Holmes-Riff zum ersten Mal Norman (1957), have treated Pseudocoris as a syn - für Australien belegt. onym of Coris . The two genera differ principally in dentition. The canine teeth of the species of Résumé Pseudocoris are smaller, the upper pair laterally Pseudocoris aequalis est décrit en tant que nouvelle espèce curved; there is no canine at the corner of the de labridé, collectée à une profondeur de 8 à 15 m, à mouth, and there are no enlarged pharyngeal teeth. Holmes Reef, dans la mer de Corail. La description se base sur six spécimens, quatre mâles adultes en phase terminale, Pseudocoris is believed to be an evolutionary off - 100-112 mm de LS, et deux mâles en phase initiale, 82-89 shoot from Coris for feeding on zooplankton. The mm de LS. La nouvelle espèce se distingue par l’absence species of Coris are benthic feeders on hard-shelled d’une partie antérieure prolongée de la dorsale pour le invertebrates, hence the need for strong nodular or mâle en phase terminale et le patron de coloration des deux molariform pharyngeal teeth, a feature not present

45 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea in fishes that feed primarily on zooplankton. Guichenot, 1868 species P. furcifer (Valenci - Other differences in Pseudocoris related to its food ennes, 1828). They appear to have arisen from the habits include a smaller mouth, shorter snout, and grouper stock of the genus Cephalopholis Bloch & the eye lower on the head (so predators can be seen Schneider, 1801, as indicated by the hybridization from below as well as above). However, the species of C. fulva (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. furcifer (Smith of Pseudocoris have not attained all of the morpho - 1966, Bostrom et al. 2002). logical features that are usually found in zooplank - Hubrecht (1876) described the second species of ton feeders. For example, their premaxilla is not Pseudocoris as Coris bleekeri, also from the Molucca more protrusible than the species of Coris , in gen - Islands. Schmidt (1931) named the third valid eral, and the gill rakers are not more numerous and species as Julis yamashiroi from a male specimen longer. There are several examples of plankton- from the Ryukyu Islands. He described J. awayae feeding fishes in different families that have in the same paper, now known to be the female of evolved from benthic-feeding ancestors (Davis & the species and regarded as the junior . Birdsong 1973). The most noteworthy are the two Fourmanoir (1971) described the fourth species as New World species of the genus Paranthias P. aurantiofasciata from the Tuamotu Archipelago.

Fig. 1. Terminal male of Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata , BPBM 14987, 163 mm SL, Tetiaroa Atoll, Society Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 2 . Initial phase of Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata , Gunung Api, Banda Sea. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 46 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh

Chen & Shao (1995) added the fifth, P. ocellata, The six species of Pseudocoris are very similar from Taiwan. We describe here the sixth species of meristically, all with the same number of dorsal Pseudocoris from six specimens collected at Holmes and anal rays, gill rakers, and nearly the same num - Reef in the Coral Sea. ber of lateral-line scales. The most diverse in this The species of Pseudocoris form small aggregations respect is P. ocellata , having 13-15 pectoral rays from one to a few meters above the substratum instead of 13 (rarely 14 in some species), and 66- where they feed on zooplankton. Instead of swiftly 69 lateral-line scales, compared to 69-78 for the descending to shelter in the reef or rubble substra - other species. tum with the approach of a diver, they generally Species of Pseudocoris have been distinguished maintain distance in the water column. Because of mainly by color pattern. Because juveniles differ in the difficulty getting within spearing range, the color from adults, and initial-phase fish from ter - first author has at times resorted to shooting an minal males, it has taken time to link the stages of explosive-tipped spear to a nearby hard surface to the different species. We provide here photographs stun or kill a fish of this genus (an event not appre - of the growth stages of the six species. ciated by fellow divers if not forewarned). Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata (Figs 1-4) is the largest

Fig. 3. Juvenile of Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata , Palau, 82 m. Photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 4. Juvenile of Pseudocoris aurantiofasciata, Gunung Api, Banda Sea, 49 m. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

47 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea species of the genus. One collected in 34 m by the Cocos-Keeling Islands (Allen & Smith-Vaniz 1994) first author in Rarotonga (BPBM 13084) measures in the eastern Indian Ocean; in the western Pacific 192 mm SL. The species ranges from the Tuamotu from Sagami Sea, Japan (Senou et al. 2006: 481), Archipelago (type locality, Rangiroa Atoll) to misidentified from Kochi Prefecture as P. heteropterus Christmas Island (Allen & Steene 1979) and by Masuda et al. (1975: 305, pl. 110, fig. J) and by

Fig. 5. Terminal male of Pseudocoris bleekeri, Cebu, Philippines. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 6. Initial phase of Pseudocoris bleekeri, Cebu, Philippines. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 7. Juvenile of Pseudocoris bleekeri, Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 48 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh

Masuda et al. (1984: 210, pl. 206, fig. A) to Flores, Lucipara Islands, and Lombok) to Ribbon Reef, Indonesia (Kuiter 2002: 178) and Holmes Reef, Queensland (from the second author’s photo pub - Coral Sea (QM I.38181, a terminal male 146 mm lished by Kuiter 2002: 177, fig. F). Also we report SL, the first record for Australia; the species is the species here from Holmes Reef in the Coral Sea reported only from Palau in (Myers (BPBM 40875, 61.5 mm). The holotype (BMNH 1999), but the Bishop Museum has a specimen 1864.5.15.30, 160.5 mm SL) was examined at the (BPBM 40830, 35 mm SL) collected at Fais Island, Natural History Museum in London. Kuiter Caroline Islands by Brian D. Greene in 91 m; also (2002: 178) identified three photographs taken by from Wake Island (BPBM 38772, 4: 160-177 mm Dennis King in Kwazulu-Natal as Pseudocoris sp., SL) reported by Lobel & Lobel (2004). noting their similarity to P. heteroptera . However, The holotype (MNHN 1970-32, 167 mm SL) we believe these figures are P. heteroptera . Fig. A is was examined at the Muséum national d’Histoire the initial phase, not the terminal male, Fig. B. is naturelle in Paris. the initial phase, and Fig. C the juvenile. The juvenile of Fig. 3 was collected in Palau by Pseudocoris ocellata (Figs 12-14) was described John L. Earle at a depth of 82 m. In shallower from 11 specimens collected from reefs in southern water, the stripes of juveniles are dark reddish and northern Taiwan in 4-15 m. Senou et al. brown or dark brown instead of red, as shown in (2006: fig. 6) published an underwater color pho - Fig. 4 from a photograph taken in 49 m off tograph of the terminal male phase of P. ocellata Gunung Api in the Banda Sea and in a photograph taken at Izu-oshima at the southern edge of the at a depth of 45 m in the Ogasawara Islands Sagami Sea, Japan. (Senou & Morita 1993). Pseudocoris yamashiroi (Figs 15-17) is widely dis - Pseudocoris bleekeri (Figs 5-7) ranges from south - tributed from Mauritius (Allen & Steene 1987, pl. ern Indonesia to southern Japan (Kuiter 2002: 96, fig. 2, as Pseudocoris sp.), Maldives (Randall & 176, 7 figs). The holotype (RMNH 2168, 119 mm Anderson 1993: 35), and Chagos Archipelago SL), a male specimen from Ceram, was examined (Winterbottom et al. 1989: 56, pl. 8, fig. C) to at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Lei - American Samoa (Wass 1984: 22), and throughout den. It was mistakenly illustrated as P. heteroptera Micronesia (Myers 1999: 200, pl. 127, fig. H, but by de Beaufort (1940: fig. 35). Fowler & Bean not Fig. I, a female of P. aurantiofasciata). In the (1928: 309) named Coris philippina from one spec - western Pacific it ranges from Kochi Prefecture, imen in the initial color phase of P. bleekeri Japan (Masuda et al. 1984: 210, pl. 205, figs. K, L) (USNM 89975, 85.5 mm) from Slade Island in to Sydney, NSW (Kuiter 2002: 175, Fig E) and the the Philippines. Schmidt (1931: 87, fig. 8) created Kermadec Islands (Francis 1993: 165). Also known another synonym when he described the terminal from Rowley Shoals and Scott Reef, Western Aus - male form as Julis albolumbata from two specimens tralia (Allen & Russell 1986: 94). It is the most from Okinawa. Masuda et al. (1984: pl. 205, fig. common species of the genus in museum collec - M) reported the species as rare in Japan and used a tions. The Bishop Museum has specimens from photograph of a terminal male taken by the first Madagascar, Mauritius, Maldives, Indonesia, author in the Philippines. Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Philippines, (Figs 8-11) is wide-ranging Okinawa, Ogasawara Islands, Marshall Islands, from the Seychelles (specimens from Aldabra, Palau, Loyalty Islands, Fiji, and Tonga. Poivre Atoll, and St. Joseph Atoll in the Bishop Figs 18-21 are photographs of type specimens of Museum) and the Chagos Archipelago (Winter - the new species of Pseudocoris described here. bottom et al. 1989: 55, pl. 8, fig. B) to Tahiti Evidence for the feeding on zooplankton by (Günther 1909: 283) and Kiritimati in the Line species of the genus Pseudocoris is provided here by Islands (aquarium photos by the first author of fish analysis of stomach contents of three of the species collected by Richard L. Pyle); in the western Pacific by the first author. Three specimens of P. het - from Madang Province, Papua New Guinea eroptera , 78-107 mm SL, from Papua New Guinea (BPBM 15851: 3: 78-108 mm), Bali and Flores in contained zooplankton, almost entirely copepods. Indonesia (Kuiter 2002: 177, figs A-E, G, H), Two 96-mm specimens of P. aurantiofasciata from other Indonesian localities represented by Bishop the Society Islands had eaten mainly copepods and Museum specimens: Tukanbesi Islands off appendicularian tunicates. The stomachs of two Sulawesi, Ambon, Gunung Api, Banda Islands, specimens of P. yamashiroi from the Marshall

49 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea

Fig. 8. Terminal male of Pseudocoris heteroptera , Kiritimati, Line Islands. Aquarium photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 9. Initial phase of Pseudocoris heteroptera , Kiritimati, Line Islands. Aquarium photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 10. Juvenile of Pseudocoris heteroptera , BPBM 34202, 59 mm SL, Tukanbesi Islands, Sulawesi. Photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 11 . Juvenile of Pseudocoris heteroptera , BPBM 34200, 31 mm SL, Tukanbesi Islands, Sulawesi. Photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 50 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh

Islands contained copepods (40%), echinoid larvae Museum, Brisbane (QM); and the United States (35%), decapod larvae, pteropods, foraminiferans, National Museum of Natural History, Washing - heteropods, amphipods, and unidentified crus - ton, D.C. (USNM). tacean fragments. The length of specimens is given as standard length (SL), measured from the median anterior MATERIALS AND METHODS end of the upper lip to the base of the caudal fin Type specimens of the new species are deposited (posterior end of the hypural plate); body depth is in the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); Natural the greatest depth from the base of the dorsal History Museum, London (BMNH); Bernice P. spines to ventral edge of the abdomen (correcting Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); Queensland for any malformation of preservation); body width

Fig. 12. Holotype of Pseudocoris ocellata, ASIZP 56678, 110.8 mm SL, terminal male, Wanlitung, southern Taiwan, 15 m. Underwater photo by J.-P. Chen.

Fig. 13 . Paratype of Pseudocoris ocellata, BPBM 35751, female, 100.9 mm SL, Wanlitung, southern Taiwan, 15 m. Photo by J.-P. Chen.

Fig. 14. Paratype of Pseudocoris ocellata, BPBM 35752, juvenile, 40.2 mm SL, Yenliao, northeastern Taiwan, 4-5 m. Under - water photo by J.-P. Chen.

51 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea

Fig. 15 . Terminal male of Pseudocoris yamashiroi, Kerama Island, Okinawa. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 16 . Initial phase of Pseudocoris yamashiroi, D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 17. Juvenile of Pseudocoris yamashiroi, Bali, Indonesia. Underwater photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 52 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh

Table I. Proportional measurements of type specimens of Pseudocoris aequalis as percentages of the standard length.

Holotype Paratypes QM QM BMNH AMS BPBM USNM I.38118 I.38119 07.10.23.2 I.44510 40659 384193 Sex TP male IP male IP male TP male TP male TP male Standard length (mm) 112 82 89 100 103 104 Body depth 27.6 23.2 23.0 24.4 26.6 25.5 Body width 13.8 11.2 11.3 11.8 11.6 11.7 Head length 32.2 30.0 29.8 30.2 30.1 31.2 Snout length 8.3 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.0 8.2 Orbit diameter 5.3 6.1 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.6 Interorbital width 6.7 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.3 Upper-jaw length 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.2 Caudal-peduncle depth 10.2 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.2 10.8 Caudal-peduncle length 12.3 11.0 11.2 12.3 11.1 10.8 Predorsal length 27.4 25.3 25.0 26.1 27.4 27.3 Preanal length 54.1 52.5 52.2 51.9 52.5 52.9 Prepelvic length 33.9 29.5 29.2 32.9 31.0 32.6 Dorsal-fin base 62.3 63.5 65.0 65.1 65.2 damaged First dorsal spine 7.9 7.1 8.0 8.1 7.8 7.7 Ninth dorsal spine 10.7 10.8 11.2 11.2 10.4 10.2 Longest dorsal ray 12.3 12.0 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.6 Anal-fin base 36.2 37.1 37.3 36.6 36.5 36.7 First anal spine 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.5 Second anal spine 5.9 5.2 5.7 6.7 6.8 5.7 Third anal spine 7.2 8.0 broken 8.1 8.0 7.7 Longest anal ray 10.0 10.6 10.8 9.7 10.1 damaged Caudal-fin length 19.6 19.7 19.0 20.6 18.2 damaged Caudal concavity 4.7 1.3 1.0 4.8 2.4 – Pectoral-fin length 21.5 20.4 20.5 20.2 18.8 19.4 Pelvic-spine length 10.1 9.3 9.4 10.7 9.5 10.8 Pelvic-fin length 15.0 12.8 13.3 14.9 12.9 14.7 is measured just posterior to the gill opening; head scale on the caudal-fin base. The count of the gill length is taken from the upper lip to the posterior rakers is made on the first gill arch; the raker at the end of the opercular flap; orbit diameter is the angle is contained in the lower-limb count. greatest fleshy diameter, and interorbital width the Meristic and morphometric data in parentheses least bony width; snout length is measured from refer to paratypes. the median anterior point of the upper lip to the nearest fleshy edge of the orbit; upper-jaw length from the same anterior point to the posterior end Pseudocoris aequalis n. sp. of the maxilla; caudal-peduncle depth is the least (Figs 18-21, Table I) depth, and caudal-peduncle length the horizontal distance between verticals at the rear base of the Holotype: QM I.38118, 112 mm, terminal male, anal fin and the caudal-fin base; lengths of spines Coral Sea, Holmes Reef, 16°27.0’S 147°51.50’E, and rays are measured to their extreme bases; cau - rubble and hard bottom, 8-10 m depth, barrier dal-fin and pectoral-fin lengths are the length of net, Cale Bennett, 10 August 2007. the longest ray; pelvic-fin length is measured from Paratypes: BMNH 2007.10.23.2, 89 mm and the base of the pelvic spine to the tip of the longest QM I.38119, 82 mm, initial-phase males, data as soft ray. in holotype; AMS I.44510-001, 100 mm, BPBM Morphometric data are presented in Table I as per - 40659, 103 mm, and USNM 384193, 104 mm, centages of the standard length. Proportional mea - terminal males, Holmes Reef, 16°27.0l8’S surements in the text are rounded to the nearest 0.5. 147°52.158’E, coral rubble bottom, 12-15 m Lateral-line scale counts include the last pored depth, barrier net, Tim Bennett, January 2007.

53 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea

Fig. 18. Holotype of Pseudocoris aequalis , QM I.38118, terminal male, 112 mm SL, Holmes Reef, Coral Sea. Aquarium photo by F. Walsh.

Fig. 19. Head of holotype of Pseudocoris aequalis . Aquarium photo by F. Walsh. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 54 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh

Diagnosis: Dorsal rays IX,12; anal rays III,12; translucent; terminal male more melanistic, the pectoral rays 13; lateral-line scales 75-78; gill rak - dark stripe obscure, the caudal lobes as dark as base ers 5-6 + 12-14; body depth 3.6-4.35 in SL; dorsal of fin; dark brown with narrow pale mar - fin of terminal male not elevated anteriorly; caudal gin, grading to dusky on about posterior fourth of fin truncate to slightly emarginate, the fin length fin; color in life as in Figs 18-21; largest specimen, 1.45-1.65 in head length; initial phase gray-brown 112 mm SL. with a dark brown stripe from behind eye, where Description: Dorsal rays IX,12; anal rays III,12, twice as broad as orbit, narrowing to less than orbit dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; diameter anteriorly on caudal peduncle, then pectoral rays 13, the uppermost very short, the expanding to a large triangle twice orbit diameter next unbranched; pelvic rays I,5, the soft rays in height on base of caudal fin; upper and lower branched; caudal fin with 14 principal rays, the edges of caudal fin broadly dusky; remaining fins middle 12 branched; upper and lower procurrent

Fig. 20. Paratype of Pseudocoris aequalis , BMNH 2007.10.23.2, initial-phase male, 89 mm SL, Holmes Reef, Coral Sea. Aquarium photo by F. Walsh.

Fig. 21. Paratype of Pseudocoris aequalis , QM I.38119, initial-phase male, 82 mm SL, Holmes Reef, Coral Sea. Aquarium photo by L. Squire.

55 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea caudal rays about 8, the posterior two segmented, mandibular series of 11 pores beginning above free the anterior rudimentary; lateral line continuous, end of preopercle and ending at chin (pores may be deflected sharply downward below posterior part seen on Fig. 19). of dorsal fin to straight midlateral portion, the Scales on body small and cycloid; progressively pored scales 75 (75-78); scales above lateral line to smaller scales extending forward on nape to above middle of dorsal fin 3; scales below lateral line to upper end of preopercular margin; no median pre - origin of anal fin 24 (24-25); gill rakers 6 + 15 (5- dorsal scales; no scales on head, and none on mid - 6 + 12-14); branchiostegal rays 6; vertebrae 9 + 16. ventral line of prepelvic area; dorsal and anal fins Body depth 3.6 (3.75-4.35) in SL; body width naked except for two rows of small scales on base 2.0 (2.0-2.3) in body depth; head length 3.1 (3.2- of dorsal fin and one to two rows on base of anal 3.35) in SL; dorsal profile of head smoothly con - fin; small scales on about basal third of caudal fin; vex; snout 3.9 (3.8-3.9) in head length; orbit diam - no scales on base of paired fins; a midventral, eter 6.1 (4.9-5.6) in head length; interorbital space pointed, fleshy process at base of pelvic fins, its strongly convex, the least bony width 4.8 (4.65- length nearly as great as pupil diameter; lateral line 4.95) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 3.2 following dorsal contour of body to below ninth (2.75-2.95) in head length; caudal-peduncle length dorsal soft ray, then deflected obliquely downward 2.65 (2.45-2.9) in head length. to continue midlaterally to base of caudal fin; last Mouth terminal, oblique (forming an angle of pored scale on base of caudal fin a little larger and about 40° to horizontal axis of body), and small, more pointed than previous scales. the maxilla reaching a vertical through posterior Origin of dorsal fin above upper end of gill open - nostril; upper-jaw length 5.1 (4.75-5.0) in head ing, the predorsal length 3.65 (3.65-4.0) in SL; length; front of jaws with a pair of forward-pro - spines of dorsal and anal fins flexible; membranes jecting canines that curve laterally, the lower pair of spinous portion of dorsal and anal fins not barely fitting between upper pair when mouth incised; spine tips continuing as a slender, tapering, closed; side of jaws with nine well-spaced, slender, flexible rod that reinforces fin margin more than conical teeth, the largest about one-half length of half way to next spine; anterior part of dorsal fin anterior canines; no canine tooth at corner of not elevated in initial phase or terminal male; first mouth; palate edentate; lips thin, the broadest dorsal spine 4.1 (3.75-4.2) in head length; ninth depth of labial flap of lower jaw less than pupil dorsal spine longest, 3.0 (2.65-3.05) in head diameter; tongue thin and wide, projecting length; sixth to eleventh dorsal soft rays subequal, beneath broad membrane anteriorly in floor of 2.6 (2.4-2.5) in head length; first anal spine slen - mouth; longest gill raker about one-half length of der and short, 10.7 (8.15-10.0) in head length; longest gill filaments. third anal spine longest, 4.45 (3.75-4.05) in head Opercular flap well-developed, the pointed poste - length; second to ninth anal soft rays subequal, 3.2 rior end extending beyond upper base of pectoral (2.75-3.1) in head length; caudal fin nearly trun - fin; preopercular margin thin and smooth, the cor - cate in initial phase, slightly emarginate in terminal ner broadly rounded; upper end of preopercular male, 1.65 (1.45-1.65) in head length; pectoral fins margin at level of ventral edge of orbit, the anterior pointed, the fourth ray longest, 1.5 (1.45-1.6) in end at or a little posterior to front edge of orbit. head length; first pelvic soft ray longest, 2.15 (2.0- Nostrils very small (only slightly larger than 2.35) in head length. cephalic sensory pores), on a line between upper Color of holotype in alcohol : dorsal bony edge of orbit and front of snout, the anterior one-half of body very dark purplish gray (nearly about half way between a vertical at fleshy front black), the ventral half purplish gray, the scale edge of orbit and front of snout; posterior nostril edges darker than centers; head very dark purplish about a pupil diameter behind anterior nostril, the gray, a little lighter on ventral half and darkest on latter with a distinct fleshy rim, a little higher pos - opercular flap; dorsal fin dark purplish gray with a teriorly; posterior nostril oblique, largely covered narrow hyaline margin, grading to dusky purplish by an anterior flap; a series of 10 sensory pores posteriorly; anal fin translucent purplish gray with from before anterior nostril through interorbital a hyaline margin; caudal-fin base and upper and space to beginning of lateral line; a second series of lower five principal rays and adjacent membranes 10 pores encircling orbit from behind upper part purplish black, the broad hemispherical centropos - of eye to beneath anterior nostril; preopercular- terior part hyaline with purplish rays; paired fins aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 56 John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh translucent pale purplish gray, the pectorals with a BLEEKER , P. 1862. Conspectus generum Labroideorum dark line along upper edge, the pelvics with a dark analyticus . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London purplish anterior edge. 1861 (3): 408-418. With a longer time in alcohol, the purplish hue BOSTROM , M. A., C OLLETTE , B. B., L UCKHURST , B. E., REESE , K. S. & G RAVES , J. E. 2002. Hybridization will probably fade. between two serranids, the coney (Cephalopholis fulva) Color of holotype in life as shown in and the creole-fish (Paranthias furcifer) at Bermuda. Fish - Figs 18 and 19. Color of two initial-phase males in ery Bulletin 100 (4): 651-661. Figs 20 and 21. CHEN , J.- P. & S HAO , K.-T 1995. New species of , Etymology: We name this species Pseudocoris Pseudocoris ocellatus (Pisces: Labridae), from Taiwan. aequalis from the Latin meaning equal or uniform, Copeia 1995 (3): 689-693. in reference to the near-uniform height of the dor - DAVIS , W. P. & B IRDSONG , R. S. 1973. Coral reef fishes sal fin of the terminal male, a feature distinguish - which forage in the water column: their behavioral, mor - phological and ecological evolution. International Sym - ing it from other species of Pseudocoris . posium Helgoland, Man in the Sea: In-situ investigations Remarks: Pseudocoris aequalis also differs of the marine environment. Helgoländer wissenschaftliche markedly in color from the five other species of the Meeresuntersuchungen 24 (1-4): 292-306. genus. We were surprised when our two small ini - DE BEAUFORT , L. F. 1940. The Fishes of the Indo-Australian tial-phase specimens proved to be fully mature Archipelago , vol. 8: xv + 508 pp. E. J. Brill, Leiden. males in somewhat different color pattern. A juve - FOURMANOIR , P. 1971. Description de quatre poissons trou - nile from the same area of Holmes Reef was first vés pour la première fois dans les Tuamotu et en Nouvelle- believed to be this species, but was later identified Calédonie. Cahiers du Pacifique , no. 15 : 127-135. FOWLER , H. W. & B EAN , B. A. 1928. Contributions to the as P. heteroptera . We note a slight difference in the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent number of lateral-line scales of the two species, P. regions. The fishes of the families Pomacentridae, Labri - heteroptera with 72-75, and P. aequalis with 75-78. dae, and Callyodontidae, collected by the United States At the present time, this species is known only Bureau of Fisheries steamer “Albatross,” chiefly in Philip - from Holmes Reef in the Coral Sea, but it should pine seas and adjacent waters . Bulletin of the United States be expected at other reefs and islands in the Coral National Museum 100 , vol. 7: viii + 525 pp. Sea, as well as the Great Barrier Reef, only 150 km FRANCIS , M. P. 1993. Checklist of the coastal fishes of to the west. Lord Howe, Norfolk, and the Kermadec Islands, south - west Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science 47 (2): 136-170. GÜNTHER , A. 1873-1910. Andrew Garrett’s Fische der ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Südsee. Journal des Museum Godeffroy (Hamburg), parts We are most grateful to Tim and Cale Bennett for 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17 in vols. 2, 4, and 6. collecting the specimens of this wrasse and Lyle HUBRECHT , A. A. W. 1876. On a new species of Coris Squire for recognizing it as a possible new species from the Molucca Archipelago . Annals and Magazine of and passing the fish alive to us. We also thank J.-P Natural Histor y, ser. 4, 17 : 214-215. Chen for his photographs of Pseudocoris ocellata and KUITER , R. H. 2002. Fairy & Rainbow and Loreen R. O’Hara of the Bishop Museum for x-rays. their Relatives . 208 pp. TMC Publishing, Chorleywood, UK. The manuscript was reviewed by Gerald R. Allen, LOBEL , P. S. & L OBEL , L. K. 2004. Annotated checklist of Helen A. Randall, and William F. Smith-Vaniz. the fishes of Wake Atoll. Pacific Science 58 (1): 65-90. MASUDA , H., A RAGA , C. & Y OSHINO , T. (eds.). 1975. Coastal Fishes of Japan. 382 pp. Tokai University Press, REFERENCES Tokyo. ALLEN , G. R. & R USSELL , B. C. 1986. Part VII, Fishes (of MASUDA , H., A MAOKA , K., A RAGA , C., U YENO , T. & Rowley Shoals and Scott Reef). Records of the Western YOSHINO , T. (eds.). 1984. The Fishes of the Japanese Arch - Australian Museum , suppl. 25 : 75-103. ipelago. Vol. 1 (text: xxii + 437 pp.) and vol. 2 (plates). ALLEN , G. R. & S MITH -V ANIZ , W. F. 1994. Fishes of the Co- Tokai University Press, Tokyo. cos (Keeling) Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin , no. 412: 1-21. NORMAN , J. R. 1957. Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families ALLEN , G. R. & STEENE R. C. 1979. The fishes of Christ - and Genera of Recent Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates. 649 mas Island, Indian Ocean. Australian National Parks and pp. British Museum (Natural History), London. Wildlife Service Special Publication 2: 1-81. MYERS , R. F. 1999. Micronesian Reef Fishes , ed. 3. vi + 330 ALLEN , G. R. & STEENE R. C. 1987. Reef Fishes of the pp. Coral Graphics, . Indian Ocean . T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. RANDALL , J. E. & A NDERSON , R. C. 1993. Annotated BLEEKER , P. 1857. Achtste bijdrage tot de kennis der vis - checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Maldive chfauna van Amboina . Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo- Islands. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute Neerlandicae . 2: 1-102.

