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Field Guide to the Snappers {Lutianidae} of the Western Atlantic

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Field Guide to the Snappers {Lutianidae} of the Western Atlantic Field Guide to the Snappers {Lutianidae} of the Western Atlantic By William D. Anderson, Jr. UNITED STATES DEPART MENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Circular 252 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary John A. Carver, Jr., Under Secretary Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, Donald L. McKernan, Director Field Guide to the Snappers {Lutianidae} of the Western Atlantic By WILLIAM D. ANDERSON, Jr. Circular 252 Washington, D. C. January 1967 CONTENTS Field Guide to the Snappers (Lutianidae) of the Western Atlantic l By WILLIAM D. ANDERSON, Jr., Fishery Biologist 2 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Brunswick, Georgia 31521 ABSTRACT This guide is intended to implement both field and laboratory identification of western Atlantic snappers (Lutjanidae). Eight genera and 27 species, of which 7 are of doubtful validity, are considered. lllustrated keys are supplemented by tables that give the ranges of numbers of fin rays, lateral line scales, and gill rakers. INTRODUCTION Fishes of the family Lutjanidae (Percomorphi) occur throughout the world in tropical and subtropical seas and are found from shallow inshore areas to depths of over 350 fath. (fathoms). Most species Live on or near the bottom and are largely confined to continental shelves and slopes and to corresponding depths around islands- - but some enter estuaries and even fresh water. Some species have pelagic larvae, but early developmental stages for most species are not known. About 30 genera and about 150 species have been assigned to the Lutjanidae. Many of these are important commercial and sport fishes. The Lutjanidae are spiny-rayed species having a typical "fishlike" appearance. Western Atlantic lutjanids show the following characters: head large, without a bony suborbital stay; mouth moderate to large, usually terminal; premax illaries moderately protractile; maxillary long, without a supplemental bone, slipping under edge of suborbital (preorbit~l) for most of its length when mouth is closed; vomer and palatines usually with teeth; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; pseudobranchiae large; gill membranes separate, free from isthmus; dorsal fin single- - some­ times deeply notched--or sometimes divided into 2 fins; dorsal fin usually with 10 to 12 spines and 10 to 14 50ft rays (X to XII, 10 to 14); anal fin with 3 spines and 7 to 950ft rays (III, 7 to 9); pectoral fin usually with 15 to 18 50ft rays (15 to 18); pelvic fins thoracic with 1 spine and 550ft rays (I, 5); pelvic fin with an accessory scale at base; caudal fin with 17 principal fin rays (9+8); and vertebrae usually 24 (10 precaudal + 14 caudal). Additional characters of the family Lutjanidae (particularly internal characters) were given by Jordan and Evermann (1 898: 1241- 1242). This is one in a series of field guides to families of western Atlantic fishes. Almost all of the specimens examined during the preparation of this guide are from the we stern North Atlantic, and most of the literature reviewed concerns only species from this area. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate both field and laboratory identification of Lutjanidae of the western Atlantic. The keys and notes are based on both the literature and personal study. Percoids need much study before their familial relationships will be fully understood. Characters of dentition used to separate the Lutjanidae, Pomadasyidae, and Sparidae are of uncertain value, and characters used to distinguish the deeper water lutjanids from the "anthiid" serranids are questionable (Bohlke, 1960: 1). In this paper the lutjanids are considered distinct from the pomadasyids, sparids, and "anthiids." The most useful references to western Atlantic Lutjanidae are: Ginsburg (1930, 1952), Hildebrand and Ginsburg (1925), Jordan and Evermann (1898), Jordan and Fesler (1893), Jordan and Swain (1884), Meek and Hildebrand (1925), Norman (MS),3 and Rivas (1949). In the key to l Contribution No. 82, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Brunswick, Ga. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tenn. 37403. 