57 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea

of Ichthyology , no. 59 : 1–47. thias . American Museum Novitates , no. 2276 : 1-11. SCHMIDT , P. J. 1931. Fishes of the Riu-Kiu Islands . Trans - WASS , R .C. 1984. An annotated checklist of the fishes of actions of the Pacific Committee of the Academy of Sciences Samoa. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF- 781: 1-43. of the USSR 1: 19-156. WINTERBOTTOM , R., E MERY , A. R. &. H OLM , E. 1989. SENOU , H., M ATSUURA , K. & S HINOHARA , G. 2006. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos Arch - Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographi - ipelago. Life Science Contributions of the Royal Ontario cal comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the Museum , no. 145 : vi + 226 pp coastlines under the influence of the Kuroshio Current . Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 41 : 389-542. SENOU , H. & M ORITA , Y. 1993. Pseudocoris aurantiofasci - ata Fourmanoir. I.O.P. Diving News 4 (8): 1. SMITH , C. L. 1966. Menephorus Poey, a serranid genus based on two hybrids of Cephalopholis fulva and Paran - thias furcifer , with comments on the placement of Paran -

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 58 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus

Edward O. Murdy

National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 13 November 2007 – Accepted: 28 January 2008

Abstract type, l’ouest de Bornéo, et avec des occurrences en Thaï - The Indo-West Pacific gobiid genus Trypauchenichthys is lande, aux Philippines, à Sarawak et dans l’archipel Riau, defined and revised. Trypauchenichthys is unique within the Indonésie. Une clé des espèces est fournie. Des figures et Amblyopinae in having the pelvic fins separate (not joined des descriptions sont aussi présentes. Des relations possi - by a connecting membrane). Trypauchenichthys comprises bles du genre sont discutées. three species: T. larsonae n. sp., known only from the Northern Territory, Australia; T. sumatrensis found in the Sommario Strait of Malacca with a reported occurrence in India, and In questo articolo il genere di gobidi dell’Indo-Pacifico T. typus with specimens known only from the type locality occidentale Trypauchenichthys è definito e revisionato. Try - in western Borneo and reports from Thailand, the Philip - pauchenichthys è il solo tra gli Amblyopinae nell’avere le pin- pines, Sarawak, and the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia. A ne pelviche separate (non congiunte da una membrana con - key to species is provided. Figures and descriptions of each nettivale). Trypauchenichthys comprende tre specie: T. lar- species are also given. Putative relationships of the genus sonae n. sp., nota esclusivamente dai Territori del Nord, Au- are discussed. stralia; T. sumatrensis diffuso nello stretto di Malacca ma con presenze segnalate in India e T. typus noto dalla località tipo Zusammenfassung nel Borneo occidentale e segnalato anche in Tailandia, Filip - Die indo-westpazifische Gobiiden-Gattung Trypauche- pine, Sarawak e Arcipelago Riau, Indonesia. Viene fornita nichthys wird definiert und revidiert. Trypauchenichthys hat una chiave per l’identificazione delle specie, unitamente ad innerhalb der Amblyopinae insofern eine Sonderstellung, illustrazioni e descrizioni di ognuna di esse. Sono infine di- als bei dieser Gattung die Bauchflossen getrennt sind scusse possibili relazioni filogenetiche del genere. (nicht durch eine Membran verbunden). Drei Arten gehören nach heutigem Kenntnisstand dazu: T. larsonae n. INTRODUCTION sp., bisher nur vom Nord-Territorium, Australien, be- Trypauchenichthys typus was described by Bleeker kannt; T. sumatrensis, mit Belegfunden von der Malacca- (1860) as a new genus and species based on two Straße und Berichten aus Indien, sowie T. typus, zu der es Belegexemplare nur von der Typuslokalität bei Westborneo specimens from Sungi-duri (western Borneo), gibt und außerdem Berichte aus Thailand, von den Philip - Indonesia. In contrast to other amblyopines, which pinen, Sarawak und dem Riau-Archipel, Indonesien. Der have either fully or partially united pelvic fins, Try - Überblick wird mit einem Bestimmungsschlüssel sowie pauchenichthys has completely separate pelvic fins. Zeichnungen und Beschreibungen zu jeder Art abgeschlos- There are few reports of T. typus in the literature. sen. Die mutmaßlichen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hora (1924) provided information on two speci - Gattung werden diskutiert. mens (162 and 168 mm SL) of T. typus from Singgora (= Songkhla), Thailand. Herre (1927) Résumé described details of a 69 mm (presumably TL) Le genre de gobies de l’Indo-Pacifique ouest, Trypauche- nichthys est défini et revu. Ce genre est unique parmi les specimen from the Cagayan Islands in the Sulu Amblyophinae du fait que les pelviennes sont séparées Sea. Koumans (1931) examined and provided data (non reliées par une membrane). Trypauchenichthys com - on the types of T. typus; he stated that the pelvic- prend trois espèces: T. larsonae n. sp., repéré uniquement fin membranes were torn and thus was unsure if a dans le Territoire du Nord, Australie; T. sumatrensis, décou - membrane connecting the pelvic fins might have vert dans le Détroit de Malacca et signalé en Inde, et T. existed. Koumans (1940) listed a single 180 mm typus, avec des spécimens relevés seulement dans la localité specimen of T. typus from the Riouw (= Riau)

59 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus

Archipelago, Indonesia that he stated agreed fully sal and anal fins are soft and flexible. Additionally, with Bleeker’s description. Later, Koumans (1953) the spinous (first) and soft (second) dorsal fins are indicated that T. typus was also known from connected by membrane; the anteriormost ray Matang, Sarawak as well as Indonesia and the associated with two pterygiophores was deter - Philippines. Bleeker (1983) provided the only mined as the first element of the “second dorsal known color illustration of T. typus; this illustration fin” as in other gobioids, following Akihito et al. was reproduced in Kottelat et al. (1993). (1984). The vertebral count is separated into pre - One other species of Trypauchenichthys is known – caudal and caudal counts, the latter including the T. sumatrensis described by Hardenberg (1931) urostylar complex. Counts of axial skeletal features from Sumatra. This species has separate pelvic fins, (i.e., vertebrae, ribs, pterygiophores, and epurals) and a serrated (comb-like) frontal crest with a were taken from radiographs and/or cleared and prominent anterior projection. Koumans (1940) stained specimens. The methods of Birdsong et al. mentioned examining a 41 mm (presumably TL) (1988) were used in describing the relationship specimen of T. sumatranus (sic) at Hardenberg’s between the spinous dorsal-fin pterygiophores and laboratory in Batavia (= Jakarta) that he stated the underlying vertebrae. might be the type. Soon thereafter, Koumans Institutional abbreviations are as listed in Leviton (1941) distinguished T. sumatrensis from T. typus et al. (1985). The total number of specimens exam - and provided details of a 63 mm (presumably TL) ined and size range follow each catalog number. specimen of T. sumatrensis from the mouth of the Data referring to type specimens, including those Hooghly River in India. Koumans (1953) used the pertaining to synonyms, are listed by specific name same description of T. sumatrensis as in his 1941 and type category. paper, provided a figure of T. sumatrensis , and included a statement that he examined the type of T. sumatrensis in Batavia. Kottelat et al. (1993) pro - Trypauchenichthys Bleeker, 1860 vided the only known color photograph of a pre - served specimen of T. sumatrensis from Malaysia Trypauchenichthys Bleeker, 1860: 63 (type species: (specimen removed from USNM 211295, in litt.) Trypauchenichthys typus Bleeker, 1860, by original as well as brief descriptions of T. sumatrensis and T. designation and monotypy). typus taken from Koumans (1953). Included Species: Trypauchenichthys comprises three I could find no other reports of specimens of species: T. larsonae n. sp ., T. sumatrensis, and T. typus . either T. typus or T. sumatrensis in the literature. With the exception of the type specimens of T. Description: Total dorsal-fin elements 45-48 or typus and the figured specimen of T. sumatrensis 58-62; dorsal fin with six flexible spines followed used by Kottelat et al. (1993), all of the other spec - by 39-42 or 52-56 rays, first ray may be segmented imens cited above were lost, missing, or otherwise or segmented and branched, all other rays seg - unavailable for this study. mented and branched; dorsal-fin base long and During the course of this investigation of Try - broadly joined with caudal fin; total anal-fin ele - pauchenichthys, I examined a number of specimens ments 37-39 or 46-52, no spines, first element seg - from the Northern Territory, Australia, that differed mented, all other rays segmented and branched; from the two described species of Trypauchenichthys . median fin rays short and of approximate equal I herein describe these specimens from Northern length; anal-fin base long and broadly joined with Territory, Australia, as a new species of Trypau- caudal fin; pectoral-fin rays 16-19, pectoral fin fal - chenichthys and compare them with congeners. cate with dorsal rays longer than ventral rays; all pectoral-fin rays segmented; pelvic-fin rays I,2-4, METHODS two lateralmost pelvic-fin rays much longer than All measurements are straight-line distances made medialmost pelvic-fin ray(s); pelvic fins separate, with dial calipers and recorded to the nearest 0.1 which is atypical for gobies; caudal fin tapering mm. Standard length (SL) is used throughout with 17 segmented rays in a 9+8 arrangement. except where noted as total length (TL). Methods Head slightly compressed, body compressed; scales of measurements and counts follow Murdy (1989), cycloid, anteriormost small, embedded, non- and Murdy & Shibukawa (2001). imbricated; posteriormost larger and slightly over - In amblyopines, the spinous elements of the dor - lapping; scales extending from just dorsal to pec - aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 60 Edward O. Murdy toral-fin base onto caudal fin; scales present or and with or without a bony anterior projection; absent on abdomen; longitudinal scale rows 33-65. well-developed pleural ribs on third to ninth pre - Medially in upper and lower jaws, 2 or 3 rows of caudal vertebrae; pleural ribs on tenth vertebra teeth with 2 rows laterally; outer-row teeth larger much reduced, if present. and more rounded than those of inner row(s); Etymology: From the amblyopine genus Try - outer row teeth of lower jaw approximately equal pauchen and the Greek suffix, “ichthys”, fish or to or slightly larger than those of upper jaw; 5-24 fishy. The gender is masculine. teeth in outer row of upper jaw; 12-28 teeth in Comparison with other ‘Trypauchen’ Group outer row of lower jaw; no palatine or vomerine members: In Trypauchenichthys , the pelvic fins are teeth present. separate and not joined by a connecting mem - Mouth large and oblique, jaws terminating poste - brane. This condition of the pelvic fins is unique riorly at the vertical with, or just anterior to, orbit; within the ‘Trypauchen’ Group and the Ambly - rictus of jaws overlapped by skin; isthmus narrow; opinae. The frontal crest of Trypauchenichthys is no fleshy barbels present, but dermis thickened prominently exposed. In Ctenotrypauchen , the and roughened from lower jaw symphysis to isth - frontal crest is serrated and prominently exposed, mus. but the pelvic fins are joined medially and emar - Orbit is large and distinct, however, a typical eye ginate posteriorly. In Trypauchen microcephalus, the is not evident; lens visible macroscopically as a tiny, frontal crest is smooth and sometimes slightly black sphere beneath several layers of tissue, par - exposed, but is usually subdermal. No other ‘Try - tially enveloped in black pigment; lens much pauchen’ Group members have an exposed frontal smaller than diameter of posterior naris. Given the crest. With respect to other ‘Trypauchen’ Group reduction in eye structure, vision is likely limited. members, Caragobius and Karsten lack an opercular Posterior naris anterodorsally on orbital rim; ante - pouch whereas Trypauchenichthys has an opercular rior naris with two folds of skin that contain an pouch . Trypauchen has united pelvic fins forming a external opening and slightly overhang the upper rounded disc (vs. pelvic fins separate in Try - lip; smaller lateral fold of the anterior naris more pauchenichthys). Amblyotrypauchen has head scales gently rounded than larger and more distinct and fang-like teeth in the jaws (vs. head scales medial fold; interorbital region to the upper lip absent and no fang-like teeth in Trypauchenich- with rough, thickened skin, much like chin region. thys). Cephalic sensory canals and pores absent; sensory Based on Murdy (2006), three or fewer anal-fin papillae present on head and nape, but difficult to pterygiophores anterior to first hemal spine, and observe without microscopy; sensory papillae scat - emarginate or separate pelvic fins are considered tered, not forming a discernible pattern except for derived conditions within the ‘Trypauchen’ Group. those that follow the ventral curve of the head and Therefore, Trypauchenichthys can be defined by those forming a vertical line on the operculum. three or fewer anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to Gill opening moderate, extending from an first hemal spine, and the presence of separate approximate horizontal with dorsalmost aspect of pelvic fins. In addition, an exposed frontal crest is pectoral-fin base to well ventral of the pectoral-fin putatively considered a derived feature; both base. Ctenotrypauchen and Trypauchenichthys share this Osteology: Spinous dorsal-fin pterygiophore for - feature (see above). Postulating whether this char - mula typically 3-1221 (one specimen of T. suma - acter state is homoplasious or indicative or a larger, trensis with 4-231). Precaudal vertebrae 10 or 11, monophyletic group will require further study. caudal vertebrae 21-22, 25-26, or 29-30; pterygio - phore of the second soft dorsal-fin ray (posterior - most pterygiophore inserting in seventh interneural space) with a middle radial; typically 3 anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to first hemal spine; one specimen with 4; at lower jaw symph - ysis, terminus of dentary with a short projection ventroanteriorly that joins its mate to create a spike-like process on chin; frontal crest promi - nently exposed, with or without serrated margin,

61 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus

Table I. Selected meristic values for species of Trypauchenichthys; value in holotype or lectotype underscored. Meristic values, except for pectoral-fin rays, are based on radiographs, and one cleared and stained specimen (removed from USNM 211295). The number of anal-fin pterygiophores preceding the first hemal spine is abbreviated as AP.

Anal-fin rays (total elements) 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 T. larsonae 14131 T. sumatrensis 344 T. typus 1 1

Dorsal-fin rays (total elements) Pelvic-fin rays AP

45 46 47 48 58 59 60 61 62 I,2 I,3 I,4 34 T. larsonae 22222 812 10 T. sumatrensis 2225 216 13 T. typus 111 21 11

Total vertebrae Pectoral-fin rays 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 16 17 18 19 T. larsonae 9 11585 T. sumatrensis 10 1 4 8 6 3 T. typus 1 12

Key to the species of Trypauchenichthys tralia, 11°00’S 130°12’E, collected at 41 m by P. 1a. Frontal crest smooth; total elements in dorsal Pender, 26 October 1988. fins 58-62; total elements in anal fin 46-52 .... Paratypes: All paratypes from Northern Territory, ...... 2 Australia. NTM S.15204-001, 102.1 mm SL, 1b. Frontal crest serrated with a large, anterior pro - female, Sandfly Beach, West Alligator Head, 12°10’S jection; total elements in dorsal fins 45-48; 132°15’E, collected by K. & N. Grice, 9 January total elements in anal fin 37-39 (Malaysia, 1998. NTM S.14635-004, 74.1 mm SL, female, Sumatra) ...... T. sumatrensis Pocock’s Beach, West Alligator Head, 12°11’S 2a. Abdomen with scales; pelvic fins less than half 132°13’E, collected from 1-4 m by R. Williams & head length (pelvic-fin length/head length = party, 26 May 1998. NTM S.10232-003, 0.254-0.428); total elements in anal fin 46-50; 114.0 mm SL, female, NW of Point Stuart, 12°06’S total vertebrae 35 or 36 (Northern Territory, 131°45’E, collected from 9-11 m, 8 June 1977. Australia) ...... T. larsonae n. sp . NTM S.10225-004, 89.0 mm SL, female, Finke 2b. Abdomen without scales; pelvic fins long, half Bay, Van Diemen Gulf, 12°15’S 131°57’E, collected head length or more (pelvic-fin length/head at 7 m, 27 October 1977. AMS I.21218-001, length = 0.500-0.504); total elements in anal 75.8 mm SL, female, Shoal Bay, mouth of Buffalo fin 50-52; total vertebrae 40 or 41 (western Creek, 12°S 131°E. NTM S.694, 143.1 mm SL, Borneo, Indonesia) ...... T. typus female, NW of Smith Point, Port Essington, 11°05’S 132°05’E, collected by R. Cieslik, Sep - tember 1975. NTM S.11547-002, 125.3 mm SL, Trypauchenichthys larsonae n. sp. male, off Wanaray Pt., Cobourg Peninsula, (Figs 1A-B, Tables I-II) 11°15’S 131°39’E, collected at 40 m, 3 March 1984. NTM S.10031-018, 95.2 mm SL, female, Material Examined: north of Smith Point, Cobourg Peninsula, 10°58’S Holotype: NTM S.12491-005, 143.2 mm SL, 132°10’E, collected at 27 m by H. K. Larson, 18 female, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Aus - October 1981. NTM S.1189, 125.1 mm SL, gen - aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 62 Edward O. Murdy der indeterminate, near Burns Shoal, Arafura Sea, (–x = 17.8); anal-fin pterygiophores preceding the 10°50’S 132°20’E, collected at 29 m, September first hemal spine 3 (–x = 3.0). 1975. Color when fresh : No fresh specimens or Diagnosis: Frontal crest smooth, not serrated; images of fresh specimens were available. Presum - abdomen with scales; vertebral count 10+25 or ably, T. larsonae is reddish or pinkish when alive as 10+26; total vertebrae 35-36 (–x = 35.1); longitudi- are most other amblyopines. nal scale rows 48-63 (–x = 54.3); among propor - Color in alcohol : Head and body whitish, tional measurements within the genus (Table II), grayish-blue, or tannish; fins translucent. T. larsonae has the least ratio between pelvic-fin Ecology: No data are available other than the col - length and SL (0.041-0.076, –x = 0.056), and lection information from individual specimens. between pelvic-fin length and head length (0.254- Collections were made at depths from 1 to 41 m. 0.428, –x = 0.332). Distribution: Trypauchenichthys larsonae is only Description: As for genus except as follows: Total known from waters near the Northern Territory, elements in dorsal fin 58-62 (–x = 60.0); total ele - Australia. ments in anal fin 46-50 (–x = 47.9); pelvic-fin rays Etymology: The trivial name honors Helen K. I, 3-I, 4 (–x = I, 3.6); pectoral-fin rays 16-19 Larson of the Northern Territory Museum who has

A

B

Fig. 1. Trypauchenichthys larsonae n. sp . (holotype) from the Northern Territory Australia (NTM S. 12491-005). A) close- up of head showing smooth frontal crest; B) full lateral view. Images by Sandra J. Raredon (USNM).

63 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus devoted much of her time and energy to the study directed horn-like projection; abdomen with of gobioid fishes and who has helped me on many scales; total elements in anal fin 37-39 (–x = 38.1); occasions in my gobioid studies. total elements in dorsal fin 45-48 (x– = 46.9); lon - gitudinal scale rows 33-42 (–x = 37.7); vertebral count 10+21 or 10+22; total vertebrae 31-32 (–x = Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis Hardenberg, 31.1). Among proportional measurements within 1931 the genus (Table II), T. sumatrensis has the greatest (Figs 2A-B, Tables I-II) ratio between: head length (HL) and SL (0.186- 0.214, –x = 0.198), pectoral-fin length and SL Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis Hardenberg, 1931: (0.055-0.091, –x = 0.075), pectoral-fin length and 417, fig. 7 (type locality, Sumatra, Indonesia). HL (0.275-0.462, –x = 0.376), pectoral-fin length and pelvic-fin length (PEL) (0.878-1.367, Material Examined: Malaysia: USNM 211295, –x = 1.112), body depth and SL (0.135-0.155, 42, 47.0-65.7 mm SL, south of Pu Kendi Island –x = 0.145), predorsal length and SL (0.233-0.262, and Penang Island, 05°11’N 100°10’E, collected –x = 0.247), prepelvic length and SL (0.168-0.197, by F.J. Schwartz, 06 May 1969. –x = 0.184), and preanal length and SL (0.378- Diagnosis: Frontal crest serrated with an anteriorly- 0.424, –x = 0.396).

A

B

Fig. 2. Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis from the Strait of Malacca (USNM 211295). A) close-up of head showing serrated frontal crest with anteriorly-directed horn-like projection; B) full lateral view. Images by Sandra J. Raredon (USNM). aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 64 Edward O. Murdy

Table II. Ranges and means of selected morphometric measures of Trypauchenichthys . Head length and pelvic-fin length are abbreviated as HL and PEL, respectively.

Morphometric measure T. larsonae T. sumatrensis T. typus n mean range n mean range n mean range

Standard length/TL 8 0.861 0.842-0.888 3 0.835 0.805-0.861 2 0.836 0.835-0.837 Head length (HL)/SL 10 0.169 0.154-0.179 9 0.198 0.186-0.214 2 0.162 0.157-0.167 Pelvic-fin length (PEL)/SL 10 0.056 0.041-0.076 9 0.068 0.062-0.072 2 0.083 0.082-0.084 Pelvic-fin length/HL 10 0.332 0.254-0.428 9 0.342 0.313-0.383 2 0.512 0.500-0.524 Pectoral-fin length/SL 20 0.044 0.035-0.053 13 0.075 0.055-0.091 2 0.033 0.030-0.036 Pectoral-fin length/HL 20 0.260 0.225-0.312 13 0.376 0.275-0.462 2 0.196 0.177-0.215 Pectoral-fin length/PEL 20 0.805 0.529-1.103 9 1.112 0.878-1.367 2 0.392 0.354-0.430 Head width/SL 10 0.087 0.073-0.098 9 0.097 0.092-0.108 2 0.063 0.062-0.064 Snout length/SL 10 0.035 0.032-0.045 9 0.043 0.036-0.048 2 0.033 0.025-0.041 Jaw length/SL 10 0.050 0.041-0.061 9 0.057 0.048-0.064 2 0.040 0.039-0.041 Interorbital width/SL 10 0.027 0.020-0.030 9 0.030 0.026-0.038 2 0.026 0.025-0.027 Nape width/SL 10 0.064 0.055-0.079 9 0.066 0.059-0.071 2 0.050 0.048-0.051 Body depth/SL 10 0.120 0.109-0.128 9 0.145 0.135-0.155 2 0.106 0.105-0.107 Predorsal length/SL 10 0.209 0.202-0.216 9 0.247 0.233-0.262 2 0.193 0.187-0.199 Prepelvic length/SL 10 0.175 0.152-0.202 8 0.184 0.168-0.199 2 0.156 0.150-0.161 Preanal length/SL 10 0.357 0.318-0.384 8 0.396 0.378-0.424 2 0.333 0.326-0.341

Description: As for genus except as follows: Pelvic- Koumans (1940) stated that he visited the Labo - fin rays I,2-I,4 (–x = I,2.7); pectoral-fin rays 16-19 ratorium voor het Onderzoek der Zee, Batavia and (–x = 16.5); anal-fin pterygiophores preceding the might have examined the type, which was in poor first hemal spine 3 (–x = 3.0). condition at the time of his visit; the current sta - Color when fresh: No fresh specimens or tus of type material for this species is unknown. images of fresh specimens were available. Based on According to Hardenberg (1931), all specimens in the original description (Hardenberg 1931) and the original description had five dorsal-fin spines another report (Koumans 1941), T. sumatrensis is and 37 to 41 dorsal-fin rays. All of the specimens reddish or pinkish when fresh. examined in this study had six dorsal-fin spines Color in alcohol: Head and body whitish and 39 to 42 dorsal-fin rays. Given that six dorsal- or tannish; fins translucent. fin spines is the typical count in amblyopines, I Ecology: In the original description, Hardenberg believe Hardenberg’s count of dorsal-fin spines (1931) stated that T. sumatrensis was collected at was in error. river mouths in the same habitat as Trypauchen . Field notes provided by the collector of USNM 211295 indicated that platycephalids and trichi - Trypauchenichthys typus Bleeker, 1860 urids were also captured with T. sumatrensis ; this (Fig. 3, Tables I-II) collection was made at a depth of 3-4 m. Distribution: Trypauchenichthys sumatrensis is Trypauchenichthys typus Bleeker, 1860: 63 (type known from waters along the west coast of locality, Sungi-duri, Indonesia). Malaysia and the east coast of Sumatra and from the mouth of the Hooghly river in India Material Examined: Sungi-duri (western Bor - (Koumans 1941). neo), Indonesia: RMNH 4808, lectotype of Try - Remarks: The original description of T. suma - pauchenichthys typus Bleeker, 94.6 mm SL; trensis was based on four specimens, one of which RMNH 35559, paralectotype of Trypauchenichthys was 6.3 cm TL and may represent the type. typus Bleeker, 106.0 mm SL.

65 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus

Diagnosis: Frontal crest smooth; abdomen with - (0.030-0.036, –x = 0.033), pectoral-fin length and out scales; vertebral count 11+29 or 11+30; total HL (0.177-0.215, –x = 0.196), pectoral-fin length vertebrae 40- 41; longitudinal scale rows 60-65 and pelvic-fin length (PEL) (0.354-0.430, (–x = 63). Among proportional measurements –x = 0.392), head width and SL (0.062-0.064, within the genus (Table II), T. typus has the great - –x = 0.063), body depth and SL (0.105-0.107, est ratio between: pelvic-fin length (PEL) and SL –x = 0.106), predorsal length and SL (0.187-0.199, (0.082-0.084, –x = 0.083), and PEL and head –x = 0.193), prepelvic length and SL (0.150-0.161, length (HL) (0.500-0.524, –x = 0.512), and the –x = 0.156), and preanal length and SL (0.326- least ratio between: pectoral-fin length and SL 0.341, –x = 0.333). [As more specimens of this

A

B

Fig. 3. Lectotype (RMNH 4808) of Trypauchenichthys typus from Kalimantan, Indonesia. A) closeup of head showing smooth frontal crest; B) full lateral view. Images by Koos van Egmond (RMNH). aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 66 Edward O. Murdy species are examined and measured, the above certain details of eye anatomy and Nalani Schnell ratios may cha nge significantly.] made digital images of the eye. Description: As for genus except as follows: Total This study was supported by the Independent elements in dorsal fin 62-64 (–x = 63.0); total ele - Research/Development Program at the National ments in anal fin 50-52 (–x = 51); pelvic-fin rays Science Foundation (NSF). Any opinion, findings I,2-I,4 (–x = I,3.0); pectoral-fin rays 16 (–x = 16.0); and conclusions or recommendations expressed in anal-fin pterygiophores preceding the first hemal this material are those of the author and do not spine 3 or 4 (–x = 3.5). necessarily reflect the views of NSF. Color when fresh: No fresh specimens or images of fresh specimens were available. The orig - REFERENCES inal description (Bleeker 1860) stated the body of AKIHITO , P RINCE , H AYASHI , M., Y OSHINO , T., S HIMADA , T. typus was rose-colored and the fins were reddish K. & S ENOU , H. 1984. Suborder Gobioidei. In: The hy aline. Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago (eds Masuda, H., Color in alcohol : Head and body whitish Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T., and Yoshino, T.): 236- or tannish; fins translucent. 289, pls. 235-258, 353-355. Tokai University Press, Ecology: The type material was collected from a Tokyo. BIRDSONG , R. S., M URDY , E. O. & P EZOLD , F. L. 1988. A brackish water river (Bleeker 1860). Bleeker (l.c.) study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology added that T. typus was found in habitats similar to in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relation - Trypauchen vagina . ships. Bulletin of Marine Science 42: 174-214. Distribution: The types of T. typus were col - BLEEKER , P. 1860. Dertiende bijdrage tot de kennis der vis - lected from western Borneo, Indonesia. Other chfauna van Borneo. Acta Societatis Scientarium Indo- reported localities are: Songkhla, Thailand (Hora Neerlandicae 8: 1-64. 1924); the Cagayan Islands, Philippines (Herre BLEEKER , P. 1983. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises; plates originally prepared for planned tomes 1927); Matang, Sarawak (Koumans 1953); and XI-XIV. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 22 the Riau Archipelago (Koumans 1940). pp and 156 plates. Remarks: Only the syntypes were available for HARDENBERG , J. D. F. 1931. Some new or rare fishes of the this study. I designate one of the syntypes Indo-Australian Archipelago. Treubia Buitenzorg 13: (RMNH 4808) as lectotype and the other 411-419. (RMNH 35559) as paralectotype. Other speci - HERRE , A. W. C. T. 1927. Gobies of the Philippines and mens I examined that were identified as Try - the China Sea. Monograph of the Bureau of Science , pauchenichthys typus did not match the diagnostic Manila, 23 : 1-352. HORA , S. L. 1924. Zoological results of a tour in the Far features of the types. East. Fish of the Tale Sap, Peninsular Siam. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal VI (part 2): 479-500. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS KOTTELAT , M., W HITTEN , A. J., K ARTIKASARI , S. N. & Numerous individuals aided this study in the WIRJOATMODJO , S. 1993. Freshwater Fishes Of Western loan and exchange of specimens, or in other Indonesia And Sulawesi . Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri diverse ways. For their contributions I am grateful: Lanka, Colombo, 259 pp. Mark McGrouther (AMS); Helen Larson and KOUMANS , F. P. 1931 A preliminary revision of the genera Karen Coombes (NTM); Koos van Egmond, of the gobioid fishes with united ventral fins. Proefschrift, Martien van Oijen, and Ronald de Ruiter Lisse, 174 pp. KOUMANS , F. P. 1940. Results of a reexamination of types (RMNH); and Kris Murphy, Lisa Palmer, Lynne and specimens of gobioid fishes, with notes on the fish - Parenti, and Shirleen Smith (USNM). Richard fauna [sic] of the surroundings of Batavia. Zoologische Vari (USNM) graciously provided laboratory Mededeelingen (Leiden ) 22: 121-210. space and other amenities. Thanks are due to Jim KOUMANS , F. P. 1941. Gobioid fishes of India. Memoirs of Caras (NSF) for his Adobe Photoshop expertise, the Indian Museum 13: 205-329. and special thanks to Sandra J. Raredon (NMNH) KOUMANS , F. P. 1953. Gobioidea. In: Fishes of the Indo- who expertly radiographed specimens used in this Australian Archipelago , vol. 10. (eds Weber, M. & de study and made digital images of the NMNH and Beaufort, L. F.): XIII+423 pp. E.J. Brill, Leiden. LEVITON , A. E., G IBBS , R. H., H EAL , E. & D AWSON , C. E. NTM specimens illustrated herein. Rick Winter - 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: part 1. bottom (ROM) provided valuable comments on Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collec - an earlier version of this manuscript. Dave John - tions in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985 (3) : son and Nalani Schnell (both USNM) confirmed 802-832.

67 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus

MURDY , E. O. 1989. A taxonomic revision and cladistic Trypauchen (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae). Zootaxa 1343 : analysis of the oxudercine gobies (Gobiidae: Oxuderci - 55-68. nae). Records of the Australian Museum , Supplement 11 : MURDY , E. O. & S HIBUKAWA , K. 2001. A revision of the 1-93. gobiid fish genus Odontamblyopus (Gobiidae: Ambly - MURDY , E. O. 2006. A Revision of the Gobiid Fish Genus opinae). Ichthyological Research 48 : 31-43.

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 68 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America

María Cristina Oddone 1, Gonzalo Velasco 2 and Getulio Rincon 3

1) Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24 A 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Coordenação Geral de Estatística e Informações, Direção de Ordenamento, Controle e Estatística de Aqüicultura e Pesca, Secretaria Especial de Aqüicultura e Pesca da Presidência da República, Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco “D”, 2° andar, Sala 236, Cep: 70.043-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Honorary collaborator Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos DINARA, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay. E-mail: [email protected] 3) Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24 A 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 02 May 2007 – Accepted: 12 February 2008

Abstract Résumé Four records of potamotrygonids in the Uruguay River Cet article fait mention de quatre occurrences de Pota - and its tributaries in Paysandú, Uruguay are reported in motrygonidés dans la rivière Uruguay et ses tributaires, this paper. The first one was a specimen caught in 1934, of à Paysandú, Uruguay. Le premier était un spécimen undetermined sex and weighing 120 kg and with a disc capturé en 1934, de sexe indéterminé, pesant 120 kg et width of ca 150 cm. The second specimen, caught in dont le diamètre était d’env. 150 cm. Le deuxième spé- 1998, was also of undetermined sex; it weighed 50 kg cimen, capturé en 1998, était aussi de sexe indéterminé; total weight and its disc width measured 103 cm. The il pesait 50 kg et son diamètre était de 103 cm. Le third specimen was caught in 2001; it was an adult male, troisième a été attrapé en 2001: un mâle adulte, de 114 kg weighed 114 kg total weight and its disc width measured et de 110 de diamètre. Le quatrième, collecté en 2004, ca 110 cm. The fourth one, caught in 2004, was a female, était une femelle, de 11 kg et d’un diamètre de 80 cm. En 11 kg in total weight and with a disc width of 80 cm. accord avec la taille et la description générale, ces exem - According to the size and general description, specimens plaires ont été identifiés comme étant Potamotrygon were identified as Potamotrygon brachyura , to date the only brachyura, à ce jour le seul Potamotrygonidé avéré pour potamotrygonid confirmed for Uruguay. l’Uruguay.

Zusammenfassung Sommario Über vier Belege der Süßwasser-Stechrochen im In questo articolo sono riportate quattro segnalazioni di Uruguay-Fluss und in seinen Nebenflüssen in Paysandú, potamotrigonidi nel fiume Uruguay e nei suoi affluenti nel Uruguay, wird berichtet. Der erste Belegfund ist ein 1934 Paysandú, Uruguay. Il primo è un esemplare catturato nel gefangenes Exemplar von unbestimmtem Geschlecht, mit 1934, di sesso non determinato, dal peso di 120 kg e 120 kg Gewicht und 150 cm Körperscheiben-Breite. Ein caratterizzato da una larghezza del disco di circa 150 cm. zweites Exemplar, 1998 gefangen, ebenfalls mit unbekann- Il secondo esemplare, catturato in 1998, è anch’esso di tem Geschlecht, wiegt 50 kg insgesamt und misst 103 cm sesso non determinato, pesa 50 kg e ha un disco di 103 in der Breite. Das dritte Exemplar, 2001 gefangen, ist ein cm di diametro. Il terzo è stato catturato nel 2001: si tratta erwachsenes Männchen mit 114 kg Gesamtgewicht und di un maschio adulto, dal peso di 114 kg e un’ampiezza 110 cm Scheibenbreite. Das vierte Exemplar von 2004 del disco di circa 110 cm. Il quarto, catturato nel 2004, è schließlich wurde als Weibchen bestimmt und hat ein un individuo femmina, di 11 kg e con un disco largo 80 Gesamtgewicht von 11 kg und eine Scheibenbreite von 80 cm. In base alle dimensioni e alle caratteristiche generali, cm. Nach Größe und äußeren Merkmalen wurden diese tutti gli esemplari sono stati identificati come appartenenti vier Exemplare als Potamotrygon brachyura bestimmt – alla specie Potamotrygon brachyura, il solo potamotrigonide bisher der einzige Potamotrygon- Nachweis aus Uruguay. presente in Uruguay.

69 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America

INTRODUCTION Freshwater stingrays (Elasmobranchii, Pota - motrygonidae) are fascinating , not only because of their diversity and beautiful coloration patterns, but also because of their biology and ecol - ogy (Almeida 2003). This family of elasmobranch fishes inhabits rivers and estuaries exclusively in South America. They demonstrate matrotrophic viviparity and a presumed certain degree of parental care unique among elasmobranchs (Achenbach & Achenbach 1976; Rosa 1985; Charvet-Almeida et al. 2002; Carvalho et al. 2003; Hamlett 2005; Lasso et al. 2004a, b). The aim of the present work is to report on four unpublished records of Potamotrygon species, from 1934 up to the present, in the Uruguay River and its tribu - taries in Paysandú, Uruguay (Fig. 1). A

HISTORY OF RECORDS Figs. 1 A+B. A) Uruguay River basin (in the left-hand cor - The oldest record of a stingray reported in a local ner, its position in the Americas); the red mark represents newspaper in Paysandú, Uruguay, was published in approximately the position of Paysandú City and the rec - 1934 (location 1 in Fig. 1B). This specimen’s total tangle the magnified section in B. B) Detail of the weight (TW) was ca 120 kg and the disc width Paysandú region; the numbers represent the four freshwa - (DW) ca 150 cm. It was unsexed, of indeterminate ter stingrays registered in the present contribution. B

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 70 María Cristina Oddone, Gonzalo Velasco and Getulio Rincon species, and caught in the San Francisco stream, in the mouth of the San Francisco stream, in the near Diecinueve de Abril town (ca 32°20’S Uruguay River (32°14’25”S 58°05’54”W) (loca - 57°48’W). Based on the large size of the specimen tion 2 in Fig. 1B). On 17 January 2001, a large and presumed distribution, it is likely to be a spec - male of P. brachyura, 114 kg TW and ca 110 cm imen of Potamotrygon brachyura (Fig. 2). More DW (Fig. 4) was caught with a long-line at the recently, on 17 October 1998, an unsexed, 50 kg mouth of Caraballo stream (ca 32°14’06”S TW and about 103 cm DW, specimen of P. 58°07’28”W), on the Argentinean coast of the brachyura (Fig. 3) was caught by a group of anglers Uruguay River, by Paysandú City (location 3 in

Fig. 2. Specimen of Potamotrygon brachyura caught in 1934.

71 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America

Fig. 1B). It is interesting to note that at that time in Fig. 1B). According to the fishermen, this spec - the Uruguay River was over 1.5 m above the mean imen was 11 kg TW and ca 80 cm DW. This is in level for the season, due to the release of water from fact the only species described for Uruguay the Salto Grande hydroelectrical dam, some 80 (Queguay Grande, Uruguay River), for which the km northwards upriver. Finally, on 26 October holotype had been deposited at the Museo de His - 2004, a female of P. brachyura (Fig. 5) was caught toria Natural de Montevideo (MHNM) but is now by hook and line in the Negro Stream, southern considered lost (Luengo 1966, Olazarri et al. Paysandú (ca 32°27’40”S 58°07’49”W, location 3 1970). The specimen had a maximum total disc

Fig. 3. Specimen of Potamotrygon brachyura caught in 1998. 