3 Norman, J. R. Manuscript. A draft synopsis of the orders, families and genera of recent fishes and fish-like vertebrates. 649 p. Lutjanus, I have relied heavily on Rivas (1 9 4 9: 151) fo r thp ~ ri s e~~ group (.8!IRe.!;:.s, ~odus , JOCu , and cyanopterus). Several nominal species (Lutja nus m e gal0l'hthalmus , ),;. br ch.lPt~ , .!.: . hastingsi , L . ambiguus, and!:. lutjanolde s) may prove, aft e r further stud y , t o b e c ons peclflc with other speci s . These are not included in the key , but a re dis c ussed in a sepa r a te s e c tio n. In most instances, ranges of meristic characters us(·d in the k eys i nclud those In the literd­ ture and my own counts, but only m y data wer e u sed in t he k y to PriS ipomoide and Symphysanodon. Tables 1 a nd 2 give a comparison of m y c o unt s with s e lec t d counts from th literature. Rare or unusual counts for any chara cter a r e plac pd i n parenth s es in the key and tables. Additional information useful in the ide ntification o f som _ s p ci s a pp .ar in brack _ts in the body of the key . (Numb4er of apeeilDt'nl exa&1nf'd fOf" nch chauctlr in buck"tl. 1U, ... )t l.IDu.~1 <:OUIUI 10 panrHh ..... *'Ilo'or" ...... , ··b 1 l","' r Anthi•• aguilonarie a.nd!. ~, and 18 P'lf&typ ... of !.. ~ .... _lna HJ C01mU I l_tnat hnl I ah' ., •• 11 .r por.' • a h, my 8ill-rak~r count. 1ncIud .. all rudLaI«'ntl, lIt"l'atur'l' ... horf'nc.. 4," •• Iu' .818, b. r.ovlar 28, • .. abur, ')2,', c. .... t r 1810, e. Herre 1950, f, Jordan 1921; I. Jordan and Ev .. AIIlnl"l 1898, h. Jordan .. nd r .. h'f 89 • 1 la-ot..ra aM '.ll,." 1"9. J. ,. r .... " k, Poey 1860; I, w.. b(>l' and de Buu(ort 19)6, the- nlJlll~n tollt>vlnl th. httUI Il •• th. ",iMtl a h IU.r_(lIu JW'Itl • ., count I , rud,. rudi~nt.['y gill rak~r. (t.a, rudl.-ntl); R, rl.M .l~ ... L. 1.rt ald •• ' SpecIes She Dor .. 1 "ctoul ~ r&llifl • t_1'lo, I. til and references range £in ray. fin"" rayl tin "'Y' C... ,., + 10.-') In T_ SL LIt. u ...... t t . f t ~. !!2. !!£ "2,. *Verilus "". *' sordidus I .:1284 307 IX-10; g, b D.-I,l I In,'; ,h,k ID, 1 h:458 IX-I, lO;lt (1; 11) • k:125 I .. I- EteL.s ocul.a.tus t I .:l282 4J.- X,lljt!"h X.ll In, .8, h:457 580 [1 ) ~l t Pristl~moldes Bp. 59- X,ll ( I, 175 29; L ---+ - NPristlI!21OO1des s,guilonarls 25- X,(lO)ll;o X,(10)L. lTI,5 IV: 7)111 1.- c:92 195 5' r PrlstlE5!moldes -r t macrophthalmus I T) c:92 49-322 X/llje,l X,ll I JU,8.ig,1). L.~I - ~ ) • (1 )l - 10 .:l.28O [ S) h:4:;6 ---I- t ApsUus I dentatus I .:1278-1279 203' X,10;g,b x, :.r1 '!TI, dJ,b [Tt, ) 6.>(£ I • ca • . , 1 - h:455 343 I [4) 4, b • Rhombo:e;!;ites &.urorubens F- .:12T7·127l! 68- XII(=r),ll;g rII,8;@,h In,8 I·-~(I9) l'2( • ~;I 19-~ ~~l' -11 h:453 355 XII,llib (14) I [14) T2;h t + ~.l • [1 ) , +-- ~ chrxsurus .:1275 35- X}13;g,h X}l.2-13 15-10 . - o. 23 h:452 285 13-14;j [13) gi;~~;'l mt)9 1.1; t • &.¥~+ t [1.1 ):276 ru:l ); f. SX!!ehlsanodon ~11 8.:62 IX,lo-ll;8. III} 7ia,b/d, 16;8. l a..S 'j. b:l86 J 8. Il.I.,b IX,9;b eo,f,i}l 15;' 4 b 11- 11: + c.....- ...:!j,l. d:39 IX,lO;d,e,1 16- 17:.1. f.oo""t~ 1. ;~~,~ IX, T;f 4t::-50;e IX,9-10;1 53;! 1:2-3 50;1 1:309 50-60;1 ~ehIsanodon sp. A 49- IX, (9)10 III , 7 (16) 17(18) 48 -51(52) (9)10- 11(12) + (24)25-27(28) 137 (95) (95) (90) (29) ( 95) $ymp!:!:l.sanodon sp. B 69- III, S 16 101 rgj10 ~5-46 12- 13 + 2'7 - 28 [8J [8) (3) (8J 1:.1 Symphysanodon ~ is an extral1m.ital speCies, see text. 2 Table 2 .--Selected counts from the literature and by the author of ::lOminal. species of western North Atlantic Iutla.nus [Number of specimens examined for each character in brackets. Rare or unusual counts 1n parentheaetl. *Holotype examined; **holotype and para type examined. My counts of lateral line scales are all of pored scales, and io my gill-raker counts for cyanopterus, griseus, apodus, and ~--"A" denotes lowe r limb rudiments excluded and "B" denotes lower limb rudiments included (all of my other gill- raker counts include all rudiments). Lite rature refe rences: a, Bean 1898; b, Cope 1871; c, Evermann and Harsh 1900; d, Ginsburg 1930; e, Hildebrand and Ginsburg 1925; f, Jordan and Evermann 1898; g, Heek and Hildebrand 1925; h, Poey 1870; and i, Rivas 1949; the numbers following the letters give the pagination. Lit., literature counts; WDA. my counts; rud., rudimentary gill rakers (Le. rudiments); R, right side; L, left s ide.
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