Fig. 4. Specimen of Potamotrygon brachyura caught in 2001.  aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 72 María Cristina Oddone, Gonzalo Velasco and Getulio Rincon width of 95 cm. Its distribution includes the uted species (e.g . Potamotrygon motoro , P. scobina Paraná-Paraguay and Uruguay basins (Rosa 1985, and P. orbignyi) and several undescribed species Carvalho et al. 2003, López et al. 2003). that complicate the estimation of species richness, the assessment distribution patterns and ecological DISCUSSION studies (Rosa 1985, Almeida 2003, Carvalho et al. Neotropical freshwater stingrays encompass a sig - 2003, Rincon 2006). More recently, work on the nificant number of taxonomic problems, such as taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of pota - strong polychromatism within some widely distrib - motrygonids has intensified in order to evaluate

73 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America the conservation status of species that are exploited records, descriptions and studies on these freshwa - by the ornamental fishing industry and affected by ter stingrays (Castex 1964, Achenbach & Achen - habitat loss (Lovejoy 1996, Charvet-Almeida et al. bach 1976, Rosa 1985, Rosa et al. 1987, López et 2002, Carvalho et al. 2003, Compagno 2005). al. 2003), as there are for Venezuela (Orinoco While for Brazil and Argentina there are several Delta) and French Guiana (Lasso et al. 1996; Lasso

Fig. 5. Specimen of Potamotrygon brachyura caught in 2004. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 74 María Cristina Oddone, Gonzalo Velasco and Getulio Rincon et al. 2004a, b; Deynat 2006), there are no current from other areas, underlining the need for taxo - research studies on potamotrygonids in Uruguay. nomic studies. Therefore, most information about freshwater It is suggested that a programme of sampling, stingrays in Uruguay is in fact presumed from data recording, and assessing the status of Potamotrygon collected in Argentina and Brazil. brachyura be carried out in the area by public agen - Based on the evidence provided by photographs, cies that have responsibilities on the river and its interviews and species distribution, it is highly living resources, such as the Comisión Admin - probable that all the specimens reported herein istradora del Río Uruguay (CARU), and belong to one species, P. brachyura . This is certainly DINARA. This programme should include one of the largest species of Potamotrygon, exceed - research on species diversity and further biological ing 100 kg and 1 m disc width (Rosa 1985, Car - and ecological studies, in order to obtain the nec - valho et al. 2003). There are no biological data essary scientific baseline for the conservation and available for P. brachyura and any information, management of Potamotrygon in the future. even from single collections and non-scientific reports, must be considered, in order to confirm ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the presence of the species in the area and to gain The authors are grateful to “El Telégrafo” news - insight into its geographical distribution. Inter - paper from Paysandú, Uruguay, especially to Mr. views with sport fishermen from a local fishing Andrés Oberti, for providing some of the stingray club confirmed our observations that it is rare to pictures included in this contribution. We also capture these animals, especially along the margins thank Dr. Hugo López (La Plata Museum, of the river or close to the cities. These areas are Argentina) for comments on the distribution of used for bathing and other tourism activities freshwater stingrays in the region. Part of this (beach sports, camping, barbecue areas, etc.). It research was financed by FAPESP and CNPq (São would be more likely to catch these stingrays Paulo state and Brazilian federal research funding around some large inner islands in the river and, agencies, respectively) scholarships. perhaps, some protected tributaries. When caught, stingrays are consumed by the fishermen and their REFERENCES families, specially the wings are cut and panned. ACHENBACH , G. M. & ACHENBACH , S. V. M. 1976. Notas When such catches take place, it is rare for any acerca de algunas especies de raya fluvial (Batoidei, Pota - information to be registered or provided for official motrygonidae) que frecuentan el sistema hidrográfico del records. The only information currently available Paraná medio en el Departamento La Capital (Santa Fe- are anecdotal reports like the ones compiled in the Argentina). Comunicaciones Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino 8: 1-34. present article. The national fisheries institution, ALMEIDA , M. P. 2003. Pesca, policromatismo e aspectos sis - Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos temáticos de Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 (DINARA), has no published records of this (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) da região da Ilha de species (Spinetti, pers. comm. ). Colares-Baía de Marajó-Pará. Unpublished Masters Dis - Only two species have been caught and reported sertation. Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense by sport fishermen in the Uruguay River: Pota - Emílio Goeldi. 145 pp. motrygon motoro and P. brachyura (http://www. CARVALHO , M. R., LOVEJOY , N. R. & ROSA , R. S. 2003. vidasilvestre.org.ar/servinfo/peces-pesca- Potamotrigonidae . In : Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America (Eds. Reis, R. E., Kullander, deportiva.asp, accessed in December 2006). How - S. O. & Ferraris, C. J. Jr.): 22-28. Porto Alegre. Edipucrs, ever, López et al. (2003) reported seven Potamotry - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. gon species for the Parana-Platense region (includ - CASTEX , M. N. 1964. Estado actual de los estúdios sobre ing the Uruguay River): P. brachyura (Günther, la raya fluvial neotropical. Publicación del Cincuente - 1880), P. castexi Castello & Yagolkowski, 1969, P. nario. Revista del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963, P. histrix (Müller de Santa Fé “Florentino Ameghino”: 9-49. & Henle, 1841), P. motoro (Müller & Henle, CHARVET -A LMEIDA , P., ARAÚJO , M. L. G., ROSA , R. S. & 1841), Castex, 1963 (probably a syn - RINCON , G. 2002. Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays: P. pauckei diversity and conservation status. IUCN Shark Specialist onymy of P. motoro) and P. schuhmacheri Castex, Group Bulletin Shark News: 14 : 1-2. 1964. The differences in the numbers of species COMPAGNO , L. J. V. 2005. Checklist of living Chon - reported may be attributed to an overestimation of drichthyes. Chapter 16 in: Reproductive biology and local stingray biodiversity, based on species records phylogeny of Chondrichthyes. Sharks, batoids and chimaeras

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(Ed. W. C. Hamlett). Science Publishers Inc. New orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) (Chondrichthyes: Potamotry - Hampshire, USA. 562 pp. gonidae) in the Venezuelan llanos. aqua, Journal of DEYNAT , P. 2006. Potamotrygon marinae n. sp., une nou - Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology 2 (3): 39-52. velle espèce de raies d’eau douce de Guyane (Myliobati - LÓPEZ , H. L., MIQUELARENA , A. M. & MENNI , R. C. formes, Potamotrygonidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies 2003. Lista comentada de los peces continentales de la 329 (7): 483-493. Argentina – ProBiota, Série Técnica y Didáctica 5: 87 pp. HAMLETT , W. C. 2005. Reproductive biology and phylogeny LOVEJOY , N. R. 1996. Systematics of myliobatoid elasmo - of Chondrichthyes. Sharks, Batoids and Chimaeras . (Ed. W. branches: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical C. Hamlett) Science Publishers Inc. New Hampshire, biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Pota - USA. 562 pp. motrygonidae: Rajiformes). Zoological Journal of the LASSO , C. A., LASSO -A LCALÁ , O. M, POMBO , C. & SMITH , Linnean Society 117: 207-257. M. 2004a. Ictiofauna de las aguas estuarinas del delta del LUENGO , J. A. 1966. Relación de los géneros y especies de río Orinoco (caños Pedernales, Manamo, Manamito) y peces descritos por Garibaldi y Devicenzi y de los tipos golfo de Paria (río Guanipa): Diversidad, distribución, depositados en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de amenazas y criterios para su conservación (Capítulo 4): Montevideo. Atas da Sociedade de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro 70 - 84. In: A Biological Assessment and Socio Econom - 10 (2):19-21. ical Aspects of the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Gulf of OLAZARRI , J., MONES , A., XIMÉNEZ , A. & PHILIPPI , M. E. Paria and Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. (Eds C. A. Lasso, L. 1970. Lista de los ejemplares-tipo depositados en el Alonso, G. Love & A. Flores ). RAP Bulletin of Biological Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo, Assessment 37. Conservation International, Washington, Uruguay. Comunicaciones Zoológicas del Museo de Historia D.C, USA. Natural de Montevideo 10 (131): 1-12. LASSO , C. A., LASSO -A LCALÁ , O. M, POMBO , C. & SMITH , RINCON , G. 2006. Aspectos taxonônicos, alimentação e M. 2004b. Composición, abundancia y biomasa de la reprodução da raia de água doce Potamotrygon orbignyi ictiofauna béntica del delta del río Orinoco (caño y boca (Castelnau) (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae) no Rio de Pedernales, Manamo, Manamito, boca de Bagre) y Paranã-Tocantins. Ph. D. Thesis. Universidade Estadual golfo de Paria (río Guanipa, caño Venado), Venezuela Paulista, Instituto de Biociências. 132 pp. (Capítulo 5): 85 - 102. In: A Biological Assessment and ROSA , R. S. A. 1985. Systematic revision of the south Amer - Socio Economical Aspects of the Aquatic Ecosystems of ican freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygo - the Gulf of Paria and Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. (Eds C. nidae). Ph. D. Thesis. College of William and Mary Vir - A. Lasso, L. Alonso, G. Love & A. Flores). RAP Bulletin ginia. Faculty of the School of Marine Science. 523 pp. of Biological Assessment 37. Conservation International, ROSA , R. S., CASTELLO , H. P. & THORSON , T. B. 1987. Washington, D.C., USA. Plesiotrygon iwamae , a new genus and species of neotrop - LASSO , C. A., RIAL , A. B. & LASSO -A LCALÁ , O. 1996. ical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygo - Notes on the biology of the freshwater stingrays Paratry - nidae). Copeia 2: 447-458. gon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) and Potamotrygon

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 76 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964 (: Malacanthidae), based on morphological and molecular data

James K. Dooley 1 and Lizandra Jimenez 2

1, 2) Department of Biology, Adelphi University Garden City, NY, 11530, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Present address: Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Cytogenetics Laboratory, New York, NY, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 26 November 2007 – Accepted: 04 March 2008

Abstract driale und nukleare DNA-Analysen bei H. fourmanoiri und Yellow body and caudal fin coloration were the principal H. luteus zeigten Identitätswerte von 587/588 bp (99%) und characters used to describe luteus . Both live 792/786 bp (99%) bei den Nukleotidsequenzen 16S bzw. observations and preserved specimens of H. fourmanoiri RAG2. Phylogenetische Analysen des Gens 16S nach den have shown yellow colour pattern variation. Ontogenetic Verfahrensweisen des „bootstrapping“ (1000 Replikate), and distributional variation in coloration have been seen in „neighbour joining“ (NJ) und „maximum parsimony“ (MP) other species of including Hoplolatilus and Mala - führten immer zu dem Ergebnis, dass es sich bei H. four - canthus . During a week of aquaria observations, the ventral manoiri und H. luteus abschließend um Zwillingstaxa han - body, head and tail became somewhat darker in H. luteus , delt. Folglich muss Hoplolatilus luteus als neues Synonym zu shortly thereafter the fish died. It is speculated that a colour H. fourmanoiri auf der Grundlage von morphologischen und change in H. luteus may occur at around 90-105 mm SL. molekularen Daten betrachtet werden. Distinctive subgeneric characters formerly found in H. fourmanoiri and the closely related H. oreni are also found Résumé only in H. luteus . Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis Corps jaune et couleur de la caudale étaient les caractéri- between H. fourmanoiri and H. luteus showed identity val - stiques principales pour décrire Hoplolatilus luteus. Le obser - ues of (99%) 587/588 bp and (99%) 792/786 bp for 16S vations in vivo et des spécimens conservés de H. fourmanoiri and RAG2 nucleotide sequences, respectively. Phylogenetic ont monré toutes deux des variations dans leur patron de analysis of the 16S gene with bootstrapping (1000 repli - couleur jaune. Des variations de colorations ontogéniques et cates), neighbour joining (NJ), and maximum parsimony de distribution ont été relevées dans d’autres espèces de Mala - (MP) analysis always resulted in H. fourmanoiri and H. canthidés comprenant Hoplolatilus et Malacanthus. Durant luteus being shown as terminal sister taxa. Hoplolatilus luteus une semaine d’observation en aquarium, la partie ventrale, la should be considered a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri tête et la queue sont devenues en peu plus foncées chez H. lu- based upon morphological and molecular data. teus, et le poisson est mort peu après. On suppose qu’un changement de couleur peut se produire pour H. luteus à une Zusammenfassung LS de 90-105 mm. Des caractéristiques subgénétiques di- Maßgebend für die Beschreibung von Hoplolatilus luteus stinctives, trouvées auparavant chez H. fourmanoiri et H. ore- war die gelbe Farbe des Rumpfes und der Schwanzflosse. ni , one espèce proche, se trouvent aussi chez le seul H. luteus. Sowohl bei Lebendbeobachtungen als auch an konservierten Des analyses mitochondriales et nucléaires d’ADN pour H. Exemplaren konnten aber bei H. fourmanoiri gelbe Varianten fourmanoiri et H. luteus ont fourni l’identité de (99%) festgestellt werden. Auch bei anderen Torpedobarscharten 587/588 pb et de (99%) 792/786 pb pour les séquences de beider Gattungen Hoplolatilus und Malacanthus konnten nucéotides 16 S et RAG2, respectivement. L’analyse phy - ontogenetische und geografische Varianten der Färbung logénétique du gène 16 s avec bootstrap (1.000 réplicats), beobachtet werden. Innerhalb einer Woche der Aquarien - neighbour joining (NJ) et de parcimonie maximale (MP) ont beobachtung wurden bei einem Exemplar von H. luteus toujours montré que H. fourmanoiri et H. luteus étaient biene Bauchseite, Kopf und Schwanz etwas dunkler, kurz danach en définitive des taxons soeurs. Hoplolatilus luteus doit être starb der Fisch. Man nimmt an, dass bei H. luteus bei etwa considéré comme un synonyme plus récent de H. four - 90 bis 105 mm SL ein Farbwechsel eintreten kann. Bes - manoiri sur base des donnée morphologiques et moléculaires. timmte subgenerische Merkmale, die man bisher an H. four - manoiri und dem nahe verwandten H. oreni feststellte, ließen Sommario sich auch und gerade an H. luteus beobachten. Mitochon- La colorazione gialla del corpo e della pinna caudale sono

77 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964, based on morphological and molecular data stati i caratteri principali usati per descrivere Hoplolatilus lu- A new species, Hoplolatilus luteus, was described teus. Anche gli esemplari di H. fourmanoiri osservati nel - from a single specimen of 89 mm standard length l’ambiente naturale o conservati mostrano variazioni nella (SL), collected in 1988 by spear while diving off loro colorazione gialla. Variazioni ontogenetiche o legate al- Flores, Indonesia at a depth of 32 m. Live coloration la distribuzione sono state osservate anche in altre specie di pesci tegola dei generi Hoplolatilus e Malacanthus. Durante can be seen in Figs 1 and 2. Allen & Kuiter (1989) una settimana di osservazioni in acquario, si è notato che il later observed about 10 more individuals at depths ventre, il capo e la coda diventano più scuri in H. luteus, un of 30 to 35 m, hovering singly or in pairs above their evento che precedeva la morte del pesce. Si ritiene che la va- burrows over a flat, silt bottom. Allen & Adrim riazione di colore in H. luteus possa avvenire allo stadio di (2003: 37) considered H. luteus as an endemic of circa 90-105 mm SL. Distinti caratteri subgenerici dappri- Flores to Bali, Indonesia. Hoplolatilus luteus has been ma trovati in H. fourmanoiri e nella vicina specie H. oreni recently observed and collected in Papua, New sono rinvenuti anche in H. luteus. L’analisi del DNA mito - condriale e nucleare di H. fourmanoiri e H. luteus mostrava Guinea by Mark Erdmann (pers. comm.). indici d’identità pari al 99% con valori di 587/588 bp e Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri (89-162 mm SL) has 792/786 bp, rispettivamente per le sequenze 16S e RAG2. been recorded from depths of 18 to 55 m over L’analisi filogenetica del gene 16S mediante bootstrap sandy bottom from Vietnam (type locality), Bali, (1000 repliche), neighbour joining e massima parsimonia Indonesia; Luzon, Philippines; Guadalcanal, mostrava sempre H. fourmanoiri e H. luteus come specie so- Solomon Islands, and probably is more wide- relle terminali. Pertanto, sulla base sia di dati morfologici spread in the Indo-West Pacific (Figs 3-5). H. four - sia di dati molecolari, si considera H. luteus un sinonimo di manoiri has not yet been observed in New Guinea H. fourmanoiri. (Mark Erdmann, pers. comm.). Both H. luteus and H. fourmanoiri are sympatric INTRODUCTION over much of their range. Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri There are presently 12 nominal extant species of and H. luteus have been collected together for aqua- Hoplolatilus . The genus is widely distributed in the rium trade from Bali. The generally smaller H. luteus Indo-Pacific (Dooley 1999, 2000). Hoplolatilus has (89-103 mm SL) is known from depths of 30 to been represented by only few specimens until rela - 35 m from sandy bottom ranging from Flores Island tively recently. This is generally because: a.) They (type-locality), possibly Guadalcanal, Solomon inhabit sandy areas distant from reefs in depths Islands (Randall 1981), and Bali, Indonesia, and was ranging from 6 to 116 m, generally greater than recently recorded from Papua New Guinea, where 30 m and beyond the range of most SCUBA div - eight (including a new species) of the 12 extant ing, and b.) They are not easily collected being pri - species of Hoplolatilus have been collected by G. marily planktivorous, wary and inhabiting coral Allen and others (Allan 2007, Mark Erdmann, pers. rubble mounds or burrows. The genus Hoplolatus is comm.). comprised of two subgenera (Hoplolatilus ) and (Asymmetrurus ) Randall & Dooley 1974. The sub - MATERIALS AND METHODS genus Asymmetrurus contains only the species H. Two live specimens of H. fourmanori (93 and fourmanoiri Smith, 1964, H. luteus Allen & Kuiter, 100 mm SL) and a live specimen of H. luteus 1989, and H. oreni (Clark & Ben-Tuvia, 1973). (89 mm SL) were collected together by an aquarium

Fig. 1. Live aquarium coloration of a 103 mm SL individual of Hoplolatilus luteus from Bali, Indonesia. Photo by J. K. Dooley. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 78 James K. Dooley and Lizandra Jimenez

Table I. Comparative morphology/meristics. Proportional measurements in percentage of standard length (SL) or head length (HL) and meristic counts of the nominal members of the subgenus Asymmetrurus including: H. fourmanoiri , H. luteus and H. oreni (Clark & Ben-Tuvia 1973). Parentheses = number of specimens, brackets = mean. Bold indicates Hoplolatilus (Asymmetrurus ) subgeneric key characters.

H. fourmanoiri (14) H. luteus (3) H. oreni (1) Specimen size range 89-112 [102] mm SL 89-103 [94.9] mm SL 139 mm SL Dorsal fin X, 21-23 [22.1] X, 22-23 [22] X, 22 Base length 55-64 [60.2] (SL) 58-61 [60.1] (SL) 64 (SL) Total dorsal fin elements 30-33 [32] 30-33 [32] 32 Anal fin II, 16-19 [18.3] (SL) II, 18-19 [18.3] (SL) II, 20 Base length 29-34 [31] (SL) 23-34 [30] (SL) 36 (SL) Dorsal plus anal elements 52.5 52.3 54 Pored lateral line scales 94-102 [98.6] 100-106 [103] 92 Pores on lower jaw (one side) 66 5 First arch gillrakers 16-19 [17] 16-18 [17] 17 Total (four arches) gillrakers 40-50 [44.7] 44-45 [44.5] – Body depth 17-20 [18.3] (SL) 19-20 [19.3] (SL) 15 (SL) Head length 24-28 [24.6] (SL) 23-27 [25] (SL) 26 (SL) Orbit diameter 25-30.4 [29.3] (HL) 28-35 [30] (HL) 21 (HL) Snout length 21-24 [21.7] (HL) 21-25 [23.1] (HL) 26 (HL) Preopercular serrae 28-52 [41.3]; coarse 30-47 [43]; coarse 56; fine Vertebrae 11 + 14 *11 + 14 11 + 14 Tail shape truncate with truncate with truncate dorsal produced dorsal produced dorsal produced rays rays rays Preoperc. spine large pointed large pointed enlarged triangular Opercular spine large, sharp large, sharp large, sharp Maxillary posterior margin to post orbit to post orbit to past post orbit depth = pupil diameter = pupil diameter = pupil diameter

Allen & Kuiter (1989) reported 10 precaudal vertebrae on holotype; two cleared and stained specimens from the present study revealed 11 precaudal vertebrae.

Table II . Mitochondrial 16-S rRNA DNA nucleotide sim - Hoplolatilus luteus (HLU): 35-HLU-BALI-8-11- ilarity (1.000= 100%) analysis for three species of Hoplo - 7-03, 92.5 mm SL, Bali, Indonesia, purchased latilus- HFR : H. fronticinctus , HFO : H. fourmanoiri , and from Marine Center, Dallas, TX, 7 November HLU : H. luteus. 2003, J. Dooley, cleared and stained specimen available; 121-HLU-SUMA-1-9-1-06, 103.2 mm HFR [587bp] HFO [587bp] HLU [588bp] SL; Sumatra on ca 1 September 2006, Tropical HFR [587bp] 1.000 0.879 0.880 Showcase, Hicksville, NY, specimen available. HFO [587bp] 0.879 1.000 0.988 Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri (HFO): 33-HFO-BALI- HLU [588bp] 0.880 0.988 1.000 6-11-7-03, 93.4 mm SL, off Bali, Indonesia, Marine Center, Dallas, TX, J. Dooley, cleared and stained specimen available; 34-HFO-BALI-7-11-7-03, 99.6 fish collector from Bali, Indonesia and were sent to mm SL, off Bali, Indonesia, Marine Center, Dallas, the author along with numerous specimens of three TX, J. Dooley, cleared and stained specimen avail - other species of Hoplolatilus . The fish were observed, able; 127-HFO-MAT-1-3-31-07, 89 mm SL, photographed and maintained in a 220 l aquarium Miami Atlantis, Miami, FL, J. Dooley, Bali, Indone - for about a week, until they died. Preserved speci - sia, specimen available; 128-HFO-MAT-2-3-31-07, mens were borrowed from museums. Live fish were 93.5 mm SL, Miami Atlantis, Miami, FL, J. Dooley, purchased from tropical fish collectors. Some speci - off Bali, Indonesia, specimen available; paratype: mens were cleared and stained. Live specimens were BMNH 1965-580 110 mm SL South Vietnam, P. later frozen in a -20°C freezer prior to analysis. Mea - Fourmanoir; 18- 37 m depth (examined by J. E. surements and counts follow Randall & Dooley Randall); paratype: RUSI 608, 109 mm SL South (1974). Vietnam, P. Fourmanoir, 18-37 m depth; paratype:

79 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964, based on morphological and molecular data

Table III. Sequence alignments in sense orientation for 16S mitochondrial and RAG2 nuclear genes and identity scores for 16S rRNA and RAG2 genes; asterisk denotes alignment, spaces are mismatches.

16S RNA (with sequences in sense orientation)

H._fourmanoiri CATCGCCTCTTGCAAWACTAACAAATAAGAGGTCCCGCCTGCCCTGTGACTATATGTTTA 60 H._luteus CATCGCCTCTTGCAAAACTAACAAATAAGAGGTCCCGCCTGCCCTGTGACTATATGTTTA 60 *************** ******************************************** H._fourmanoiri ACGGCCGCGGTATTCTGACCGTGCGAAGGTAGCGCAATCACTTGTCTTTTAAATGGAGAC 120 H._luteus ACGGCCGCGGTATTCTGACCGTGCGAAGGTAGCGCAATCACTTGTCTTTTAAATGGAGAC 120 *********************************************************** * H._fourmanoiri CTGTATGAATGGCATAACGAGGGCTTGACTGTCTCCTTTTTCGAGTCAATGAAATTGATC 180 H._luteus CTGTATGAATGGCATAACGAGGGCTTGACTGTCTCCTTTTTCAAGTCAATGAAATTGATC 180 ****************************************** ***************** H._fourmanoiri TCCCCGTGCAGAAGCGGGGATAGACCCATAAGACGAGAAGACCCTATGGAGCTTTAGGCA 240 H._luteus TCCCCGTGCAGAAGCGGGGATAGTCCCATAAGACGAGAAGACCCTATGGAGCTTTAGGCA 240 *********************** ************************************ H._fourmanoiri CCAAAGCGGACCATGTCATTTACCCCTAAACAAAGAAATAAACAATATGTAACCCGCCCT 300 H._luteus CCAAAGCGGACCACGTCATTTACCCCTAAACAAAGGAATAAACAATATGTAACCCGCCCT 300 ************* ********************* ************************ H._fourmanoiri AATGCCTTTGGTTGGGGCGACCGCGGAGTAATATAAAACCCCCGCGTGGAACGGGAGAAC 360 H._luteus AATGCCTTTGGTTGGGGCGACCGCGGAGTAATATAAAACCCCCGCGTGGAACGGGAGAAC 360 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri TTTCCTCCTAAAACTAAGAGCTTCAGCTCTAATAAACAGAATTTCTGACCTACAAGATCC 420 H._luteus TTTCCTCCTAAAACTAAGAGCTTCAGCTCTAATAAACAGAATTTCTGACCTATGAGATCC 420 **************************************************** ***** * H._fourmanoiri GGCAACGCCGATCAACGGATCGAGTTACCCTAGGGATAACAGCGCAATCCCCTTCTAGAG 480 H._luteus GGCAACGCCGATCAACGGATCGAGTTACCCTAGGGATAACAGCGCAATCCCCTTCTAGAG 480 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri CCCATATCGACAAGGGGGTTTACGACCTCGATGTTGGATCAGGACATCCTAATGGTGCAG 540 H._luteus CCCATATCGACAAGGGGGTTTACGACCTCGATGTTGGATCAGGACATCCTAATGGTGCAG 540 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri CCGCTATTAAGGGTTCGTTTGTTCAACGATTAAAGTCCTACGTGATT- 587 H._luteus CCGCTATTAAGGGTTCGTTTGTTCAACGATTAAAGTCCTACGTGATCT 588 **********************************************

RUSI 609, 112 mm SL, South Vietnam, P. Four - and dehydrated in 95% ETOH. A DNeasy TM kit manoir, 18-37 m depth; MNHN 1964-248, 6, 110- was used to extract the total genomic DNA from a 112 mm SL, South Vietnam, P. Fourmanoir, radi - 20-25 mg sample of muscle tissue. Custom forward ographed. and reverse primers were constructed using informa - Hoplolatilus fronticinctus (HFR): 36-HFR-BALI- tion obtained from GenBank for closely related 9-11-7-03, 92.0 mm SL, Bali, Indonesia , Marine species. The amplified genes were usually sequenced Center, Dallas, TX, J. Dooley; specimen available; via two or three separate modalities to check for 37-HFR-BALI-10-11-7-03, 89.0 mm SL coll. off accuracy: 1.) The authors used a LICOR Model Bali, Indonesia, Marine Center, Dallas, TX, by J. 4300 slab polyacrylamide gel gene sequencer at Dooley, specimen available. Adelphi University, 2.) ABI 3730 DNA capillary Hoplolatilus oreni (HOR): Holotype: USNM analyzer at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 208593, 141 mm SL, A. Ben-Tuvia near Massawa, NY, and 3.) ABI 377 DNA capillary analyzer at Old Eritrea (formerly Ethiopia), 1957, only known Dominion University, VA. Contigs of the forward specimen . and reverse DNA sequences were made then ch ro - DNA was collected from muscle tissue preserved matograms viewed and edited (Jimenez 2007). aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 80 James K. Dooley and Lizandra Jimenez

Rag2 (with sequences in sense orientation)

H._fourmanoiri CATTACGTTGTCCAGCTGTTTGCCGCCTCGACCCCTATGACGGACTTCCAGAGAGTTATC 60 H._luteus CATTACGTTGTCCAGCTGTTTGCCGCCTCGACCCCTATGACGGACTTCCAGAGAGTTATC 60 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri TTATCCATGGTGGCCGCACCCCAAATAATGAGAT-TCATCGAGCCTGTATCTGCTCACCA 120 H._luteus TTATCCATGGTGGCCGCACCCCAAATAATGAGATCTCATCGAGC-TGTATCTGCTCACCA 120 ********************************** ********* *************** H._fourmanoiri TGGATAGCCGTGGTTGCAATCGTAAAATGACCTTGAGCTGCAAAGAGAAAGAGTTGGTTG 180 H._luteus TGGATAGCCGTGGTTGCAATCGTAAAATGACCTTGAGCTGCAAAGA-AAAGAGTTGGTTG 180 ********************************************** ************* H._fourmanoiri GAGCAGTGCCAGGGGCTAGATACGGCCACACAATGAGCATGGTACAAAGCCATGGGAAGA 240 H._luteus GAGCAGTGCCAGGGGCTAGATACGGCCACACAATGAGCATGGTACAAAGCC-TGGGAAGA 240 *************************************************** ******** H._fourmanoiri CAGCTTGTGTACTGTTTGGGGGTAGATCATACATGCCTGCAAGAGAGCGGACCACGGAGA 300 H._luteus CAGCTTGTGTACTGTTTGGGGGTAGATCATACATGCCTGCAAGAGA-CGGACCACGGAGA 300 ********************************************** ************* H._fourmanoiri CCTGGAACAGCGTCATCGACTGTCCTCCTCAGGTGTTCCTGTTTGACTTGGAGTTTGGTT 360 H._luteus CCTGGAACAGCGTCATCGACTGTCCTCCTCAGGTGTTC-TGTTTGACTTGGAGTTTGGT T 360 ************************************** ********************* H._fourmanoiri GCTCCTCTGCGCATACATTACCTGAGCTCAGCGATGGACAGTCTTTCCATTTGGCCCTTG 420 H._luteus GCTCCTCTG-GCATAC-TTACCTGAGCTCAGCGATGGACAGTCTTTCCATTTGGCCCTTG 420 ********* ****** ******************************************* H._fourmanoiri CCAGAGAAGACTGTGTCTACTTCCTCGGGGGTCACTCGCTTACCTCTGACTCCCGCCCCC 480 H._luteus CCAGAGAAGACTGTGTCTACTTCCTCGGGGGTCACTCGCTTACCTCTGACTCCCGCCCCC 480 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri CTCGGCTCTTTCGCCTGCGAGTTGAGCTTCTGCAGGGCAGCCCCTTGCTTTCCTGTGAGA 540 H._luteus CTCGGCTCTTTCGCCTGCGAGTTGAGCTTCTGCAGGGCAGCCCCTTGCTTTCCTGTGAGA 540 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri CTCTCGACACTGGCATATCCATCTCTAGTGCCATAATCACGCGCACAGGTCCTACTCACA 600 H._luteus CTCTCGACACTGGCATATCCATCTCTAGTGCCATAATCACGCGCACAGGTCCTACTCACA 600 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri GATATATCATCTTAGGTGGGTATCGGTCAGACTCTCAGAAGAGGATGGAGTGCAGCACTG 660 H._luteus GATATATCATCTTAGGTGGGTATCGGTCAGACTCTCAGAAGAGGATGGAGTGCAGCACTG 660 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri TGATTCTGGATGAGAAAGGGATCCACTTTGAGCAGCTGGAACCACCTAAGTGGATCCCAG 720 H._luteus TGATTCTGGATGAGAAAGGGATCCACTTTGAGCAGCTGGAACCACCTAAGTGGATCCCAG 720 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri ATATCATCCATAGTCGCACTTGGTTTGGCGGCAGTGCTGGAGAGGGAAGAATCCTACTTG 780 H._luteus ATATCATCCATAGTCGCACTTGGTTTGGCGGCAGTGCTGGAGAGGGAAGAATCCTACTTG 780 ************************************************************ H._fourmanoiri GTGTACCCACAGA 793 H._luteus GTGTACCCACAGA 793 *************

RESULTS cific differences between the species were based upon Tilefish colour variation : Allen & Kuiter (1989) body and tail fin colour, e.g. the predominantly yel - stated that H. luteus ‘…is most closely related to H. low colour of H. luteus (Figs 1-2) with a light yellow fourmanoiri... differing primarily in colour’. The spe - caudal with a white dorsal streak tail versus a mostly

81 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964, based on morphological and molecular data grey-maroon body with yellow head and body areas and a central dark spot in the tail of H. fourmanoiri (Figs 3-5). Hoplolatilus starcki Randall & Dooley, 1974 is nearly totally bright blue as a juvenile while adults are mostly bright yellow with blue juvenile col - oration remaining only on the head and thorax (Randall & Dooley 1974, Dooley 1978, Fig. 39). Juveniles of H. fronticinctus (Günther, 1887) have a light greenish yellow body with an electric blue band across the snout, and a bright blue saddle- shaped area over the dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle. As adults they have a lavender-grey body with a bright blue saddle-like spot on the top of the caudal peduncle, and bright blue sides of thorax and abdomen (Randall & Dooley 1974, Randall 1981). Randall (1981) noted that specimens of H. cuniculus Randall & Dooley, 1974 exhibited differ - ences in coloration depending upon their locality (Okinawa and Philippines vs. Tahiti) yet no differ - ences were seen in other morphology. John E. Ran - dall has photographed, very contrasting coloration for juveniles and adults in a related species of sand tilefish Malacanthus lattovitatus (Lacépède, 1802), see Dooley (1974, Fig. 45; 1978, Fig. 36). Dooley (1973, Fig. 55; 1978, Fig. 42) noted the variation in the yellow pigmentation patterns on the head and anterior body of preserved specimens of H. fourmanoiri (see Figs 3-5). Randall & Dooley (1974) also described the coloration of H. four - Fig. 2 . Live aquaria coloration of a 94.6 mm SL individ - manoiri in their revision of the genus. According to ual of Hoplolatilus luteus; note darkening on head, dorsal fin base and sides ventrally, caudal darkening somewhat Randall (1981), Walter Starck in 1975 speared two medially (not easily seen here) with white margin and cen - small specimens (45-68 mm SL, BPBM 26452) of tral light yellow area remaining. The bright blue markings Hoplolatilus off Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. above the eye, and dark opercular spot, are also found in Although meristic and other morphological char - H. fourmanoiri . Photo by J. K. Dooley . acters were consistent with H. fourmanoiri the col - oration was much lighter and the only dark mark - ing according to Randall was a blackish spot at the end of the gill opening ( H. fourmanoiri , Fig. 4). Randall (1981) further speculated that these speci - mens were juvenile H. fourmanoiri and the lack of dark coloration on the body and the large dark tail spot would appear later. Coloration changes and behaviour observed in aquaria : Unlike the other species of Hoplolatilus , H. luteus and H. four - manoiri individuals often remained in very close Fig. 3. Live aquaria coloration of a 93 mm SL specimen of Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri . Note: predominantly maroon- proximity to each other while both were swimming brown body with irregular yellow areas on snout, head and or at rest under corals. The overall yellow col - body, light blue-purple areas above eyes, dark opercular oration of the body and head regions of H. luteus spot, dark dorsal fin base and dark caudal area. Photo by began to darken during the observation period, but J. K. Dooley. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 82 James K. Dooley and Lizandra Jimenez

Fig. 4 . Drawing of a 110 mm SL specimen of Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri . Note truncate tail with dorsally produced rays, strong preopercular and opercular spines and broad maxilla to nearly underneath posterior margin of orbit (Dooley 1978: 68, Fig 41). the white region on the tail of H. luteus did not occur at around 90 to 100 mm SL. There is also darken into the characteristic marking found on possibly a sex-related colour change upon matura - the tail of H. fourmanoiri. However the white ante - tion, or a sex-reversal colour change if sex-reversal rior caudal margin found in live H. luteus is also is documented as has been found in other tile - found in H. fourmanoiri. The characteristic small fishes. dark spot on the operculum and the blue-dark spot on the preoperculum of H. fourmanoiri (Figs 3-4) DISCUSSION was also seen on live H. luteus (Figs 1-2). Both Before H. luteus was described, Randall (1981) species had bright blue markings over the eyes. The speculated that light yellow coloured H. four - generally smaller size of specimens collected of H. manoiri (= H. luteus ?) specimens collected by W. luteus (average size = 80 mm SL) as compared to Starke off Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands were specimens of H. fourmanoiri collected (average size actually juvenile forms of H. fourmanoiri as they = 102 mm SL), suggests an ontogenetic colour exhibited nearly identical other morphological change (from predominantly yellow to predomi - characters. Dooley & Jimenez (2004) first pre - nantly darker with some yellow areas) that may sented evidence for a possible synonymy of H. luteus and H. fourmanoiri based upon morphology and molecular data. Coloration patterns of H. luteus and H. fourmanoiri were examined in both preserved and living specimens. H. luteus showed a slight darken - ing of the predominantly yellow body and tail dur - ing a week or so of captivity. H. fourmanoiri had a variety of yellow head and body patterns seen in both preserved and live specimens. Other species of Hoplolatilus and the related Malacanthus have been seen to exhibit ontogenetic coloration changes (Randall & Dooley 1974). If colour change is ontogenetic, one could speculate that a colour change in H. luteus may occur at around 90 Fig. 5 . Dorsal view of the heads of six preserved specimens to 105 mm SL. of Hoplolatilus fourmanoiri showing variation of dorsal Both H. fourmanoiri and H. luteus behaved simi - upper body and head pigmentation; yellow pigment faded larly in the 220 liter tank, staying close together and was re-colorized here based upon live specimen col - often under the same rock shelter or in the same oration (Dooley 1974; 1978: 68, Fig. 42). sand depression and were often seen swimming

83 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964, based on morphological and molecular data close together. The four other species of Hoplo - REFERENCES latilus kept in the tank usually only closely associ - ALLEN , G. R. 2007. Hoplolatilus erdmanni , a new species ated with members of their own species. Analysis of sand tilefish (Pisces: Malacanthidae) from western of 22 morphological traits proved a near perfect New Guinea. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 12 congruence between H. luteus and H. fourmanouri (3): 101-106. ALLEN , G. R. & A DRIM , M. 2003. Coral reef fishes of (Table I) . Hoplolatilus luteus and H. fourmanoiri Indonesia. Zoological Studies, 42 (1) : 1-72. share all six characters used to describe the sub - ALLEN , G. R. & K UITER , R. H. 1989. Hoplolatilus luteus , a genus Asymmetrurus (Randall & Dooley 1974). new species of malacanthid fish. Revue française d’Aquar - Molecular data proved near identity between H. iologie 16 (2): 39-41. luteus and H. fourmanoiri . 16S rRNA gene sequences CLARK , E. & B EN -T UVIA , A. 1973. Red Sea fishes of the showed 99% identity [581 of 588 bps], while RAG2 family Branchiostegidae with a description of a new gene sequences exhibited 99% identity [787 of 795 genus and species Asymmetrurus oreni. Sea Fisheries bps]. The RAG2 sequences of H. luteus showed seven Research Station. Haifa 60: 63-74. DOOLEY , J. K. 1973. Systematic revision and comparative ambiguities (N’s). For each of the ambiguous biology of the (Perciformes: Branchiostegidae and nucleotides, analysis of the sequence chromatograms Malacanthidae) . Doctoral Dissertation, University of showed two peaks, one of which corresponded with North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 301 pp. the same base at the same sequence position as in H. DOOLEY , J. K. 1978. Systematics and biology of the tile - fourmanoiri . These high levels of identity were not fishes (Perciformes: Branchiostegidae and Malacanthi - seen in any other tilefish species-pair nucleotide com - dae) with descriptions of two new species. NOAA Techni - parisons (Jimenez 2007). cal Report NMFS Circular 411: 1-78. Both neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum par - DOOLEY , J. K. 1999. Branchiostegidae. In: FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Western Central simony (MP) analyses with bootstrapping (1000 Pacific . Carpenter K. E. & Niem, V. H. (eds) 4: 2630- replicates) of 14 species of tilefish based on mito - 2648. chondrial 16S rRNA produced phylogenetic trees, DOOLEY , J. K. (2000) Malacanthidae (tilefishes). In: J. E. with H. luteus and H. fourmanoiri as sister taxa Randall and K. K. P. Lim (eds). A checklist of the fishes 100% of the time. of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 8: In conclusion, based upon meristic, morphomet - 569-667. ric, coloration, behavior and molecular data, H. DOOLEY , J. K. & J IMENEZ , L. 2004. A preliminary review luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989 should be considered a of the sand tilefish genus Hoplolatilus (Malacanthidae). [Abstract p. 64], presented at the annual meeting of junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964. American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Tampa, FL, USA. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GÜNTHER , A. 1887. Descriptions of two new species of The authors would like to thank the following fishes from Mauritius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society people: Andrea Ward, and Jonna Coombs Adelphi of London . (1887) : 550-551. University, for their help and the information they JIMENEZ , L. 2007. Preliminary molecular phylogeny of the provided, Alan Schoenfeld, Adelphi University, for tilefishes (Perciformes: Malacanthidae) based on their mito - molecular information and for reviewing the man - chondrial cytochrome b and 16 S rRNA gene sequences . MS thesis, Adelphi Univ. 73 pp. uscript, Lawrence Hobbie, Adelphi University for LACÉPÈDE , B. G. E. 1802-1803. Histoire naturelle des poi - financial support, Kent Carpenter and Andrew sons. Paris, 3: 1-588. 4: 1-728. Mahon, Old Dominion University, VA, and David RANDALL , J. E. 1981. A review of the Indo-Pacific sand Reynolds, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, tilefish genus Hoplolatilus (Perciformes: Malacanthidae). NY, for their DNA sequencing help and Mark Erd - Freshwater and Marine Aquarium, 4 (12): 39-46. mann, Conservation International, Bali, Indone - RANDALL , J. E. & D OOLEY , J. K. 1974. Revision of the Indo- sia, for his useful information and samples. Also, Pacific branchiostegid fish genus Hoplolatilus, with descrip - the authors would like to thank LICOR, Inc. and tions of two new species . Copeia, 1974 (2): 457-471. SMITH , J. L. B. 1964. An interesting new branchiostegid Adelphi University for a matching grant allowing fish from Vietnam. Annals and Magazine of Natural His - the purchase of a LICOR 4300 DNA sequencer. tory (ser. 13) 6: 745-748.

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 84 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

A new species of the genus (Perciformes: Symphysanodontidae) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Maroof A. Khalaf 1 and Friedhelm Krupp 2

1) Maroof Khalaf, Marine Science Station, P. O. Box 195, Aqaba, Jordan. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Friedhelm Krupp, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 22 December 2007 – Accepted: 19 March 2008

Abstract nodon disii n. sp. est décrite sur base d’un seul spécimen, A new species of slopefish, Symphysanodon disii n. sp., is de 165 mm de longueur standard (SL), collecté au large described on the basis of one specimen, 165 mm standard d’Akaba, Jordanie, Golfe d’Akaba, en Mer Rouge. Elle se length (SL), collected off the coast of Aqaba, Jordan, Gulf distingue par la combinaison suivante de caractéristiques: of Aqaba, Red Sea. It is characterised by the following 10 rayons mous à la dorsale, 7 rayons mous à l’anale, 50 combination of characters: 10 dorsal soft rays, 7 anal soft écailles canaliculées sur la ligne latérale et 12 + 25 = 37 rays, 50 tubed scales in the lateral line and 12 + 25 = 37 branchiospines sur le premier arc branchial. Un corps rela - gill rakers on the first gill arch. Body relatively deep (32% tivement haut (32% de la LS); le premier rayon de la pelvi - of SL); first pelvic ray only slightly produced, not extend - enne assez court, n’atteignant pas l’anus; la pectorale ing to anus; pectoral fin reaching a vertical through base of atteignant une verticale traversant la base du denier rayon last dorsal spine; depressed anal fin length 32% of SL; cau - dorsal; la longueur de l’anale déployée 32% de la LS; cau - dal fin deeply forked, both lobes produced into filaments. dale fort échancrée, les deux lobes se terminant en fila - This is the first record of the family Symphysanodontidae ments. Il s’agit du premier membre de la famille des Sym - from the Red Sea. Morphologically, the new species is physanodontidés signalé en Mer Rouge. Morphologique - most closely related to the yellowstripe slopefish Sym - ment, la nouvelle espèce se rapproche le plus de Sym - physanodon katayamai, which is widely distributed in the physanodon katayami qui connaît une vaste distribution Central Pacific. dans le Pacifique central.

Zusammenfassung Sommario Ein neuer Hangfisch, Symphysanodon disii n. sp., wird Una nuova specie di sinfisanodontide, Symphysanodon disii anhand eines Exemplars von 165 mm Standardlänge (SL) n. sp., è descritta sulla base di un esemplare di 165 mm beschrieben. Er wurde bei Aqaba, Jordanien, Golf von (lunghezza standard, SL), raccolto al largo della costa di Aqaba, Rotes Meer gefangen. Die neue Art ist durch fol - Aqaba, Giordania, Golfo di Aqaba, Mar Rosso. La specie si gende Merkmalskombination gekennzeichnet: 10 Weich - contraddistingue per la seguente combinazione di caratteri: strahlen in der Rückenflosse , 7 Weichstrahlen in der After - 10 raggi dorsali molli, 7 raggi anali molli, linea laterale con flosse , 50 perforierte Schuppen in der Seitenlinie, 12 + 25 50 scaglie e 12 + 25 = 37 rastrelli sul primo arco branchiale. = 37 Kiemenreusen auf dem ersten Kiemenbogen. Der Corpo relativamente alto (32% della SL); primo raggio Körper ist mit 32 % der SL recht hoch. Der erste Bauch - pelvico solo leggermente prolungato, non fino all’ano; pinna flossenstrahl ist nur geringfügig verlängert und erreicht pettorale che raggiunge una verticale che passa attraverso la den Anus nicht. Die Brustflossen erreichen die Position base dell’ultima spina dorsale; lunghezza della pinna anale der Basis des letzten Hartstrahls der Rückenflosse; die quando depressa pari al 32% della SL; pinna caudale pro - angelegte Afterflosse hat eine Länge von 32 % der SL. Die fondamente forcuta, con entrambi i lobi prolungati in fila - Schwanzflosse ist stark gegabelt, beide Spitzen bilden lange menti. Rappresenta la prima segnalazione della famiglia Filamente. Dies ist der erste Nachweis der Familie Sym - Symphysanodontidae nel Mar Rosso. Morfologicamente, physanodontidae aus dem Roten Meer. Morphologisch questa nuova specie è molto simile al sinfisanodontide dalla steht die neue Art dem im zentralen Pazifik weit verbreit - stria gialla Symphysanodon katayamai, ampiamente di- eten Gelbstreifen-Hangfisch Symphysanodon katayamai , stribuito nel Pacifico centrale. am nächsten. INTRODUCTION Résumé The family Symphysanodontidae, with a single Une nouvelle espèce de Symphysanodontidé, Symphysa- genus, Symphysanodon Bleeker, 1878, is repre -

85 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A new species of the genus Symphysanodon (Perciformes: Symphysanodontidae) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea sented by nine described species of small to the Gulf of Aqaba (Khalaf & Zajonz 2007) because medium-sized fishes, inhabiting continental shelf further research was required. Here, it is now areas, the upper continental slope and submarine described as a new species. Counts and measure - ridge s in the tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific ments follow Anderson (1970) and Anderson & (Anderson 1970, Anderson & Springer 2005). Springer (2005), who recently revised the genus. Additionally, these authors reported a specimen of an undescribed species known only from the stom - ach contents of Latimeria chalumnae . A diagnosis of Symphysanodon disii n. sp. the genus Symphysanodon is given in Anderson (1970). Thus far, the family had been unknown Holotype : MSSA 64-20/1, female, 165 mm SL, from the Red Sea. During studies of marine habi - Jordan, Aqaba, in front of phosphate port, 29° tats and biodiversity in the Jordanian sector of the 29.794’ N 35° 59.375’ E, ca 150 m depth, 5 Octo - Gulf of Aqaba, conducted by scientists of the ber 1999, M. A. Khalaf. Marine Science Station in Aqaba (MSSA), a single Diagnosis : The new species differs from its con - specimen of Symphysanodon was collected by gillnet geners in the following combination of characters: at a depth of about 150 m. It had not been included dorsal-fin rays IX,10; anal-fin rays III,7; tubed in a recent account of the deep-dwelling fishes of scales in lateral line 50; gill rakers on first gill arch

Fig. 1. Freshly collected holotype of Symphysanodon disii from Aqaba, SL 165.3 mm, MSSA 64-20/1. Photo by M. A. Khalaf.

Fig. 2. Ethanol-preserved holotype of Symphysanodon disii about eight years after collection. Scale bar 50 mm. Photo by S. Tränkner. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 86 Maroof A. Khalaf and Friedhelm Krupp

Table I. Morphometric characters for the holotype of terior nares closely set; premaxillae and dentaries Symphysanodon disii n. sp. Standard length is in millimetres; carrying small, blunt, cone-shaped teeth, which are other measurements, in percentage of standard length. slightly larger in the anterior parts; premaxillary notch without teeth; dentary covered with teeth Total length 156.1 extending from elevated posterior surface of jaw to Fork length 108.5 symphysis; symphysis without teeth; teeth at ante - Standard length [mm] 165.3 Head length 28.3 rior ends of dentaries fit into premaxillary notch; Head depth 22.2 vomer, palatines and endopterygoids with minute Snout length 5.4 teeth; two flat spines on operculum, the lower one Fleshy orbit diameter 8.2 pointed, the upper one rounded with a minute tip ; Postorbital head length 14.1 preoperculum forming a right angle: horizontal limb Upper jaw length 13.4 smooth, vertical limb very finely serrated. Lower jaw length 14.0 Bony interorbital width 10.6 Dorsal fin continuous, not incised at junction of Body depth 31.8 spines and rays; scales ctenoid; head, including max - Caudal peduncle depth 13.4 illae, dentaries, lachrymals, interorbital region and Caudal peduncle length 26.7 snout covered with scales; dorsal aspect of snout Anal-fin base length 17.2 with small scales, anteriormost scales not overlap - Anal fin length 31.9 ping; most parts of dorsal and anal fins without Pectoral fin length 26.1 Pelvic fin length 22.3 scales, but lower portion of last two dorsal soft-rays Upper caudal-fin lobe 56.1 and all anal soft-rays covered with small scales; scaly Lower caudal-fin lobe 50.2 sheaths at dorsal and anal fin bases; lower part of First dorsal spine length 5.1 pectoral rays scaled; caudal fin densely covered with Second dorsal spine length 8.2 scales, except posterior margin and filaments; Third dorsal spine length 10.3 enlarged and elongated scales present dorsal to Fourth dorsal spine length 11.3 pelvic spines (axillary scales) and in ventral midline Last dorsal spine length 12.0 Longest dorsal spine length 12.0 between the pelvic fins (interpelvic scales); lateral First anal spine length 5.2 line gently curved; caudal fin deeply forked with Second anal spine length 9.6 both lobes prolonged into filaments, upper filament Third anal spine length 10.8 longer than lower one (Fig. 1). Vertebrae 25 (10 precaudal, 15 caudal), with first 12 + 25 = 37 total; body relatively deep (32% of preural centrum and ural centrum counted as one SL); first pelvic ray only slightly produced, not vertebra; pleural ribs on vertebrae 3 to 10; hypurals extending to anus; pectoral fin reaching a vertical 1, 2 and 5 autogenous; hypurals 3 and 4 forming a through base of last dorsal spine; depressed anal-fin single plate; epurals 3. In Table I, morphometric length 32% of SL; caudal fin deeply forked, both measurements are presented in percentages of stan - lobes produced into filaments. dard length. Description: Dorsal-fin rays IX,10; anal-fin rays Colour : Flanks of the freshly caught specimen III,7, last two dorsal and anal fin rays very close to (Fig. 1) red, turning to a lighter pinkish ventrally and each other, but clearly separate at base; pectoral-fin to dark orange-red dorsally; indistinct, broad, yellow- rays 17; pelvic-fin rays I,5; principal caudal-fin rays orange, longitudinal band from operculum to caudal 17 (9 + 8), branched caudal rays 15 (8 + 7); tubed peduncle (hardly visible); dorsal fin yellow, caudal fin scales in lateral line 50 on right side, 49 on left reddish orange, with yellow hind-margin on upper side; gill rakers on first arch 12 + 25 = 37 total. lobe; anal, pectoral and pelvic rays light reddish, Body elongate, compressed, relatively deep; dorsal membranes transparent and without pigmentation. and ventral profiles convex; snout rather blunt; The ethanol-preserved specimen is light straw colour mouth terminal; anterior ends of premaxillae without distinctive pigmentation (Fig. 2). incised, forming a conspicuous notch, which Etymology : The new species is named in honour receives sphere-shaped anterior ends of dentaries; of Dr. Ahmad M. Disi, Professor of Zoology at the dorsalmost margin of maxilla covered by suborbital University of Jordan, Amman, in recognition of his when mouth is closed; lower jaws slightly longer contributions to our knowledge of the vertebrate than upper jaws; maxilla reaching posteriorly almost fauna of Jordan. to level of posterior margin of eye; anterior and pos - Remarks : Geographically, the species occurring

87 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A new species of the genus Symphysanodon (Perciformes: Symphysanodontidae) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea closest to S. disii n. sp. is S. andersoni Kotthaus, known from various parts of the Indo-Pacific, but 1974, which has been reported from the north- not from the Red Sea, have recently been recorded western Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia and from the Jordanian sector at the northern tip of the from the Gulf of Kutch (Kotthaus 1974, Anderson Gulf of Aqaba (e.g. Khalaf et al. 1996, Khalaf & & Springer 2005). The new species differs Disi 1997, Khalaf & Zajonz 2007 ). The new markedly from S. andersoni in having fewer scales species increases the number of deep-dwelling in the lateral line (50 vs. 60-61) and fewer gill rak - fishes recorded from the coast of Jordan (Khalaf & ers (37 vs. 41-42). Zajonz 2007) to 81 species in 57 families. Symphysanodon disii n. sp. most closely resembles, and is probably most closely related to, S. kataya - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS mai Anderson, 1970, with which it shares general We are grateful to the Dean for Scientific appearance and many meristic and morphometric Research, University of Jordan, to Omar Al- characters. Symphysanodon katayamai has been Momani and to Mohammed Badran, MSSA, who reported from Hawaii, southern Japan, Taiwan, supported the first author’s studies of marine habi - Palau and Sulawesi (Masuda et al. 1984, Anderson tats and biodiversity in the Jordanian sector of the & Springer 2005). The new species differs from S. Gulf of Aqaba. John E. Randall, Bishop Museum, katayamai in the following characters: it has a Honolulu, Hawaii and Uwe Zajonz, Senckenberg larger number of gill rakers (37 vs. 33-35), a greater Research Institute, Frankfurt provided very helpful interorbital width (10.6% vs. 8.1% of SL), a comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. shorter anal fin (31.9% vs. 38.9% of SL), shorter Jörg Habersetzer x-rayed the holotype. pelvic fin (22.3% vs. 26.6% of SL) and shorter caudal spines (see Table I and description in Ander - REFERENCES son 1970). The two species also differ in colour ANDERSON , W. D., J R. 1970. Revision of the genus Sym - physanodon (Pisces: Lutjanidae) with descriptions of four pattern. Given the similarity of the two species, new species. Fishery Bulletin 68 (2): 325–346. one might argue that they represent subspecies of ANDERSON , W. D., J R. & S PRINGER , V. G. 2005. Review of the same species. However, we concur with Gill & the perciform fish genus S ymphysanodon Bleeker (Sym - Kemp (2002) and Anderson & Springer (2005), physanodontidae), with descriptions of three new species, who suggest that well-diagnosed geographic forms S. mona , S. parini , and S. rhax . Zootaxa 996 : 1-44. of widely-distributed Indo-Pacific shore fishes GILL , A. C. & K EMP , J. M. 2002. Widespread Indo-Pacific should be awarded full-species rank. Given the fact shore-fish species: A challenge for taxonomists, biogeogra - that collections of deep-dwelling fishes from the phers, ecologists, and fishery and conservation managers. Red Sea are rather rare and since the specimen is Environmental Biology of Fishes 65 : 165–174. KHALAF , M. A. & D ISI , A. M. 1997. Fishes of the Gulf of clearly distinct from its congeners, it is deemed jus - Aqaba . 252 pp. Marine Science Station, Aqaba, Jordan. tified describing a new species from a single speci - KHALAF , M. A., D ISI , A. M. & K RUPP , F . 1996. Four new men. Once additional samples are obtained , it will records of fishes from the Red Sea. Fauna of Saudi Arabia be desirable to confirm the present systematic con - 15 : 402-406. cept of the genus by a phylogenetic study based on KHALAF , M. A. & Z AJONZ , U. 2007. Fourteen additional fish morphological and molecular data. species recorded from below 150 m depth in the Gulf of Thus far, Disi’s slopefish is only known from its Aqaba, including Liopropoma lunulatum (Pisces: Ser - ranidae), new record for the Red Sea. Fauna of Arabia 23 : type locality near Aqaba, but given the fact that 421-433. suitable habitat is available in much of the Red Sea KOTTHAUS , A. 1974. Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergeb - and Gulf of Aden, it presumably could have a nisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchungen während der wider distribution. The deep slopes of this area Expedition des Forschungsschiffes “Meteor” in den Indis - have not yet been surveyed systematically. chen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematis - The discovery of a new fish species at the north - cher Teil, XI. Percomorphi (4). “Meteor” Forschungsergeb - ern tip of the Red Sea, which is most closely related nisse , Reihe D 17: 33–54. to a species from the Central Pacific and Hawaii, is KRUPP , F. & P AULUS , T. 1991 . First record of the coral reef fish Pseudanthias fasciatus (Kamohara, 1954) from the Red remarkable, but not unique. Similarly, Pseudan - Sea (Perciformes: Serranidae). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 12 : thias fasciatus (Kamohara, 1954) had only been 388-392. known from Japan, Taiwan and Australia until MASUDA , H. A MAOKA , K., A RAGA , C., U YENA , T. & Krupp & Paulus (1991 ) recorded it from Aqaba. YOSHINO , T. 1984. The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago . Several fish species, which had previously been 437 pp., 370 pls. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 88 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific

John E. Randall 1 and Toshiyuki Suzuki 2 Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Amagasaki Senior High School, 3-38-1 Nishikoya, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0047, Japan

Received: 27 February 2008 – Accepted: 28 March 2008 Abstract grauen Streifens auf der Unterseite. Von beiden Arten unter - The dartfish Ptereleotris brachyptera is described as a new scheidet sich die neue durch die geringere Größe und species from eight specimens from Ngargol Island, Palau, abgerundete statt spitzer Ecken an der Schwanzflosse. and one from Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands, from lagoons Ptereleotris crossogenion wird auf der Grundlage von einem on silty sand and rubble substrata in 20 to 38 m depth. The weiblichen Exemplar beschrieben, mit 40,7 mm SL, das über type specimens, 39.1 to 58.2 mm SL, were first believed to schlammigem Sand mit Steinschutt in 27 m Tiefe in der be subadults of P. microlepis or P. hanae until mature fish were Lagune der Provinz Madang, Papua-Neuguinea, gefunden found in the series. Ptereleotris brachyptera differs from P. wurde. Die Ähnlichkeit zu P. brachyptera ist groß, nur hat P. microlepis in having fewer dorsal and anal rays, a more slen - crossogenion einen Saum schlanker Papillen am Unterkiefer, der body, and a red instead of black bar at the pectoral-fin einen tieferen Rumpf, einen schmaleren Interorbitalraum base. It differs from P. hanae in its very low first dorsal fin and und eine andere Farbgebung. Ptereleotris kallista wird nach lacking a dark purplish gray stripe on the lower side. It dif - zwei männlichen Exemplaren mit 70 und 85 mm SL aus fers from both species in its smaller size and rounded instead dem Aquarienhandel der Philippinen beschrieben. Er ist ein of pointed corners on the caudal fin. Ptereleotris crossogenion naher Verwandter zu P. uroditaenia, unterscheidet sich aber is described from a single female specimen, 40.7 mm SL, col - durch einen breiteren Interorbitalraum, längere Rücken - lected from silty sand and rubble in 27 m depth in the lagoon stacheln und das Farbmuster, insbesondere ein fortlaufendes of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It is most similar schwarzes Band submarginal an der Schwanzflosse im Ver - to P. brachyptera , differing in having a fringe of slender papil - gleich zu zwei schwarzen konvergierenden Bändern bei P. lae along the lower jaw, a deeper body, narrower interorbital urodiaenia. space, and in color. Ptereleotris kallista is described from two male specimens, 70 and 85 mm SL, from the aquarium trade Résumé in the Philippines. It is a close relative of P. uroditaenia , dif - Ptereleotris brachyptera est décrit comme nouvelle espèce à fering in having a broader interorbital space, longer dorsal partir de huit spécimens de Ngargol Island, Palau, et un de spines, and in color, especially a continuous submarginal Majuro Atoll, Îles Marshall, provenant de lagons couverts de black band in the caudal fin, compared to two separate con - sable limoneux et de décritus, à une profondeur de 20 à 38 verging black bands in P. uroditaenia . m. Les spécimens types, de 39,1 à 53,2 mm de LS, ont d’abord été pris pour des subadultes de P. microlepis ou de P. Zusammenfassung hanae jusqu’à ce que des adultes aient été découverts. Die Torpedogrundel Ptereleotris brachyptera wird als neue Ptereleotris brachyptera se distingue de P. microlepis par un Art auf der Grundlage von acht Exemplaren beschrieben, die nombre moins élevé de rayons dorsaux et à l’anale, un corps von der Ngargol-Insel, Palau, stammen, sowie anhand eines plus élancé et une barre rouge au lieu de noire à la base de la weiteren Exemplares vom Majuro-Atoll, Marshall-Inseln; die pectorale. Elle se distingue de P. hanae par une première dor - Tiere lebten in Lagunen über schlammigem Sand und über sale très basse et par l’absence d’une ligne gris pourpré sur la Untergründen mit Steinschutt in 20 bis 38 m Tiefe. Die partie inférieure. Elle diffère des deux espèces par sa plus Typusexemplare von 39,1 bis 58,2 mm SL hielt man petite taille et par des lobes arrondis et non en pointe à la zunächst für subadulte Tiere von P. microlepis oder P. hanae, caudale. Ptereleotris crossogenion est décrit sur base d’un seul bis man geschlechtsreife Tiere in höherer Zahl fand. spécimen femelle, 40,7 mm de LS, collecté sur des substrats Ptereleotris brachyptera unterscheidet sich von P. microlepis de sable limoneux et de détritus, à 27 m de profondeur, dans durch eine geringere Zahl von Rücken- und Afterflossen - le lagon de la province de Madang, Papouasie – Nouvelle- strahlen, einen schlankeren Körper und einen roten statt Guinée. L’espèce se rapproche le plus de P. brachyptera , se schwarzen Streifen an der Brustflossenbasis. Von P. hanae distinguant par une rangée de fines papilles le long de la unterscheidet sich die neue Art durch die sehr niedrige erste mâchoire inférieure, un corps plus haut, un espace interor - Rückenflosse und das Fehlen des dunklen purpurgetönten bital plus étroit et par la couleur. Ptereleotris kallista est décrit

89 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific sur base de deux spécimens mâles, 70 at 85 mm de LS, species of Ptereleotris , recognizing 11 species. The provenant du commerce aquariophile aux Philippines. C’est following six genera were regarded synonyms of une espèce proche de P. uroditaenia, se distinguant par un Ptereleotris : Ioglossus Bean, 1882, Vireosa Jordan & espace interorbital plus large, de plus longues épines dorsales Snyder, 1901, Encaeura Jordan & Hubbs, 1925, et par la couleur, surtout par une bande noire submarginale continue dans la caudale, en comparaison avec les deux ban - Laccoeleotris Fowler, 1935, Pogonoculius Fowler, des noires convergeant séparément chez P. urotaenia. 1938, and Gracileotris Herre [sic], 1953. The species of Ptereleotris have the appropriate Sommario common name of dartfishes because of the similar - Il pesce dardo Ptereleotris brachyptera è descritto come nuo- ity of some to a dart and the rapidity with which va specie sulla base di otto esemplari pescati presso l’isola they swim to a shelter when threatened. Ngargol, Palau, e di uno presso l’atollo Majuro, Isole Mar - The first author collected eight small specimens of shall, su fondali sabbiosi e di pietrisco in lagune a profondità an unidentified species of Ptereleotris from Palau in tra i 20 e i 38 m. Gli esemplari tipo, da 39.1 a 58.2 mm SL, 1986 that were believed to be juveniles or subadults. inizialmente erano stati confusi con subadulti di P. microlepis o di P. hanae, ma la presenza di esemplari maturi nella serie In 1987 he collected a 40.7-mm immature female of ha messo in luce differenze specifiche. Ptereleotris brachyptera another species of the genus from Papua New differisce da P. microlepis per avere meno raggi dorsali e anali, Guinea that was recognized as new. Its description il corpo più affusolato e una barra rossa anziché nera alla ba- has been delayed in the vain hope of obtaining more se della pinna pettorale. Differisce da P. hanae per la prima specimens. Renewed interest in the specimens from pinna dorsale molto bassa e per l’assenza di una stria grigio- Palau and Papua New Guinea came with the dis - violacea scura sulla parte inferiore. Si discosta inoltre da en- covery of a very colorful new species of Ptereleotris trambe le specie per le ridotte dimensioni e per gli angoli ar- from Luzon, Philippines obtained by the second rotondati anziché appuntiti della pinna caudale. Ptereleotris crossogenion è descritta sulla base di un singolo esemplare author via the aquarium trade. Re-examination of femmina di 40.7 mm SL, raccolto su fondali sabbiosi e di the Palauan specimens revealed sexually mature ones pietrisco a 27 m di profondità in una laguna della provincia in the size range of 42.0 to 58.2 mm in standard di Madang, Papua Nuova Guinea. É molto simile a P. bra- length, therefore refuting the presumed juvenile or chyptera, differendone per avere un orlo di sottili papille subadult status. lungo la mandibola, il corpo più elevato, lo spazio interor - The primary purpose of the present paper is the bitale più stretto e per la colorazione. Ptereleotris kallista è de- description of three new species of Ptereleotris , one scritta sulla base di due esemplari maschi di 70 e 85 mm SL from Micronesia, one from Papua New Guinea, scoperti tra i commercianti di pesci d’acquario nelle Filip - pine. Appare strettamente imparentata a P. uroditaenia, dif - and one from the Philippines. ferendo da questa per avere uno spazio interorbitale più ampio, spine dorsali più lunghe e per la colorazione, in par - MATERIALS AND METHODS ticolare per una sola banda nera continua submarginale sulla Type specimens of the new species are variously pinna caudale, rispetto a due bande nere separate e conver - deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); genti di P. uroditaenia. the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); INTRODUCTION the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo Gill (1863) described the gobioid genus (NSMT); the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Ptereleotris in the family Eleotridae, selecting (ROM); and the U. S. National Museum of Natural Eleotris microlepis Bleeker, 1856 as the type species. History, Washington, D. C. (USNM). When it was realized that true gobies can have Scales of species of Ptereleotris are very small, divided pelvic fins, Miller (1973) united the mostly embedded, and often not in regular rows, so Eleotridae and Microdesmidae with the Gobiidae. the scale counts are only approximate. Lengths of Hoese (1984) recognized the Microdesmidae as a specimens are given as standard length (SL), mea - family, which he divided into two subfamilies, the sured from the median anterior point of the upper Microdesminae and the Ptereleotrinae. Included in lip to the base of the caudal fin (posterior end of the the latter subfamily with Ptereleotris are the genera hypural plate); body depth is measured at both the Oxymetopon Bleeker, 1861, Parioglossus Regan, origin of pelvic fins and the origin of the anal fin, 1912, Nemateleotris Fowler, 1938, and Ailiops Ren - and body width at the base of the pectoral fins; head nis & Hoese, 1987. Thacker (2000) elevated the length is taken from the front of the upper lip to the Ptereleotrinae to a family. posterior end of the opercular membrane, and head Randall & Hoese (1985) revised the Indo-Pacific width over the posterior margin of the preopercle; aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 90 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki orbit diameter is the greatest fleshy diameter, and in Tables I-III are percentages of the standard length. interorbital width the least bony width; snout length Data in parentheses in the species descriptions refer is measured from the median anterior point of the to paratypes. upper lip to the nearest fleshy edge of the orbit; upper-jaw length from the same anterior point to the posterior end of the maxilla; caudal-peduncle Ptereleotris brachyptera n. sp. depth is the least depth, and caudal-peduncle length (Figs 1-2, Table I) the horizontal distance between verticals at the rear base of the anal fin and the caudal-fin base; lengths Holotype: BPBM 31426, male, 53.5 mm, Palau, of dorsal- and anal-fin spines and rays are measured Ngargol Island, northwest side, silty sand and coral to their extreme bases; caudal- and pectoral-fin rock and rubble, 24 m depth, quinaldine, J. E. lengths are the horizontal distance from the base of Randall, 11 July 1986. the fin to the tip of the longest ray; pelvic-fin length Paratypes: BPBM 31346, male, 42.0 mm, Palau, is measured from the base of the pelvic spine to the Ngargol Island, northeast end, silty sand and rub - tip of the longest ray. Morphometric data presented ble at base of fringing reef, 20 m depth, quinaldine,

Fig. 1. Head of 46.5-mm paratype of Ptereleotris brachyptera showing the seven cephalic sensory pores and the sensory papil - lae. Drawing by Toshiyuki Suzuki.

Fig. 2. Holotype of Ptereleotris brachyptera , BPBM 31426, 53.5 mm, Ngargol Island, Palau. Photo by John E. Randall.

91 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific

Table I. Proportional measurements of the type specimens of Ptereleotris brachyptera as percentages of the standard length.

Holotype Paratypes

BPBM AMS BPBM BMNH NSMT-P BPBM ROM USNM 31426 I.44580 31346 07.12.20.1 79375 39685 81231 392607

Standard length (mm) 53.5 39.1 42.0 43.4 46.5 47.2 54.0 58.2 Sex male female male male female female female female Body depth (origin P 2 fins) 13.2 14.4 14.1 14.1 14.2 13.4 13.5 13.3 Body depth (origin A fin) 13.5 15.0 14.5 12.7 13.0 12.7 13.4 13.6 Body width 9.8 10.5 9.6 9.7 10.3 9.0 9.2 8.8 Head length 22.5 23.3 23.9 23.0 22.3 22.7 21.7 22.3 Head width 9.9 9.6 10.5 9.9 10.3 10.5 10.1 9.9 Snout length 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.6 5.3 Orbit diameter 6.6 7.5 7.0 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.5 Interorbital width 4.2 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 Upper-jaw length 7.9 8.2 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.3 7.8 8.0 Caudal-peduncle depth 9.3 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.6 9.0 9.2 9.2 Caudal-peduncle length 9.3 8.8 9.3 8.6 9.1 8.9 9.2 8.9 Predorsal length 25.4 27.7 26.9 25.6 27.2 26.5 26.3 26.4 Preanal length 52.3 54.2 55.0 52.1 53.8 51.4 54.5 54.9 Prepelvic length 20.8 22.7 22.8 20.7 22.1 21.9 22.3 20.9 First dorsal spine 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.1 4.5 5.7 4.2 4.8 Longest dorsal spine 10.9 8.8 9.4 8.6 10.5 10.9 10.3 10.3 Longest dorsal ray 14.4 11.8 11.9 12.7 15.2 14.8 14.6 15.3 Base of dorsal fins 62.4 61.3 62.5 62.3 63.4 64.3 62.5 64.2 Anal spine 6.7 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.3 Longest anal ray 13.8 11.7 11.7 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.0 15.1 Base of anal fin 35.6 35.8 35.2 36.5 35.9 36.4 35.7 35.8 Caudal-fin length 22.3 21.5 22.5 23.4 23.2 23.3 22.6 22.0 Pectoral-fin length 14.2 14.8 14.2 14.9 14.2 14.5 13.5 13.2 Pelvic-spine length 11.4 10.4 11.9 11.8 11.2 10.8 10.4 10.5 Pelvic-fin length 21.5 19.2 19.3 20.8 19.1 19.3 19.0 18.3

J. E. Randall, 4 July 1986; AMS I.44580-001, rounded to slightly emarginate with rounded female, 39.1 mm; BMNH 2007.12.20.1, male, lobes, 4.3-4.65 in SL; pelvic fins 4.45-4.65 in SL; 43.4 mm; BPBM 40878, male, 42.9 mm; NSMT- color in alcohol pale tan, with a dusky zone P 79375, female, 46.5 mm; ROM 81231, female, between upper lip and orbit; color when fresh pale 54.0 mm; USNM 392607, female, 58.2 mm, all lavender-gray dorsally, becoming white on with same data as holotype; BPBM 39685, female, abdomen and cheek, with two broad bluish gray 47.2 mm, Marshall Islands, Majuro Atoll, Uliga stripes, a dorsal one posterior to middle of first Islet, lagoon side, 7°6’27.4”N 171°22’7”E, silty dorsal fin, and a ventral one above anal fin, sepa - sand near patch reef, 38 m depth, rotenone, J. E. rated by a narrow zone of pale lavender-gray; Randall, S. Yoshii, Y. Yoshitsugu, and W. August, median fins pale lavender-blue basally, translucent 12 January 2005. distally; pelvic fins mainly pale blue; pectoral fins Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI + I,23–25; anal rays translucent, with a narrow red bar at base. I,22–24; pectoral rays 22 or 23; scales cycloid, Description: Dorsal rays VI + I,24 (I,23-25); anal nonimbricate, in 135-139 oblique rows in longitu - rays I,22 (I,22-24); dorsal and anal rays branched dinal series on body; gill rakers 6-7 + 18-19; body distally, except the last, branched to base; pectoral depth 6.95-7.6 in SL; head length 4.2-4.6 in SL; rays 22 (22 or 23), the upper two and lower two chin with a low median fleshy ridge, narrowing to unbranched; pelvic rays I,4; branched caudal rays a thin convoluted ridge; first dorsal fin very low, 13, only these reaching posterior margin of fin; the spines strongly curved posteriorly, only the last upper and lower segmented unbranched caudal with a short free tip; fifth dorsal spine longest, rays 2; upper procurrent caudal rays 10 (10 or 11); 2.05-2.7 in head length; caudal fin slightly lower procurrent caudal rays 11 (10 or 11); scales aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 92 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki in longitudinal series 135 (two paratypes counted, Scales cycloid, very small, partially to fully 137 and 139); gill rakers 6 + 19 (6-7 + 18-19); embedded, and nonimbricate; no scales on head, pseudobranchial filaments 8; vertebrae 26. and none on nape except a few isolated scales above Body elongate, the depth at origin of pelvic fins and slightly anterior to dorsal end of gill opening; 7.6 (6.95-7.55) in SL, and compressed, the width a vertical series of seven rows of small isolated scales 1.35 (1.35-1.5) in body depth; head length 4.45 in prepectoral area; about nine irregular transverse (4.2-4.6) in SL; snout length 4.3 (3.9-4.25) in rows of small isolated scales in prepelvic area; no head length; eye large, the orbit diameter 3.4 (3.1- scales on fins except about basal third of caudal fin. 3.45) in head length; bony interorbital width 5.35 Origin of first dorsal fin an orbit diameter poste - (5.4-5.85) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth rior to dorsal end of gill opening, the predorsal 2.4 (2.3-2.5) in head length; caudal-peduncle length 3.95 (3.6-3.9) in SL; first dorsal fin about length 2.4 (2.35-2.65) in head length. one-half height of second dorsal fin, the spines Mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 60° to slender, flexible, and strongly curved posteriorly, horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw strongly pro - only last spine with a short free tip that just reaches jecting; maxilla reaching a vertical at anterior edge of origin of second dorsal fin; fifth dorsal spine pupil, the upper-jaw length 2.85 (2.65-2.85) in head longest, 2.05 (2.1-2.7) in head length; longest dor - length; upper jaw on each side with an outer row of sal soft ray 1.55 (1.45-2.0) in head length; origin of 10 recurved teeth, the second to fourth as canines anal fin below base of third dorsal soft ray, the pre - twice as large as remaining teeth; first pair of teeth anal length 1.9 (1.8-1.95) in SL; anal spine slender, curving medially as well as posteriorly, their tips its attenuate tip merging with membrane as it nears nearly touching; remaining teeth in outer row pro - first ray, 3.35 (3.2-3.55) in head length; longest gressively smaller posteriorly; front of upper jaw with anal soft ray 1.65 (1.5-2.05) in head length; caudal an inner band of two to three irregular rows of very fin slightly rounded to slightly emarginate with small incurved teeth; front of lower jaw with four rounded lobes, the fifth branched ray longest, 4.5 pairs of canine teeth in two rows separated by 2-3 (4.3-4.65) in SL; pectoral fins short and rounded, irregular rows of very small teeth; outer row of canine the middle rays longest, 1.6 (1.55-1.7) in head teeth only slightly recurved, the inner row strongly length; origin of pelvic fins in vertical alignment recurved; second and third pairs of canines on each with posterior end of opercular membrane and side of inner row as large as largest upper teeth; side ventral base of pectoral fins, the prepelvic length of lower jaw with a close-set row of 16 small conical 4.8 (4.4-4.8) in SL; third pelvic soft ray longest, teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; tongue narrow reaching nearly half distance from distal end of and pointed; gill rakers long, the longest at angle pectoral fin to anus, 4.65 (4.8-5.45) in SL. equal to length of longest gill filaments. Color of holotype in alcohol uniform No free posterior margin to preopercle; gill open - pale tan; no dark markings except a dusky band ing extending forward to a vertical at dorsoposte - from above posterior half of upper lip to orbit, the rior edge of preopercle; no barbel on chin, instead pigment continuing darker into adjacent iris and a broad median fleshy ridge that narrows to a thin correspondingly large in dorsoposterior part of iris; ridge posteriorly, forming two sinusoidal curves, lower jaw and ventral edge of median fleshy ridge and ending progressively shorter at ventroanterior on chin faintly dusky; fins translucent yellowish end of gill opening. with pale yellow rays. Color of holotype when fresh Anterior nostril a short tubule of equal height at shown in Fig. 2. level of upper edge of pupil, a nostril diameter Etymology: This species is named Ptereleotris behind upper lip; posterior nostril dorsoposterior to brachyptera from the Greek brachys for short, and anterior nostril, slightly posterior to a vertical at pteron for fin, in reference to the very low first dor - anterior edge of orbit, with only a slight rim; sal fin. internarial distance equal to two posterior narial Remarks: Ptereleotris brachyptera is presently openings; cephalic sensory pores consisting of five known only from Ngargol Island, Palau and pores of anterior oculoscapular canal, the first above Majuro Atoll in the southern Marshall Islands. internarial space, and the second median in interor - Specimens were collected in protected waters from bital space over center of eye; preopercular canal silty sand and rubble substrata at depths of 20-38 m . with two pores (pores and cephalic sensory papillae Like other dartfishes, P. brachyptera quickly takes illustrated in Fig. 1). refuge in a burrow with the approach of a diver.

93 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific

The 42-mm paratype from Palau was observed to and lacks the chin barbel when young. Ptereleotris use the burrow of the goby Valenciennea randalli hanae differs in having the first dorsal fin higher Hoese & Larson, 1994. than the second (the second spine filamentous), As mentioned, the specimens of this species were the corners of the caudal fin pointed (filamentous first believed to be juveniles or subadults of a in adults), and in having a prominent dark pur - known species, because all are less than 59 mm SL plish stripe on the lower side in life (illustrated by (some species of Ptereleotris can exceed 100 mm Randall, 2005: 566, middle figure). Ptereleotris SL; one Bishop Museum specimen of P. hanae brachyptera is also similar to the species described measures 130 mm SL). However, a 42-mm below (see Remarks for that species). paratype is a mature male, and a 46.5-mm paratype is a mature female. This species would key to P. microlepis (Bleeker, Ptereleotris crossogenion n. sp. 1856) in Randall & Hoese (1985), but with the (Fig. 3, Table II) correction of an error in the first character of 8b in the key. It should read: First dorsal fin about equal Holotype: BPBM 32556, female, 40.7 mm, Papua to or lower in height than second. Ptereleotris New Guinea, Madang Province, patch reef in microlepis shares the following characters with P. lagoon east of Nagada Harbor, 5°9’44”S brachyptera: a fleshy median ridge on the chin 145°49’8”E, sloping silty sand and rubble bottom, instead of a barbel, the same size of the gill open - 27 m depth, rotenone, J. E. Randall, 9 November ing, a low first dorsal fin, no predorsal scales, the 1987. same or overlapping meristsic data, and similarity Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI + I,24; anal rays I,23; in color, principally in lacking any prominent dark pectoral rays 22; scales cycloid, nonimbricate stripes or spots, having a dusky zone between the except posteriorly, in about 152 oblique rows in eye and the upper lip and a narrow bar at the pec - longitudinal series; no median predorsal scales; gill toral-fin base (black in P. microlepis, red in P. rakers 6 + 17; body depth 5.95 in SL; no barbel on brachyptera ). Ptereleotris brachyptera differs in hav - chin, only a low median fleshy ridge; a fringe of ing 23-25 dorsal rays and 22–24 anal rays (25-27 slender elongate papillae along side of lower jaw; dorsal rays and 24-27 anal rays in P. microlepis), a first dorsal fin low, the spines curved, only the last more slender body (depth 6.95-7.6 in SL, com - with free tip; fifth dorsal spine longest, 1.85 in pared to 5.5-7.0 for P. microlepis), the corners of head length; caudal fin slightly emarginate with the caudal fin rounded (pointed in P. microlepis), rounded lobes, shorter than head, 4.9 in SL; pelvic and probable smaller size (P. microlepis to at least fins short, 6.2 in SL; color in alcohol pale tan with 99 mm SL). no dark markings except a faint dusky zone below Ptereleotris brachyptera might be confused with nostrils between upper jaw and orbit; body when the juvenile of P. hanae (Jordan & Snyder, 1901), fresh with two broad dusky stripes separated by a which has the same meristic data, a slender body, narrow pale midlateral stripe; lower dusky stripe

Fig. 3. Holotype of Ptereleotris crossogenion , BPBM 32556, 40.7 mm, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Drawing by Elaine Heemstra. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 94 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki

Table II. Proportional measurements of the holotype of third, sixth, and seventh progressively larger, the Ptereleotris crossogenion as percentages of the standard seventh also strongly recurved; an inner row of length. smaller, more strongly recurved teeth that become Standard length (mm) 40.7 the single row of five teeth posteriorly on jaw; front Sex female of lower jaw with an outer row of four small Body depth (origin P 2 fins) 16.8 incurved canines on each side, with an inner row of Body depth (origin A fin) 14.3 smaller, more strongly incurved teeth that become Body width 9.8 the outer row along side of jaw; a large strongly Head length 22.7 recurved canine medially about one-third back in Head width 10.0 Snout length 5.3 jaw, larger than largest upper tooth; no teeth on Orbit diameter 6.9 vomer or palatines; tongue narrow and pointed; Interorbital width 3.6 gill rakers long, the longest at angle equal to length Upper-jaw length 8.0 of longest gill filaments. Caudal-peduncle depth 9.9 No barbel on chin, instead a low median fleshy Caudal-peduncle length 9.8 ridge that deepens and narrows posteriorly, ending Predorsal length 25.2 Preanal length 53.8 in a right angle in line with a vertical at anterior Prepelvic length 22.6 edge of orbit; greatest depth of ridge about equal to First dorsal spine 7.3 median width of lower lip; no free posterior mar - Longest dorsal spine 12.2 gin to preopercle; gill opening extending forward Longest dorsal ray 11.9 nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of preopercle. Anal spine 7.4 Anterior nostril a short tubule of equal height at Longest anal ray 12.1 Caudal-fin length 20.5 level of upper edge of pupil a nostril diameter Pectoral-fin length 14.2 behind upper lip; posterior nostril dorsoposterior Pelvic-spine length 11.2 to anterior nostril nearly to a vertical at anterior Pelvic-fin length 16.1 edge of orbit, with only a slight rim; cephalic sen - sory pores consisting of five pores of anterior ocu - expanding into a broad band in caudal fin, with a loscapular canal, the second median in interorbital blackish spot at base; distal part of caudal fin yel - space, and two pores of preopercular canal; low. cephalic sensory papillae as illustrated, the most Description: Dorsal rays VI + I,24; anal rays I,23; conspicuous being a row of unusually elongate dorsal and anal rays branched only distally, except papillae along lower jaw just below lower lip and the last, branched to base; pectoral rays 22, the continuing onto ventral edge of operculum (those upper two and lower three unbranched; pelvic rays anteriorly were about three times their width I,4; branched caudal rays 13, only these reaching before the specimen was allowed to dry too much posterior margin of fin; upper and lower seg - when examining dentition); papillae anteriorly on mented unbranched caudal rays 2; upper and lower chin in two irregular rows; also prominent are an procurrent caudal rays about 13; near-vertical scale irregular row of papillae above upper lip and five rows about 152; gill rakers 6 + 17; pseudobranchial short rows that extend ventrally from eye. filaments 9; vertebrae 26. Scales cycloid, very small, embedded, and nonim - Body moderately elongate, the depth at origin of bricate except on about posterior half of body; no pelvic fins 5.95 in SL, and compressed, the width scales on head and none on nape except scattered 1.7 in body depth; head length 4.4 in SL; snout isolated scales extending forward just above pec - length 4.3 in head length; eye large, the orbit toral-fin base to upper end of gill opening; a verti - diameter 3.3 in head length; bony interorbital cal series of two to four rows of small isolated scales width 6.3 in head length; caudal-peduncle depth anteriorly on prepectoral area; a transverse patch of equal to its length, 2.3 in head length. small scales in about six rows on prepelvic area; no Mouth oblique, forming an angle of about 60° to scales on fins except about basal one-fourth of cau - horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw strongly pro - dal fin. jecting; maxilla nearly reaching a vertical at ante - Origin of first dorsal fin slightly posterior to mid - rior edge of pupil, the upper-jaw length 2.8 in head base of pectoral fins, the predorsal length 4.0 in SL; length; front half of upper jaw on each side with an first dorsal fin about half height of second dorsal outer row of seven small incurved canine teeth, the fin, the spines slender, strongly curved posteriorly,

95 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific only the short tip of last spine free, just reaching ori - Table III. Proportional measurements of the type speci - gin of second dorsal fin; fifth dorsal spine longest, mens of Ptereleotris kallista as percentages of the standard 1.85 in head length; longest dorsal soft ray 1.9 in length. head length; origin of anal fin below base of third Holotype Paratype dorsal soft ray, the preanal length 1.85 in SL; longest BPBM NSMT-P anal soft ray 1.9 in head length; caudal fin slightly 40881 79557 emarginate with rounded lobes, the fin length 4.9 in Standard length (mm) 69.5 84.0 SL; pectoral fins short and rounded, the middle rays Sex male female longest, 1.6 in head length; origin of pelvic fins Body depth (origin P 2 fins) 15.0 15.2 below ventral base of pectoral fins, the prepelvic Body depth (origin A fin) 12.9 13.9 length 4.45 in SL; second pelvic soft ray longest, Body width 9.8 10.3 reaching slightly posterior to pectoral fins, 6.2 in SL. Head length 21.5 21.3 Color in alcohol pale yellowish with no Head width 11.0 10.4 Snout length 5.7 5.3 dark markings. The following color note was taken Orbit diameter 7.1 6.7 shortly after specimen collected: two faint dusky Interorbital width 4.7 4.8 stripes on body separated by a narrow pale midlat - Upper-jaw length 8.8 8.5 eral stripe; lower dark striping expands into a broad Caudal-peduncle depth 9.5 9.3 dusky band in caudal fin containing a blackish spot Caudal-peduncle length 7.1 7.0 basally; some yellow in outer part of caudal fin. Predorsal length 24.4 24.2 Preanal length 54.2 54.1 Etymology: Named Ptereleotris crossogenion from Prepelvic length 23.3 23.1 the Greek krossos for fringe and genion for chin, in First dorsal spine 21.0 20.8 reference to the slender papillae that form a fringe Longest dorsal spine 48.8 51.6 on the chin. Longest dorsal ray 12.8 13.1 Remarks: This dartfish is described from a single Base of dorsal fins 69.2 69.1 specimen collected in 27 m depth in the lagoon of Anal spine 7.0 6.7 Longest anal ray 10.8 9.4 the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea just east Base of anal fin 40.9 41.2 of Nagada Harbor. It is one of a complex with P. Caudal-fin length 19.8 19.6 microlepis and P. brachyptera that share the characters Pectoral-fin length 14.3 13.6 of a low first dorsal fin with strongly recurved spines, Pelvic-spine length 11.1 10.9 only a slender median fold on the chin instead of a Pelvic-fin length 24.3 25.2 barbel, and low dorsal- and anal-ray counts. It dif - fers from P. microlepis in having one fewer dorsal and Paratype: NSMT-P 79557, male, 84 mm, same anal rays, the caudal-fin lobes rounded instead of source as holotype, December 2007. pointed, the longest dorsal spine 1.85 in the head Diagnosis: Dorsal rays VI + I,27; anal rays I,25; length, compared to 1.1-1.4 for P. microlepis , and in pectoral rays 23 or 24; scales cycloid and extremely color. Also, it lacks the narrow pale-edged dark bar small, about 190 near-vertical rows in longitudinal at the base of the pectoral fins. It differs from P. series; gill rakers 7-8 + 16-17; body depth 6.6-6.65 brachyptera in its deeper body (5.95 in SL compared in SL; head length 4.65-4.7 in SL; chin with a low to 6.95-7.6 for P. brachyptera), narrower interorbital median fleshy ridge, narrowing posteriorly to a width (6.3 in head length compared to 5.0-5.85), thin convoluted ridge; first dorsal fin about twice shorter caudal fin (4.9 in SL, compared to 4.3- height of second dorsal, the second to sixth spines 4.65), and shorter pelvic fins (6.2 in SL, compared filamentous, doubling height of fin; fourth spine to 4.65-5.45). It is distinct from all of these species longest, 1.95-2.05 in SL; caudal fin asymmetrically in having a fringe of slender papillae on the chin. rounded, the dorsal half more posterior, 5.05-5.1 in SL; pelvic fins 3.95-4.1 in SL; color in alcohol pale gray, with dusky bands on head and a small Ptereleotris kallista n. sp. square blackish spot dorsoposteriorly on opercle; (Figs 4-5, Table III) dorsal and anal fins faintly striped, the first dorsal only basally, the anal with a submarginal blackish Holotype: BPBM 40881, male, 69.5 mm, Philip - band; caudal fin with a broad submarginal black pines, Luzon, from aquarium fish supplier in arc over middle three-fourths of fin; body in life Manila, November 2007. mainly white; side of head with blue and yellow aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 96 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki

Fig. 4. Head of Ptereleotris kallista showing the numerous small sensory papillae. Drawing by Toshiyuki Suzuki.

Fig. 5. Holotype of Ptereleotris kallista, BPBM 40881, 69.5 mm, Luzon. Aquarium photo by Toshiyuki Suzuki.

97 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific stripes; a narrow median dorsal blue stripe on nape anterior edge of pupil, the upper-jaw length 2.45 continuing posteriorly at base of dorsal fins; first (2.4) in head length; upper jaw on each side with dorsal fin blue with yellow stripes at base; second an outer row of ten recurved small canine teeth, the dorsal fin with blue and yellow stripes; anal fin posterior ones curving medially as well as posteri - white at base, the rest blue with a middle yellow orly, the first and last four notably smaller; front of stripe and an outer blackish-edged orange stripe; upper jaw with an inner band of two to three irreg - caudal fin mainly yellow with a broad submarginal ular rows of very small incurved teeth that narrow black band, bordered posteriorly by blue, in mid - to a single row posteriorly; front of lower jaw with dle two-thirds of fin. two rows of small curved canine teeth, the anterior Description: Dorsal rays VI + I,27; anal rays I,25; row of three teeth on each side at front of jaw, and dorsal and anal rays branched distally, the last the posterior of four widely separated teeth, two at branched to base; pectoral rays 24 (23 on one side front of jaw and two at side, separated at front of of paratype), the upper two and lower two jaw by two irregular rows of very small teeth which unbranched; pelvic rays I,4, the fourth ray continue as a single row lateral to posterior two unbranched; branched caudal rays 13, only these canines; no teeth on vomer or palatines; tongue reaching posterior margin of fin; upper and lower narrow and pointed; gill rakers long, the longest at segmented unbranched caudal rays 2; upper and angle equal to length of longest gill filaments. lower procurrent caudal rays 10; scales in longitu - No free posterior margin to preopercle; gill open - dinal series 189 (192); gill rakers 7 + 1 (8 + 16)); ing extending forward to a vertical at dorsoposte - pseudobranchial filaments 12; vertebrae 26. rior edge of preopercle; no barbel on chin, instead Body elongate, the depth at origin of pelvic fins a broad median fleshy ridge that narrows to a thin 6.6 (6.7) in SL, and compressed, the width 1.55 ridge posteriorly, forming three sinusoidal curves, (1.5) in body depth; head length 4.65 (4.7) in SL; ending progressively shorter, a little posterior to snout length 3.8 (4.0) in head length; eye large, the ventroanterior end of gill opening. orbit diameter 3.05 (3.2) in head length; bony Anterior nostril a short tubule of equal height at interorbital width 4.6 (4.45) in head length; cau - level of upper edge of pupil, a nostril diameter dal-peduncle depth 2.25 (2.3) in head length; cau - behind upper lip; posterior nostril elliptical, dorso - dal-peduncle length 3.0 (3.05) in head length. posterior to anterior nostril, directly above anterior Mouth very oblique, forming an angle of about edge of orbit, with only a slight rim; internarial dis - 70° to horizontal axis of body, the lower jaw tance equal to two posterior nostril openings; no strongly projecting; maxilla reaching a vertical at cephalic sensory pores; cephalic sensory papillae

Fig. 6. Holotype of Ptereleotris uroditaenia , AMS I.18728-001, 69 mm (after Randall and Hoese, 1985). Drawing by Nancy R. Halliday. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 98 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki illustrated in Fig. 4 (the head slightly rotated ven - about middle two-thirds of fin; paired fins pale. trally to show the dorsal papillae better). Color of holotype in life shown in Fig. 5. Scales cycloid, extremely small, partially to fully Etymology: The species name kallista for this embedded, and mostly nonimbricate; deeply lovely dartfish is from the Greek meaning most embedded small scales posteriorly on nape, the beautiful. scale pattern continuing to interorbital space, but Remarks: The closest relative to Ptereleotris scales not detected; prepectoral and prepelvic areas kallista is P. uroditaenia Randall & Hoese (1985: with very small deeply embedded scales; no scales 29, fig. 9), described from a single female speci - on fins except for very small embedded scales on men, 69 mm SL, collected from 18 m depth in the about basal half of caudal fin. Solomon Islands, and deposited in the Australian Origin of first dorsal fin above inner base of pec - Museum (AMS I.18728-001). We reproduce here toral fin, the predorsal length 4.1 (4.15) in SL; first the drawing of the holotype of this species as Fig. dorsal fin about twice height of second dorsal fin, 6. No color photograph was taken, but a live color the second to sixth spines filamentous (at least in note was given as follows: “pale bluish with 2 males), doubling height of fin; first dorsal spine oblique black bands in caudal fin which converge strongly curved, 4.75 (4.8) in SL; third dorsal posteriorly, the centroanterior part of fin yellow.” spine longest, 2,05 (1.95) SL; second dorsal fin Randall et al. (1990: 418) published an underwa - nearly uniform in height, the penultimate ray ter color photo of the species taken by Roger C. slightly longest, 1.7 (1.65) in HL; origin of anal fin Steene in the Great Barrier Reef; they extended the below base of fourth dorsal soft ray, the preanal range to Indonesia. Steene (pers. comm.) has also length 1.85 in SL; anal spine slender, 3.05 (3.2) in observed the species at Milne Bay, Papua New head length; fourth anal soft ray longest, 2.0 (2.25) Guinea. A book on Indonesian fishes by Kuiter in head length; caudal fin asymmetrically rounded, (1992: 216) included two small underwater pho - the dorsal half a little more posterior, the fifth and tographs of P. uroditaenia , one from Lizard Island, sixth branched rays longest, 5.05 (5.1) in SL; pec - Great Barrier Reef, and one from Flores, Indonesia. toral fins short and rounded, the middle rays The pattern of the bands on the head of the three longest, 1.5 (1.55) in head length; origin of pelvic live photographs of P. uroditaenia is essentially the fins below inner base of pectoral fins, the prepelvic same as in P. kallista, but the color of the body is length 4.3 (4.35) in SL; third pelvic soft ray light blue dorsally, grading to bluish violet ven - longest, reaching to two-thirds orbit diameter from trally, except for bluish white on the abdomen, in anus, 4.1 (3.95) in SL. contrast to the near-white body of P. kallista . The Color of holotype in alcohol pale gray, color of dorsal and anal fins cannot be seen well in with three slightly oblique, dusky stripes on side of the photographs, but the bright yellow of the cen - head, the uppermost ending in a small square black - tral part of the caudal fin, bordered above and ish spot dorsoposte riorly on opercle; posterior edges below by a black band, is clearly evident. of preopercle and opercle dusky; three median We obtained two male specimens of P. uroditaenia dusky stripes from origin of dorsal fin to interor - from Luzon from the Osaka Museum of Natural bital space, where convergent, the middle stripe History: OMNH P21354, 78 mm SL, and darkest, the lateral stripe on each side continuing OMNH P32475, 60 mm SL, that had been iden - faintly below base of dorsal fins; dorsal part of tified as Ptereleotris sp. snout, including median part of lips dusky, to mid- The only meristic difference we noted was the interorbital space where separated by a curved pale second dorsal-ray count of 25 (along with 26 for band from converged anterior ends of median dor - the holotype of P. uroditaenia), compared to 27 for sal stripes on nape; a dusky band from chin across the two type specimens of P. kallista . However, this lips to iris below pupil; dorsal fins translucent gray, will probably be only a modal difference when the first dorsal with a narrow pale stripe at base, the more specimens are counted. Most proportional second dorsal with a submarginal pale stripe and a measurements are within the expected range of double pale basal stripe; anal fin translucent gray variation for P. uroditaenia , but four measurements with a submarginal blackish band with pale center; are significantly different. The bony interorbital rest of fin with three faint narrow pale stripes; cau - width is greater in P. kallista, 4.7-4.8% SL, vs. 2.6- dal fin colored like body basally, progressively paler 2.8% for the three specimens of P. uroditaenia . The distally, with a broad submarginal black arc on base of the dorsal fins is greater (as might be

99 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific expected from the higher ray count), 69.1-69.2% REFERENCES SL compared to 67.1-67.7% SL. The dorsal spines GILL , T. N. 1863. On the gobioids of the eastern coast of are longer, the first spine 20.8-21.0% SL vs. 11.9- the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 13.5% SL, and the third spine 48.8-51.6% SL for Science of Philadelphia 15 : 267-271. HOESE , D. F. 1984. Gobioidei: relationships. Pp. 588-591 P. kallista vs. 31.6-37.6% for P. uroditaenia . in Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes . Special Publication As noted by Randall & Hoese (1985), P. uroditae - 1, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetolo - nia is closely allied to P. grammica Randall & Lub - gists. bock, 1982, which was described as two sub - KUITER , R. H. 1992 . Tropical Reef-fishes of the Western species, P. grammica grammica from the western Pacific Indonesia and Adjacent Waters. PT Gramedia Pus - Pacific and P. grammica melanota from Mauritius . taka Utama, Jakarta. xiii + 313 pp. Ptereleotris kallista shares the same salient charac - MILLER , P. J. 1973. The osteology and adaptive features of ters: no cephalic sensory pores, very small cephalic Rhyacichthys aspro (Teleostei: Gobioidei) and the classifi - cation of the gobioid fishes. Journal of Zoology (London), sensory papillae, and a large first dorsal fin with fil - 171 : 397-434. amentous middle spines. RANDALL , J. E. 2005. Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific . University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. ix + 707 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS pp. We thank Elaine Heemstra for the drawing of the RANDALL , J. E., A LLEN , G. R. & S TEENE , R . C. 1990 . holotype of Ptereleotris crossogenion, the Africa Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University Osaka Pet Shop in Japan for providing the type of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. xx + 508 pp. specimens of P. kallista, Kiyotaka Hatooka of the RANDALL , J. E. & H OESE , D. F. 1985. Revision of the Indo-Pacific dartfishes, genus Ptereleotri s (Perciformes: Osaka Museum of Natural History for the loan of Gobioidei). Indo-Pacific Fishes 7: 1-36. Philippine specimens of P. uroditaenia, Loreen R. RANDALL , J. E. & L UBBOCK , R. L 1982. A new Indo- O’Hara of the Bishop Museum for x-rays, and Pacific dartfish of the genus Ptereleotris (Perciformes: Gerald R. Allen, Hiromitzu Endo, and Roger C. Gobiidae). Revue française d’Aquariologie 9 (10): 41-46. Steene for pertinent information. THACKER , C. 2000. Phylogeny of the wormfishes (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Microdesmidae). Copeia 2000 (4): 940-957.

aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 100 Book review

BLEHER’S DISCUS, Vol. 1 research. Many interesting and previously unpub - Heiko Bleher lished facts are given, and it is a synthesis of a vast lit - Aquapress Publishers, erature, much of it poorly known. The book has an Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy 2006. 674 pp. abundance of historical artwork and pictures. In all, ISBN 88-901816-1-3. Cover price Euro 89 there are roughly 5000 photographs, paintings, and or equivalent in US$ (hard cover) illustrations of fishes, people, and landscapes, and numerous maps. Apart from captivating information I love books on fishes, human history, natural his - on the discus and items related to it, the book is also tory, and exploration, and when a book combines all rich in historical anecdotal information on such of these subjects it is truly a joy to read. I do mean items as the history of the very first “Sacher Torte”, read – this extraordinary work is far more than a ref - the European discoverer of the Indians arrow-poison, erence book, it is a rich source of infor - Sir Walter Ralegh, and a mation that is truly enjoy - German expedition up the able to read. There is much Rio Jari under swastika for those who, apart from flag in 1935-1937. Read - wanting information on the ers are left with no doubt discus itself, wish to learn about the discus having a more about those ichthyol - magic-like attraction. It is ogists and aquarists of for - not surprising that such a mer years involved in mak - wonderful fish should in- ing the discus so well volve so many scientists known. Heiko Bleher has and others in interesting done a wonderful job in events and attract the combining coverage of the highly dynamic and history of 19 th century and adventurous Heiko Ble - onward of and her to be its biographer other parts of Europe and in this masterful book. of South America relevant Following the Intro - to events leading to the duction is a helpful discovery and subsequent section “How to use collections of the discus. this book”, giving the He gives the reader scien - reader an overview of tific and practical infor - what lies ahead. Chap - mation on a fish on which there is an abundance of ter 1, the first of five chapters, covers the history of literature. Discus are a member of the family Cichli - discovering the three species of discus. Heiko gives dae, the third most species-rich family of fishes in the much credit and coverage to the indigenous peoples, world. The three species of discus now recognized the first to know the discus. He drives home the occur in the central Amazon basin, a region with the often neglected fact that aboriginals knew the fish highest freshwater species diversity in the world. Dis - well. Discus were first collected by Europeans in an cus are one of the foremost aquarium fishes that there Austrian expedition. The history of what was hap - has ever been. They are variously known as “The aris - pening in Europe and in South America relative to tocrat of the aquarium”, a term, as explained by exploration in South America and fish collecting is Heiko, coined by William T. Innes in the 1930’s, and presented. The circumstances of the many expedi - later as the “King of the Amazon”. Heiko has pub - tions of the Austrian Johann B. Natterer to South lished extensively on discus (including a book in America, the first in 1817 with others on the first 1982) and on other fishes and he has a wealth of overseas expedition of the Austrian navy, and the experience in exploration. The book is Heiko! No- routes in South America, eventually leading to the one else could have written such a book. discovery of the discus in 1832, involves much This book is the result of almost 50 years of intrigue. The first species was then described by

101 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 Johann Jakob Heckel in 1840. The reader is also Kullander, the most prolific living cichlid systematist, introduced to European ichthyologists such as sunk Schultz’s subspecies in a 1986 book discussing Rudolf Kner, , and Johann Bapt. taxonomic problems of upper Amazonian cichlids. de (von) Spix. Similar historical treatment is given in This move is accepted by Heiko except, in light of discussing the discovery of the second species, in more recent information than was available in 1986, which the famous Swiss ichthyologist Louis Agassiz one subspecies is now recognized at the species level. played a major part. This is followed by discoveries in The chapter concludes with Heiko’s critical com - the 20 th century, where amongst others, we are intro - ments on Symphysodon taxonomy and supporting the duced to Herbert R. Axelrod, Harald Schultz, and to recognition of three species; this was in part with the W. T. Innes (whose book “Exotic aquarium fishes” I assistance of the recently deceased Jacques Géry, who have from when a teenager). We also get a glimpse at is well known for his work on characoids. In a sepa - the fascinating life of Heiko’s mother, Amanda Flora rate publication, while acknowledging the need for Hilda Bleher, the first commercial female fish-collec - more taxonomic study using nuclear DNA, Bleher tor. Much of Heiko’s own experiences are described. et al. (2007) found three clades of Symphysodon using Detailed treatment is given to the importation of the mtDNA and based on knowledge of their biology first live discus to the USA in 1932 and subsequent recognized them as valid species: Symphysodon discus attempts to establish a flourishing trade by air flights Heckel, 1840, the Heckel Discus; S. aequifasciatus under pioneering conditions, primarily after WWII. Pellegrin, 1904, the green discus; and S. haraldi In good form, Heiko delivers excellent conservation Schultz, 1960, the brown discus. The latter species messages, and we can all feel the pain that the poor was originally described as a subspecies of Sym - aboriginals suffered while explorations and exploita - physodon aequifasciata and considered a synonym of tions were undertaken. S. aequifasciata by Sven Kullander in his earlier Chapter 2 in discussing the taxonomy of discus, works; it was elevated to species level by J. Géry and presents more information about Heckel, the person H. Bleher in 2004. Hybrids were found of Sym - who described the first species of discus, developed physodon discus x S. haraldi and Fig. 26 of Bleher et ichthyology in Austria, and is best known for his al. (2007) suggests that S. haraldi is paraphyletic. work describing cichlids collected by Natterer. The Chapter 3 treats the distribution of the three species original description of the first species is reproduced of discus and their colour variants and presents 11 as is that of the second species, described by Jacques maps. Heiko awakens us to the gross misleading Pellegrin in 1904. I must confess to not previously statements in the past on locality records of a fish that knowing much of this French ichthyologist who collectors often want to keep secret or where they described many new taxa and was one of our most wish to exaggerate their collecting abilities. Sadly, we prolific workers, living until 1944. One of the inter - discover that there is so much misleading informa - esting but poorly known stories of aggressive compe - tion (for example, apparently discus have not been tition in describing fish species in relatively recent collected in the Rio Madeira and yet 38 variants are times is narrated. This involves Leonard P. Schultz, reported from this one river). long with the University of Washington and the Chapter 4 deals with the many colour varieties of National Museum of Natural History (Washington, discus in nature. There are 46 pages of colour pho - DC, where he was in charge of their Division of tographs dealing with variation in each of the three Fishes) and Herbert R. Axelrod, founder of Tropical species. In making this a valuable scientific contribu - Fish Hobbyist Publications. George S. Myers, a tion, only photographed fish are shown where the world famous ichthyologist at Stanford University, place of capture could be confirmed by Heiko, usu - and another but unnamed ichthyologist, apparently ally because he collected the fish and took the picture had a manuscript description of a new species of tetra (trade information, which apparently is often faked, that we know as the Cardinal Tetra. In Heiko’s must surely create a dilemma in trying to enforce words, Axelrod had his good friend Schultz describe laws dealing with endangered populations). One it instead and in great haste, naming it after Axelrod. wonders how much of this bewildering colour varia - Schultz (not to be confused with Harald Schultz) is tion within each species is the result of natural selec - well known for many systematic studies, including a tion adapting the morphs to differing environments 1960 review of the discus genus in which he recog - or to dietary or other non-genetic effects. nized two species, one with two new subspecies that Chapter 5, by far the longest one, is on the natural he described. The Swedish ichthyologist Sven O. habitats of discus and on collectors. It leads off with aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 102 much fascinating history, geography (including in 1944 to currently being managing editor of “aqua, descriptions of the development of such cities as International Journal of Ichthyology”. I digress here Belém and Manaus), ecological description of the to encourage readers to look at the new aqua website: very different water types, development (logging, www.aqua-aquapress.com. Heiko's highly adventur - rubber production, etc), aboriginal and other human ous mother was a world traveler and collector of interest stories (such as on the slaves), European sci - fishes and plants (now we know where Heiko gets his entific travelers such as Alexander von Humboldt unique features!) and her father, Adolf Kiel, was a and so many others, cultural events, and of course famous pioneer of the modern aquarium and known much on the discus and other fishes. Throughout all, as the “father of water plants”. Heiko got into col - presented under eight geographic areas, we get many lecting fishes and plants as a very young boy by tales of Heiko’s own exciting travels and experiences. accompanying his mother on trips to Africa, Following this is a valuable section presenting previ - throughout Europe, and into the depths of the South ously unpublished detailed evidence that each of the American jungle (and living with native Indian three species has its own preferred requirements for tribes). Lastly, there is a one page errata including living and spawning for such water parameters as missing references. pH, temperature, and conductivity. The chapter “Bleher’s Discus” Volume 1, already available in ends with detailed information on discus nutrition in seven languages, is an outstanding book that I highly the wild (e.g., vegetable material, algae, inverte - recommend as one suited to a wide audience of read - brates), on discus communities (aquatic comrades ers with wide interests, from those interested primar - and predators), and a section on the history of fish ily in the wonderful discus and aquarium fishes in collecting (interestingly, going back to the time of general to varied aspects of natural history and explo - Cro-Magnons in Europe). ration of South America. We will look forward to There is a useful seven-page glossary that covers Volume 2, dealing with breeding the discus (and the English, Portuguese, and Brazilian terms and those of history of attempts to breed it), cultivated forms of indigenous Indian tribes. The nine-page References discus, history of classification of the discus, develop - includes publications in numerous languages and is ment of discus exhibition, advice on keeping discus, up to date. The Index is divided into four parts: Gen - the future of discus, listing of discus clubs and asso - eral; Flora and Fauna (helpfully, pages with pictures ciations world wide, discus on the Internet, and dis - of fishes have the page number in bold except for the cus products. very numerous discus variants, while names of higher Joseph S. Nelson taxa are in bold); People; and Places. Lastly, there is an overview of the author’s interesting life and work BLEHER , H., S TÖTLING , K. N., S ALZBURGER , W. & M EYER , (he went on his first discus hunt when seven) from A. 2007. Revision of the genus Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 his birth in a bunker in the ruins of (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) based on molecular and Frankfurt on Main morphological characters. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 12 (4): 133-174.

103 aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 A note from the Editors

Increasing the impact of aqua way scientific publications are perceived and evalu - As part of our continuous efforts to provide the ated. Thus far, aqua is referenced in the Zoological international ichthyological community with an Record and BioLIS. We aim at joining the world’s efficiently published journal, meeting high scientific leading scientific journals and have aqua ’s biblio - and technical standards in a changing publication graphic information included in other major environment, we keep introducing new features to indexes. The changes outlined here above are a first aqua . With volume 11 a new typeface and layout step in this direction. were introduced and as of volume 12 the journal’s Two editorial assistants, Ilka Weidig and Nadia name was changed to “ aqua – International Journal Manasfi recently joined the scientific editor’s office of Ichthyology”. These changes were well received on a part-time basis. They help manage the manu - by our authors and readers, but we are not stopping script-flow process to meet the new publication here. Responding to the ever-increasing number of schedule. We are aware that taxonomists require a papers submitted, aqua has already increased its size speedy publication of their papers and the new from originally 16 to 48 pages per issue. In recent features should reduce the time between manuscript years, six issues were printed annually, and distrib - submission and publication to an average of about uted at rather irregular intervals three times a year. three months. From now on, manuscripts should be As of 2008, one volume of aqua will be published submitted to a new e-mail address: per year with four issues of 64 pages (more pages [email protected] may be added in special issues), which will be We will continue updating our Guidelines for distributed at set dates in January, April, July and Authors. Please visit our homepage: October. www.aqua-aquapress.com These days, impact factors greatly influence the on a regular basis for the latest news. The Editors

Heiko Bleher was able to discover a new blue eye (Pseudomugil sp.) on the island of Aru, Indonesia, in 2007, which G. R. Allen is describing soon and which will be published in a feature edition of aqua . The photo shows Pseudomugil sp. 2 'Aru', adult male and female in the background. Photo by N. Khardina. aqua vol. 14 no. 2 - 14 April 2008 104 Guidelines for Authors 1. Manuscript preparation : manuscripts must be sub - BLABER , S. J. M. 1980. Fish of the Trinity inlet system mitted in English. In exceptional cases aqua may pro - of North Queensland, with notes on the ecology vide translations of manuscripts written in French, Ger - of fish faunas of tropical Indo-Pacific estuaries. man, Italian, or Spanish. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31 :137-46. Manuscripts must be word-processed in Microsoft WORD and submitted in an electronic form. Generic, DAY , J. H., B LABER , S. J. M., & W ALLACE , J. H. 1981. specific, and sub-specific names must be italicised. All Estuarine fishes. In: Estuarine Ecology with Parti - papers must conform to the International Code of Zoo - cular Reference to Southern Africa. (Ed. J.H. Day.): logical Nomenclature. Authors are strongly advised to 197-221. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. follow the format set out in previous publications of aqua . DIMMICH , W. W. 1988. Ultrastructure of North Ame - rican cyprinid maxillary barbels. Copeia 1988 (1) : 2. Title : the title must be short and should precisely 72-79. identify the main topic of the article. Names of genera TREWAVAS , E. 1983. Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera or species are followed by the systematic group to which Sarotherodon , Oreochromis and Danakilia. they belong. Author name(s) are given in full beneath British Museum (Natural History), London, 583 pp. the title, followed by the complete mailing and e-mail address(es). 6. Submission of manuscript and illustrations: The manuscript and illustrations must be submitted digi - 3. Abstract : the abstract should not exceed 250 words tally to the Scientific Editor: and draw attention to the principal conclusions. It should not contain any uncommon abbreviations or lit - Dr. Friedhelm Krupp erature citations. The inclusion of abstracts in other lan - Senckenberg Research Institute guages is optional. Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 4. Subject matter : the text of the manuscript is usually E-mail: [email protected] arranged in four main sections: Introduction, Materials Tel: +49-69-7542.1255, Fax: +49-69-7542.1253 and methods (including a key to abbreviations), Results, and Discussion. Other subdivisions may be to whom all subsequent correspondence shall be chosen depending on the material presented. Acknowl - addressed. Texts, tables, and graphs should be in edgements should be placed between the text and refer - Microsoft-compatible electronic form. ences. After the paper has been accepted for publication, illus - Scientific names of genera, species, and subspecies trations as high-resolution TIF files or original pho - should be followed by the name(s) of author(s) and the tographs (ideally transparencies; otherwise glossy year of publication on first mention. A description of a prints, preferably in the size in which they will appear - new taxon must contain the following sections: Mater - the type area of aqua is 158 x 224 mm, one column is ial, Diagnosis, Description, and Affinities. Holotype 76 mm wide) must be sent to: and paratypes must be clearly identified, the institution Aquapress, The Managing Editor in which they have been deposited named, and the cat - Via G. Falcone 11, alogue numbers given. Private collections are not 27010 Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy acceptable as repositories for holotypes. E-mail: [email protected] Synonyms must be arranged in chronological order. Authors should retain copies of all materials for refer - Identification keys must be dichotomous. ence. The metric system and SI units must be used. Proofs of accepted papers will be sent as PDF files by e- Temperatures are given in °C. Fractions should not be mail attachment to the corresponding author. used. 7. Evaluation of manuscripts: manuscripts will be eval - 5. References to literature : the name-year system must uated by the editors and referees. Papers are accepted on be used. The list of references should be placed at the the understanding that they have not and will not be end of the paper, alphabetically arranged according to published elsewhere. author name. Only those publications cited in the paper may be included. Titles of journals must be given in 8. Reprints: Authors will receive one free copy of the full. issue in which their paper appears and an e-print in PDF format. Additional copies may be ordered from Examples of correct reference formats: Aquapress. aqua International Journal of Ichthyology Vol. 14 (2), 14 April 2008 Contents:

John E. Randall and Fenton Walsh: A pictorial review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Pseudocoris, with description of a new species from the Coral Sea ...... 45-58 Edward O. Murdy: Trypauchenichthys larsonae, a new species of amblyopine goby from Australia (Gobiidae: Amblyopinae) with a key to the species in the genus ...... 59-68 María Cristina Oddone, Gonzalo Velasco and Getulio Rincon: Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America ...... 69-76 James K. Dooley and Lizandra Jimenez: Hoplolatilus luteus Allen & Kuiter, 1989, a junior synonym of H. fourmanoiri Smith, 1964 (Perciformes: Malacanthidae), based on morphological and molecular data ...... 77-84 Maroof A. Khalaf and Friedhelm Krupp: A new species of the genus Symphysanodon (Perciformes: Symphysanodontidae) from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea ...... 85-88 John E. Randall and Toshiyuki Suzuki: Three new species of dartfishes of the gobioid genus Ptereleotris from the western Pacific ...... 89-100 Book review ...... 101-103 Editorial ...... 104

Papers appearing in this journal are indexed in: Zoological Record; BioLIS – Biologische Literatur Information Senckenberg; www.aqua-aquapress.com; www.aquapress-bleher.com; www.aquageo.com; www.Joachim-Frische.com

Cover photo: Holotype of Ptereleotris kallista , BPBM 40881, 69.5 mm, Luzon. Aquarium photo by Toshiyuki Suzuki

Underwater photograph of terminal phase (male) Cirrhilabrus n. sp., approximately 100 mm TL, 25 m depth, New Georgia, Solomon Islands showing pronounced concavity of dorsal head profile. Detailed description coming up in aqua 14 (3) soon. Photo by G. R. Allen